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Le Traitement De La Maladie Mentale Par La Médecine Traditionnelle Au Maroc : Rituels Et Pouvoir De Guérison Radia El Barkaoui

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Le Traitement De La Maladie Mentale Par La Médecine Traditionnelle Au Maroc : Rituels Et Pouvoir De Guérison Radia El Barkaoui Le traitement de la maladie mentale par la médecine traditionnelle au Maroc : rituels et pouvoir de guérison Radia El Barkaoui To cite this version: Radia El Barkaoui. Le traitement de la maladie mentale par la médecine traditionnelle au Maroc : rit- uels et pouvoir de guérison. Linguistique. Université de Lyon, 2020. Français. NNT : 2020LYSE2054. tel-03266784 HAL Id: tel-03266784 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03266784 Submitted on 22 Jun 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. N° d’ordre NNT : 2020LYSE2054 THESE de DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE LYON Opérée au sein de L’UNIVERSITÉ LUMIÈRE LYON 2 École Doctorale : ED 484 Lettres, Langues, Linguistique et Arts Discipline : Linguistique et littérature arabe Soutenue publiquement le 2 septembre 2020, par : Radia EL BARKAOUI Le traitement de la maladie mentale par la médecine traditionnelle au Maroc : rituels et pouvoirs de guérison. Devant le jury composé de : Saba FARES, Professeure des universités, Université Toulouse 2, Présidente Kadhim Jihad HASSAN, Professeur des universités, Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, Examinateur Salah TRABELSI, Maître de conférences HDR, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Examinateur Floréal SANAGUSTIN, Professeur émérite des universités, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Directeur de thèse Contrat de diffusion Ce document est diffusé sous le contrat Creative Commons « Paternité – pas d’utilisation commerciale - pas de modification » : vous êtes libre de le reproduire, de le distribuer et de le communiquer au public à condition d’en mentionner le nom de l’auteur et de ne pas le modifier, le transformer, l’adapter ni l’utiliser à des fins commerciales. Université Lumière Lyon 2 École doctorale 3LA Lettres, Langues, Linguistique et Art. Thèse pour obtenir le grade de docteur de l’Université Lumière Lyon 2 Mention Langue et Littérature arabes Le traitement de la maladie mentale par la médecine traditionnelle au Maroc: rituels et pouvoirs de guérison Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Radia EL-BARKAOUI-JAUMONET Le 2 septembre 2020 Sous la direction du Prosseur Floréal SANAGUSTIN MEMBRES DU JURY Madame Saba FARES, professeure à l'Université Toulouse-Jean Jaurès Monsieur Kadhim Jihad HASSAN , professeur à l’INALCO Monsieur Floréal SANAGUSTIN, professeur émérite à l’Université Lumière-Lyon 2, directeur Monsieur Salah TRABELSI, Maître de conférences HDR à l'Université Lumière-Lyon 2 [Tapez un texte] Page 2 Remerciements A mon directeur de thèse Floréal SANAGUSTIN Professeur des Universités Qui m’a fait l’honneur de diriger ce travail, je vous remercie pour l’aide, le soutien, permanent que vous m’avez accordé ainsi pour l’assistance et la gentillesse qui m’ont beaucoup touché. Veuillez accepter, l’expression de ma profonde reconnaissance et ma grande estime. A tous les membres de jury Mes remerciements s'adressent aux Professeurs : Saba FARES, Professeure à l'Université Toulouse-Jean Jaurès qui a accepté d’évaluer mon travail. Comme je tiens à remercier profondément Kadhim Jihad HASSAN, professeur à l’INALCO pour l’honneur qu’il m’a fait de participer et évaluer mon travail. [Tapez un texte] Page 3 Enfin, je tiens à remercier vivement Salah TRABELSI, Maître de conférences HDR à l'Université Lyon 2 d’avoir accepter de participer à cette soutenance. A l’équipe du laboratoire Toute ma gratitude pour l’équipe du laboratoire ICAR Pour leur aide et leur disponibilité tout au long de ce travail. A tous les membres de ma famille Je tiens à les remercier pour leur soutien et leurs conseils. Enfin, je tiens à exprimer ma Gratitude et ma reconnaissance à mon époux pour son soutien et sa patirnce. Avec tout mon amour et toute mon appréciation, je tiens à remercier Hassan El Khalouki Professeur à l’Université de Meknès (Maroc) pour la révision première du manuscrit et pour avoir apporté d'utiles suggestions. [Tapez un texte] Page 4 Dédicace Grâce à ce travail, je rends hommage à mon père qui nous a quitté trop tôt… Je dédie ce travail à quelqu'un qui met très cher A mon fils Rayan Je dédie cette thèse en guise de reconnaissance de ses innombrables sacrifices durant toutes ces années, à mon mari. [Tapez un texte] Page 5 Liste des abréviations CHU: centre hospitalier universitaire CNDH : le Conseil national des droits de l'homme L’U.N.A.P.E I: Union Nationale de Parents d'Enfants Inadaptés MT: médecine traditionnelle MM: maladie mentale. MP: médecine populaire OMS: Organisation Mondiale de la Santé RTM: Radiodiffusion Télévision marocaine RAMED: régime d’assistance médicale aux économiquement démunis VHC : virus de l’hépatite C VIH : virus de l'immunodéficience humaine [Tapez un texte] Page 6 Système de transcription Consonne Transcription ʼ أ B b ب T t ت Ṯ ṯ ث Ǧ ǧ ج Ḥ ḥ ح Ḫ ḫ خ D d د Ḏ ḏ ذ R r ر Z z ز S s س Š š ﺶ Ṣ ṣ ﺺ Ḍ ḍ ﺾ Ṭ ṭ ﻂ Ẓ ẓ ﻅ ‘ ﻉ Ġ ġ غ F f ف Q q ق K k ك L l ل M m م N n ن H h ه W w و Y y ي [Tapez un texte] Page 7 Voyelles longues : Voyelle Transcription Ᾱ ᾱ آ ی Ū ū ۇ Ī ī ي Voyelles brèves : Voyelle Transcription I U A Redoublement : Redoublement Transcription An ً Un ً In ً (al- l) ا = Les articles: Le, La, Les [Tapez un texte] Page 8 RESUMÉ L'objet de notre travail de recherche est d'étudier et d'explorer le domaine de la maladie mentale et son traitement par la médecine traditionnelle au Maroc. En fait, le domaine de la maladie mentale dévoile une pluralité de recours joignant à la prise en charge psychiatrique moderne, une prise en charge par un système de soins traditionnels- qui occupe une place très importante dans le système sanitaire marocain- tels que les fqīhs, les voyantes, et les saints guérisseurs. A cet égard, nous avons opté pour mettre la lumière sur ces moyens traditionnels afin de cerner leurs limites en dévoilant tous types de pratiques touchant à la dignité humaine. Il s'agit des pratiques de la sorcellerie liées à des représentations surnaturelles présentées par des tradi-praticiens en l’occurrence le saint Būyā Umār (XVIe siècle), le plus célèbre au Maroc qui abritait des malades enchaînés et mal traités. Cette situation problématique a déclenché une grande polémique en 2015 et a fini par sa fermeture. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MOTS-CLES : maladie mentale, traitement traditionnel, Maroc, les saints guérisseurs, les fqīhs, les voyantes, représentations surnaturelles, Būyā Umār. ABSTRACT The purpose of our research is to study and explore the mental ilness field and its treatment with the traditional Moroccan medecine. In fact, the mental ilness field reveals a plurality of remedies associated with modern psychiatric care, a care by traditioonal system that occupies a very important place in the Moroccan health system such as fqīhs, and holy healers. In this regard, we have chosen to shed light on these means used in order to define their limits by revealing all types of practices of wichcraft linked to the supernaturel representation introduced by traditional practioners, such as the most famous Saint Būyā Umār (16th century) whou used to host the practice of chaining mentally ill people. This problematic situation sparked a great contreversy in 2015 witch ended up by its closure. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- KEYWORDS: mental ilness, traditional Moroccan medecine, Morocco, holy healers, fqīhs, supernaturel representation, Būyā Umār. [Tapez un texte] Page 9 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE L’histoire de la maladie mentale au Maroc remonte à la période préislamique avec des pratiques magico-religieuses édifiées par l’homme pour soulager la souffrance et conjurer le mauvais œil. Ce système thérapeutique est l’exemple d’une fusion remarquable entre une tradition autochtone qui constitue un fondement essentiel de l'identité marocaine et un savoir médical séculaire. Ce savoir est hérité de la tradition arabo-musulmane qui atteint son apogée entre le VIIIème et le XVème siècle grâce au mouvement de traduction des textes fondamentaux grecs, persans et indiens. Celle-ci a joué un rôle considérable dans l’histoire universelle des sciences et a contribué au développement de nombreux concepts avec d'éminents savants tels al- Rāzī, al- Farābī, Ibn Sīnā, Avenzoar, Averroès, et bien d’autres savants du Moyen- Âge. Sans oublier l'influence considérable de la médecine moderne introduite par le biais de l'occupation du territoire marocain par la France et l’Espagne. Cette richesse, nous permet d'avoir une vision plus claire de l'évolution de la conception des maladies mentales au sein de la société marocaine. Il convient de souligner qu'au Maroc, les préoccupations du système de santé étaient orientées vers d’autres priorités. Ce n’est que récemment que la psychiatrie a émergé parmi les principaux objectifs de la santé. Ce qui explique la place de la médecine traditionnelle représentée par les tradipraticiens tels que les fuqahā᾽, les voyantes, les saints guérisseurs. D’après les dernières statistiques du ministère de la santé, près de la moitié des Marocains souffrent de troubles psychiques. Afin de traiter cette maladie, la plupart des malades se dirigent vers la médecine traditionnelle qui occupe une place très importante dans le système sanitaire marocain. Cependant, peu d'attention a été accordée à ce sujet qui prend de l'ampleur au sein d'une société en pleine innovation.
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