Landscape Dynamics of Tachinid Parasitoids

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Landscape Dynamics of Tachinid Parasitoids UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE) DOCTORAL SCHOOL OF CROP SCIENCES CURRICULUM CROP PROTECTION CYCLE XXVII Landscape dynamics of tachinid parasitoids Director of the School: Prof. Antonio Berti Supervisor: Dr. Lorenzo Marini Co-supervisors: Prof. Andrea Battisti Dr. Pierfilippo Cerretti PhD Student: Diego J. Inclán Luna Date of thesis submission January 30th 2015 Declaration I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text. Padova, 30 January 2015 Diego J. Inclán A copy of the thesis will be available at http://paduaresearch.cab.unipd.it/ Dichiarazione Con la presente affermo che questa tesi è frutto del mio lavoro e che, per quanto io ne sia a conoscenza, non contiene materiale precedentemente pubblicato o scritto da un'altra persona né materiale che è stato utilizzato per l’ottenimento di qualunque altro titolo o diploma dell'università o altro istituto di apprendimento, a eccezione del caso in cui ciò venga riconosciuto nel testo. Padova, 30 gennaio 2015 Diego J. Inclán Una copia della tesi sarà disponibile presso http://paduaresearch.cab.unipd.it/ Table of contents Summary………………………………………………………………..………… 7 Riassunto………………………………………………………………....………… 9 Chapter I ‒ Introduction……………………………………………………….. 11 Chapter II ‒ Interactive effects of area and connectivity on the diversity of tachinid parasitoids in highly fragmented landscapes……………………………………………...………… 23 Chapter III ‒ Organic farming enhances parasitoid diversity at the local and landscape scale………………………………………… 49 Chapter IV ‒ Landscape effect on parasitoid spillover between crop and non-crop habitats………………………………….………… 69 Chapter V ‒ Spillover of natural enemies between contrasting field margins and crops……………………………………...………… 89 Chapter VI ‒ Testing scale-dependent effects of semi-natural habitats on farmland biodiversity……………………...………… 107 Conclusions……………………………………………………………..………… 129 References………………………………………………………………………… 135 Current affiliations of co-authors……………………………………….………… 159 Publications……………………………………………………………..………… 161 Summary Habitat fragmentation and the intensification of agricultural landscapes are among the main drivers affecting parasitoid diversity. Although many empirical and theoretical studies have elucidated the effects of these processes on populations and communities of parasitoids, the majority of the research has been focused on specialized groups of hymenopterans. In this study the highly-diverse group of tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) was considered as an alternative model system to test the effects of landscape fragmentation and agricultural intensification on the third trophic level. The effects of habitat fragmentation are evaluated in Chapter II. This chapter evaluates the relative importance of habitat loss, decrease of connectivity and their potential interaction on tachinid diversity. This chapter shows that the reduction of habitat area and the loss of connectivity significantly interacted, suggesting that management practices aimed to mitigate the negative effect of habitat fragmentation need to consider the connectivity in the surrounding landscape. In the following chapters, diverse components of the intensification of agricultural landscapes were evaluated. In Chapter III, the diversity of tachinids was examined in relation to farm management (organic vs. conventional) at different spatial scales. This study shows that organic management improved the diversity of tachinids at both the local and landscape scales but only in arable crops while the effect in grasslands was neutral. Thus, any attempt to enhance parasitoid diversity needs to consider the local farming system in relation to the agricultural management in the surrounding landscape. In Chapters IV and V the spatial dynamics and movement of parasitoids between crop and non-crop habitats were evaluated. These chapters show that the spillover of tachinid parasitoids was favored by the low contrast in habitat structure between the crop and non-crop habitats. The highest spillover of parasitoids to arable land was found from herbaceous semi-natural habitats, while woody structure reduced the exchange of individuals between arable crop and non-crop habitats. Finally, in Chapters V and VI the effects of different field margins to enhance farmland biodiversity were examined. The results from these chapters demonstrate that the positive effect of field margins to enhance the diversity of tachinids was related to the type and complexity of these semi- natural habitats. This research provides new insights into the consequences of landscape changes on the diversity of a key functional group that has been long overlooked in 7 ecological and conservation studies. The results will provide guidelines to implement conservation measures to halt or reduce biodiversity loss of this important group of parasitoids. 8 Riassunto La frammentazione degli habitat e l’intensificazione dell’agricoltura sono riconosciuti tra i principali fattori che incidono negativamente sulla diversità dei parassitoidi. Nonostante numerosi studi hanno confermato questa tendenza, la gran parte di essi si è concentrata sugli imenotteri parassitoidi. Questa tesi si concentra invece sui tachinidi (Diptera: Tachinidae), considerati come sistema modello alternativo per testare gli effetti della frammentazione del paesaggio e dell’agricoltura intensiva sul terzo livello trofico. In particolare, gli effetti della frammentazione degli habitat sono descritti nel Capitolo II, dove viene valutata l’importanza relativa della perdita dell’habitat, la diminuzione della connettività e la loro potenziale interazione nell’influenzare la diversità dei tachinidi. I risultati dimostrano che la riduzione dell’area e la perdita di connettività dell’habitat interagiscono significativamente, evidenziando che le pratiche di gestione finalizzate a mitigare gli effetti negativi della frammentazione dell’habitat non possono prescindere dal prendere in considerazione la connettività con il paesaggio circostante. Nei capitoli successivi sono stati invece valutati vari impatti connessi all’intensificazione dell’agricoltura. Nel Capitolo III è stato esaminato come la gestione delle aziende agricole (biologica vs. convenzionale) possa influenzare la diversità dei tachinidi a diverse scale spaziali. I risultati dimostrano che la gestione biologica ha un effetto positivo sulla diversità di tachinidi sia a scala locale sia a livello di paesaggio, ma solamente nel caso dei seminativi mentre le praterie non ricevono nessun beneficio dall’agricoltura biologica. Quindi qualsiasi tipo di intervento per migliorare la diversità dei parassitoidi deve considerare il sistema di gestione agricolo locale in relazione al paesaggio circostante. Nei Capitoli IV e V sono state trattate le dinamiche spaziali di spostamento dei parassitoidi tra ambienti coltivati e ambienti naturali. Questi capitoli dimostrano che il movimento dei tachinidi è stato favorito dalla bassa differenziazione strutturale dei due ambienti. Lo scambio di individui più elevato si è avuto dal margine erbaceo mentre il margine caratterizzato dalla presenza delle siepi riduce lo scambio di individui tra i due ambienti. Infine, nei Capitoli V and VI è stato valutato l’effetto di diverse tipologie di margine dei terreni agricoli sulla biodiversità. I risultati ottenuti da questi capitoli dimostrano che gli effetti positivi della presenza di margini semi-naturali sulla diversità dei tachinidi siano correlati alla tipologia e alla complessità degli habitat. 9 Questa tesi fornisce nuove informazioni su come i cambiamenti a livello di paesaggio influenzano la diversità di un gruppo funzionale chiave che è stato per lungo tempo poco considerato negli studi di ecologia e conservazione. I risultati potranno essere utilizzati per definire e implementare innovative misure di conservazione e mitigazione degli impatti considerati. 10 Introduction Threats to biodiversity: an overview Biodiversity throughout the world continue to be threatened by multiple drivers. Species are facing a continuous decline due to reduced quality and extent of terrestrial natural ecosystems (Rosen 2000; Tilman et al. 2001). According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA 2005), one of the main drivers affecting biodiversity is the conversion of natural habitats into agricultural land. In the face of increasing food demand for a growing human population, agricultural land continues to spread at the detriment of natural habitats (Tilman et al. 2001; Foley et al. 2005; Godfray et al. 2010). It is estimated that more than one third of the world land surface is now being used by agriculture (Foley et al. 2005; Alexandratos & Bruinsma 2012; FAOSTAT 2014). This trend in land use is leading to the formation of simple landscapes with only few and scattered semi-natural habitats (Stoate et al. 2001; Robinson & Sutherland 2002). The biodiversity in agricultural landscapes is further affected by the homogeneous matrix that is dominated only by a few crops. Indeed, about 60% of food production is comprised only of three cereals: wheat, corn and rice (Tilman et al. 2001; Alexandratos & Bruinsma 2012). In this homogeneous
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