New EU Strategic Priorities for the Sahel Addressing Regional Challenges Through Better Governance
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From Operation Serval to Barkhane
same year, Hollande sent French troops to From Operation Serval the Central African Republic (CAR) to curb ethno-religious warfare. During a visit to to Barkhane three African nations in the summer of 2014, the French president announced Understanding France’s Operation Barkhane, a reorganization of Increased Involvement in troops in the region into a counter-terrorism Africa in the Context of force of 3,000 soldiers. In light of this, what is one to make Françafrique and Post- of Hollande’s promise to break with colonialism tradition concerning France’s African policy? To what extent has he actively Carmen Cuesta Roca pursued the fulfillment of this promise, and does continued French involvement in Africa constitute success or failure in this rançois Hollande did not enter office regard? France has a complex relationship amid expectations that he would with Africa, and these ties cannot be easily become a foreign policy president. F cut. This paper does not seek to provide a His 2012 presidential campaign carefully critique of President Hollande’s policy focused on domestic issues. Much like toward France’s former African colonies. Nicolas Sarkozy and many of his Rather, it uses the current president’s predecessors, Hollande had declared, “I will decisions and behavior to explain why break away from Françafrique by proposing a France will not be able to distance itself relationship based on equality, trust, and 1 from its former colonies anytime soon. solidarity.” After his election on May 6, It is first necessary to outline a brief 2012, Hollande took steps to fulfill this history of France’s involvement in Africa, promise. -
S/2019/868 Security Council
United Nations S/2019/868 Security Council Distr.: General 11 November 2019 Original: English Joint Force of the Group of Five for the Sahel Report of the Secretary-General I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 2391 (2017), in which the Council requested me, in close coordination with the States members of the Group of Five for the Sahel (G5 Sahel) (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and the Niger) and the African Union, to report on the activities of the Joint Force of the Group of Five for the Sahel. It provides an update since my report of 6 May 2019 (S/2019/371) on progress made in the operationalization of the Joint Force, international support for the Force, the implementation of the technical agreement signed between the United Nations, the European Union and G5 Sahel States in February 2018, challenges encountered by the Force and the implementation by the G5 Sahel States of a human rights and international humanitarian law compliance framework. 2. The period under review was marked by low-intensity activity by the Joint Force due to the rainy season, which hampered the movements of the Force, and the impact of persistent equipment and training shortfalls on its operations. In accordance with resolution 2391 (2017), international partners continued to mobilize in support of the G5 Sahel. The attack of 30 September on the Force’s base in Boulikessi, Mopti region, central Mali, inflicted heavy casualties. The terrorist group Jama'a Nusrat ul-Islam wa al-Muslimin (JNIM) claimed responsibility for the attack. -
African Dialects
African Dialects • Adangme (Ghana ) • Afrikaans (Southern Africa ) • Akan: Asante (Ashanti) dialect (Ghana ) • Akan: Fante dialect (Ghana ) • Akan: Twi (Akwapem) dialect (Ghana ) • Amharic (Amarigna; Amarinya) (Ethiopia ) • Awing (Cameroon ) • Bakuba (Busoong, Kuba, Bushong) (Congo ) • Bambara (Mali; Senegal; Burkina ) • Bamoun (Cameroons ) • Bargu (Bariba) (Benin; Nigeria; Togo ) • Bassa (Gbasa) (Liberia ) • ici-Bemba (Wemba) (Congo; Zambia ) • Berba (Benin ) • Bihari: Mauritian Bhojpuri dialect - Latin Script (Mauritius ) • Bobo (Bwamou) (Burkina ) • Bulu (Boulou) (Cameroons ) • Chirpon-Lete-Anum (Cherepong; Guan) (Ghana ) • Ciokwe (Chokwe) (Angola; Congo ) • Creole, Indian Ocean: Mauritian dialect (Mauritius ) • Creole, Indian Ocean: Seychelles dialect (Kreol) (Seychelles ) • Dagbani (Dagbane; Dagomba) (Ghana; Togo ) • Diola (Jola) (Upper West Africa ) • Diola (Jola): Fogny (Jóola Fóoñi) dialect (The Gambia; Guinea; Senegal ) • Duala (Douala) (Cameroons ) • Dyula (Jula) (Burkina ) • Efik (Nigeria ) • Ekoi: Ejagham dialect (Cameroons; Nigeria ) • Ewe (Benin; Ghana; Togo ) • Ewe: Ge (Mina) dialect (Benin; Togo ) • Ewe: Watyi (Ouatchi, Waci) dialect (Benin; Togo ) • Ewondo (Cameroons ) • Fang (Equitorial Guinea ) • Fõ (Fon; Dahoméen) (Benin ) • Frafra (Ghana ) • Ful (Fula; Fulani; Fulfulde; Peul; Toucouleur) (West Africa ) • Ful: Torado dialect (Senegal ) • Gã: Accra dialect (Ghana; Togo ) • Gambai (Ngambai; Ngambaye) (Chad ) • olu-Ganda (Luganda) (Uganda ) • Gbaya (Baya) (Central African Republic; Cameroons; Congo ) • Gben (Ben) (Togo -
Region: West Africa (14 Countries) (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte D’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo)
Region: West Africa (14 Countries) (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo) Project title: Emergency assistance for early detection and prevention of avian influenza in Western Africa Project number: TCP/RAF/3016 (E) Starting date: November 2005 Completion date: April 2007 Government counterpart Ministries of Agriculture responsible for project execution: FAO contribution: US$ 400 000 Signed: ..................................... Signed: ........................................ (on behalf of Government) Jacques Diouf Director-General (on behalf of FAO) Date of signature: ..................... Date of signature: ........................ I. BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION In line with the FAO/World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Global Strategy for the Progressive Control of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), this project has been developed to provide support to the regional grouping of West African countries to strengthen emergency preparedness against the eventuality of HPAI being introduced into this currently free area. There is growing evidence that the avian influenza, which has been responsible for serious disease outbreaks in poultry and humans in several Asian countries since 2003, is spread through a number of sources, including poor biosecurity at poultry farms, movement of poultry and poultry products and live market trade, illegal and legal trade in wild birds. Although unproven, it is also suspected that the virus could possibly be carried over long distances along the migratory bird flyways to regions previously unaffected (Table 1) is a cause of serious concern for the region. Avian influenza subtype H5N1 could be transported along these routes to densely populated areas in the South Asian Subcontinent and to the Middle East, Africa and Europe. -
Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative
Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel initiative The African wall An African partnership to tackle desertification and land degradation Desertification affects millions of the most vulnerable people in Africa, where two-thirds of the land cover consists of drylands and deserts. Contrary to popular perception, desertification is not the loss of land to the desert or through sand-dune movement. Desertification refers to land degradation in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas resulting from factors such as human pressure on fragile eco-systems, deforestation and climate change. Desertification and land degradation have a strong negative impact on the food security and livelihoods of the local communities in Africa’s drylands, home to the world’s poorest populations. In 2007, African Heads of State and Government endorsed the Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative with the objective of tackling the detrimental social, economic and environmental impacts of land degradation and desertification in the region. The initiative aims to support the efforts of local communities in the sustainable management and use of forests, rangelands and other natural resources in drylands. It also seeks to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well improve the food security and livelihoods of the people in the Sahel and the Sahara. From the initial idea of a line of trees from east to west through the African desert, the vision for a Great Green Wall has evolved into that of a mosaic of interventions addressing the challenges facing the people in the Sahel and Sahara. The overall goal of the Great Green Wall initiative is to strengthen the resilience of the region’s people and natural systems with sound ecosystems’ management, sustainable development of land resources, the protection of rural heritage and the improvement of the living conditions of the local population. -
Youth, Peace and Security Challenges in the Sahel
A Demographic, Threat? YOUTH, PEACE AND SECURITY CHALLENGES IN THE SAHEL Bintu Zahara Sakor | Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)* Disclaimer for the DPS Book or Working Paper This Demography, Peace and Security in the Sahel document is one of the working papers commissioned by UNFPA WCAR to shed light on critical challenges with data and evidence and inform interventions towards a more conducive environment for security and development in the Sahel. Its content does not necessarily reflect the views of UNFPA. * Bintu Zahara Sakor is a Research Assistant at PRIO Contact author:[email protected] To request copies of the paper or for more information on the book/working paper, please contact UNFPA WCARO. Papers are also available on UNFPA’s website: Demography, Peace and Security in the Sahel UNFPA, West and Central Africa Regional Office Immeuble Wolle Ndiaye, Almadies BP: 21090 Dakar-Ponty SENEGAL Fax : +221 33 820 17 31 Website: http://wcaro.unfpa.org Email : [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................4 2 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................6 3 LITERATURE REVIEW: DemOGRApHY, PEACE & SECURITY .............................................................9 1.1 Demography and Security Challenges: Empirical Evidence ...............................................................9 1.2 Theoretical Framework: Youth -
Transforming Agriculture in the Sahel What Would It Take?
Transforming Agriculture in the Sahel What Would It Take? Transforming Agriculture in the Sahel: What Would It Take?1 1. Agriculture Risk: New Normal The Sahel sub-region, owing to its climatic, institutional, livelihood, economic, and environmental context, is one of the most vulnerable regions of the world. Poverty is pervasive, and the countries in the Sahel (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal) rank low on almost all of the human development indicators. Agriculture is the most important sector and is the principle source of livelihood for majority of the people. The performance of the agricultural sector, however, due to its high exposure to risks, is very volatile. Land pressures from rapid population growth, food price volatility combined with deteriorating and ever more extreme climate conditions leading to repeated cycles of droughts, desertification, and localized floods are principle risks. The region has experienced multiple shocks, largely induced by agricultural risks over the past 30 years, which impose high welfare cost in terms of food availability, food affordability, and malnutrition. In 2012, approximately 17 million people in the Sahel faced food insecurity due to a combination of drought, poor accessibility to food, high grain prices, environmental degradation, displacement, and conflict. Figure 1. Impacts in the Sahel: Booms and Busts Risks are inherent, ubiquitous, and varied in agricultural systems, perhaps more so than in any other area of economic endeavor. They enforce poverty traps and pose serious consequences for all stakeholders. Adverse movements in agricultural commodity and input prices, together with production-related shocks (from weather, pests, and diseases), not only impact farmers and firms active in the agricultural sector, but may also put severe strains on a government’s fiscal position. -
Building Resilience in Africa's Drylands
REGIONAL INITIATIVE FOR AFRICA Building resilience in Africa’s drylands FOCUS COUNTRIES Burkina Faso, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. OVERALL GOAL Enhance the capacity of dryland countries to anticipate, mitigate and respond to shocks, threats and crises affecting their livelihoods. ABOUT THE REGIONAL INITIATIVE Populations in Africa are increasingly exposed to the negative impact of natural and human-induced disasters such as drought, floods, disease epidemics and conflicts which threaten the agriculture production systems and livelihoods of vulnerable communities. The initiative on “Building Resilience in Africa’s Drylands” was developed to enhance the capacity of these communities to withstand and bounce back from these crises. It aims to strengthen institutional capacity for resilience; support early warning and information management systems; build community level resilience; and respond to emergencies and crises. ZIMBABWE Vegetable farming in Chirumhanzi district. ©FAO/Believe Nyakudjara ZIMBABWE Emergency drought mitigation for livestock in Matabeleland province. ©FAO/Believe Nyakudjara practices and knowledge in the region. The Regional MAKING A DIFFERENCE Initiative also seeks to support countries in meeting one of the key commitments of the Malabo Declaration on The Regional initiative strengthens institutional capacity reducing the number of people in Africa vulnerable to for resilience; supports early warning and information climate change and other threats. management systems; builds community level resilience; and responds to emergencies and crises. Priority actions include: IN PRACTICE > Provide support in areas of resilience policy development and implementation, resilience To achieve resilience in Africa’s drylands in the focus measurement, vulnerability analysis, and strategy countries, the initiative is focusing its efforts on: development and implementation. -
Eu Emergency Trust Fund for Africa Trust Fund for Stability and Addressing Root Causes of Irregular Migration and Displaced Persons in Africa
EU EMERGENCY TRUST FUND FOR AFRICA TRUST FUND FOR STABILITY AND ADDRESSING ROOT CAUSES OF IRREGULAR MIGRATION AND DISPLACED PERSONS IN AFRICA he Emergency Trust Fund for Africa complements the long-standing and comprehensive partnership that European Union and Africa enjoy together. Established at the Valletta Summit on Migration in November 2015, the EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa was created to address the root causes of instability, forced Tdisplacement and irregular migration and to contribute to better migration management. The Valletta Summit brought together European and African Heads of State and Government in an effort to strengthen cooperation and address the current challenges but also the opportunities of migration. The Trust Fund for Africa is worth over €3.3 billion, with over 88% of the contributions coming from the EU, and around 12% from EU Member States and other donors. The bulk of its resources are dedicated to the creation of jobs and Economic Development, especially for young people and women in local communities, with a focus on vocational training and the creation of micro and small enterprises. The other priority areas are supporting Resilience to support basic services for local populations, Migration Management, e.g. to prevent irregular migration and fight human trafficking, as well as Stability and Governance, in particular by promoting conflict prevention, addressing human rights abuses and enforcing the rule of law. THE STATE OF PLAY OF THE EU EMERGENCY TRUST FUND FOR AFRICA To date, 146 programmes across the three regions have been approved for a total amount of approximately €2.4 billion divided as follows: Horn of Africa 818.1 million, North of Africa €285 million, Sahel/Lake Chad €1263 million, and cross-cindow projects €21.6 million. -
Burkina Faso Humanitarian
Burkina Faso Humanitarian Situation Report No. 10 © UNICEF/UNI394720/Dejongh ©Reporting UNICEF/BurkinaFaso2019/ period: 1 NovemberXXXX to 31 December 2020 Highlights Situation in Numbers • In 2020, Burkina Faso registered 486 security incidents in relation to 1,700,000 Armed Conflict and Terrorism, causing 631 civilian casualties, including 31 children. children in need of humanitarian assistance • As of 31 December, the number of internally displaced persons (IDP) reached 1,074,993 (CONASUR), out of which over 60 per cent children 2,900,000 people in need • Global Acute Malnutrition worsened from 8.1 per cent in 2019 to 9.1 per (OCHA August 2020) cent in 2020. In the Sahel region, GAM was above WHO emergency thresholds at 15.1 per cent (Ministry of Health (MoH)). 1,074,993 internally displaced persons (IDP) registered • As of 5 December, 2,169 schools remain closed due to insecurity, affecting 306,946 children (Ministry of national education, literacy and 654,764 children (60.8%) national languages promotion (MENAPLN)). (CONASUR) 2,169 schools closed due to • On 9 March, the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed in the country, insecurity affecting 349,909 reaching 6,344 cases by the end of December (both links MoH) children (MENAPLN) UNICEF’s Response and Funding Status UNICEF Appeal 2020 SAM admission 59% US$98.9 million Funding Status (in US$) Nutrition Funding status 79% Measles vaccination 84% Carry- forward, Health Funding status 12% $7M People with safe water 54% Funds received WASH Funding status 41% in 2020, $27M Psychosocial access 62% Fundi ng Child Funding status 23% gap, Protection $65M Children in school 67% Funding status 9% Education 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1 Funding Overview and Partnerships In line with the 2020 UNICEF Humanitarian Action for Children appeal (HAC) appeal, the funding gap at the end of December 2020 was US$33.6 million (66 per cent). -
Case Study One: the G-5 Sahel Background
Case Study One: The G-5 Sahel Background: G5 Sahel countries – Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Niger – face a plethora of complex challenges, including the growing threat of violent extremism, governance deficiencies, climate change and demographic growth. The interconnectedness of these challenges have made it imperative that countries coordinate their efforts to promote regional development and tackle cross-border insecurity. The G5 Sahel, which is an inter- governmental organization established in 2014 in Nouakchott was intended to do exactly that. So far, however, the response of the involved countries has been largely dominated by a security focus. In 2017, the G5 Sahel launched a Joint Force (Force conjointe du G5 Sahel, FC-G5S). This concept of joint military operations was not new in the Sahel. Rather, this collaboration sought to resurrect a short-lived joint Malian-Mauritanian experiment that had taken place in 2011. In Operation Benkan (Unity), the forces of both countries collaborated to dislodge militants of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) from their base in the Wagadou forest on the Malian side of their border. In 2013, the Nigerian, Malian and French armies conducted Operation Roussette on the border between Mali and Niger. After Operation Roussette, a handful of cross-border military operations were carried out in early 2014 by hundreds of troops from the five armies concerned. Each army operated on its side of the border, but had a right of hot pursuit, and was assisted by French troops who provided support in terms of planning, logistics, intelligence, air cover, and medical evacuations. After a year of coordinated military action in which the practice of coalition warfare proved promising, the necessity for the affected states to institutionalize their military consultation, planning, and operations became more pressing. -
Operation Serval. Analyzing the French Strategy Against Jihadists in Mali
ASPJ Africa & Francophonie - 3rd Quarter 2015 Operation Serval Analyzing the French Strategy against Jihadists in Mali LT COL STÉPHANE SPET, FRENCH AIR FORCE* imilar to the events that occurred two years earlier in Benghazi, the crews of the four Mirage 2000Ds that took off on the evening of 11 January 2013 from Chad inbound for Kona in central Mali knew that they were about to conduct a mis- sion that needed to stop the jihadist offensive to secure Bamako, the capital of Mali, and its population. This time, they were not alone because French special forces Swere already on the battlefield, ready to bring their firepower to bear. French military forces intended to prevent jihadist fighters from creating a caliphate in Mali. They also knew that suppressing any jihadist activity there would be another challenge—a more political one intended to remove the arrows from the jihadists’ hands. By answering the call for assistance from the Malian president to prevent jihadists from raiding Bamako and creating a radical Islamist state, French president François Hollande consented to engage his country in the Sahel to fight jihadists. Within a week, Operation Serval had put together a joint force that stopped the jihadist offensive and retook the initiative. Within two months, the French-led coalition had liberated the en- tire Malian territory after destruction of jihadist strongholds in the Adrar des Ifoghas by displaying a strategy that surprised both the coalition’s enemies and its allies. On 31 July 2014, this first chapter of the war on terror in the Sahel officially closed with a victory and the attainment of all objectives at that time.