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Agement and Efforts to Improve Water Security in Hawaii S. HRG. 114–478 OPPORTUNITIES FOR FEDERAL AND NON-FEDERAL PARTNERSHIPS IN INTEGRATED WATER MAN- AGEMENT AND EFFORTS TO IMPROVE WATER SECURITY IN HAWAII FIELD HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION OCTOBER 18, 2016 ( Printed for the use of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.fdsys.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 22–849 WASHINGTON : 2017 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES LISA MURKOWSKI, Alaska, Chairman JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming MARIA CANTWELL, Washington JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho RON WYDEN, Oregon MIKE LEE, Utah BERNARD SANDERS, Vermont JEFF FLAKE, Arizona DEBBIE STABENOW, Michigan STEVE DAINES, Montana AL FRANKEN, Minnesota BILL CASSIDY, Louisiana JOE MANCHIN III, West Virginia CORY GARDNER, Colorado MARTIN HEINRICH, New Mexico ROB PORTMAN, Ohio MAZIE K. HIRONO, Hawaii JOHN HOEVEN, North Dakota ANGUS S. KING, JR, Maine LAMAR ALEXANDER, Tennessee ELIZABETH WARREN, Massachusetts SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West Virginia COLIN HAYES, Staff Director PATRICK J. MCCORMICK III, Chief Counsel KELLIE DONNELLY, Deputy Chief Counsel LUCY MURFITT, Senior Counsel and Public Lands and Natural Resources Director ANGELA BECKER-DIPPMAN, Democratic Staff Director SAM E. FOWLER, Democratic Chief Counsel MELANIE STANSBURY, Democratic Senior Professional Staff Member (II) C O N T E N T S OPENING STATEMENTS Page Hirono, Hon. Mazie K., a U.S. Senator from Hawaii ............................................ 1 WITNESS Ige, Hon. David, Governor, State of Hawaii .......................................................... 4 Gabbard, Hon. Mike, State Senate, State of Hawaii ............................................ 9 Yamane, Hon. Ryan, State House of Representatives, State of Hawaii ............. 13 Anthony, Stephen, Director, Pacific Islands Water Science Center, U.S. Geo- logical Survey ....................................................................................................... 17 Moore, Randy, Regional Forester, Pacific Southwest Region, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture .......................................................................... 22 Smith, David, Administrator, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii .............................................. 34 Gonser, Matthew, Extension Agent, Community Planning and Design, Uni- versity of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program ................................................... 47 Menard, Trae, Chair, Hawaii Association of Watershed Partnerships, and The Nature Conservancy ..................................................................................... 54 Gon, Dr. Sam, Senior Scientist and Cultural Advisor, The Nature Conser- vancy of Hawaii .................................................................................................... 58 ALPHABETICAL LISTING AND APPENDIX MATERIAL SUBMITTED Anthony, Stephen: Statement for the Record ................................................................................. 17 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 19 Gabbard, Hon. Mike: Statement for the Record ................................................................................. 9 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 11 Gon, Dr. Sam: Statement for the Record ................................................................................. 58 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 60 Gonser, Matthew: Statement for the Record ................................................................................. 47 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 49 Hirono, Hon. Mazie K.: Opening Statement ........................................................................................... 1 Ige, Hon. David: Statement for the Record ................................................................................. 4 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 6 Menard, Trae: Statement for the Record ................................................................................. 54 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 56 Moore, Randy: Statement for the Record ................................................................................. 22 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 24 Smith, David: Statement for the Record ................................................................................. 34 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 36 Yamane, Hon. Ryan: Statement for the Record ................................................................................. 13 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 15 (III) OPPORTUNITIES FOR FEDERAL AND NON- FEDERAL PARTNERSHIPS IN INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT AND EFFORTS TO IM- PROVE WATER SECURITY IN HAWAII TUESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 2016 U.S. SENATE, COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES, Washington, DC. The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:01 a.m. HST at the Hawaii State Capitol, Honolulu, Hawaii, Hon. Mazie K. Hirono, presiding. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. MAZIE K. HIRONO, U.S. SENATOR FROM HAWAII Senator HIRONO [presiding]: Good morning, everyone. It is nice to see so many of you. Aloha. [Group respond: Aloha.] Senator HIRONO. Good. We have to start with that, you know, to get the mood going. Welcome to this important field hearing of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee. I would like to start by thanking the Committee Chair, Senator Lisa Murkowski, and Ranking Member, Senator Maria Cantwell, for recognizing the importance of this issue for Hawaii and sched- uling this field hearing. I would like to also thank their staff who have worked with my staff to prepare for this field hearing, and I welcome the two Com- mittee staff who traveled here from Washington, DC, hard job, to join us. [Laughter.] Could you raise your hands, our two staff members from the Committee? Today we have an opportunity to explore how organizations and Federal, State, and local governments can work together to protect Hawaii’s native forested watersheds. A watershed is quite simply an area of land, such as a mountain or valley, which collects rain- water into a common outlet. In Hawaii the most common outlet is the ocean, but some of our rainwater is absorbed by plants, some percolates into underground aquifers and some flows into surface rivers and streams. Native forests are a critical component of how a watershed can collect rainwater. Fog condensing on trees up high in the mountain regions can in- crease the collection and absorption in our watersheds by up to 30 percent annually. This is particularly important in Hawaii where (1) 2 we depend on ground water for 94 percent of our public water sup- ply, the highest rate in the country. We need water to survive and in Hawaii the health of our watersheds is deeply connected to our way of life. Although there are 72 watersheds on Oahu, the Ko’olau Moun- tain Range provides nearly half of our drinking water and gen- erates up to $14 billion to our economy every year. The stakes are clear. We need a holistic approach to water secu- rity and to protect our forested watersheds. Forested watersheds supply hundreds of billions of gallons of fresh water every year. Without healthy forests most rainfall would simply run off into the ocean. As Hawaii’s population has grown over the past century, our aquifers have shrunk at an alarming rate. The Pearl Harbor aqui- fer, which supplies over 60 percent of Oahu’s municipal drinking water, has shrunk by 50 percent compared to levels monitored in 1910. A number of issues have contributed to where we are today. Hawaii has been seeing decreased rainfall over the past 30 years. The proliferation of invasive flora and fauna also poses a growing danger to our forested watersheds. Feral ungulates, such as pigs and goats, increase deforestation, spread invasive plant species, and decrease native flora. Invasive plants also decrease ground water recharge and increase the risk and severity of wildfire. In East Hawaii strawberry guava forests reduce ground water re- charge by 85 million gallons per day, enough to fill 128 Olympic- sized swimming pools every single day. Native Hawaiian forests, by comparison, are 30 to 50 percent more efficient at recharging aquifers than strawberry guava forests. Meanwhile, an expanding population combined with Hawaii’s tourism industry, places in- creased stress on Hawaii’s ground water reserves. Climate change will accelerate these issues and create new ones. As temperatures continue to rise we face the prospect of salt water intrusion into ground water as well as increased evaporation and drought. Fortunately, Hawaii has also proven to be an incubator for innovative
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