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Probing Green Pesticides in Dir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

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Probing Green Pesticides in Dir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan International Journal of Cell Science and Biotechnology E-ISSN 2320 –7574 ©2015INPRESSCO®, All Rights Reserved Available at http://inpressco.com/category/ijcsb/ Research Article Probing Green Pesticides in Dir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Anwarul Haq†*, Hamid Afridi†, Faiz-Ur-Rahmanξ and Aslam Khanψ †Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal Upper Dir, Pakistan ξDepartment of Zoology Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan ψInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University Peshawar, Pakistan Accepted 15 March 2015, Available online 01 April 2015, Vol.4 (2015) Abstract The present study focuses survey of essential oils containing plants termed as `Green pesticides` in Dir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which is a high altitude region, rich in medicinally important species. 25 plant species of 10 genera belonging to 07 families are explored in 25 various locations during 10 field surveys. The species rich in essential oils possess pesticidal, insecticidal, antifeedant, repellent, ovipositor deterrent, growth regulatory and antivector activities. Among the explored species, 12 are abundantly available for large scale production of pesticides, 10 are rare while 03 species are vulnerable. Family Lamiaceae is found to consist of 07 important species. Recent investigations of 72 plant species worldwide signify some constituents interfere with the octopaminergic nervous system in insects, unlike mammals, make these chemical substances relatively non-toxic to mammals and fish in toxicological tests, and meet the criteria for “reduced risk” pesticides. Significance of this exploratory research work in countries like Pakistan, Afghanistan, India and Bangladesh, which are rich in endemic plant biodiversity lies in future integrated pest management (IPM) programs due to their safety to non-target organisms and the environment. Keywords:Green pesticides, antifeedant,pesticidal etc. Introduction biodegradable synthetic and semi synthetic products in pest management, are in the umbrella of green 1 Negative impact on environment by extreme use of pesticides (Koul et al., 2003; Koul 2005; Dhaliwal and synthetic pesticides in the modern era is a serious Koul, 2007; Koul, 2008). Green pesticides are the by- concern for scientists and public. About 2.5 million products of plant metabolism found in glandular hairs tons of pesticides are used on crops each year and the or secretory cavities of plant-cell wall and are present worldwide damage caused by pesticides is about a as droplets of fluid in the leaves, stems, bark, flowers, $100 billion annually. High toxicity and no roots and/or fruits in different plants. Their uses are as biodegradable characteristics of pesticides and the food additives, flavorings, and components of residues in soil, contaminate water resources and cosmetics, soaps, perfumes, plastics, and as resins. crops that upset public health. Therefore need for The amount of essential oil in plants is quite selective, cost-effective, productive, ecofriendly, and variable i.e. 0.01 to 10%. In Ocimum basilicum (basil), biodegradable pesticides and insecticides cannot be methyl chavicol is upto 75% of the oil, β-asarone in ruled out. Bioproducts are excellent substitutes to Acorus calamus rhizomes is 70–80%, linalool in synthetic pesticides and are more compatible with the coriander seed and leaf oils is 50– 60%. Interestingly environmental components than synthetic pesticides 2-decenol and decanal were the most predominant (Isman and Machial, 2006).Thus in the present concept of green pesticides include plant extracts, hormones, constituents in leaf oil (Lawrence and Reynolds, 2001). pheromones and toxins from organic source that Most essential oils comprise of monoterpenes - encompass many aspects of pest control such as compounds that contain 10 carbon atoms often microbial, entomophagous nematodes, plant derived arranged in a ring or in acyclic form, as well as pesticides, secondary metabolites from sesquiterpenes which are hydrocarbons comprising of microorganisms, pheromones and genes used to 15 carbon atoms. But interest in the oils was renewed transform crops to express resistance to pests. More with emerging demonstration of their fumigant and recently, products from natural resources and extreme contact insecticidal activities to a wide range of pests in the 1990s (Isman, 2000). The rapid action against *Corresponding author: Anwarul Haq some pests is indicative of a neurotoxic mode of action, 12| International Journal of Cell Science and Biotechnology, Vol.4 (2015) Anwar Ul Haq et al Probing Green Pesticides in Dir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan and there is evidence for interference with the also a potential insecticidal allelochemical that could neuromodulator octopaminergic (Kostyukovsky et al., reduce the growth rate, food consumption and food 2002) by some oils and with GABA-gated chloride utilization in some post harvest pests and house hold channels by others (Priestley et al., 2003), the oils insects (Jacobson and Halber, 1947; Klocke et al., 1989; themselves or products based on oils are mostly Obeng and Reichmuth, 1997). Products isolated/derived from Curcuma longa (turmeric) and nontoxic to mammals, birds, and fish (Stroh et al., Zingiber officinale (ginger) have also been found 1998), therefore, justifying their placement under effective as insect antifeedant and insect growth “green pesticides”. regulators (Agarwal et al., 2000; Agarwal and Walia, Several essential oils such as lemon grass 2003). Thymol and carvacrol are definitely active (Cimbopogon winteriana), Eulcalyptus globulus, against most fungal species tested (Kurita et al., 1981; rosemary (Rosmarinus officinale), Vetiver (Vetiveria Muller-Riebau et al., 1995; Tsao, R and Zhou, 2000). zizanoides), clove (Eugenia caryophyllus) and thyme The mechanism of action of these compounds against (Thymus vulgaris) are known for their pest control fungi is unknown but may be related to their general properties. While peppermint (Mentha piperita) repels ability to dissolve or otherwise disrupt the integrity of ants, flies, lice and moths; pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) wards off fleas, ants, lice, mosquitoes, ticks cell walls and membranes (Isman and Machial, 2006). and moths. Spearmint (Mentha spicata) and basil The essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia in (Ocimum basilicum) are also effective in warding off concentration of 100, 250, 500 ppm has been found to flies. Similarly, essential oil bearing plants like be effective in decreasing local lesions of TMV on host Artemesia vulgaris, Melaleuca leucadendron, plant Nicotiana glutinosa (Bishop, 1995). Another Pelargonium roseum, Lavandula angustifolia, Mentha report has shown 62% inhibition against tobacco piperita, and Juniperus virginiana are also effective mosaic virus. The current Study is to search and against various insects and fungal pathogens (Kordali explore Essential oils containing plants in various et al., 2005). Extracts of Foeniculum vulgare, localities of Dir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which are being Trachyspermum ammi, Cuminum cyminum, Syzygium assessed for safety, economy, potency, productivity aromaticum, Cinnamomum tamala showed the most and availability in the area. Dir (Figure 4) is situated in potent activity against all the microorganism studied C. the northern part of Pakistan. It is bounded on the albicans (MTCC-227), C. glabrata (MTCC-3016), C. north and north-west by the Chitral district and haemolonii (MTCC-1966). On the contrary, C. Afghanistan, on the east by Swat district, and on the albicans(MTCC-227), C. glabrata(MTCC-3016) and C. south by Lower Dir district. Upper Dir is rugged and haemolonii(MTCC-1966) strains (Singh et al., 2013). mountainous with peaks rising to 16,000 feet (4,900 Studies conducted on the effects of volatile oil m) in the north-east and to 10,000 ft (3,000 m), along constituents of Mentha species are highly effective the watersheds with Swat to the east. It is connected against Callosobruchus maculatus and Tribolium with the Kohistan District via the Badawi Pass. castanum, the common stored grain pests (Tripathi et al., 2000). The summer season is moderate and warm and The larvicidal activity of citronella oil has been June and July are hot months. Maximum and minimum mainly attributed to its major monoterpenic temperature in June is about 33 and 16 degree constituent citronellal (Zaridah et al., 2003). The centigrade respectively. During the months of turmeric (Curcuma longa) leaves, the unutilized part of December, January, and February, temperature turmeric plant, on hydro distillation yields oil rich in α- normally falls below freezing point Maximum and phellandrene (70%). This oil induces growth inhibition minimum. The annual rainfall in Upper Dir is over and larval mortality against Spilosoma obliqua 1,000 mm. Much of the area is covered by forest (Sadaf (Agarwal et al., 1999). Insecticidal properties of several Javed: Rural Development Initiative Report Sep- monoterpenoids to the housefly, red flour beetle and October 2010). The study focuses various pests and southern corn root-worm have been reported (Rice insects which have devastating effects on productivity and Coats, 1994). Similarly, limonene found in the and life of important plants. Images taken from various essential oil of various citrus leaves and fruit peels sources and out sources are helpful for identifying have exhibited significant insect control properties bugs, beetles, and mites in the study area. The study (Karr and Coats, 1988). Pulegone has also been may open
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