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Grub Street (Routledge Revivals) Routledge Revivals Grub Street First published in 1972, this is the first detailed study of the milieu of the eighteenth-century literary hack and its significance in Augustan literature. Although the modern term ‘Grub Street’ has declined into vague metaphor, for the Augustan satirists it embodied not only an actual place but an emphatic lifestyle. Pat Rogers shows that the major satirists – Pope, Swift and Fielding – built a potent fiction surrounding the real circumstances in which the scribblers lived, and the impor- tance of this aspect of their writing. The author first locates the original Grub Street, in what is now the Barbican, and then presents a detailed topographical tour of the sur- rounding area. With studies of a number of key authors, as well as the modern and metaphorical development of the term ‘Grub Street’, this book offers comprehensive insight into the nature of Augustan litera- ture and the social conditions and concerns that inspired it. This page intentionally left blank: Grub Street Studies in a Subculture Pat Rogers Routledge Taylor & Francis Group REVIVALS First published in 1972 by Methuen & Co. Ltd This edition first published in 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1972 Pat Rogers The right of Pat Rogers to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact. A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 72192666 ISBN 13: 978-1-138-02480-9 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-1-315-77549-4 (ebk) Additional materials are available on the companion website at [http://www.routledge.com/books/series/Routledge_Revivals] This page intentionally left blank: St. Giles Drury Lane Fleet Street Covent Bridew Garden Tothill Fields Grub Street Moorfields Ditch Bedlam Newgate Ludgate Billingsgate Rag Fair clink The Mint A New and Correct PLAN of LONDON, WESTMINSTER and SOUTHWARK This page intentionally left blank: GRUB STREET Studiesin a Subculture This page intentionally left blank: This page intentionally left blank: DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE . NORTH EAST VIEW OF AN OLD HOUSE LATELY STANDING IN SWEEDONS PASSAGE GRUR STREET GRUB STREET Studies in a Subculture PAT ROGERS 'Grubstreet,the name of a streetin London, once inhabitedby personswho wrote for hire, hence usedfor a paltry composition.' Nathaniel Bailey and others, A Universal EtymologicalDictionary METHUEN & CO LTD London First publishedin I972 by Methuen (S Co Ltd I I New Fetter Lane, London EC4 © I972 Pat Rogers Printed in Great Britain by W (S J Mackay Limited, Chatham SBN 416 11690 6 Distributed in the USA by HARPER & ROW PUBLISHERS, INC. BARNES & NOBLE IMPORT DIVISION Contents Illustrations vii Prefaceix Acknowledgementsxi Abbreviationsxiii Introduction: The Topographyof Dulness I I THE SUBURBAN MUSE 18 Meridian of Grub Street 21 The Cavesof Poverty and Poetry 37 Epic of Grub Street 56 Men and Places 70 II THE PLAGUES OF DULNESS 94 The Crowd in Action 99 The Rage and the Rabble 114 Fire and Fever 126 Artery of Dulness 145 III THE CRITERIA OF DUNCEHOOD 175 Portraitsin Dulness 176 The Dunce in Action 185 Crime and Punishment 196 Backgroundand Biography 207 IV SWIFT AND THE SCRIBBLER 218 GrubeanSpokesman 220 'Respublica Grubstreetaria' 235 The Road to Tyburn 248 Public Abuses 258 CONTENTS V LIFE STUDIES 276 Culture and Subculture 279 Private Lives 291 Defoe as a Dunce 311 The GenuineGrub-Street Opera 327 VI THE GRUB STREET MYTH 350 Legendand Legacy 352 Mournful Narratives 363 Books and Characters 382 A Lexical History 397 Appendix A: Evidencefrom the Rate-Books 412 Appendix B: The Tradesof Grub Street 416 Appendix C: A Grub StreetOde 418 Index 421 Illustra tions 'DomesticArchitecture. North eastview of an old house lately standing in Sweedon'sPassage, Grub Street'. Drawn and etchedby J. T. Smith, July 1791. frontispiece 'A New and CorrectPlan of London,Westminster and South- wark'. Made for J and R Dodsley between1756 and 1761 and includedin London and Its EnvironsDescribed, 1761. front endpaper Map of 'CreplegateWard'. From p. 70 of John Strype'sedi- tion of Stow's Survey of London, 1720. back endpaper Vll This page intentionally left blank: Preface This book is an expandedversion of an essaywhich was awarded the Le Bas Prizeat CambridgeUniversity in 1969. To that composi- tion, which was entitled 'Grub Street: an historical essay',I have addeda good deal of supplementaryevidence and documentation. However,its gravamensurvives intact. In both casesI havesought to showhow the Augustansatirists built uponthe facts of contemporary life. Their metaphors,their narrativeploys, their mise-en-scene,their castingprocedure, can all be relatedto particularsocial circumstance - for example,the choice of Moorfields as a venue for duncely ex- ploits brings with it quite explicit associationsof crime, poverty, martial ardour, sexual misbehaviour, low literary commerceand much else. This generalcase is, I hope, confirmed by the readingof The Dunciad in its revisedform as an epic of Grub Streeteo nomine, the contentionof my first chapter(although it is not dependenton the rightnessof that conjecture,for any cogencyit may have). The processof transformationhas proved long and laborious. It could not have been achievedwithout the patienceand support of Methuen& Co, and especiallyPatrick Taylor. Publishersare inured to waiting, and academicauthors prone to makethem wait. None the less,my gratitudeis morethan token. In view of the contemporaryfashion for 'environmental'studies, it may be worth recordingthat the sectionon the ecologyof Dulness in the Introductionwas written at the end of 1967 and beginningof 1968. I hadconsidered omitting the section;but on secondthoughts, this seemedan unduedeference to modishness.I have thereforelet it stand. Stock,Essex P.R. IX This page intentionally left blank: Acknowledgements Most of the work for this book has been undertakenin the Guild- hall Library, the Corporationof LondonRecords Office, the Greater London Council RecordsOffice, WestminsterLibrary, the Public Record Office, the British Museum Library and CambridgeUni- versity Library. I am grateful to archivists and librarians who have allowed me accessto their collections. The best way to understandan age, of course,is to read its own books and journals,to look at its own paintingsand engravings.But to limit oneselfto contemporarysources, when modern scholarship can add so much by way of instruction and delight, is to eat acorn with the swine. Among publishedwritings, the work of theseauth- orities has left me hugely in their debt: Dorothy George, Dorothy Marshall,J. H. Plumb, Sir Leon Radzinowicz,George Rude, James Sutherlandand the late Sir William Holdsworth.Earlier generations of topographicalwriters, ranging from Strype, Maitland and Mal- colm to H. B. Wheatley and Sir Walter Besant,have provided in- dispensableaid. Nor have I disdainedthe vast library of popular bookson London: the works ofE. B. Chancellorfurnished a rangeof usually reliable (if not precisely scholarly) information. Like other commentatorson the Plagueand the Great Fire, I have found the studiesof W. G. Bell still unsupplantedas comprehensiveaccounts of their subject. Finally, I have relied heavily on the mapmakersof London, especiallythose of the late seventeenthand early eighteenth centuries.The modern Survey of London is alas uncompleted,but the extant volumes in this series,along with certain publicationsof the London TopographicalSociety, have always been at hand to consultas informantsof the last resort. For a generalpresentation of the city at the time, Ogilby, Morden and Lea, and Rocquesurvive without seriouschallenge from any modernreconstructions. Xl ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS When I beganon this book, I was lucky to receivethe encourage- ment of Ian Jack, Denis Donoghueand GeorgeWatson, whose own distinguishedachievements were a stimulusin themselves.Ian Watt kindly read an early draft of the openingsections and madeshrewd but charitablecriticisms. None of thesegentlemen is to be held ac- countable for the errors and imperfections of the book which has actuallyemerged. I have indicated my indebtednessby a specific referencein the footnotes whereverpossible. But my enthusiasmfor the world de- lineated in this book was a contagion early succumbedto; and I cannotbe sure that I have not on occasionsborrowed ideas or em- phasesunwittingly from previousstudents of the age. xu Abbreviations Shortforms and cue titles are employedfor the most frequently con- sultedprinted sources, as follows: Arbuthnot. G. A. Aitken, The life and Works of John Arbuthnot(Oxford, 1892). Baddeley. J. J. Baddeley, An Account of the Church and Parish ofSt Giles, without Cripplegate (London, 1888). Bayne-Powell. Rosamond Bayne-Powell, Eighteenth-Century
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