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(FOWECA) Working Paper FOWECA/WP/1 Forestry Outlook Study for West and Central Asia (FOWECA) Working paper Euphrates and Tigris watershed Economic, social and institutional aspects of forest in an integrated watershed management Hannaneh M. Kangarani Rome, 2005 2 Hannaneh M. Kangarani The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Information Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. © FAO 2006 Euphrates and Tigris watershed: Economic, social and institutional aspects of forest in an integrated watershed v TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 1 2 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................ 3 2.1 Watershed Background .............................................................................................. 3 2.1.1 The Euphrates River........................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 The Tigris River ................................................................................................. 3 2.1.3 Hydrology........................................................................................................... 3 2.1.4 Climate............................................................................................................... 4 2.1.5 Plant Life............................................................................................................ 4 2.2 Countries Background................................................................................................ 4 2.2.1 Physical Context................................................................................................. 4 2.2.2 Historical and political Background................................................................... 5 2.2.3 Social Context.................................................................................................... 7 2.2.4 Economic Situation.......................................................................................... 10 2.2.5 Environmental Aspects .................................................................................... 11 2.2.6 Land Use .......................................................................................................... 13 2.2.7 Forests .............................................................................................................. 14 2.2.8 Range Lands:.................................................................................................... 14 2.2.9 Agricultural lands............................................................................................. 15 2.2.10 Water Resources............................................................................................... 16 2.2.11 Surface and ground water resources................................................................. 17 2.2.12 Dams................................................................................................................. 17 2.2.13 Water withdrawal............................................................................................. 18 2.2.14 Institutional Arrangement ................................................................................ 19 2.2.15 Institutional Framework................................................................................... 20 2.2.16 Livelihood Assets............................................................................................. 21 3 CHAPTER 2 - ISSUES.................................................................................................... 24 3.1 Main Forest Issues.................................................................................................... 24 3.1.1 What are the Impacts of Deforestation in this Watershed?.............................. 24 3.1.2 What is the Forest Supplying to the People in this Watershed?....................... 25 3.1.3 What is the Evaluation of Desertification in this Watershed? ......................... 25 3.1.4 Conclusions:..................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Main Water Issues.................................................................................................... 27 3.2.1 How is the Water Quality in this Watershed?.................................................. 27 3.2.2 How is the Water Distribution between the Countries in this Watershed?...... 27 3.2.3 What are the Social, Environmental and Economic Impacts of GAP “South- eastern Anatolia Project” on this Watershed? .................................................................. 28 3.2.4 What is the Status of bilateral treaties between Turkey, Syria and Iraq due to Shared Water Resources in this watershed?..................................................................... 30 3.2.5 Conclusions:..................................................................................................... 32 3.3 Main People Issues................................................................................................... 32 3.3.1 What are the Linkages between Population Growth and Poverty in this Watershed?....................................................................................................................... 32 3.3.2 What are the Main Effects of Population Growth in this Watershed?............. 34 3.3.3 What is the Participation Status in Institutional Arrangement of this Watershed?....................................................................................................................... 35 3.3.4 Conclusions:..................................................................................................... 35 3.4 Main Forest & Water Issues:.................................................................................... 37 3.4.1 What are the Linkages between Water and Forest in this Watershed? ............ 37 vi Hannaneh M. Kangarani 3.4.2 Conclusions:..................................................................................................... 38 3.5 Main Forest & People Issues.................................................................................... 39 3.5.1 Which Linkages are there between Forest and Poverty in this Watershed? .... 39 3.5.2 What are the Main Factors affecting Forest- Poverty Linkages?..................... 40 3.5.3 Conclusions:..................................................................................................... 41 3.6 Main Water & People Issues:................................................................................... 43 3.6.1 Why is Water such a Contentious Issue in this Watershed? ............................ 43 3.6.2 What are the Impacts of Population Growth on Water Resources in this Watershed?....................................................................................................................... 44 3.6.3 Are there any Balances between Water Resources and Demand Management in this Watershed? ................................................................................................................ 45 3.6.4 Conclusions:..................................................................................................... 47 4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................... 49 5 ANNEX 1 – What is the Gap? ......................................................................................... 53 6 ANNEX 2 - Assessment of the Gap Project .................................................................... 55 7 ANNEX 3 - UN Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses Convention Application to the Euphrates and Tigris Watershed............................................. 57 8 ANNEX 4 - TABLES ...................................................................................................... 60 9 ANNEX 5 - MAPS........................................................................................................... 68 TABLE OF TABLES Table 1 Riparian Contributions to the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers Basin.............................. 60 Table 2 Riparian Contribution to the Euphrates River Basin............................................ 60 Table 3 Riparian Contribution to the Tigris River Basin .................................................. 60 Table 4 Sources and Uses of the Tigris River................................................................... 61 Table 5 Sources and Uses of the Euphrates River............................................................. 61 Table 6 Economic Overview of Iran................................................................................. 62 Table 7 Economic Overview of Iraq................................................................................
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