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Collection of Scientific Articles 1 ЕРЕВАНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ YEREVAN STATE UNIVERSITY ____________________________________________ СТУДЕНЧЕСКОЕ НАУЧНОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО STUDENT SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY ISSN 1829-4367 СБОРНИК НАУЧНЫХ СТАТЕЙ СНО ЕГУ COLLECTION OF SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES OF YSU SSS 1.2 (28) Օбщественные и гуманитарные науки (Богословие, востоковедение, литературоведение, правоведение, языкознание, история, экономика и управление, философия и психология, политология и международные отношения) Humanities and Social Sciences (Theology, Oriental Studies, Literary Studies, Jurisprudence, Linguistics, History, Economics and Management, Philosophy and Psychology, Political Science and International Relations) ЕРЕВАН - YEREVAN ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО ЕГУ - YSU PRESS 2019 2 ԵՐԵՎԱՆԻ ՊԵՏԱԿԱՆ ՀԱՄԱԼՍԱՐԱՆ ՈՒՍԱՆՈՂԱԿԱՆ ԳԻՏԱԿԱՆ ԸՆԿԵՐՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ ISSN 1829-4367 ԵՊՀ ՈՒԳԸ ԳԻՏԱԿԱՆ ՀՈԴՎԱԾՆԵՐԻ ԺՈՂՈՎԱԾՈՒ 1.2 (28) Հումանիտար և հասարակական գիտություններ (Աստվածաբանություն, արևելագիտություն, գրականագիտություն, իրավագիտություն, լեզվաբանություն, պատմություն, տնտեսագիտություն և կառավարում, փիլիսոփայություն և հոգեբանություն, քաղաքագիտություն և միջազգային հարաբերություններ) ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ԵՊՀ ՀՐԱՏԱՐԱԿՉՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ 2019 3 Հրատարակվում է ԵՊՀ գիտական խորհրդի որոշմամբ Издается по решению Ученого совета ЕГУ Published by the Resolution of the Academic Council of YSU Խմբագրական խորհուրդ` Редакционная коллегия: բ․գ․դ․, պրոֆ․ Դ. Պետրոսյան д.ф.н., проф. Д. Петросян բ․գ․դ․, պրոֆ․ Լ. Մաթևոսյան д.ф.н., проф. Л. Матевосян բ.գ.դ., պրոֆ. Յու. Ավետիսյան д.ф.н., проф. Ю. Аветисян բ.գ.դ., պրոֆ. Ս. Մուրադյան д.ф.н., проф. А. Мурадян բ.գ.դ., պրոֆ. Վ. Հարությունյան д.ф.н., проф. В. Арутюнян հ․գ․դ․, պրոֆ․ Հ. Ավանեսյան д.п.н., проф. Г. Аванесян պ․գ․դ․, պրոֆ․ Ս. Մկրտչյան д.и.н., проф. С. Мкртчян տ.գ.դ., պրոֆ. Հ. Մնացականյան д.э.н., проф. А. Мнацаканян տ.գ.դ., պրոֆ. Հ. Սարգսյան д.э.н., проф. А. Саргсян ք․գ․դ․, պրոֆ․ Գ․ Քեռյան д.п.н., проф. Г. Керян բ․գ․դ․, դոց․ Շ. Պարոնյան д.ф.н., доц. Ш. Паронян բ․գ․թ․, դոց․ Ն. Վարդանյան к.ф.н., доц. Н. Варданян բ.գ.թ., դոց. Վ. Եղիազարյան к.ф.н., доц. В. Егиазарян տ.գ.թ., դոց․ Կ. Խաչատրյան к.э.н., доц. К. Хачатрян բ․գ․թ․, ասիստ․ Ն. Պողոսյան к.ф.н., ассист. Н. Погосян ի.գ.թ., ասիստ. Վ․ Գրիգորյան к.ю.н., ассист. В. Григорян ի.գ.թ., ասիստ. Տ. Սուջյան к.ю.н., ассист. Т. Суджян ի.գ.թ., ասիստ. Ա. Թավադյան к.ю.н., ассист. А. Тавадян հ․գ․թ., ասիստ․ Դ. Սարգսյան к.п.н., ассист. Д. Саргсян պ․գ․թ., ասիստ․ Ռ․ Կարապետյան к.и.н., ассист. Р. Карапетян փ․գ․թ., ասիստ․ Կ. Յարալյան к.ф.н., ассист. К. Яралян Editorial Board DSc, Prof. D. Petrosyan DSc, Prof. L. Matevosyan DSc, Prof. Y. Avetisyan DSс, Prof. S. Muradyan DSc, Prof. V. Harutyunyan DSc, Prof. H. Avanesyan DSc, Prof. S. Mkrtchyan DSc, Prof. H. Mnatsakanyan DSc, Prof. H. Sargsyan DSc, Prof. T. Keryan DSc, Associate Prof. Sh. Paronyan DSc, Associate Prof. N. Vardanyan DSс, Associate Prof. V. Yeghiazaryan PhD, Associate Prof. K. Khachatryan PhD, Assistant Prof. N. Poghosyan PhD, Assistant Prof. V. Grigoryan PhD, Assistant Prof. T. Sujyan PhD, Assistant Prof. A. Tavadyan PhD, Assistant Prof. D. Sargsyan PhD, Assistant Prof. R. Karapetyan PhD, Assistant Prof. K. Yaralyan Հրատարակիչ՝ ԵՊՀ հրատարակչություն Հասցե՝ ՀՀ, ք. Երևան, Ալ. Մանուկյան 1, (+374 10) 55 55 70, [email protected] 4 Milanese Andrea Ca’Foscari University of Venice, Department of Humanistic Studies, Master’s Student Supervisor: PhD, Associate Professor M. Malkhasyan E-mail: [email protected] ARMENIA DURING THE CONQUESTS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT (336-324 BC) A great event in the history of the Near East is, without any doubt, Alexander the Great’s conquest of the Persian Achaemenian Empire. Before the conquest, Armenia was under the rule of the Persian king Darius III and Armenia itself was one of the numerous satrapies which had formed the large Persian Empire. Despite the presence of the Persian authority in Armenia, it is possible to observe the presence of satraps belonging to Orontid/Yervanduni1 (in Armenian: Երվանդունի) dynasty of Armenia. Members of the Orontid dynasty have been active during the Macedonian conquest and after Alexander’s death they led Armenia towards independence. In this article, our purpose is to illustrate the situation of the Armenian satrapy in the period prior to the conquest of Alexander the Macedonian, illustrating the borders of the Armenian country and introducing also a short debate regarding the issue about the existence (or not) of two separate Armenian satrapies (Western Armenia satrapy/Eastern Armenia satrapy). This discussion will be integrated with some evidence from the Battle of Gaugamela reported by ancient Greek and Roman authors. In addition, this research intends to show the changes in the Armenian territory following the turn of power from Persian king Darius III to Alexander the Great in the attempt of considering the real consequences of the Macedonian expedition. In the end, we have considered it necessary to dedicate a section about the issue concerning the effective conquest, or less, of Armenia by Alexander the Great. In this article, we have used all Greek and Roman sources and in addition, we have also referred to the ‘History of Armenia’ by Movses Khorenatsi [1]. The Armenian satrapy borders according to Xenophon’s data (430-340 BC). 1 The Orontid/Yervanduni dynasty was a hereditary Armenian dynasty and here belong the rulers of the successor state to the Iron Age kingdom of Urartu (Ararat). The Orontids established their supremacy over Armenia around the time of the Scythian and Median invasion in the 6th century BC. The dynasty was established during the 580s-570s BC with Orontes (Ervand) I. In this article, Orontes I is considered the satrap of the Armenian satrapy under the rule of the Persian Empire during the kingdom of Artaxerxes II about whom Xenophon wrote in his famous work ‘Anabasis’. It is necessary to specify in order of succession of the name ‘Orontes’ inside the dynasty that Orontes I, the Armenian satrap during the time of Xenophon, which is to be considered as ‘Orontes II’. According to Movses Khorenatsi, the first king of the Orontid Dynasty was Orontes I Sakavakyats. Xenophon in the ‘Anabasis’ tells us about Orontes, who is Orontes II, Satrap of Armenia (401-344 BC) while in the ‘Cyropedia’ he knows the existence of the second king of the Orontyd Dynasty, Tigranes Orontid. 289 The system of satrapies created by Darius I persisted until the fall of the Achaemenian Empire. Some of its principles were even adopted by Alexander the Great and his successors. Nevertheless, in the course of time the system underwent numerous changes, and the picture presented by Herodotus was revised [2]. In 400 BC, serious changes in comparison with the previous period could be observed even at the time when Xenophon was leading the retreat of the ten thousand Greeks. The borders of the satrapies were changed [3]. We have every reason to believe that after a long period the area of Urmia - Matiene had again passed to Media. Without this action it is difficult to understand how some decades later upper, northwestern Media, i.e. Atrpatakan (Atropatene), separated and became independent. In Armenia there were changes in the former administrative division. In 400 BC, there was a division in the Armenian Highlands. Every attempt to identify the ‘Armenian satrapy’ and its subregion ‘Western Armenia’ with the former administrative units is condemned to failure. The best proof is that the units existing in 400 BC, e.g. ‘Western Armenia,’ are identified by scholars sometimes with one (13th) and sometimes with another (18th) satrapy. Judging from the inscription of Nemrud-dagh, the country of Commagene must have formed part of the Armenian satrapy, hence the western border of Armenia was not along the Euphrates, as in the days of Herodotus, but to the west of it. In the south the border was the western Tigris or the mountain chain of Kashiari (Masius) itself. The eastern segment of the southern border is mentioned by Xenophon by name. It was the river Centrites (Jerm, eastern Tigris)2. It is difficult to say anything definite about the northeastern border of this satrapy. In any case, a large portion of the east, near the Kura River, the territory subject to Media, must have been within jurisdiction of the satrapy. The Median satrapy, which, as we are going to see in the data pertaining to later times (Arrianus, III, 8, 4), had incorporated into its sphere of interest some areas of the eastern Trans-Caucasus, had power only over the Sacesinai on this side of the Kura [3]. Judging from the situation of the previous periods and changes which took place in the following decades, it is possible to regard these territories as part of the Armenian satrapy. The fact that the northeastern border of the satrapy could have reached the Kura is shown by the circumstance that the tribes mentioned in the steppe near the Kura in considerably later times (the Albanians, Utians, and Gargarians), together with other tribes (the Silvanoi, Liphinnoi, Segai, and Geloi), still in the time of Eratosthenes dwelled rather to the east of the Kura, in the mountains of present-day Dagestan or on the Caspian seashore [3]. 2 It is difficult to say to whom the territory south of Jerm, including Assyria, passed. In any case, it was not to Media, for Xenophon tells us of its power over those lands in past tense. 290 The western segment of the northern border of the satrapy left the unit ‘Western Armenia’ and followed the lower course of the Aratsani (Arsanias, eastern Euphrates), then the Meghraget, the northern shores of Lake Van as far as the middle course of the Araxes, and left ‘Western Armenia’ approximately near Mount Ararat, near the area of Bagrevand (Bagrauandene), the source of the Aratsani [3].
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