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AN ASSESSMENT OF AN INTERNATIONAL VOLUNTARY SERVICES PROJECT AS A POTENTIAL MODEL FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN ~ANGLADESH By A.K.M. FERDOUS CHOUDHURY ~ Bachelor of Science in Agriculture West Pakistan Agricultural University Lyallpur, Pakistan 1969 Master of Science West Pakistan Agricultural University Lyallpur, Pakistan 1971 Master of Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1979 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION May, 1980 ~~;\S \'\~OD . C.,ss~, c..,op. a - :;. !' ...... ~ ~; -:~ •. 11' ~ • -· ; • '. AN ASSESSMENT OF AN INTERNATIONAL VOLUNTARY SERVICES PROJECT AS A POTENTIAL MODEL FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN BANGLADESH Thesis Approved: Dean of the Graduate College ii 1062896 DEDICATED To REETA1 MY COMPASSIONATE WIFE1 AND To LIEN BAZLU CHOUDHURYI MY BELOVED SON. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This is my pleasure to use this space for documenting a sense of gratitude and good wishes to some of the people who helped me in doing this work for my doctoral dissertation. Words may fail to express the deep-hearted feelings of my·appreci ation to Dr. Robert R. Price, Professor and Head Emeritus of the Department of Agricultural Education, for his inspiring advice, generous guidance, and painstaking efforts for successful completion of my doctoral program in this University. This thesis work would not have been completed successfully within a desirable time unless the keen interest, enlighted overseas experience, and the valuable time and efforts of my adviser were available. I wish my adviser a long life here and eternal peace hereafter. I am highly thankful to Dr. James P. Key and Dr. Robert Reisbeck of the Department of Agricultural Education for their valuable help and guidance in research and conduct of this study. I also acknowledge useful comments and critiques of other members of the Advisory Committee for making this study a success. It was my pleasure to have Dr. Frank H. Baker, former Dean of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, as one of the very helpful members of the Advisory Committee for this study. I take the opportunity to recognize the cooperation of various people, both local and expatriate, working with International Voluntary Services (IVS) in Bangladesh in supplying me the necessary data and iii information needed for this study. I also wish to make a special recog nition of help rendered by many of my professional colleagues working with the Government of Bangladesh in making additional data available for conduct of my research work. I am greatly indebted to the Government of Bangladesh in the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests for extending my training period to successfully complete this program of study. I am also grateful to the Government of the United States in the Agency for International Development (AID) for initial sponsoring of my training program and, for its further extension towards accomplishment of this doctoral study in USA. Finally, I would like to dedicate this study to my compassionate wife, Reeta, and to my beloved son, Lien Bazlu Choudhury, for their exceptional understanding and encouragement throughout the task of preparing the manuscript under the grace of Allah, the Merciful Almighty. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 General Background • 1 Statement of the Problem 5 Justification For The Study 6 Structure and Function of the IVS Project 7 Purpose and Objectives of the Study 9 Rationale For The Study . • • • . 10 Assumptions of The Study • 11 Limitations of The Study 12 Definition of Terms 13 Design and Methodology • 14 The Five Categories of Respondents 14 Data Collection Through Survey and Interview 16 Data Treatment and Analysis • 17 II. BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR THE STUDY 19 Introduction • • • • • • . • • • • 19 The Problems of High Population 23 The Problems of Agriculture 23 The Problems of Malnutrition • • 25 The Problems of Social Welfare • • 27 Problems in Community Development 28 The Essence of Integrated Rural Development 31 Experiences of the Camilla Model in Bangladesh • • 32 The Role of IVS in Bangladesh • • • • . 34 III. REVIEW AND SYNTHESIS OF LITERATURE AND RESEARCH STUDIES • 39 Introduction • • • • • • . • • • . • • . 39 Philosophy, Theory and Practices in Agriculture and Rural Community Development in Bangladesh 40 Organizational Framework and Operational Practices of Rural Community Development Projects in Bangladesh • . • • • • • • • • • • . • • • 48 Rural Development Strategy • • • . • . 50 Concept of Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) • • • • • • • . • • . 52 Integrated Rural Development Program in Bangladesh • • • • • • . • . • . • . 55 The Camilla Model Framework • . • . 55 v Chapter Page Operational Experiences of Rural Development Projects in Bangladesh • • • • . • • . 60 Education, Training and Evaluative Experiences for Agriculture and Rural Development in Bangladesh • • • • • • • . • • • . • 62 Experiences of Non-formal Education in Bangladesh • • • . • • • • . • . 64 Experiences of Agricultural Extension Education in Bangladesh • . • • • • 67 Organizational Structures and Operational Practices of IVS Projects in Bangladesh • • . • • 72 Organization of IVS Project • . • . 73 Purpose and Functions of the IVS Project 74 Work Plan of IVS Project • • • • . • • 75 Brief Resume of Project Activities 77 Summary of Findings of Review of Literature • • • • 82 General Implications of the Findings of Review of Literature . • . 89 IV. PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA • 92 Introduction • • • • • • • • • • . • • 92 Farmers' Views and Judgements As To the Observed Progress and Effectiveness of the IVS Project 93 Views and Judgements of Extension Trainees As To The Program Effectiveness of the IVS Project • 100 Views and Judgements of the Local Extension Agents As To Rural Community Development Needs and the Relative Effectiveness of the IVS Project 105 Views and Comments of IVS Workers As To Progress and Prospects of IVS Village Development Training Program • • • . • . 110 Views and Judgements of the Selected Administrative and Supervisory Officials with Regard To Progress and Effectiveness of the IVS Project •..... 123 Comparative Views and Judgements of Selected Categories of Respondents As To Present Problems and Future Prospects of IVS Project • • • . 127 V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 131 Findings . 131 Conclusions 133 Recommendations 136 A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 141 APPENDIX A - DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS • . 148 APPENDIX B - LETTERS OF CORRESPONDENCE 161 APPENDIX C - STATISTICAL SUPPLEMENT 165 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Background Statistics of Village Development Training Program of International Voluntary Services . • • 21 II. Enumerated Population of Bangladesh and Growth Rates . 24 III. Gross Domestic Production of Major Food Groups in Bangladesh from 1960-1961 to 1977-78 (Thousand Tons) 26 IV. Composition of the Average Diet in Rural Bangladesh 27 V. Farmers' Responses As To Certain Selected Activities of International Voluntary Services Project 94 VI. Farmers' Responses As To Visitation of the IVS Demonstration Plots . • • . • . • 96 VII. Farmers' Responses As To Use of Advisory Services of the IVS Workers • . • • . • • 97 VIII. Farmers' Responses to Adoption of Crop Diversification Practices and Cooperative Farming • • . • • • 98 IX. Farmers' Responses to IVS Project Workers' Help and Program Usefulness . • . 99 x. Extension Trainees' Appraisal of the IVS Program Activities • • • . • • . • . 101 XI. Nature and Extent of Extension Trainees' Partici pation in the IVS Programs • . • . 103 XII. Extension Trainees' Responses As To Success of the IVS Project Demonstration Practices . 104 XIII. Judgements of the Local Extension Agents As To Selected Items Pertaining To Rural Community Development . 106 XIV. Judgements of the Local Extension Agents As To Relative Effectiveness of the IVS Project . 108 vii Tahle Page XV. Judgements of the Extension Agents As To Training and Program Effectiveness of the IVS Project •... 109 XVI. Responses of the Local Extension Agents To Certain Aspects of Rural Development • • . • . 111 XVII. Rating of Selected Items of Program Planning As Given By the IVS Workers . • . • • . 114 XVIII. The Responses of IVS Workers To Certain Selected Programs and Concerns Related To the IVS Project 115 XIX. Responses of the IVS Workers As To Villagers' Attitudes Concerning Health . • • . 116 XX. Responses of the IVS Workers To Certain Nutritional Problems of the Rural People • • . • . • . • . 118 XXI. The IVS Workers' Responses As To Farme.rs' Attitudes Toward Adoption of New Varieties and Codperative Farming Patterns • • • • . · . • . 119 XXII. The IVS Workers' Responses As To Role Effectiveness of Local IRDP and Extension Personnel • . • • . 120 XXIII. Ratings Given By the IVS Workers on Certain Problem Areas Needing Attention . • . 122 XXIV. Summary of Review Team Evaluation Findings on Suitability of the IVS Project . • . • 126 XXV. The Comparative Responses of Three Category Respon dents To Adoption of Crop Diversification Practices 128 XXVI. The Comparative Responses of Four Category Respon dents To Introduction of Cooperative Farming . 129 XXVII. The Comparative Responses of Four Category Respon dents To Program Effectiveness of IVS Project in Bangladesh . • . • . • . • 130 XXVIII. Statistical Information of Bangladesh (Some Basic Features) • • . • • • . • . • . 166 XXIX. Sectoral Composition of GDP