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Gestion De La RNN

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Gestion De La RNN PLAN DE GESTION 2018-2027 Partie B – Gestion de la RNN Valeur patrimoniale des habitats et des espèces Menaces et pressions sur le patrimoine naturel Enjeux de conservation Tableaux de bord 1 2 Rédacteur – Coordination Amandine VASLET, Stegastes Consulting Contributeurs Agence Territoriale de l’Environnement de St-Barthélemy (ATE) Olivier Raynaud, Conservateur de la Réserve Naturelle et Directeur de l’ATE Cécile Berton, Responsable sensibilisation et éducation à l’environnement Clémence Jarry (depuis déc. 2017), Responsable administratif et comptable Sébastien Gréaux, Chargé de mission Milieu marin Jonas Hochart, Technicien développement durable Karl Questel, Chargé de mission Milieu terrestre Serge Toulet, Responsable Milieu marin Citation recommandée : Vaslet A. & ATE 2018. Plan de gestion de la Réserve Naturelle Nationale de St-Barthélemy : 2018-2027. Partie B – Gestion de la Réserve Naturelle, 90 p. Photographies page de couverture : Corail corne d’élan (Acropora palmata) et Banc de poissons (S.Gréaux), Baie de Colombier (J.Hochart), encarts photos : récif et mornes de St- Barthélemy, Grive (Cephalopholis cruentata) (S.Gréaux). Réserve Naturelle Nationale de Saint-Barthélemy Agence Territoriale de l’Environnement de Saint-Barthélemy Gustavia BP 683 97099 Saint-Barthélemy 0590 27 88 18 [email protected] 3 Délimitation et réglementation de la Réserve Naturelle Nationale de Saint-Barthélemy 4 Sommaire Abréviations .............................................................................................................................. 6 B-1. Valeur patrimoniale des habitats et des espèces de la RNN ................................... 11 B-1.1. Valeur patrimoniale des habitats et des espèces de la RNN............................... 11 B-1.1.1. Statuts de protection des espèces et des habitats marins .................................... 11 B-1.1.2. Espèces menacées .............................................................................................. 18 B-1.1.3. Espèces endémiques ........................................................................................... 27 B-1.1.4. Inventaires et classement en faveur du patrimoine naturel ................................ 29 B-1.2. Valeurs écologique et patrimoniale des habitats naturels de la RNN ................ 31 B-2. Facteurs d’influence : menaces et pressions sur le milieu naturel ......................... 35 B-2.1. Volet « gestion opérationnelle » : les facteurs d’influence ................................ 35 B-2.2. Les facteurs d’origine naturelle .......................................................................... 36 B-2.3. Les facteurs anthropiques ................................................................................... 38 B-3.2.1. Les espèces introduites et espèces exotiques envahissantes .............................. 40 B-2.4. Pressions et menaces sur les milieux marins et le littoral .................................. 50 B-3. Enjeux de conservation et objectifs à long terme .................................................... 57 B-3.1. Enjeux et objectifs à long terme ......................................................................... 57 B-3.2. Enjeux, OLT, Objectifs opérationnels et actions ............................................... 59 B-3.3. Indicateurs d’Etat : les indicateurs de suivi de l’état de conservation................ 60 B-4. L’arborescence du Plan de gestion ........................................................................... 61 B-4.1. Codification et priorisation des opérations ......................................................... 61 B-1.4.1. Codification des opérations ................................................................................ 61 B-1.4.2. Niveaux de priorité ............................................................................................. 61 B-4.2. Enjeux de conservation du patrimoine naturel : Tableaux de bord .................... 63 B-4.3. Les facteurs clés de la réussite ........................................................................... 73 B-4.4. Les objectifs opérationnels ................................................................................. 79 B-4.5. La programmation des opérations ...................................................................... 81 Liste des figures et tableaux .................................................................................................. 87 Références ............................................................................................................................... 88 5 Abréviations AMP Aire Marine Protégée ATE Agence Territoriale de l’Environnement ATEN Atelier Technique des Espaces Naturels CC Création de supports de communication et de pédagogie CI Création et maintenance d’infrastructures d’accueil CS Connaissance et suivi continu du patrimoine naturel CSRPN Conseil Scientifique Régional du Patrimoine Naturel DEAL Direction de l'Environnement de l'Aménagement et du Logement ENP Espace Naturel Protégé FCR Facteur Clé de la Réussite IP Interventions sur le patrimoine naturel MS Management et soutien OLT Objectifs à long terme OO Objectifs opérationnels PA Prestation d’accueil et d’animation PNA Plan National d’Actions PR Participation à la recherche RNN Réserve Naturelle Nationale SP Surveillance du territoire et police de l’environnement SPAW Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife UICN Union Internationale de Conservation de la Nature ZICO Zones d’importance pour la conservation ZNIEFF Zones Naturelles d’Intérêts Ecologique, Faunistique et Floristique 6 Cadre général Les plans de gestion de la RNN de St-Barthélemy Le Plan de gestion constitue un document essentiel à l’organisation, au suivi et à l’évaluation de la gestion de la Réserve Naturelle Nationale. L’évaluation du Plan de gestion constitue un outil d'aide à la prise de décision pour le gestionnaire d'aire protégée afin de déterminer le degré de réalisation et de réussite des objectifs de gestion et au besoin réorienter les objectifs et actions initialement prévus. Cette phase de bilan permet également d'accroître la gestion participative en permettant de communiquer et d'améliorer la sensibilisation sur les objectifs de gestion et les actions de la RNN. Le 1er Plan de gestion de la Réserve Naturelle Nationale de Saint-Barthélemy a été validé le 25 juillet 2003 après l’aval du Comité Consultatif de la Réserve et couvrait la période 2004- 2008 (Diaz 2003). Ce document a été évalué en 2009-2010 à l’issue de la période quinquennale du plan (Caraïbes Aqua Conseil 2010). Le 2ème Plan de gestion 2010-2014 a été rédigé en 2010 (Caraïbes Aqua Conseil 2010) et validé la même année par le Conseil Consultatif de la Réserve Naturelle et le Conseil Territorial de la Collectivité de Saint-Barthélemy. Les actions prévues au cours du plan ont été évaluées en 2016 (Vaslet 2017). Le 2ème plan de gestion est antérieur à la généralisation de la méthodologie d'évaluation développée par Réserves Naturelles de France et l’Agence Française de la Biodiversité et n'a, de ce fait, pas été construit pour permettre une évaluation à partir de tableaux de bord et d'indicateurs. Des indicateurs de réalisation ont été utilisés, lorsque les données le permettaient, afin d’évaluer les objectifs et actions réalisés (Vaslet 2017). Le présent document constitue le 3ème Plan de gestion de la Réserve Naturelle Nationale de Saint-Barthélemy qui couvre une période de 10 ans (2018-2027). Ce plan est construit en 3 parties : - Partie A – Diagnostic de la Réserve Naturelle - Partie B – Gestion de la Réserve Naturelle - Partie C – Fiches actions sur la période 2018-2027 La nouvelle méthodologie des plans de gestion La méthodologie d’élaboration des plans de gestion des espaces protégés, développée par l’AFB et Réserves Naturelle de France (RNF), a été validée par le CNPN et est détaillée dans le nouveau guide méthodologique Cahier technique n° 88 « Guide d'élaboration des plans de gestion des espaces naturels » publié par l’AFB (anciennement ATEN – Atelier Technique des Espaces Naturels)1. 1 http://ct88.espaces-naturels.fr/node/1914 7 Le document stratégique des plans de gestion s’élabore en 5 étapes clefs qui constituent le cycle de gestion de l’ENP (Fig.1). Fig.1. Cycle de gestion des ENP (CT n°88, 2018). Une phase d’évaluation au cœur des plans de gestion Cette nouvelle méthodologie a pour but d’appréhender la démarche d’évaluation tout au long de l’élaboration et de la mise en œuvre du plan de gestion. La phase d’évaluation constitue un outil d’aide à la décision pour le gestionnaire dans le but d’atteindre les objectifs de gestion en matière d’état de conservation du patrimoine naturel, et ce au regard des enjeux du site et des menaces ou pressions. L’évaluation est ainsi positionnée au cœur du plan et permet de fournir les leviers pour prioriser les actions, identifier les menaces et pressions sous le contrôle du gestionnaire et les facteurs d’influence qui ne sont pas de son ressort tout en appréciant les résultats obtenus au regard des moyens humains, matériels et financiers alloués et mis en œuvre. Enjeux, Tableaux de bord et Indicateurs Les Enjeux du site protégé sont définis à partir du Diagnostic de la RNN (Partie A), de la valeur patrimoniale du site et de l’état de conservation des habitats et espèces (Partie B - section 1). De ces enjeux, découlent les Objectifs à long terme (OLT), les Objectifs Opérationnels (OO) définis à court et moyen termes et le plan d’actions concernant la gestion l’espace naturel protégé. L’arborescence du
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