DOCSLIB.ORG

Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (AJMS)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (AJMS) View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (AJMS) ISSN: 2321-8819 (Online) Asian Journal of 2348-7186 (Print) Impact Factor: 0.92 Multidisciplinary Studies Volume 3, Issue 2, Feb. 2015 Geochemistry of Mesoproterozoic metadolerite dykes and sills of Shillong basin, Meghalaya, NE India K.P. Sarma*, J.J. Laskar, Niva Rani Devi, Nandita Mazumdar, J. Mallikharjuna Rao and M. Venkateshwarlu 1Professor – (Rtd.), Department of Geological Sciences, Gauhati University, Guwahati – 781014, India. 2Assistant Professor, Department of Geological Sciences, Gauhati University, Guwahati – 781014, India. 3Assistant Professor, Arya Vidyapeeth College, Guwahati 781016, India. 4Research Scholar, Department of Geological Sciences, Gauhati University, Guwahati – 781014, India. 5Retired Scientist, National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 606, India 6Scientist E, National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 606, India. Abstract The Shillong Basin is the only Proterozoic (Purana) basin of NE India and is an intracratonic sag basin in nature. The basin is dominantly exposed in Meghalaya and partly in Karbi Anglong district of Assam and confined in the central and eastern parts of the Shillong plateau. This Proterozoic basin was developed during early Mesoproterozoic time. The metasedimentary rock associations of this basin are classified under Lower Metapelitic and Upper Quartzitic Formations closely associated with mafic magmatism in the form of mafic sills and dykes (metadolerite, locally named as Khasi greenstone). They are metamorphosed under greenschist – amphibolite transitional facies. The present study aims at generating geochemical characteristics of the metadolerites of the basin. Mafic dykes and sills of the basement of the Shillong plateau is of Cretaceous age and excluded from the present study. Geochemically, metadolerites are subalkaline and tholeiitic in nature and emplaced in continental setting. Geochemical data, mantle normalized spidergram and chondrite normalized REE patterns suggest that they are genetically related and probably derived from the same parental source magma undergoing shallow level fractionation. Keywords: Shillong Plateau, Shillong basin, Dolerite dykes and sills, Geochemistry. Introduction evidences for distinct episodes of crust generation. Mafic dykes and sills occur in a wide variety of The chemical composition of mafic dykes and sills geological tectonic settings and their study provides provides clues to their crustal emplacement insights into geological events and continental conditions that maybe related to the prevalent breakups which ultimately help in reconstruction of tectonic stress regimes. The Shillong plateau has continents. Petrology and geochemistry of mafic played a vital role in the Precambrian history of the magmatic bodies document origin, emplacement and Indian plate and in particular northeast Indian region. growth of continental crust and provide vital The magmatic history and mafic emplacements of Fig.1 Generalised geological map of Shillong basin showing the location of metadolerites Available online at www.ajms.co.in 37 Geochemistry of Mesoproterozoic metadolerite dykes and sills of Shillong basin, Meghalaya, NE India. the Shillong plateau are important as the plateau al., 1994). Yin et al. (2010) have established three forms the northeastern margin of Indian Peninsula episodes of igneous activity at 1600 Ma, 1100 Ma and records evidence of the evolving plate boundary. and 500 Ma witnessed in the rocks of the Shillong The mafic dykes and sills in Shillong basin, an plateau. The first episode of igneous activity at 1600 intracratonic rift related sag basin of Ma is related to the collision of two proto India Mesoproterozoic age, are metadolerites (named as continents and the ductile phase that took place at Khasi greenstone by Medlicott, 1869). They are 1100 Ma under contractional mechanism induced by metamorphosed along with arenaceous and assembly of Rodinia and Eastern Gondwana. This argillaceous sediments under greenschist – finding is correlatable with the findings of Chatterjee amphibolite transitional facies (Turner, 1968). These et al. (2006) who have presented monazite date from dykes were not given much attention as compared to Goalpara and Sonapahar area as 1596±15 Ma and other mafic dykes of Indian subcontinent. Some 570± 14 Ma. Bidyananda and Deomurari (2007) sporadic works on geochemistry and have given 1.5 to 2.6 Ga dates from basement palaeomagnetism have been done by Hazara et al. gneisses. However, Chatterjee et al. (op. cit) have (2008), Mallikharjuna Rao et al. (2009), Ray et al. arguably claimed that there is no Archean rock in the (2013), Sarma et al. (2014). But the present study Shillong plateau. aims at generating geochemical data, petrographic The lithoassociations of the Shillong basin information and interpretation of origin of these constituting Shillong group (earlier Shillong series of Proterozoic Metadolerite dykes and sills of the Medlicott, 1869), is classified under two formations, Shillong Basin which is an intracratonic Purana basin namely Lower Metapelitic Formation (LMF) and of the Shillong plateau and to demonstrate important Upper Quartzitic Formation (UQF). The UQF was features of their emplacement history and source named as “Mawphlang Formation” or Shillong material. Formation (Ahmed, 1981; Barooah and Goswami, Regional geological setting 1972), whereas LMF is known as Manai Formation Shillong plateau represents a detached part by Bhattacharjee and Rahman, (1985) or Tyrsad of the Indian sub continental craton. The E-W Formation by Barooah and Goswami (1972), trending Shillong plateau is an elevated block about Barapani Formation by (Ahmed, 1981). The LMF are 600-800m above Bangladesh plain and marked by quartz – mica schist, quartz– sericite geomorphologically appears as an inverted spoon schist, biotite- sericite schist and biotite schist. The shaped structure (Duarah and Phukon, 2011). The UQF representing the upper sequence of the Shillong uplift is related to collision of Indian and Tibetan basin are of massive to more micaceous types plates during Cenozoic time (Johnson and Alam, showing primary cross stratifications and ripple 1991; Nandi, 2000 and Bilham and England, 2001). marks. They are often intercalated with thinly The plateau is bounded to the north by Brahamaputra bedded metapelites and at the contact of lineament, to the south by Dauki fault, Indo Neoproterozoic granite, contact metamorphic Myanmar Mobile Belt (IMMB) to the east and rocks (hornfelse) are observed with well developed Dhubri – Yamuna lineament to the west and is andalusite crystals. tectonically separated by Garo-Rajmahal graben Metadolerites (Khasi greenstone of from Peninsular India (Eremenco et al., 1969). It Medlicott, 1869) occur as green coloured dykes, sills constitutes the leading edge of the Indian plate or isolated linear to curvilinear bodies.They often during its oblique collision with the Australo- occur as angular rafts, fragments and subrounded Antarctic plate at ca. 500-650 Ma (Chatterjee et al., xenolithic bodies within the younger granites. They 2006). The plateau is criss crossed by numerous are compact, medium grained and rarely coarse lineaments in NE-SW, N-S and EW sdirections grained and it exhibits spheroidal blocks due to (Chattopdhyaya and Hashmi, 1984). Further, a NW- weathering. Two types of mafic bodies – massive SE tectonic Kopili lineament dissects the plateau into and foliated, from type area Leitkroh in East Khasi two blocks namely Meghalaya massif and Mikir Hills district are found (Hazara et al., 2008). Both the massif (renamed as Karbi Anglong massif by Sarma types are essentially enclosed within Upper and Dey, 1996). Quartzitic Formation of Shillong Group. But a The Shillong plateau portrays a classic notable factor is observed that the foliated type is example of basement – cover relationship where essentially enclosed within the lower metapelitic Shillong Group (SG) acts as cover and basement by formation and massive type is confined within upper Basement Gneissic Group (BGG). The BGG quartzitic formation, the latter is marginally altered comprises of metamorphites including and affected by low grade metamorphism, central quartzofeldspathic gneisses, migmatites, part being still massive. amphibolites, calc-granulites, calc-silicate rocks, The Shillong Group of metasediments has high grade schist, basic and acid intrusives been dated as 1530 – 1550 Ma (Mitra, 1998) and 1.4 andpegmatites. They are metamorphosed under to 1.9 Ga (zircon dates of metasedimentary granulite - amphibolite transitional facies. The quartzites by Bidyananda and Deomurari, 2007). granite gneiss of BGG from Patharkhang area of Neoproterozoic granites were intruded into the West Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya, is dated as Shillong basin (e.g. Mylliem pluton, Kyrdem pluton Paleoproterozoic age (Hazara et al., 2008; Ghosh et and South Khasi pluton), which have been dated as Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(2) February, 2015 38 Geochemistry of Mesoproterozoic metadolerite dykes and sills of Shillong basin, Meghalaya, NE India. 607±10 Ma (Crawford, 1969); 885 – 80 Ma (Ghosh appearance clearly indicate that there are two types et al., 1991, 1994 and Bhattacharyya and Ray of mafic bodies such as foliated and massive types Barman, 1998) andthey form another Formation and it is supported by petrographic features.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Early Cretaceous Alkaline/Ultra-Alkaline
    300 Article 300 by Rajesh K. Srivastava Early Cretaceous alkaline/ultra-alkaline silicate and carbonatite magmatism in the Indian Shield – a review: implications for a possible remnant of the Greater Kerguelen Large Igneous Province Department of Geology, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; Email: [email protected] (Received : 12/01/2019; Revised accepted : 24/07/2019) https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020017 ABSTRACT alkaline/ultra-alkaline silicate rocks is directly related to the nature The early Cretaceous (ca. 118-100 Ma) alkaline/ultra- and source of melts and their crystallization history. The origin of carbonated silicate melts through liquid-immiscibility or fractional alkaline silicate and carbonatite magmatism, exclusively crystallization suggest genetic connection between carbonate and recorded in the Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex and silicate derivatives, whereas direct genetic connection between these the Shillong Plateau-Mikir Hills in the eastern/north- two rocks is uncertain if derived directly from low-degree partial eastern regions of the Indian Shield, have been reviewed melts of carbonated mantle peridotite at deeper level (cf. Bell et al., to understand their genetic aspects. These are thought 1998; Gittins and Harmer, 2003; Srivastava et al., 2005; Mitchell, 2005; Melluso et al., 2010; Beccaluva et al., 2017). Furthermore, the to be associated to the Kerguelen hot spot, active in this spatial and temporal connections between carbonatites and Large region during ca. 118-100 Ma. The existing geochemical, Igneous Provinces (LIPs), and ultimately to plume tectonics, are also geochronological and isotopic data do not support any well established (e.g. Simonetti et al., 1998; Bell and Tilton, 2001; definite emplacement order for these diverse groups of Campbell, 2005; Ernst, 2014; Bryan and Ernst, 2008; Ernst and Bell, magmatic suites.
    [Show full text]
  • Assam: State Geology and Mineral Maps
    GSI Misc. Pub. 30 Pt. 4 Vol. 2(i) PGSI. 307 700-2009 (DSK-II) GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF ASSAM GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA Miscelleaneous Publication No. 30 Part IV Vol 2(i) Assam 150 YEARS in the service of the nation Published by the order of the Government of India 2009 GSI Misc. Pub. 30 Pt. 4 Vol. 2(i) Copy right © India, Geological Survey, 2009 First Edition : 2009 Second Reprint s: March, 2011 Manuscript processed for printing by: G. K. KESARI Geologist (Sr) under the guidance of : G. DAS GUPTA B. V. R. REDDY DR. H.S.M. PRAKASH Director Director AND Director Publication Division Publication Division Publication Division Overall supervision by: B.K. Mohanty Sudipta Lahiri U.K.Behara Ex-Dy. Director General Dy. Director General AND Director In-Charge Geological Survey of India NORTH EASTERN REGION Shillong- 793 003 Printed at ESSAR OFFSET Janapath Lane, G.S. Road, Ulubari, Guwahati-781007, Mobile : +91-9435106080 Price: Inland : Rs. 84/- Foreign : £ 3.31 or $ 4.61 GSI Misc. Pub. 30 Pt. 4 Vol. 2(i) FOREWORD The Miscellaneous Publication 30 Series of the Geological Survey of India brings out concise information on the geology and mineral resources of the states of India. The present volume Part IV, Vol. 2(i) of the series, pertaining to the state of Assam, is a revised and updated version of the first edition published in 1974. During the span of three decades since the first edition was published, enormous knowledge has been added in the sphere of geology of the area, hence warranting publication of a revised edition.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Divisions of India a Cartographic Analysis, Vol-XIV
    CENSUS OF INDIA REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA -A CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OCCASIONAL PAPERS SERIES-1 VOLUME-XIV MEGHALAYA Planning & Supervision B.K. ROY, M.A., Ph. D. Deputy Registrar General (Map) General Direction & Editing VIJAY S. VERMA of the Indian Administrative Service Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India 2 - A, Mansingh Road, New Delhi Maps included in this volume are based upon Survey of India map with the permission of the Surveyor General of India. The boundary of Meghalaya shown on the map of India is as interpreted from North-eastern areas (Reorganisa­ tion) Act, 1971, but has yet to be verified (applicable to India map only). The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line (applicable to India map only). The Indo-Bangladesh boundary shown on this map is the one existing prior to the conclusion of the agreement of May 16, 1974 between India and Bangladesh. © Government of India Copyright 1988. ~~ ~ ~~-~ HOME MINISTER INDIA NEW DELHI-110001 Oct. 26, 1988 FOREWORD Experience has taught us that planning has to be related the situation in the field in 0 rder to better respond to .Iocal aspirations and for better utilization of local resources. A lot of planning has, of necessity, t9 be for larger areas, encompassing an agglomeration of administrative units. Even such macro planning has, in order to be realistic, to be cognisant of the realities at the micro level. Correspondingly, such plans for bigger areas and involving larger outlays have also to be admini­ stered from a suitably high threshold of administrative authority and by a wide network of administra­ tive hierarchy.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Physiography of the Lower Ganges and Lower Mississippi Valleys
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1955 Comparative Physiography of the Lower Ganges and Lower Mississippi Valleys. S. Ali ibne hamid Rizvi Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Rizvi, S. Ali ibne hamid, "Comparative Physiography of the Lower Ganges and Lower Mississippi Valleys." (1955). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 109. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/109 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE LOWER GANGES AND LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEYS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography ^ by 9. Ali IJt**Hr Rizvi B*. A., Muslim University, l9Mf M. A*, Muslim University, 191*6 M. A., Muslim University, 191*6 May, 1955 EXAMINATION AND THESIS REPORT Candidate: ^ A li X. H. R iz v i Major Field: G eography Title of Thesis: Comparison Between Lower Mississippi and Lower Ganges* Brahmaputra Valleys Approved: Major Prj for And Chairman Dean of Gri ualc School EXAMINING COMMITTEE: 2m ----------- - m t o R ^ / q Date of Examination: ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to tender his sincere gratitude to Dr. Richard J. Russell for his direction and supervision of the work at every stage; to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Features, Climate and Drainage of India Hand Outs
    INDIA PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS India is the seventh largest and second most populous country in the world. Its area is 2.4% of the total world area but about 16% of the entire human races reside in its fold. In population, only the mainland China exceeds that of India. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan form the well-defined realm of south Asia often referred to as the Indian sub-continent. Lying entirely in the northern hemisphere (tropical zone), the Indian mainland extends between the latitude -8°4' N to 37°6'N and longitude -68°7' E to 97°25'E. The southernmost point in the Indian territory, the Indira Point, is situated at 6°30' north in the Andaman and Nicobar islands. The tropic of cancer passes through the centre of India. India covers an area of 3.28 million sq km and measures about 3,214 km from north to south and about 2,933 km east to west. The total length of the mainland coastland is nearly 6,400 km and land frontier about 15,200 km. The boundary line between India and China is called the McMahon line. To the north-west, India, shares a boundary mainly with Pakistan and to the east with Myanmar and Bangladesh. The Indian Ocean lies in the south. In the south, on the eastern side, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait separate India from Sri Lanka. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and the Lakshadweep islands in the Arabian Sea are parts of the Indian Territory India's relief is marked by a great variety: India can be divided into five major physiographic units: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology, Structure and Tectonics of Shillong Plateau
    © 2018 JETIR August 2018, Volume 5, Issue 8 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) GEOLOGY, STRUCTURE AND TECTONICS OF SHILLONG PLATEAU Laishram Sherjit Singh and Kh Mohon Singh Department of Environmental Studies, NEHU Shillong Department of Geology, Imphal College, Imphal Abstract-Shillong Plateau is located in the north eastern part of India. It exposes almost all kinds of rocks from Precambrian to recent. It is tectonically and seismically very active. The 1897 Great Shillong earthquake occurred at western edge of the Shillong Plateau and it uplifted the northern part of it about 10m. It captures the attention of many geoscientists. Geoscientists have been investigating the Shillong Plateau using many tools and techniques for better understanding of geology, structure and tectonics as major earthquakes are related to tectonic movements. Interestingly, it gives different results about the mechanism of upliftment of Shillong Plateau and how it detaches from Indian Shield and moves towards east to its present position. In this paper, we are presenting a brief review about geology, tectonics and structural features of Shillong Plateau. A detailed stratigraphic succession is compiled based on different sources. Keywords: Shillong Plateau, Indian Shield, Precambrian, Tectonics, Upliftment Introduction Shillong Plateau which is also known as Meghalaya Plateau is a part of the Indian Shield (Evans 1964). This plateau is bounded by the Dauki fault to the south, Kopili fault to the east, Brahmaputra fault to the north and Dhubri fault to the west. It covers an area of about 25,000 km2 (Chen and Molanar, 1990) and criss-crossed by many faults. It is separated from Indo- Myanmar Mobile belt by NE-SW trending belt of Schuppen and from Eastern Himalayas by Brahmaputra River.
    [Show full text]
  • Sedimentation and Tectonics of Lower Cenozoic Sequences From
    SEDIMENTATION AND TECTONICS OF LOWER CENOZOIC SEQUENCES FROM SOUTHEAST OF SHILLONG PLATEAU, INDIA: PROVENANCE HISTORY OF THE ASSAM-BENGAL SYSTEM, EASTERN HIMALAYAS Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this thesis is my own or was done in collaboration with my advisory committee. This thesis does not include proprietary or classified information. _____________________________________ Subhadip Mandal Certificate of Approval: _____________________ _____________________ Charles E. Savrda Ashraf Uddin, Chair Professor Associate Professor Geology and Geography Geology and Geography _____________________ _____________________ David T. King, Jr. George T. Flowers Professor Dean Geology and Geography Graduate School SEDIMENTATION AND TECTONICS OF LOWER CENOZOIC SEQUENCES FROM SOUTHEAST OF SHILLONG PLATEAU, INDIA: PROVENANCE HISTORY OF THE ASSAM-BENGAL SYSTEM, EASTERN HIMALAYAS Subhadip Mandal A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate faculty of Auburn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Auburn, Alabama December 18, 2009 SEDIMENTATION AND TECTONICS OF LOWER CENOZOIC SEQUENCES FROM SOUTHEAST OF SHILLONG PLATEAU, INDIA: PROVENANCE HISTORY OF THE ASSAM-BENGAL SYSTEM, EASTERN HIMALAYAS Subhadip Mandal Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this thesis at its discretion, upon the request of individuals or institutions and at their expense. The author reserves all publication rights. _________________________ Signature of Author _________________________ Date of Graduation iii VITA Subhadip Mandal, son of Baidyanath Mandal and Amita Mandal, was born in January 21, 1981, at Birbhum, West Bengal, India. He completed his schooling from Nalhati H.P High School in 1998. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in geology (honors) from T.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Early Cretaceous Sub-Alkaline Mafic
    Geochemistry and petrogenesis of early Cretaceous sub-alkaline mafic dykes from Swangkre-Rongmil, East Garo Hills, Shillong plateau, northeast India Rajesh K Srivastava∗ and Anup K Sinha Igneous Petrology Laboratory, Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India. ∗e-mail: [email protected] Numerous early Cretaceous mafic and alkaline dykes, mostly trending in N-S direction, are emplaced in the Archaean gneissic complex of the Shillong plateau, northeastern India. These dykes are spatially associated with the N-S trending deep-seated Nongchram fault and well exposed around the Swangkre-Rongmil region. The petrological and geochemical characteristics of mafic dykes from this area are presented. These mafic dykes show very sharp contact with the host rocks and do not show any signature of assimilation with them. Petrographically these mafic dykes vary from fine-grained basalt (samples from the dyke margin) to medium-grained dolerite (samples from the middle of the dyke) having very similar chemical compositions, which may be classified as basaltic-andesite/andesite. The geochemical characteristics of these mafic dykes sug- gest that these are genetically related to each other and probably derived from the same parental magma. Although, the high-field strength element (+rare-earth elements) compositions disallow the possibility of any crustal involvement in the genesis of these rocks, but Nb/La, La/Ta, and Ba/Ta ratios, and similarities of geochemical characteristics of present samples with the Elan Bank basalts and Rajmahal (Group II) mafic dyke samples, suggest minor contamination by assimilation with a small amount of upper crustal material. Chemistry, particularly REE, hints at an alkaline basaltic nature of melt.
    [Show full text]
  • D:\Pinsa 2020\March-Iugs\Map\Ma
    Volume 86 (1), March Spec.Issue 2020 Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy Special Issue : 36th IGC 2020 Geoscience Research in India: The Indian Report to IUGS 2016-2020 (Part II) Guest Editors A K Jain and D M Banerjee Full text available at: http://www.insa.nic.in Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 86 No. 1 March 2020 pp. 775-875 Printed in India. DOI: 10.16943/ptinsa/2020/49834 The Indian Subcontinent: Its Tectonics A K JAIN1,* and D M BANERJEE2,* CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee 247 667, India Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India A new geological and tectonic map of the India Subcontinent is presented with a brief description of its various elements. The map cover parts of India, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Pakistan and some of the offshore regions. The Extra-Peninsular region includes the Cenozoic Himalayan Orogen in Pakistan, India Nepal, Bhutan and its possible extension into Myanmar. This belt is separated fronm the Peninsular region by the vast late Cenozoic-Pleistocene Indo-Gangetoc-Brahmaputra Basin. The Peninsular India is mostly composed of six Archean-Proterozoic cratonic nuclei with indications of Hadean elements in Singhbhum. Proterozoic mobile belts surround these nuclei; hence the peninsular part might have been a single continent till end of Proterozoic. Deformation and metamorphism gradually decreased in their intensity, when vast Proterozoic sedimentary basins evolved over the Indian cratons and mobile belts unconformably. Paleo-Mesozoic rifts created the coal-bearing Gondwana basins, followed by marine transgressions before the onset of extensive Deccan volcanic eruptions in the western parts of the continent.
    [Show full text]
  • Newscliping Data English
    Environmental Newclipings Data in Newspapers S. No. Volume Date Newspaper Title News Detail 1 6 26-Mar-98 THE INDIAN EXPRESS Development vs displacement: a struggle simmers at Part of Gurez Valley, in north Kashmir along the line of control, an the border ancient tribe is fighting the lone battle against a dam which is considered crucial for the development of the region. In the remote corner of India the valley is the homeland of 25,000 Dard Shin tribes will be submerged once the proposed dam of the Kishen Ganga is built. The land acquisition notices for the Rs.2000 crore 330MW hydro-electric project have already been sent. Dawar, the capital of Gurez and hub of all socio- cultural activity in the area will be drowned and the displacement will not only endanger a language and a particular ethnic community but also their homeland along with the significant archaeological treasure. The government, however, insists that the project is vital for the development of the region and displacement a small price to pay for it and the displaced population will be adequately take care of. 2 6 7-Apr-98 THE FINANCIAL EXPRESS Centre to aid J&Ks revival package for tourism The centre government will give full support to the special packages sector being worked out with leading financial institutions by the Jammu & Kashmir government for revival of the militancy-torn state economy. Leading financial institutions like IFCI, IDBI and many banks will be participating in implementing these packages. The package aims direct finance at subsidised interest rate to entrepreneurs for different categories of tourism activities in the state including that for guest houses, motorboats, travel and excursion and tourist transport.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOGRAPHY Geography Is That Branch of Knowledge- Which Links the Study of Natural World to That of Society
    1 GEOGRAPHY Geography is that branch of knowledge- which links the study of natural world to that of society. It is the frame work of various fields of study which cover origin and development of universe, land scapes and its natural environment and pressure created over them, the global and local changes in the world and how and upto what extent the society is contributing in these changes. In this section we are going to cover all these above mentioned aspects in details. Greek Scholar Eratosthenes is first man to discuss about Geography. It’s the combination of two greek words and Geo means earth and graphy” means write. Thus geography means to write about the Earth or “earth descriptions”. Various other geographers defined Geography as follows: In Classical Period (i) Pythagoras, a great Greek philosopher and mathematician, was the first to say that the Earth is spherical and revolves around the sun. (ii) Herodotus Greek historian is known as the “Father of history”. He explained the deposition of silt in the Nile delta. (iii) Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.) another Greek philosopher explained the eclipses. (iv) Eratosthenes (276 - 194 B.C) a Greek poet, mathematician observing the angle of the noon day Sun at Syene and at Alexandria. (v) Hipparchus (190 - 120 B.C.) was perhaps the greatest of the Greek astronomers. (vi) Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.). He wrote the book ‘Geography’ and he described system of latitudes and longitudes. He was a cartographer and he evolved the science of map-making. Modern Geography 1. Bernhardus Varenius (1622-1650) first recognised the need for organisation of geographical knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • RELIEF FEATURES of INDIA BY: NEETU SINGH Expanse, Height
    RELIEF FEATURES OF INDIA BY: NEETU SINGH Expanse, height and location of India's landforms (plains, plateaus, hills and mountains) have played a significant role not only in influencing her past history but also her climate, land-use, means of transportation and distribution of population, etc. Their study in relation to man and his needs is vital. The following are the four major physiographic divisions of India: (a) A high mountain barrier formed by the Himalayas in the north and the Eastern Highlands also known as Purvachal in the east. (b) The Plains of Northern India or the Great Plains of India (c) The Plateau of Peninsular India, stretching south of the Plains of Northern India (d) The Coastal Lowlands fringing the Plateau of Peninsular India These four regions are distinctly different from one another in respect of their surface configuration. Whereas the Himalayas are young fold mountains with great magnitude of local relief, highly uneven surface, very steep slopes, little level land and young river valleys, the Peninsular India is an old shield block having peneplain areas (due to prolonged erosion), relict mountains and old river valleys. The Plains of Northern India on the other hand are flat and alluvial without any local relief except bluffs of the old banks of the rivers and are of recent origin. The Coastal Lowlands are flat with deltas protruding and land generally rolling. (a) The Himalayas The Himalayas form a highly rugged and continuous stretch of high mountainous country, which flanks northern India for a considerable length and runs between the Brahmaputra Gorge in the east and the Indus in the west.
    [Show full text]