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Diplomarbeit Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit Digital President - Der Wahlkampf Obamas 2008 unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Social Media Verfasser Michael Bernhard Pany angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 300 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Politikwissenschaft Betreuer: Univ.-Doz. Dr. Johann Wimmer 1 2 3 Besonderer Dank gilt meinen Eltern und meiner Familie, welche mich bei mei- nem Studium in jeglicher Weise unterstützt haben. Dank im wissenschaftlichen Sinne gilt meinem Diplomarbeitsbetreuer Universi- täts-Dozent Dr. Johann Wimmer vom Institut für Politikwissenschaft der Universität Wien, welcher mir beim inhaltlichen Aufbau einer solchartigen Diplomarbeit wichti- ge Tipps gab sowie mir auch einige bezüglich des Themas wichtige Internet- Seiten empfahl wie etwa den Web-Auftritt des Pew Research Center. Dank im wissenschaftlichen Sinne gilt auch Universitäts-Assistentin Jana Her- wig, M.A. vom Institut für Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft der Universität Wien welche mir wichtige US-amerikanische Fachliteratur zum Thema Obamas Internet-Wahlkampf (aber auch Digitale Medien generell) empfahl. Weiters gilt mein Dank im wissenschaftlichen Sinne auch Stiftungsprofessor Dr. habil. Stefan Wehmaier vom Institut für Kommunikationsmanagement der FH Wien für das Bereitstellen einer Präsentation über Social Media. Diese Diplomarbeit möchte ich meinem Großvater mütterlicherseits widmen, welcher einst mein Interesse an Geschichte und somit auch Politik weckte. 4 5 6 7 8 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ........................................................................................................... 11 1.1. Forschungsleitende Fragestellungen ...................................................... 13 1.2. Methodische Vorgangsweise .................................................................. 14 1.3. Aufbau der Arbeit .................................................................................... 16 1.4. Zentrale Begriffe der Arbeit ..................................................................... 18 1.4.1. Der Begriff Web 2.0 .......................................................................... 19 1.4.2. Der Begriff Social Media ................................................................... 23 1.4.3. Der Begriff Grassroots-Bewegung .................................................... 26 1.4.4. Der Begriff Politische Kommunikation ............................................... 29 1.4.5. Der Begriff Digitale Medien ............................................................... 34 2. Der traditionelle US-amerikanische Präsidentschafts-Wahlkampf ..................... 39 2.1. Bezüglich Wahlkampf und Massenmedien .............................................. 39 2.2. Die Wahl zum US-amerikanischen Präsidenten ...................................... 45 2.3. Zur Evolution der US-amerikanischen Präsidentschaftswahlkämpfe nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg ..................................................................................... 48 2.4. Die Digitale Wahlkampf-R/evolution zur Wende zum 21. Jahrhundert .... 52 2.5. Zum Vorwahlkampf Howard Deans 2004 ................................................ 54 2.6. Besonderheiten jüngerer US-amerikanischer Präsidentschaftswahlkämpfe ............................................................................ 57 2.7. Exkurs bezüglich der US-Präsidentschaftswahl 2004 ............................. 64 2.8. Das Wahlergebnis der US-Präsidentschaftswahl 2008 ........................... 67 3. Der Wahlkampf Barack Obamas im Internet ...................................................... 69 3.1. Zu den Wahlkampfberatern hinter Barack Obama .................................. 74 3.1.1. Chief strategist David Axelrod .......................................................... 76 3.1.2. Chief campaign manager David Plouffe ........................................... 78 3.2. Der Faktor Web 2.0/Social Media ........................................................... 80 3.3. Der Faktor Wählermobilisierung .............................................................. 90 3.4. Der Faktor Fundraising ............................................................................ 94 3.5. Die Website MyBO ................................................................................ 101 3.6. Demonstration der vernetzten Online-Präsenz Obamas ....................... 106 3.7. Demonstration des Internet-zentrierten Wahlkampfes Obamas ............ 109 3.8. Das Datenmaterial von Gallup und Pew ................................................ 111 3.8.1. Datenmaterial von Gallup ............................................................... 111 3.8.2. Datenmaterial von Pew Internet and American Life Project, Pew Research Center und Pew Research Center for the People & the Press ... 112 9 4. Nachwirkungen des Wahlkampfes im Internet ................................................. 115 4.1. Die Website www.change.gov - The Office Of The President-Elect ...... 117 4.2. Government 2.0 .................................................................................... 120 4.3. Obama for America 2012 ...................................................................... 123 5. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick ..................................................................... 127 6. Anhang ............................................................................................................. 131 6.1. Datenmaterial von Gallup ...................................................................... 131 6.2. Datenmaterial von Pew Internet and American Life Project, Pew Research Center und Pew Research Center for the People & the Press ....................... 198 6.3. Klassische Massenmedien und Social Media ....................................... 232 6.4. Web 2.0 demonstriert anhand von Karten ............................................. 233 6.5. Social Media Landscape in Boxes......................................................... 234 6.6. Social Media demonstriert anhand eines Prismas ................................ 235 6.7. Biographie des 44. Präsidenten der USA .............................................. 236 7. Abbildungsverzeichnis des inhaltlichen Teils ................................................... 237 8. Literaturverzeichnis .......................................................................................... 239 9. Internetquellenverzeichnis ................................................................................ 249 9.1. Texte ..................................................................................................... 249 9.2. Fotos, Grafiken und Tabellen ................................................................ 254 9.3. Datenmaterial von den Websites von Gallup und Pew .......................... 257 9.3.1. Gallup ............................................................................................. 257 9.3.2. Pew Internet and American Life Project, Pew Research Center und Pew Research Center for the People & the Press ...................................... 257 10. Abstract ............................................................................................................ 259 10.1. Deutsch .............................................................................................. 259 10.2. English ............................................................................................... 259 11. Curriculum Vitae ............................................................................................... 260 10 1. Einleitung We are going to have to work for every vote.1 Dieses Zitat des US-amerikanischen Politikberaters und Spindoktors (sowie im Zusammenhang mit dem Thema der Diplomarbeit naturgemäß Chief strategist der Obama-Kampagne 2008) David Axelrod steht symbolisch für den langen Weg des US-amerikanischen Senators Barack Obama ins Weiße Haus - von den Vorwahl- kämpfen innerhalb der Demokratischen Partei bishin zum Duell gegen den repub- likanischen Gegenkandidaten John McCain. Die Wahl zum vierundvierzigsten US- amerikanischen Präsidenten fand bekanntlich im Jahre 2008 statt. Seitdem wurde diverse Literatur über Obama selbst aber auch dessen Wahlkampf zum US- amerikanischen Präsidenten im Speziellen veröffentlicht. Ist diese Diplomarbeit also ein weiteres Buch nach diesem Schema oder gar eine Resteverwertung die- ser Literatur, beziehungsweise was inspirierte den Verfasser diese Diplomarbeit eigentlich zu schreiben? Zum einen wäre hier das generelle Interesse an US-amerikanischer Bundespo- litik und deren Wahlkämpfe zu nennen, da diese nach Ansicht des Verfassers be- züglich Professionalität eine Vorreiterrolle einnehmen. Ein anderer Grund wäre auch die öffentliche Person Obamas selbst, welcher ohne Zweifel als Politiker des Typus „charismatische Führungspersönlichkeit“ bezeichnet werden kann (ohne an dieser Stelle sowie im Rest der Diplomarbeit gleich ins messianische zu verfal- len).2 Was diese Wahl speziell aber nach Erachtens des Verfassers der Diplomar- beit aus politikwissenschaftlicher Sicht so relevant macht, ist abseits der damali- gen innen- und außenpolitischen (Ausgangs-)Lage in den USA (also Afghanistan- und Irak-Krieg, Finanzkrise und Rezession) die Neuartigkeit, in welcher diese 3 stattfand. Es ist, wenn man so will, die erste Wahl von weltpolitischer Relevanz, 1 Der chief strategist in der Wahlkampagne des damaligen US-Senators des Bundesstaates Illinois Obama und spätere Senior Advisor to the President David Axelrod, zitiert
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