Current World Environment Vol. 10(2), 676-682 (2015)

Physico-Chemical Contamination of Groundwater in and Around Industrial Areas of District ,

Mithlesh Agrawal* and Kailash Chand Sharma

Department of Rajasthan, University of Rajasthan, -302004, .

http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.10.2.35

(Received: April 16, 2015; Accepted: May 26, 2015)

Abstract

Chemical behaviors of groundwater in various locations are one of the most dynamic fields of research in the present world. In the present study, groundwater sampling from four industrial areas viz. Matsya Nagar, , and was conducted with an aim to assess the groundwater chemistry and the interpretation of the ‘water type’ was made using Hill-Piper and Wilcox diagrams. The chemical quality was assessed by examining the major cations, anions and other parameters like sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate and sodium percent. The groundwater chemistry was then assessed and factors affecting the area were identified. It was resulted that the groundwater quality of the area was influenced by industrial and human activities which cause pollution in the aquifer system and the data supported the pollution level in the area. Majority of the samples were behaved in more or less same way. The TDS were found in average range of 1000 mg/l, while total hardness ranged the average value of 400 mg/l. Carbonate alkalinity was found in all the water samples and the average pH value were observed 8.60. In some locations, up to 337 mg/l nitrate indicates the nitrogenous contamination in the area. Fluoride was found within the prescribed limits as per BIS (Indian Drinking Water Standard, IS: 10500, 1991) norms, except one significant location at in Neemrana industrial area has high fluoride as 13.0 mg/l. The interpretation of the ‘water type’ was made using Hill-Piper and Wilcox diagrams. The prominent

type was Na/Mg-HCO3 and Na/Mg-Cl type of water. However, a slight variation was observed in the

Na-HCO3 type of water. Sodium (alkali) hazard were observed from low (S1) to high (S3) and salinity hazard is high (C3) to very high (C4).

Key words: Groundwater quality, Physico-chemical contamination, Piper diagram, water type.

Introduction Development never means on the cost of nature, but the global modernization procedures Water is one of the abundantly available puts stress on groundwater as well as surface substance in the nature next to air. Water is water resources all around the world. Industrial considered as a very dilute solution of number of development is the main source of water pollution chemicals essential for maintaining equilibrium as it gives out harmful chemicals and micro in biochemical reactions taking place in all living organisms. organisms in order to maintain the physiology. Water quality as well as quantity crisis is the burning issue Hard water mostly contains dissolved all around the world and raise a big challenge as the salts of calcium and magnesium as bicarbonates, groundwater as use as drinking purposes become sulphates and chlorides. Major cations, anions, very scare in the world. Water scarcity and poor conductivity, dissolved solids, pH, SAR, RSC and quality water is not only harmful to human life but also %Na are constituents of study and are determined affects the fertility of soil and therefore diminishes in milligrams per litre (mg/l) or in parts per million the growth of plants and crops. (ppm). 677 Agrawal & Sharma, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 10(2), 676-682 (2015)

District Alwar is located in north eastern conductivity and pH meters. Ca, Mg and total 0 ’ 0 ’ part of Rajasthan in between 27 40 to 28 40 North hardness (as CaCO3) was analyzed using EDTA- latitude and 76070’ to 77013’ East longitude. The complexo-metric titrations. Chloride was analyzed length of the district from north to south, it is 137 by standard AgNO3 as intermediate and K2CrO4 kms while from east to west, it is 110 kms. The as marker (Argento-metric titration). Sulphate was district is surrounded by Gurgaon of Haryana and analyzed using back titration method and alkalinity Bharatpur in north-east side, Mahendragarh of by acidimetric titration. Nitrate was analyzed using Hariyana from north-west side, Jaipur by south-west UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 220 nm and fluoride and Sawaimadhopur by southern side. at 540 nm wavelengths (APHA, 1989). TDS, total

hardness (as CaCO3), TA, Na%, RSC and SAR were The aquifer water quality of four industrial calculated using suitable formula. areas viz. Matsya, Bhiwadi, Neemrana and Behror industrial area were selected for study. Industrial Results and Discussion activities generate large number and variety of waste products which were generally discharged in to water As per WHO and BIS (IS 10500:1991) streams. Now a day the dispersal of waste waters is drinking water specifications, the desirable of widespread national concern. concentration of TDS is less than 500 ppm and maximum permissible limit in the absence of Materials and Methods alternative source is 1500 ppm (2000 ppm as per BIS). Beyond this limits, palatability decreases and Sampling may cause gastrointestinal irritation. In the areas Ground water sampling was done from under investigation was found that out of 25 water different sites of industrial areas in 1.0 litre polythene samples 23 water samples having TDS in between bottles for the analysis of chemical parameters, 500 to 2000 mg/l (92%). Only 2 water sample ranged 1.0 litre nitric acid treated samples for trace metal within 500 mg/l (8%) and no one sample cross the analysis and 2.0 litre for BOD and COD analysis. upper limits of TDS 2000 mg/l. The average TDS in the area was found 1018 mg/l (Figure-1). The +2 Analysis desirable Ca (as CaCO3) concentration in normal Chemical parameters like electrical potable ground water should have less than 75.0 conductivity and pH were determined using mg/l while 200 mg/l set as maximum permissible

Fig. 1: Agrawal & Sharma, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 10(2), 676-682 (2015) 678 4.13 7.89 2.70 9.82 4.15 0.82 1.32 8.86 9.19 7.50 5.41 5.45 5.93 1.41 17.22 27.32 14.76 13.06 14.35 27.45 14.69 28.41 18.20 17.79 22.48 0 0 0 0 0 0 MIA, Nr. CCS Nr. MIA, 0.5 3.7 7.5 3.4 0.4 1.2 9.9 1.5 0.4 1.5 1.7 3.5 3.4 3.7 9.8 7.5 5.7 5.4 Shahjahanpur; Shahjahanpur; 10.8 R S C s AR 24 13 Matsya Industrial Matsya 25 9.49 12.6 N a% 34.27 15.96 35.91 42.86 36.19 37.01 74.59 77.45 65.17 56.12 57.73 71.54 37.51 13.29 58.88 44.03 48.85 76.11 65.11 82.28 75.84 79.03 79.06 Belni; S Belni; – S –

Bhiwadi (Nr. Ahmad Body Body Ahmad (Nr. Bhiwadi 3 7 12 Jharada; S Jharada; 21 23 295 775 950 430 185 325 320 300 470 175 275 350 425 425 215 255 210 370 265 210 175 125 200 1175 1005 TH as CaC O Bilahedi; S Bilahedi; -

6 Gunpur; S Gunpur; F 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.5 Gugalkota; S Gugalkota; 1.07 0.63 0.17 0.86 1.45 0.48 0.64 0.49 0.37 0.48 0.18 0.17 0.65 0.54 0.67 13.3 0.56 0.66 22 11 - 3 5 8 31 72 21 23 26 44 50 52 22 32 82 12 20 18 10 118 143 143 167 337 121 102 118 NO

Santhalka; S Santhalka; 3 5 Behrod Industrial Area; S IndustrialArea; Behrod 20 A as 320 300 310 460 330 430 300 380 370 700 910 490 450 700 550 320 410 470 530 670 350 370 380 500 270 T CaC O – S – - 17 3 Matsya Industrial Area; S IndustrialArea; Matsya 342 317 330 513 354 452 317 415 378 732 940 452 500 708 500 293 452 452 598 647 378 403 415 537 281 H C O 21 — 3 24 24 24 24 24 36 24 24 36 60 84 72 24 72 84 48 24 60 24 84 24 24 24 36 24 Bhiwadi (Bhagatsingh Colony); S Colony); (Bhagatsingh Bhiwadi C O 10 Sherpur;S — 4 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 91 96 53 48 62 62 48 53 48 96 48 53 293 245 211 101 216 226 SO Alampur (Baba Mahan Ashram)S Mahan (Baba Alampur 4 - ; S Dehmi; 50 92 71 Cl Nimrana Industrial Area; S IndustrialArea; Nimrana 128 652 376 567 106 199 184 567 347 284 220 319 128 262 199 248 425 142 106 106 106 475 19 16 – S – ++ 11 47 29 39 79 27 27 58 74 60 51 33 29 57 16 28 89 29 38 50 78 75 224 150 154 203 Mg Manchal; S Manchal; 18 ++ 40 38 64 38 42 40 30 34 26 30 22 30 22 26 24 34 42 22 48 58 42 46 68 102 126 Ca able 1: Chemical quality of the study area Chemical quality of the study 1: able T + Behrod; S Behrod; 3 4 4 9 6 9 6 5 4 5 1 4 4 4 3 5 2 3 2 7 4 7 K 11 10 21 17 C, RSC and SAR in meq/l, pH has no unit. C, 0 + Bhiwadi (Nr. Panchmuki Hanuman Tample); S Tample); Hanuman Panchmuki (Nr. Bhiwadi 9 Alampur (Nr. Front Gate of Ashram); S Ashram); of Gate Front (Nr. Alampur 77 95 97 77 17 31 29 89 3 145 285 269 251 120 260 524 549 280 251 451 260 179 225 354 299 205 Bhiwadi Industrial Area; S IndustrialArea; Bhiwadi 10 Majri Kalan; S MajriKalan; – S – 16 1 443 689 567 894 520 954 951 847 781 798 800 541 467 513 575 1874 1531 1663 1569 1694 1815 1107 1374 1131 1349 S N ote: 820 970 870 870 710 950 980 Milakpur Gujar; S Gujar; Milakpur 1010 3560 2600 2940 1370 2360 1470 2970 3160 1870 1630 2370 1400 1350 1190 1940 2210 1210 2

Desula; Desula; p h e C t D s n a 8.8 8.7 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.8 8.5 8.4 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.7 8.6 8.5 8.7 8.5 8.6 8.8 8.3 8.5 8.6 8.4 25 Dolat Singhpura; S Singhpura; Dolat 15 Khijuriwas; S Khijuriwas; 1 S Bhiwadi (Near Bus Stand Tiraha); S Tiraha); Stand Bus (Near Bhiwadi 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

Neemrana; S Neemrana; l ocations 14 ocations: Maker); S Maker); S S College; Ayurved Area S . N o. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 EC in µS/cm at 25 are in mg/l except All parameters L 679 Agrawal & Sharma, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 10(2), 676-682 (2015) limit. Beyond this undesirable effects can occur. In 224 mg/l at Alampur (near front gate of Ashram) the whole study area, the concentration of Ca-H with the average concentration is calculated 70

(as CaCO3) ranges between minimum 22 mg/l mg/l, while maximum relaxable level of magnesium at Neemrana and near Monto factory, Matsya in water should be 100 mg/l. (BIS, 1991 and ICMR, Industrial Area to maximum 126 mg/l at Santhalka. 1975). The result shows that the ground water of the The average calcium was measured 44 mg/l in and area under investigation is safe side with respect to surrounding areas and found soft in nature and fit magnesium and suitable for specific purposes. As for drinking as well as bathing, washing, laundering per BIS standards, the ground water having up to 250 and industrial activities. The concentration of Mg-H mg/l total hardness (TH) is essential which relaxes is found minimum 16 ppm at Manchal to maximum up to maximum of 600 mg/l (Table-2). The average

Table. 2: Ground Water Quality Standards for Drinking Purposes

S. No. Parameters units ISI: 1991 ICMR: 1975 who: 2006

1 EC µS/cm at 250C NG 500 600 2 pH - 6.50-8.50 7.0-8.50 6.50-8.50 3 TDS mg/L 500 500 500 4 Na+ mg/L NG NG 200 5 K+ mg/L NG NG NG 6 Ca+2 mg/L 75 75 75 7 Mg+2 mg/L 30 50 30 8 Cl- mg/L 250 200 200 -2 9 SO4 mg/L 200 200 200 - 10 HCO3 mg/L NG NG NG - 11 NO3 mg/L 45 20 50 12 F- mg/L 1.00 1.00 1.50

13 TH as CaCO3 mg/L 300 300 200

NG-No Guideline

Fig. 2: 680 Agrawal & Sharma, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 10(2), 676-682 (2015) total hardness in the area under investigation is The Cl- concentration is observed minimum measured 396 mg/l, while it is found minimum 125 50 mg/l at Khijuriwas to maximum 652 mg/l at Alampur mg/l at Manchal and maximum 1175 mg/l at Alampur with an average concentration was measured 254 (near front gate of Ashram). It can be concluded mg/l. The desirable/essential limit of chloride for that the aquifer water is quite hard in nature and it drinking water is 250 mg/l and it is relaxed up to should be used for any specific purposes after taking 1000 mg/l. Therefore, the chloride concentration suitable measures. was found in between the prescribed limits. The

Fig. 3:

Fig. 4: Agrawal & Sharma, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 10(2), 676-682 (2015) 681

-2 SO4 concentration in the study area were varies industrial area. An exceptional fluoride concentration minimum traces at many locations to maximum 293 was observed in Majri kala location of Neemrana mg/l at Alampur, while average concentration was industrial area. An elevated concentration of fluoride measured 82 mg/l. The essential level of sulphate in groundwater is common in rocky areas heaving is 200 mg/l while maximum permissible limit for fluoride minerals (Handa, 1975). The average drinking purpose should not be more than 400 mg/l. fluoride concentration was measured 1.08 mg/l. Therefore, on the basis of these limits and analysis The water quality standards specified by Bureau of results thereon, it can be said that the ground water Indian standards (BIS) for drinking, F- concentration in the area was found within limits. More than 200 should not be more than 1.5 mg/l (Figure-3). Artificial mg/l sulphate was shown in some locations of recharge, blending of water, construction of well in Bhiwadi and Neemrana industrial areas (Table-1). As the area where the fluoride concentrations are under per BIS specifications, the prescribed level of total the safe limits etc. may improve the aesthetic status alkalinity is 200 mg/l, and the higher concentrations of community of the area. (Vikasi et al, 1999). make the water unpleasant in taste. Alkalinity relaxes up to 600 mg/l. The water analysis results reveal that The interpretation of the ‘water type’ was the average concentration of alkalinity in the ground made using Hill-Piper and Wilcox diagrams. The water of the area under investigation was measured prominent was Na/Mg-HCO3 and Na/Mg-Cl type of 468 mg/l ranges from minimum 281 mg/l at near bus water. However, a slight variation was observed in stand tiraha of Bhiwadi industrial area to maximum the Na-HCO3 type of water. Sodium (alkali) hazard 940 mg/l at Belni of Neemrana industrial area. The were observed from low (S1) to high (S3) and salinity - BIS sharply relaxed the NO3 concentration up to 45 hazard is high (C3) to very high (C4) (Figure-4 mg/l in drinking water for potability which relaxes up and 5). The average Na% of the water ranged to 100 mg/l. In the study area it was found minimum minimum 9.49 at Jharda to maximum 82.28 in the 5 mg/l at Behrod, while maximum 337 mg/l near bus groundwater of Daulat Singhpura with an average stand tiraha of Bhiwadi industrial area with average of 51.48 indicates that the groundwater is not fit for of 71 mg/l indicates the increasing rate of nitrate level excellent irrigation. RSC value <2.0 meq/l put the in the study areas (Figure-2). The F- concentration water bodies in to good category of irrigation water. It was found minimum 0.10 mg/l at Khijuriwas to was observed nil to 10.8 with an average 3.26 meq/l maximum 1.45 mg/l near bus stand tiraha of Bhiwadi refers moderately poor quality of irrigation water.

Fig. 5: 682 Agrawal & Sharma, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 10(2), 676-682 (2015)

SAR reveals the ratio of sodium versus major cations Singhpura with an average of 11.61 meq/l. The area and reflects the irrigation suitability of the water for fall in high sodium class and it implies that there is different agricultural purposes. Water that has an alkali hazard anticipated to the crops. SAR <3.0 meq/l is safe for irrigating turf and other ornamental landscape plants. Greater than 9.0 can The overall water quality of the area cause severe permeability problems when applied taken under consideration is getting deteriorated. to fine textured soils (a silty clay loam) and should The causes of quality variations may be attributed be avoided. In the study, the SAR values ranges to the rainfall, drawdown of water and geological minimum 0.82 at Matsya industrial area, near CCS formations/structures of the area (Sharma and Ayurved College to maximum 28.15 meq/l at Dolat Agarwal, 2013).

REFERENCES

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