Dinosaur NATIONAL MONUMENT

Pi Dinosaur NATIONAL MONUMENT COLORADO AND UTAH Dinosaur NATIONAL MONUMENT CONTENTS Page A Brief Description 2 About Your Visit 3 What to See. 4 What to Do . 6 Plants and Animals . 8 A Bit of History . 9 Map .. 10-13 Seasons 14 Other Publications 14 How to Reach the Monument. 14 Accommodations 15 To Have a Trouble-Free Visit 15 Administration . 16 MISSION 66 at Dinosaur . 16 We, the members of the staff of the National Park Serv- ice, which administers and protects the many areas of the National Park System, welcome you to Dinosaur National Monument. We hope that your visit will be a rewarding experience, and we will do our best to see that it is. Dinosaur National Monument belongs to you and to all your fellow Americans, including the millions who are still unborn. Those who preceded you here established this monument and carefully preserved its features for you to see and enjoy. Would you do less for those who will come after you? A BRIEF DESCRIPTION Dinosaur National Monument, in northeastern Utah and northwestern Colorado, offers you exceptional scenery in an atmosphere of wilderness. Here, nature has provided man The National Park System, of which this area is a unit, is dedicated to conserving the scenic, scientific, and historic heritage of the United States for the benefit and enjoyment of its people. 2 with a looking glass into the past. Here is the most remark- crop only in the southwest corner of the monument. The able dinosaur fossil deposit in the world. What amounts original 80 acres of this area were set aside in 1915 to pre- to an ancient burial ground has been exposed, bringing into serve these fossil bones. The boundaries were extended in view the fossilized skeletons of dinosaurs, crocodiles and 1938 to include the adjoining scenic canyon country, so that turtles, and fossilized tropical plants. they now encompass about 327 square miles. Here, colorful folded and uptilted rock layers show the Your first stop should be at the visitor center, where results of the tremendous forces of earth movement; weird you will find a series of exhibits explaining many of the and fascinating contours of the land tell the story of wind interesting facts in the dinosaur story. If you desire fur- and rain erosion; and deep canyons of the Green and Yampa ther information, ask the ranger-naturalist at the information Rivers demonstrate the power of stream erosion. desk. He can also furnish you with free and sales infor- In the area near the dinosaur quarry, as well as elsewhere mational literature about the monument which will help in the monument, erosion has exposed a cross section of you to understand and appreciate what you will see. many beds of sedimentary rocks, where, spread like the Remember, National Park Service employees are able and pages of a book, they disclose a part of earth's history. willing to help make your visit a memorable one. Talk to These rock beds, lifted to form a plateau, have been carved them at any time you want assistance or information. into a wilderness of rugged canyons, benches, and ridges which are in themselves of such outstanding character as WHAT TO SEE to warrant preservation and protection by the Federal Gov- T he Dinosaur Quarry ernment. The plants and animals of this colorful region The highlight of any visit to the monument should be the are typical of arid lands. Dinosaur Quarry Visitor Center. The interesting feature Here you will find many opportunities for learning of of this modern building is that the quarry face actually forms nature and for recreation and inspiration. Prehistoric In- the north wall of the building. Here you can watch "in- dians, who left their traces in these canyons, must also have place" reliefing operations on the quarry face as workmen learned and played here, and surely they, too, were inspired use jackhammer, chisel, and pick to cut away the barren rock by what they saw and felt. and expose the fossil bones. You can look through a win- dow into the preparation rooms to see how fossils are cleaned ABOUT YOUR VISIT and put back together. The name of the monument is somewhat misleading, be- In the quarry, rock layers have been removed from the cause the fossil dinosaur bones occur in rocks which out- fossil-bearing Morrison formation, of Jurassic age, believed Reliefing operations at the Dinosaur Quarry. to have been deposited some 140 million years ago. In 1953, the National Park Service began the project of out- lining in high relief some of the huge dinosaur bones found in the quarry wall. Although several partial skeletons and many isolated bones of dinosaurs have been exposed, much work remains to be done. Dinosaur bones were first discovered here in 1909 by Earl Douglass of the Carnegie Museum. Fossils were removed by parties from the museum from 1909 to 1922. Quarrying was renewed in 1923-24 by the National Museum, Washington, D.C., and the University of Utah. Twenty-six nearly complete skeletons and a great number of partial ones were represented. The longest skeleton, Diplodocus, was 84 feet; the shortest, Laosaurus, was 6 feet. The Apatosaurus (Brontosaurus), which attained a Many of the bones have been assembled in complete skele- length of 70 feet. Courtesy, American Museum of tons which you may see at museums in Pittsburgh, Pa.; Natural History. Washington, D.C.; Lincoln, Nebr.; Denver, Colo.; Salt Lake City, Utah; and Toronto, Ont. Why are there so many dinosaur skeletons at this particular Yampa has also been active in canyon carving .. This river, place? At the time the animals were alive, geologists ex- rising in the high mountains of north-central Colorado, first plain, evidence indicates that this place was a sandbar in flowed over and cut into relatively soft rock, After a long a streambed. And they believe that this is where the bodies period of erosion, its course was established in a series of accumulated, not necessarily where the animals died. The bends or meanders. Gradually, the soft rocks were worn mixture of the remains of swamp-dwelling dinosaurs with away, and with uplift of the region the river entrenched its the remains of dry-land types, together with other clues, meanders into the underlying, more resistant strata. The suggests that some of the bodies might have floated and resulting gorge, in a high plateau lying southeast of the washed appreciable distances before becoming stranded on Uinta Mountains, is not as deep as the canyons of the Green, the sandbar. Today, the bodies of cattle and horses are but it is remarkably contorted and equally impressive. often found lodged on sandbars in streams after heavy floods. Below its confluence with the Yampa, the Green River But how were the skeletons preserved? After the bones flows through Echo Park, a lonely valley where a hermit, Pat became buried by sediments, certain conditions existed which Lynch, lived for years. The stream swirls and plunges past caused the organic minerals of the bones to be replaced by the base of Harpers Corner, through Whirlpool Canyon, minerals of inorganic origin, such as silica. Geologists Island Park, and Split Mountain Gorge, and then slows to cannot explain why the process occurred; they can only see a more leisurely flow as it leaves the monument. that it did occur. Eventually, thousands of feet of sediments were deposited above the sandbar and gradually com- WHAT TO DO pacted into rock. Then forces within the earth's crust, powerful and ex- Camping and picnicking. The monument offers a variety tensive enough to form the Rocky Mountains, brought about of campground and picnicking spots. They range from the an uplift of this area, so that it was no longer a place of Split Mountain Gorge Campground near the monument en- deposition; thus, the area was exposed to the processes of trance, where you can "rough it" but still have modern con- erosion. The thousands of feet of sediments slowly eroded veniences near at hand, to a more primitive type like the away, and again the sandbar and its now-fossilized bones, Jones Hole Campground along the Green River, where trav- some 140 million years old, were brought to the light of day. elers usually spend the last night of a river trip. Small picnic areas are located at Harpers Corner and Echo Park, The Canyon Country and there are several small camping or picnicking places Through hundreds of centuries of erosive action, the along the Yampa and Green Rivers. Green and Yampa Rivers have been fashioning their spec- You may use these campgrounds free of charge. The tacular canyons. National Park Service asks that you leave your campsite The Green has cut several deep gorges through the east- clean, bury refuse or place it in the garbage can found on ern flank of the Uinta Mountains. Rocks so exposed repre- sent hundreds of millions of years of geologic time. The the site, and extinguish all fires before leaving. In wilder- 6 ness camps, you should flatten cans and pack them out for The Harpers Corner Trail affords spectacular views that disposal. You should use only dead wood for campfires. are of geological interest and provides an opportunity for There are no places within the monument where you can observing the plant and animal life of the monument. buy supplies; hence, you should come equipped with food Actually, only a small part of the monument is "devel- and other necessities, including extra gasoline. oped" (roads, campgrounds, ete.). Thus, you need go only Fishing.

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