Þjóðarspegillinn 2011

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Þjóðarspegillinn 2011 2011 RANNSÓKNIR Í FÉLAGSVÍSINDUM XII Stjórnmálafræðideild Erindi flutt á ráðstefnu í október 2011 Ritstjóri Silja Bára Ómarsdóttir Þjóðarspegillinn Félagsvísindastofnun Háskóla Íslands © 2011 Höfundar ISSN 1670-8725 ISBN 978-9935-424-10-5 Öll réttindi áskilin Greinar í bók þessari má afrita í einu eintaki til einkanota, en efni þeirra er verndað af ákvæðum höfundalaga og með öllum réttindum áskildum. II Efnisyfirlit Höfundalisti ..................................................................................................................... V Formáli ..............................................................................................................................VI Kynjasamþætting Gettu betur Anna Pála Sverrisdóttir .................................................................................................. 7 Öðlingurinn 2011: Bergmál kynjakerfis eða persónulegur ávinningur jafnréttis? Ásta Jóhannsdóttir, Bryndís E. Jóhannsdóttir, Gyða Margrét Pétursdóttir og Kristín Anna Hjálmarsdóttir ............................ 16 Models of governance for rural water supply The case of Namibia Erla Hlín Hjálmarsdóttir ..............................................................................................25 Búsáhaldabyltingin Pólitískt jafnræði og þátttaka almennings í mótmælum Eva Heiða Önnudóttir..................................................................................................36 Ingólfur Arnarson, Björgólfur Thor og Ólafur bóndi á Þorvaldseyri Karlmennska, kynjakerfi og þjóðernissjálfsmynd eftir efnahagshrun Guðbjört Guðjónsdóttir og Júlíana Magnúsdóttir ............................................... 45 The economics of beauty Guðný Gústafsdóttir ....................................................................................................54 Sköpun alþjóðlegrar viðskiptakarlmennsku: Íslenskt tilvik Gyða Margrét Pétursdóttir ..........................................................................................62 Ráðherrafjöldi smáflokka Helgi Skúli Kjartansson ................................................................................................69 The ‘Icesaviour’ Rises A media narrative featuring a crisis and an online savings brand in starring roles Jón Gunnar Ólafsson ....................................................................................................76 „Að dansa á línunni“ Kynbundin valdatengsl og klámvæðing í auglýsingum Katrín Anna Guðmundsdóttir og Þorgerður Einarsdóttir ............................... 84 „Lokaskref í að vera alveg sama“ Margröddunin í gleðigöngunni Kristín Björnsdóttir og Jón Ingvar Kjaran .............................................................92 Landréttindi og þróun Átakafletir í sunnanverðri Afríku Magnfríður Júlíusdóttir ...............................................................................................100 Small but Significant The Nordic states in Arctic security context Margrét Cela ..................................................................................................................109 III Íslensku einkennin í samningaviðræðum á alþjóðavettvangi 1997 til 2007 Ragnhildur Bjarkadóttir og Silja Bára Ómarsdóttir ...........................................118 Framboð Íslands til öryggisráðs Sameinuðu þjóðanna Orðræða utanríkisráðherra 2003-2008 Silja Bára Ómarsdóttir ................................................................................................127 Democracy and Administrative Performance Sjöfn Vilhelmsdóttir og Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson ...........................................136 Verður fatlað fólk fyrir kerfislægu og menningarbundnu ofbeldi í íslensku samfélagi? Vilborg Jóhannsdóttir og Freyja Haraldsdóttir ...................................................143 IV Höfundalisti Anna Pála Sverrisdóttir, Mag.Jur. Ásta Jóhannsdóttir, doktorsnemi Bryndís Jóhannsdóttir, jafnréttisfræðingur Erla Hlín Hjálmarsdóttir, doktorsnemi Eva Heiða Önnudóttir, doktorsnemi Freyja Haraldsdóttir, framkvæmdarstjóri NPA miðstöðvarinnar Guðbjört Guðjónsdóttir, doktorsnemi Guðný Gústafsdóttir, doktorsnemi Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson, prófessor HÍ Gyða Margrét Pétursdóttir, aðjúnkt HÍ Helgi Skúli Kjartansson, prófessor HÍ Jón Gunnar Ólafsson, MA í alþjóðasamskiptum Jón Ingvar Kjaran, doktorsnemi Júlíana Þóra Magnúsdóttir, doktorsnemi Katrín Anna Guðmundsdóttir, MA/MS Kristín Anna Hjálmarsdóttir, meistaranemi Kristín Björnsdóttir, lektor HÍ Magnfríður Júlíusdóttir, lektor HÍ Margrét Cela, doktorsnemi Ragnhildur Bjarkardóttir, MA í alþjóðasamskiptum Silja Bára Ómarsdóttir, aðjúnkt HÍ Sjöfn Vilhelmsdóttir, doktorsnemi Vilborg Jóhannsdóttir, lektor HÍ Þorgerður Einarsdóttir, prófessor HÍ V Formáli Þjóðarspegill, ráðstefna um rannsóknir í félagsvísindum, er nú haldinn í tólfta sinn og í ár eru gefnar út sautján greinar á fræðasviðum sem tengjast rannsóknasviðum Stjórnmálafræðideildar en þau eru stjórnmálafræði, opinber stjórnsýsla, kynjafræði og alþjóðastjórnmál. Eins og áður er markmið Þjóðarspegilsins að gefa félagsvísindafólki tækifæri til að kynna rannsóknir sínar og skapa almenningi aðgang að þeim. Í ár eru greinarnar eingöngu gefnar út á rafrænu formi og verða aðgengilegar í Gegni og á Skemmunni, þar sem vonir standa til að þau nýtist almenningi enn betur en áður. Erindi voru valin á ráðstefnuna og til birtingar á grundvelli útdráttar, sem höfundar sendu inn. Gerð er krafa um að höfundar hafi lokið MA-gráðu, og í nokkrum tilvikum er um að ræða greinar sem byggðar eru á MA-verkefnum höfunda. Greinilegt er að mikil gróska er í rannsóknum innan Stjórnmálafræðideildar en að öðrum sviðum ólöstuðum verður að benda á þá miklu virkni sem er í rannsóknum í kynjafræði, en hartnær helmingur greinanna sem hér birtast eru á því sviði eða tengjast því á einhvern hátt. Greinarnar taka m.a. á fegurð, fjölbreytileika og karlmennsku. Á öðrum sviðum má nefna greinar um félagsauð, samningatækni, þátttöku í mótmælum, norðurslóðir, Icesave og umhverfismál. Höfundar eru m.a. starfsfólk og bæði núverandi og fyrrverandi nemendur Stjórnmálafræðideildar auk þess sem starfsmenn annarra deilda Háskólans birta hér greinar. Ráðstefna af þessu umfangi krefst mikillar undirbúningsvinnu. Félagsvísindastofnun Háskóla Íslands hafði veg og vanda af undirbúningnum og á starfsfólk hennar heiður skilinn fyrir framlag sitt. Vala Jónsdóttir, Hlín Kristmundsdóttir og Anna María Valdimarsdóttir sáu um heimildalestur. Sóley Lúðvíksdóttir, Vala Jónsdóttir og Gunnar Þór Jóhannesson sáu um aðra umsýslu og eru þeim öllum færðar þakkir fyrir skjót og örugg vinnubrögð og óendanlegan liðleika á öllum tímum dags. Að lokum þakka ég Jóni Gunnari Ólafssyni fyrir yfirlestur á minni eigin grein. Reykjavík, í október 2011 Silja Bára Ómarsdóttir VI Kynjasamþætting Gettu betur Anna Pála Sverrisdóttir Gettu betur - spurningakeppni framhaldsskólanna, er með vinsælasta ljósvakaefni á Íslandi og einn af hápunktum félagslífs framhaldsskólanna. Mikil kynjaskekkja hefur einkennt þátttöku í keppninni frá upphafi og árið 2010 var engin undantekning. Þá keppti í átta liða úrslitum keppninnar í sjónvarpi ein kona á móti tuttugu og þremur karlkyns keppendum.1 Skipuleggjendur keppninnar brugðust við með sérstakri umfjöllun um þessa sláandi staðreynd í útsendingu fyrir úrslitaþáttinn. Höfundur þessarar úttektar þróaði í kjölfarið áhuga á að velta við öllum steinum til að athuga hvernig Gettu betur keppnin getur betur samrýmst hugmyndum um jafnréttissamfélag. Rannsóknin byggir á vinnu höfundar í námskeiðinu Hagnýting jafnréttisfræða í Háskóla Íslands vorið 2011.2 Markmiðið með þessari grein er að kynna með raunverulegu dæmi hvernig vinna megi með samþættingu. Það er löngu tímabært að kynjasamþætta Gettu betur, ekki síst í ljósi gríðarlegs áhorfs („Gettu betur vinsælasta“, 2008) og áhrifamáttar af þeim sökum. Kannist lesendur ekki við hugtakið kynjasamþættingu má útskýra það í einni setningu þannig að hún snúist um að jafnrétti kynjanna sé haft í huga við hverja einustu ákvörðunartöku. Kynjasamþætting Gettu betur snýst þannig um að stjórnendur keppninnar hafi jafnréttissjónarmið í huga við hverja einustu ákvörðun sem tekin er um keppnina; hvaða áhrif hver ákvörðun hafi á jafnrétti og hvernig hægt sé að taka ákvarðanir þannig að þær stuðli að því að bæði kyn fái notið sín. Samþættingin er lögfest í jafnréttislögum (Lög um jafna stöðu og jafnan rétt kvenna og karla nr. 10/2008), sem tæki til að ná fram markmiðum sem sett eru í 1. gr. laganna um „að koma á og viðhalda jafnrétti og jöfnum tækifærum kvenna og karla og jafna þannig stöðu kynjanna á öllum sviðum samfélagsins.“ Formlega skilgreiningu er að finna í 2. gr. laganna: „Að skipuleggja, bæta, þróa og leggja mat á stefnumótunarferli þannig að sjónarhorn kynjajafnréttis sé á öllum sviðum fléttað inn í stefnumótun og ákvarðanir þeirra sem alla jafna taka þátt í stefnumótun í samfélaginu.“ Kynjasamþætting krefst þekkingar og vinnu en ekki síst vilja. Hér verður haft í huga að gera aðstandendum Gettu betur keppninnar eins auðvelt um vik að bæta jafnréttismál keppninnar og hægt er, með því að benda á raunhæfar leiðir. Að mörgu leyti er hér um óhefðbundna einingu að ræða að kynjasamþætta: Gettu betur er skemmtiefni byggt upp sem keppni en ekki til dæmis ákveðinn vinnustaður. Kynjasjónarmiðin eru þó jafn mikilvæg þar og annars staðar en aðferðafræði þarf að laga að sérstöðu einingarinnar. Sú aðferð sem hér verður lögð til grundvallar er hinn svokallaði Samþættingarstigi, sem er margreynd aðferð við kynjasamþættingu og felur í sér vinnu í sex þrepum. Aðferðinni er lýst í handbókinni „Jöfnum leikinn – handbók um kynjasamþætt-ingu“ sem
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