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Geothermal Waters of the Khankala Deposit ˸ Formation, Use, Forecasts Geothermal waters of the Khankala deposit formation, use, forecasts Anvar Farkhutdinov To cite this version: Anvar Farkhutdinov. Geothermal waters of the Khankala deposit formation, use, forecasts. Earth Sciences. Université Paris sciences et lettres; Baškirskij gosudarstvennyj universitet (Ufa, Russie), 2016. English. NNT : 2016PSLEM092. tel-01788995 HAL Id: tel-01788995 https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01788995 Submitted on 9 May 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE DE DOCTORAT de l’Université de recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres PSL Research University Préparée dans le cadre d’une cotutelle entre MINES ParisTech et l’Université d’État de Bachkirie Geothermal waters of the Khankala deposit: formation, use, forecasts Les eaux géothermiques du gisement de Khankala: formation, utilisation, prévisions Ecole doctorale n°398 COMPOSITION DU JURY : Géosciences, Ressources Naturelles et Environnement M. Alain DUPUY Professeur, Institut polytechnique de Bordeaux, Spécialité Géosciences et Géoingénierie Président Mme. Natalia KHARITONOVA Professeur, Université d’État de Moscou, Rapporteur M. Alain GADALIA Ingénieur, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Rapporteur M. Patrick GOBLET Directeur de recherches, MINES ParisTech, Examinateur Soutenue par Anvar FARKHUTDINOV M. Sergei CHERKASOV le 23.12.2016 Directeur, Musée géologique h d’État Vernadsky, Examinateur Dirigée par Patrick GOBLET et Ayfar GAREEV M. Stepan SHVARTSEV Professeur, Université polytechnique de Tomsk, Examinateur M. Oleg SAVICHEV Professeur, Université polytechnique de Tomsk, Examinateur Remerciements I am grateful to École des Mines and in particular to Patrick Goblet for accepting me as a PhD student, making this work possible and enormous contribution to it. I express my sincerest appreciation to Sergey Cherkasov for providing overall support from the start till the end. I would like to thank Chantal de Fouquet for her help, advices and ideas used in this work. Thanks to Ayfar Gareev for support. Thanks to Emmanuel Ledoux, Dominuque Bruel and Sergey Svyatovets for useful advices and comments. I am grateful to Larisa Belan and Victor Lgotin for support, to Magomed Mintsaev, Arbi Shaipov, Sharputdi Zaurbekov and Magomed Labazanov for their help and warm hospitality in Grozny. Thanks to Rifa Ibatullina, Elodie Guilgaris and Eline Malcuit for useful comments and suggestions. I would also like to thank Françoise Nore, Trevor Cox, Ghassen Jomaa, Irina Sin, Jamal El Abbadi, Marco Campestrini for their friendship and good times passed at École des Mines. I am grateful to Ekaterina Filimonenko, Bulat Soktoev and Albina Yalaltdinova for their help. Достық – ұлы күш. Достық қошеметпен, ал шынмен және абыроймен берік. Я благодарен моему деду, родителям, тёте и братьям, имевшим огромное положительное влияние на протяжении всего пути. Я благодарен своей маме за поддержку в написании данной работы. Мең нәнкә дә бер әнкәне алыштыра алмас. Кемнең әнисе юк, шуның хәле начар. i Résumé L’introduction L’utilisation d’énergies renouvelables connait actuellement un regain d’attention dans le monde entier. En particulier, l’exploitation d’eaux géothermales apparait comme très intéressante du fait de son faible impact écologique et de son coût. La Russie dispose d’un potentiel géothermal important, qui n’est pas utilisé à une échelle industrielle. L’une des zones les plus prometteuses est la République de Tchétchénie, qui se situe au troisième rang en Russie en termes de réserves reconnues en eaux géothermales; le secteur le plus important est le site de Khankala. Au vu de la croissance constante des besoins en électricité et en chaleur en République de Tchéténie, il apparait justifié de mobiliser les techniques d’estimation géostatistique et de modélisation phénoménologique pour étudier l’exploitation des ressources géothermales. L’objectif de ce travail est ainsi d’identifier les caractéristiques de la ressource géothermale de Khankala et de prévoir les modifications de température entraînées par son exploitation. Objectifs de l’étude 1. Analyser le contexte hydrogéologique de la zone sud-est du basin artésien de Ciscaucasie de l’Est ainsi que les conditions de développement des eaux géothermales. 2. Etablir une carte de distribution des températures au sein de la ressource géothermale de Khankala, ainsi qu’une carte structurale de la couche productrice principale. 3. Construire un modèle mathématique de simulation permettant de prédire l’évolution de la température durant l’exploitation de la ressource géothermale. 4. Emettre des recommandations pour l’exploitation future de la ressource de Khankala. ii Chapitre 1. Les recherches en Géothermie La classification russe désigne par eaux géothermales des eaux souterraines naturelles à une température d’au moins 20 °C. Leur usage s’est développé depuis plus d’un siècle. L’utilisation des eaux thermales comme source d’énergie a débuté dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle grâce au développement de la thermodynamique, qui a permis une utilisation efficace et directe de la chaleur de l’eau chaude et de la vapeur, et même la production d’électricité. On présente ici d’abord la situation actuelle en Russie vis-à-vis de l’utilisation des eaux géothermales, puis l’histoire de la découverte et de l’exploitation du gisement de Khankala. Le développement initial de l’énergie géothermale a commencé dans deux régions: le Kamtchatka et le Caucase du Nord. Dans le premier cas, l’eau géothermale a été utilisée pour produire de l’électricité, et dans le second pour produire de la chaleur. A ce jour on dénombre 66 gisements potentiels d’eaux géothermales dans la Fédération de Russie. 50% seulement de cette ressource sont utilisés pour produire 1.5 millions de Gigacalories thermiques, ce qui équivaut à la combustiond’environ 300 000 tonnes de charbon [Alkhasov, 2011]. Ces gisements sont principalement situés sur le teritoire de la République de Tchétchénie, suivie par la région de Krasnodar, le Daghestan et le Kamtchatka. Dès les années 20 au siècle dernier, une source d’eau géothermale a été découverte à l’emplacement du champ pétrolier Oktyabrsk en République tchétchène. Dans les années soixante-dix, l’Institut VNIPIgazdobycha a mené une exploration détaillée du gisement Khankala, situé à 10 kilomètres au sud-est de Grozny. Les prélèvements réguliers d’eau ont commencé en 1974, avec la mise en service de serres. Mais en 1994, du fait de la guerre sur le territoire de la République, l’exploitation du gisement Khankala a été arrêtée. En raison de ces événements tragiques, beaucoup de données sur le gisement géothermique ont été perdues et, pendant une longue période, l’eau a été utilisée et rejetée de façon primitive par la population locale [Farkhutdinov et al., 2014]. En 2013, le Grozny State Oil Institute, la compagnie ArenStroiCentr et le musée d’état de Vernadsky ont lancé, au sein du consortium “Ressources géothermiques” et avec iii l’accompagnement scientifique du BRGM, un projet pilote de construction d’une centrale géothermique utilisant la couche XIII, la plus prometteuse du gisement géothermique de Khankala. La capacité de l’installation est de 5.45 Gcal/heure, utilisées pour faire fonctionner un complexe de serres. La station géothermale repose sur un système en doublet, constitué d’une boucle fermée, d’un puits de production et d’un puits de réinjection. Bien que la Russie dispose de ressources importantes et démontrées en eaux géothermales, celles-ci sont peu utilisées. L’utilisation directe des eaux thermales, la production d’électricité et les domaines connexes ne sont pas bien développés. Il n’existe aucune installation géothermale autre que le site de Khankala reposant sur un système de doublet réinjectant 100% de l’eau utilisée. Tous les autres exemples russes connus d’utilisation d’eaux géothermales dans des bassins rejettent leurs eaux soit directement en surface, soit dans des aquifères superficiels. L’installation de Khankala a été mise en service avec succès début 2016; elle est destinée à fournir une expérience précieuse et à promouvoir une nouvelle phase d’exploration et de développement des ressources géothermales dans la région. Chapitre 2. Description physiographique, géologique et hydrogéologique de la zone d’étude Ce chapitre décrit la situation géographique, le relief, le climat et l’hydrographie de la République tchétchène. Son territoire couvre les pentes septentrionales du Grand Caucase ainsi que les steppes et plaines environnantes. Environ 35% du territoire de la République tchétchène sont occupés par des crêtes montagneuses, des vallées et des bassins séparant les massifs montagneux. Le reste du territoire est plat, le plus souvent marqué par un relief de collines. Ces reliefs déterminent la direction d’écoulement des eaux souterraines du réservoir de Karagan-Chokrak, depuis leur zone de recharge dans les Montagnes Noires vers le Nord-Nord-Est. Les conditions climatiques, marquées par des précipitations abondantes, ainsi qu’un réseau hydrographique dense là où les niveaux réservoirs de
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