Sistemes De Gestió De Continguts, Setembre 2012

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Sistemes De Gestió De Continguts, Setembre 2012 CMS introducció Daniel Julià Lundgren PID_00168277 CC-BY-SA • PID_00168277 CMS introducció Els textos i imatges publicats en aquesta obra estan subjectes –llevat que s'indiqui el contrari– a una llicència de Reconeixement- Compartir igual (BY-SA) v.3.0 Espanya de Creative Commons. Podeu modificar l'obra, reproduirla, distribuir-la o comunicar- la públicament sempre que en citeu l'autor i la font (FUOC. Fundació per a la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya), i sempre que l'obra derivada quedi subjecta a la mateixa llicència que el material original. La llicència completa es pot consultar a http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/es/legalcode.ca CC-BY-SA • PID_00168277 CMS introducció Índex Introducció.................................................................................................. 5 1. Definició de CMS................................................................................ 7 1.1. Avantatges i desavantatges de les opcions de codi obert respecte a les propietàries ........................................................... 7 1.2. Avantatges i desavantatges empresarials de l’ús d’un CMS de codi obert respecte a altres alternatives ...................................... 8 2. Frameworks enfront de CMS........................................................... 11 2.1. El paradigma model/vista/controlador ....................................... 11 2.2. Diferències entre un framework i un CMS complet .................... 12 2.3. Avantatges d’utilitzar un CMS respecte a altres alternatives ....... 14 3. Ús dels CMS.......................................................................................... 17 3.1. Tipus de CMS i característiques .................................................. 17 3.1.1. Segons la plataforma ..................................................... 17 3.1.2. Segons la propietat del codi .......................................... 18 3.1.3. Segons el tipus d’aplicació a desenvolupar ................... 19 4. Components del servidor necessaris per a instal·lar CMS........ 20 4.1. LAMP ........................................................................................... 20 4.2. Servidors web .............................................................................. 21 4.3. Panell de l’allotjament web ........................................................ 21 4.4. Accés per FTP .............................................................................. 23 4.5. Gestors de bases de dades ........................................................... 23 4.6. Llenguatges de programació ....................................................... 24 4.7. Allotjament web (hosting-housing) ............................................... 24 4.8. Manteniment, còpies de seguretat .............................................. 26 4.9. Servidor de proves local .............................................................. 26 5. Característiques d’un bon CMS...................................................... 29 5.1. Separació de contingut i presentació .......................................... 29 5.2. Facilitat d’ús del panell d’administració ..................................... 30 5.3. Seguretat ...................................................................................... 31 5.3.1. Algunes amenaces a la seguretat ................................... 31 5.4. Extensibilitat (plug-ins o mòduls) ............................................... 32 5.5. Escalabilitat .................................................................................. 33 5.6. Estàndards .................................................................................... 34 5.7. Sindicació de continguts (RSS i Atom) ....................................... 35 5.8. Accessibilitat ................................................................................ 36 5.9. Estabilitat ..................................................................................... 38 CC-BY-SA • PID_00168277 CMS introducció 5.10. Facilitat d’instal·lació i manteniment ......................................... 38 5.11. Facilitat d’adaptació i personalització ......................................... 39 5.12. Interconnectivitat ........................................................................ 39 5.13. Possibles aplicacions integrades en un CMS ............................... 40 6. Altres característiques dels CMS.................................................... 41 6.1. HTML5/CSS3 ............................................................................... 41 6.2. JavaScript ..................................................................................... 42 6.2.1. jQuery ............................................................................ 42 6.2.2. AJAX/JSON ..................................................................... 44 6.3. Suport per a plataformes mòbils ................................................. 45 6.4. Optimització per a SEO .............................................................. 46 6.5. Microformats i RDF ..................................................................... 47 6.5.1. Microformats .................................................................. 47 6.5.2. RDF ................................................................................. 47 7. Tipus de CMS....................................................................................... 49 7.1. Genèriques ................................................................................... 49 7.1.1. OpenCms ....................................................................... 50 7.1.2. Joomla ............................................................................ 52 7.1.3. Plone .............................................................................. 53 7.1.4. El Drupal ........................................................................ 55 7.1.5. Google Sites ................................................................... 56 7.2. Fòrums ......................................................................................... 58 7.2.1. phpBB ............................................................................. 58 7.3. Blogs ............................................................................................ 60 7.3.1. El WordPress .................................................................. 61 7.3.2. PivotX ............................................................................ 62 7.4. Wikis.............................................................................................. 63 7.4.1. MediaWiki ...................................................................... 63 7.4.2. Tiki Wiki ........................................................................ 65 7.5. Aprenentatge electrònic .............................................................. 66 7.5.1. Moodle ........................................................................... 66 7.6. Xarxes socials .............................................................................. 67 CC-BY-SA • PID_00168277 5 CMS introducció Introducció Un dels aspectes que han influït més en l’evolució d’Internet en els últims anys ha estat l’aparició de diverses einesdegestiódecontinguts o CMS (de l’anglès content management system), que han permès a una gran part de la població mundial publicar continguts fàcilment i fer-los visibles en la Xarxa. Un dels moments més importants d’aquesta evolució va ser l’expansió dels blogs personals que es va donar fa uns anys gràcies, en gran part, a l’aparició de multitud d’eines decodiobert i gratuïtes que permeten a qualsevol persona crear el seu propi blog sense tenir coneixements ni d’HTML ni de programació ni de disseny web. El món de la publicació web, que fins llavors havia estat restringit a gent amb coneixements tècnics i que es donava normalment en els àmbits universitaris, es va estendre a gran part del gran públic. En aquesta assignatura parlarem de les eines que han permès aquesta evolució, els CMS. Un d’aquests CMS, el WordPress, que veurem aquí, està pensat específicament per a la creació i manteniment de blogs i és, probablement, el CMS més uti- litzat actualment, no sols per a blogs, sinó també per a gairebé tot tipus de llocs web. L’aparició de CMS de codi obert es correspon amb l’evolució natural d’Internet. Els continguts que hi ha en el web han evolucionat des dels inicis, quan la majoria eren estàtics, de manera que a mesura que la quantitat d’informació va créixer, van necessitar ser dinàmics. Un contingut estàtic és el que es crea “manualment” escrivint el contingut juntament amb el codi HTML amb un editor web com Dreamweaver. Una pà- gina estàtica sempre es veu igual. En canvi, en un lloc web dinàmic les pàgi- nes HTML es construeixen automàticament extraient el contingut d’una base de dades. Per a això, és necessari algun llenguatge en el servidor que permeti llegir de la base de dades (fer consultes SQL) i construir el codi de la pàgina HTML. Segons els paràmetres que es passin a la pàgina (en l’URL, utilitzant “?” i “&”), el contingut de la pàgina pot variar. Aquí apareix el concepte de plantilla o tema (theme en anglès). La mateixa pàgina ha d’estar pensada per a mostrar diferents continguts de diferent extensió. CC-BY-SA • PID_00168277 6 CMS introducció Tradicionalment (especialment des de l’expansió de les pàgines web en Inter- net aproximadament en 1994 i fins a aproximadament l’any 2000), les pàgi- nes web s’havien construït estàticament o dinàmicament, mitjançant progra- mació en el servidor i la base de dades. Els llocs web amb
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