2 reported 1 activities, seismic past the including attempt collaborative a Also faults. causative various much mandatory including the identification of contributing sources for future very earthquakes and s is level local on study detailed a seismicity; regional the highlighting in provisions code IS present magnit of earthquake earthquake would be an catastrophic. Further considering th of occurrence The respectively. levels urban the earthquake the of occurrence the of casualtie time the during population minimal relatively of presence the to due However places. several at earth the of face the changed also and present structures the damagesto is located at the boundary of India and Bangladesh. The great The plateau is spread acro movement activity andrecentfaults seismic oftheinandaround theplateau. orientation, location, the of terms in works previous the of made been has comparison A done. been has casualties of number the structures, various to damage of the seismicity of the plateau a detailed review on the devastation caused by these large earthquakes in terms This paper presents a destruction of theinfrastructure. values for the plateau and many of the past reported earthquakes have shown moderate damages to complete studies in the different along aobserved were magnitudes various of earthquakes 200 of total and found were 8.0 than greater magnitude of earthquakes potential maximum various country, the in the future occurrence of la of the plateau and the surrounding areas provide evidence of large earthquakes prior to 1897. This confirms earthquake which is considered as on earthquakes the 1869 Cachar earthquake (M 7.5) and the 1943 Assam earthquake (Ms 7.2). lies the Kopili fault separating the of the of future large earthquakes. the of tectonicsthe study detailed of A earthquakes. Shillon The A.Kumar Baro O. SP AN INSIGHT INTOTHE SHILLONG PLATEAU SEISMICITY: A REVIEW 1 , s were very less. As per 2011 census the population of the plateau is 1.4 and 3.5 million at city and Civil Engineering 2 th lies the Dauki Fault which caused the 1923 Meghalaya earthquake (Ms 7.1). To the east of t ,
Civil Engineering Department Civil Engineering 50 g P g past have also proposed bedrock level of ground acceleration in the range of moderate to high lateau IGC
review of the past earthquakes in and around the plateau. In order to better understand
(SP)
Department ss an area of approximately 50,000km rge earthquakes in the plateau. , in northeast India, i India, northeast in , The
SP SP , Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), Pune, India Pune, 1854), (Estd. Engineering of College Venue: 17 50 Research Scholar Research is situated amongst a maze of several crisscrossing faults. , e of the great earthquakes of India also Assistant Professor Assistant th from the Mikir hills. In the past the Kopili fault had caused two major th
– INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE GEOTECHNICAL INDIAN
19 ABSTRACT O. Baro th
DECEMBER 2015, Pune, Maharashtra, India Maharashtra, Pune, 2015, DECEMBER s a complex tectonic region with a record of past large large past of record a with region tectonic complex a s , 1 Guwahati , A.Kumar SP , Guwahati
is e poor construction practices and the limitation of Based on recent
required to understand and minimize the impacthe understandminimize requiredandto and the geological changes made in the region region the in made changes geological the and , India, [email protected] India, Assam
, 2 India, India, 2
in the northeastern part of the country and
earthquake of 1897 caused tremendous [email protected] d smlr o h 19 Assam 1897 the to similar ude studies done at the national level occurred in the SP
segments of the SP the of segments
The 1897 Assam . To the south The geology
lips alonglips
. Several .
he SP t
Keywords: of the plateau. tectonics the understand to necessary are measurements GPS as well as records motion ground damages,
th
50 Shillong Plate IGC au, seism
Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), 1854), (Estd. Engineering of College Venue: 17 5 icity, earthquakes, past 0 th th
INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE GEOTECHNICAL INDIAN –
19 th
DECEMBER 2015 DECEMBER surface deformations , Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, Maharashtra,
Pune, India Pune, India
world. the seismically in activeregions most one of 1897 Assam earthquake occurren the by demonstrated been Shillongactive Plateau where (SP) deformation has the Indian shield within Himalaya is the of south expression the in topographicobserved little region prominen northern the to contrast In region. Bihar 1934 been have traced back to the earthquake the faults lying in Assam the Himalayan 1950 both the and earthquake the of epicenters magnitude of earthquake Assam magnitudeof 1934 of (M magnitude of 1897 of earthquake Assam the being of three great earthquakes had hit the country. The first cause primary Duringyears ofapproximately a span 50of history, the be to occurren earthquake thought is faults two the these along movement tectonic The plates. tectonic of this convergence of continued result and a collision as formed thus were thrusts and Him of formation the in resulted topography, prominent as itself manifests movements tectonic the of result a as deformation This Asia. eastern and central in deformation spread wide caused have Eurasia with India of convergence continued and collision The INTRODUCTION plateau understandto presentthe state of seismic hazard. deformat day present geological changes, structural damages and loss of life during each of these earthquakes. This study also reviews the earthquakes. This paper presents a detailed discussion on the devastations caused by the past earthquakes in felt terms of damages the highlighted have studies research Several faults. surrounding ABSTRACT: A O. Baro . Kumar2 W AN INSIGHTINTO THE SHILLONG PLATEAU SEISMICITY: A REVIEW lyn onan ag. eea fut, folds faults, Several range. mountain alayan )
8.1, followed by the Bihar the by followed 8.1,
1 th ,
ResearchScholar 50 , Assistant Professor, Professor, Assistant
[1]. The The Shillong Plateau (SP) is surrounded by several faults. Earthquakes were felt in the SP
The sole exception seems to be the IGC ion of the SP, thus highlighting the need for detailed regional studies to be conducted in the in conducted be to studies regional detailed for need the highlighting thus SP, the of ion ces in the Indian subcontinent. Indian the in ces
(M [2] , L ) IIT Guwahati,[email protected] . The northeast region is 8.4 and finally the 1950 finallythe and 8.4 IIT Guwahati, t topography of the the of topography t
- Nepal earthquake earthquake Nepal Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), 1854), (Estd. Engineering of College Venue: 17 5 0 ( e f h great the of ce Ms th th
INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE GEOTECHNICAL INDIAN – )
19 8.7. [email protected] th -
Nepal DECEMBER 2015 DECEMBER The The
intricate tectonic setting of setting tectonic intricate the north and the Indo to arc Himalayan the between jawed is region This have been found to originate in the faults faults the in originate to found surrounding SP. the been have damages. Also several other past major structural spread wide caused and fissures ground sand several of formation great and Myanmar in the east. The earthquake this caused the from shaking earthquake was felt The as far as central India in the SP. west the bordering have earthquake of 1897 had occurred on one of the faults have studies faults Past these along resulted in high seismic activity in the SP in the past. movements Tectonic north the in region of the Indian pl existing faults of number A re very EQ(Mw 6.9)Sikkim [3] the and Dhubri EQ(Mw=5.1) Assam Assam 2009 EQ(Ms=7.3), Manipur 1950 1988 8.7), 1930 EQ(Mw= EQ(Ms=7.7), 1947 Pradesh EQ(Ms=7.2), Arunachal Assam EQ(Ms=7.1), 1943 EQ(Ms=7.1), 1923 EQ(Mw=8.1), Meghalaya Assam 1897 EQ(Mw=7.5), region the in occurred Some of the well several in the region has led to the formation of several faults and thrusts
past past , major to great earthquakes in the region. . Such faults had become the sources of Pune, Pune, - known earthquakes (EQs) that had
in the SP during many of the past the of many during SP the in Maharashtra, Maharashtra,
- ugse ta te Assam the that suggested ate ate are located around the SP. Burmese arc to the east.
.
nld the include
vents, liquefied sites and sites liquefied vents, the Pune, India Pune,
northeastern region region northeastern India 89 Cachar 1869
earthquakes earthquakes
due to these c
ent 2011 2011 ent
- eastern This This
Fig. 1 1 Fig. in shown as east latitude 25°10'00"N and longitude 93°02'00"E in the 25°14'30"N and longitude 91°13'00"E in the west to approximatelyIt from latitude 320kmlong. extends The of the fault plateau isthe Kopili the west of the SP is the Dhubri fault and to the east side lies the Dapsi thrust within the plateau itself. In plateau lies the Dauki fault and in the south plateau the itself within existing faults different the as in Fig.1 shown as 92°0'0"E longitude and N 25°34'60" [4 over spread is SP The PLATEAU SHILLONG THE OF SETTING TECTONIC ] Te oriae o te P r a latitude at are SP the of coordinates .The
ak fut yn t te ot o te P is SP the of south the to lying fault Dauki are also shown in Fig.1 [5] [5]
Active sources and pastof the earthquakeand Active details sources .
th V 50 arious faults surrounding the SP as well as SP surroundingthe faults arious
IGC
prxmtl 47,614km approximately [5]
Latitude (N) (Degree) different are There .
Scale: 1:4,323,000 Scale:
28.00
26.00
27.00
25.00
24.00 . . To the south of the
0
kilometers Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), 1854), (Estd. Engineering of College Venue: 17 5 0 th th
D
Samin Fault Samin
Dapsi Thrust Dapsi
Chedrang Fault Chedrang INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE GEOTECHNICAL INDIAN –
100
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Main Central Thrust (MCT) Thrust Central Main
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u DECEMBER 2015 DECEMBER
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SP [5] SP
DudhnoiFault
SHILLONG PLATEAU SHILLONG
1923
1897
91.00
1918
Longitude (E) (Degree) Longitude ed that the sediments of the Surma valley Surma the of sediments the that ed about the orientation of the Dauki fault. fault. Dauki the of orientation the about s
M
2009
a ,
i [7]
n Pune, Pune, [6]
B
1943
o
ust. The Dapsi thrust is a
u , the Dauki fault is not a single fault ih h hl o rmt sensing remote of help the with
n
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o y
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i a
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-
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r plateau plateau
a further further . Also, .
h
m
a
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oghmnh st i Mgaaa This Meghalaya. At another site at Bedabari, near the Krishnai River, earthquakeAssam 1897 the be in to deduced was alterations these for earthquake corresponding site Rongkhaminchi major a a layer, years clay≤50 occurred have to found this was earthquake at collected samples clay layer of 1m height overlying the into breaking dykes sand thick 30cm 8m, of depth the a At Assam. in to River Krishnai the close Jira, at rivers was site first The Dudhnai fault. Chedrang the the of and valley river Krishnai alluvium the in sites various paleo The liquefaction studies for the 1897 Assam earthquake. earthquakes past to EARTHQUAKE attempted p have studies Previous earthquakes. REPORTED Clearly, the SP has undergone various major to great SHILLONGDAMAGES INTHE PLATEAU PAST the seismic potential isvery ofthe SP important. [1 fault, the Dudhnoi fault and the Barapani shear zone within the SP include the Chedrang fault, the Samin existing faults of set This itself. plateau the within exist also faults of set another SP the surrounding m As couldfuture beexpected inthe earthquake major a and region the of faults active seismically most the of one is fault Kopili the that speculations to led has fault the along discovered north d a with faulting slip strike and normal a fault Kopili the below 50km of depth approximate an at concentrated was activities seismic the of intensity the that found was It fault. Kopili the within exists 1 Fig. Main the in from shown as Himalaya the in (MCT) Thrust Central originates fault This hills. Mikir the and SP the between lies which fault wide 50km The Kopili fault is approximately a 300km long and Mikir the lie SP the of northeast the Towards go. Similar results were obtained from the the from obtained were results Similar go. rovide information about the damages caused by by caused damages the about information rovide 0,
8] [8, 9 [8, -
eastern direction. The recent seismicity seismicity recent The direction. eastern [5]
nind ale aat rm h faults the from apart earlier entioned as shown in Fig.1 in shown as th . As per As . ]. The Kopili fault was also found to haveto found alsowas fault Kopili The ]. -
iufcin tde wr cnutd at conducted were studies liquefaction 50 IGC . [8]
[11
high level of seismic activ seismic of level high
was found [11,12] ,
[5] 12] . Hence understanding Hence
[8,
odce paleo conducted
9]. Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), Pune, India Pune, 1854), (Estd. Engineering of College Venue: 17 50
th th
– INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE GEOTECHNICAL INDIAN
19 . From the
ip in the in ip [11 south of south th
DECEMBER 2015, Pune, Maharashtra, India Maharashtra, Pune, 2015, DECEMBER , hills. hills. 12]
ity a - . liquefaction studies performed by [11,12], the return occurred before 600AD suggested Beltaghat, Another 700 to back dating earthquake Beltaghat near the Krishnai collected during earthquake 1450 major a concluded sites from samples these the all Testing shaking. seismic to were samples found at sedimentary which had beds deformed due organic River, Dudhnai the along f were similar dykes sand Nayapara at Again found. were reservoir sand the above layer silt the intruding 2m of height a to rose had that dykes sand site, Kharidhara the clay and sand subsurface layers were found. Also at clear signs of shaki dykes two trenches. first the of south further dug was trench third The first the near dug trench second the by clay and sand of layers alternate upper the intrude to found was dyke sand dyke trench was located 0.5km south of Jira where a sand 4 long, along Chedrangfault the paleo attempt, studies the to Similar earthquake similar. itselfwere found and 1897 to prior Further SP. the of origin the for responsible are past the in reported earthquakes great to major that suggested stated thatpaleo of liquefaction earthquakes 6.0 past as magnitude SP the in phenomenon that concluded 12]. [11, suggested occur earthquakes in SP. Also, for the great earthquakes to yearsperiod of 400to600 was concluded for major -
60 AD 1650 a found was which in the SP the in - ,
5m wide and 5m deep wer deep 5m and wide 5m
the sand dykes formed du formed dykes sand the during paleo site located 200m downstream of of downstream 200m located site another major earthquake that had had that earthquake major another
[11, 12] [11, cut through alternat This - liquefaction studies were conducted conducted were studies liquefaction
, a return period of 500 years was was years 500 of period return a , - - - the paleo liquefaction liquefaction studies liquefaction studies as per [11, 12] as studies per12] [11, liquefaction [11, . ha 6.5
liquefaction is not a common common a not is liquefaction rm did riverbed dried a from those formed by the 1897 1897 the by formed those
ound and at the Dainadubi site, site, Dainadubi the at and ound trench trench ng and faulting of the alternating .
The above discussion clearly discussion above The 12] ute, h aoe studies above the Further, icse above discussed
[11, [11, 12] which was also was which [13] - consisted of inclined sand d . liquefaction study
River evidenced ae on Based . Four trenches 5 o triggered not - .Based on the paleo 1050 AD 1050 e layers layers of ring e dug. The first first The dug. e on peat sam
the i another in , earthquakes earthquakes trench
[13] confirmed
[11, sand sand and samples
a major , Assam Assam
Th . site at
-
[13] 10m 10m 12 any any ple is ] - . . undergone had buildings public city, Shillong 14 the till night of 10 continued that Goalpara in shocks severe Guwahati. in this earthquake to due occurred had life of loss no However, brick buildings in Guwahati had undergone damage. crac slight and cracks horizontal suffered had Guwahati in jail the per a As shocks. minor by of number followed was shock primary the Guwahati, rule British the under (GSI) Superintend the by Oldham, Thomas by and (TSI) India of Survey reported were damages Captain Godwin The of parts India. some eastern and India northeast over entirely fault Kopili across spread were earthquake this to the due damages within located was 10 on (M 1869 of Earthquake Cachar The 1869 Cachar Earthquake ha which centuries few last changed the have in earthquakes occurred great to major or several AD before) (1000 times prehistoric the to addition In majo region.the SP in a ago years 1200±100 of approximately earthquake occurrence clear of a was the tree indication dead and old year trenches 1200 four a of the finding all in dykes sand the investigations past the in earthquakes greatto of liquefaction phenomenon in the and dykes slumping of sand the clay layers the of study The found. was layers sand and clay alternating of consisting bed river dried a trench the of base the at Further ago. died found was it trunk, tree the of dating carbon on Based surface. ground a a Meghalaya where Mendipathar, dug near slumping as reported by [13]. clay. dead tree dead th Jan th Among these, layers of clay were found found were clay of layers these, Among uary
Jan the topography of the SP the topography th
th 50
uary
n o te elgcl uvy f India of Survey Geological the of ent was found was 1869. In the Khasi Hills to the west of west the to Hills Khasi the In 1869. Jan ,
[13 ks in the arches as well. Also, the the Also, well. as arches the in ks uary Te pcne o ti earthquake this of epicenter The . -
Austen, surveyor of Topographical IGC ] concluded that the presence of presence the that concluded ]
1869 1869 and were again felt on the at a depth of 4m below the the below 4m of depth a at Oldham [16] Oldham about
indicated indicated the occurrence
[15 The fourt
[13 1200 to 1300 years 1300 to 1200 , 16]
[16]
conside area due to major Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), 1854), (Estd. Engineering of College Venue: 17 5 ] W . From the field field the From . 0 . In the city of city the In . th
th , the walls of walls the , 7.5) occurred occurred 7.5)
had reported had h trench was INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE GEOTECHNICAL INDIAN – t great to r
[14] 19 rably trunk of trunk th
The . DECEMBER 2015 DECEMBER .
the the d
this earthquake h earthquake this area the in occurred had vents sand and fissures ground of number a Also, earthquake. the to due shallower almost an hour and the depth of the river bed became [15] had wood and [16 River River inAssamand inBangladesh theSurma reported fiss two King’s Manipuri the of damage complete the highlighted Manipur reported SP the in city Guwahati of south 48km Deputy [ and bungalow cou Overseer’s Commissioner’s the of the walls and arches The damages. severe to moderate forward while one of the the of one while forward road trunk earthquake valley Assam the sites liquefied and flooding and landslides at several p vents sand of number season monsoon the of peak [2] level by and mud affected forme were severelyvents sand Assam, was Assam fissuring Dhubri, in bazaar DhubriThe tributaries. various its and River appeared Indian the across subcontinent places also several were Damages from SP. reported the in damages spread but SP the of topography the 8.1 was this from shaking earthquake this of magnitude 1897 the transformed the landscape of the massive SP. As per The during India. of shaking earthquakes great the of known is 1897 of earthquake Assam The 1897 Assamearthquake per [15]. 16] ] rs and ures
Te river The . In . , during the main event
severe shocks in Nongpoh which is located located is which Nongpoh in shocks severe n Damage . .
.
even
in Manipur, along the banks of the Jiri Jiri the of banks the along Manipur, in orth Cachar, orth parallel to the banks of the Brahmaputra the of banks the to parallel Since this Since . The abutments of the bridge on Grand Grand on bridge the of abutments The . F located located , rhr at f hbi t Rowmari, at Dhubri of east urther
Pune, Pune, [3 omto of formation upto a height ] however however . Large fissures of 18 to 30m to 18 of Large fissures . aa hd flowe had Barak ad lasted til lasted ad
earthquake reports collected by [16] [16] by collected reports west of Guwahati were moved moved were Guwahati of west
Maharashtra, Maharashtra, earthquake had occurred at the the at occurred had earthquake tos wr cra were rthouse were triggered during this this during triggered were - tre bik os. Ground house. brick storied the native houses of bamboo of houses native the
many uvvd hs earthquake this survived [15] of 1m above the ground Pune, India Pune, ad vents sand it , l 1 l had not only transformed transformed only not d which ejected sand sand ejected which d . The aftershocks for Assam piers
st had increased the the increased had Feb d also caused wide wide caused also laces throughout India backwards for for backwards ruary had cked. earthquake earthquake
were also also were
( were also also were
tilted due tilted Mw be to
1869 as 1869 [17] As Also . width width ) from .The .The
one one
per per the
on theRossi Assam 1897 the by SP the in reported damages severe the stones hurled into the air observations reported on based force earth’sgravitational than greater be reportedto was this at monoliths Khasi Maokhar,Mao these of their of Several memory ancestors. the in monoliths stone flat and the of Khasi tribes of Meghalaya is traditions to erect a set of ancient upright the of one that observed casualties the occurred had of tombstones and roads subsidence houses, the to damages the to due intermed or hills distant the of uplift the to due either was This earthquake. afte visible became valley Mawphlang the of 25 1897 of wer and turned twisted also cemetery the of pillars gate and tombs The survived. however had mortar lime with bound masonry or wood of built houses destroyed were Office the as Telegraph well the and church local house, Government as people the of houses masonry the to turned vari A at Guwahati the along [18] lakes occurred per forming As and locations. courses water The plinth. masonry the had ground of collapse the to due most of the masonry houses were severely damaged Gar West the in Tura of town hilly the and Nongpoh at reported were landslides the the result, houses the a and bazaars As River. Brahmaputra the in level 3m waves standing to rise gave earthquake w liquefaction to lso as th
Brahmaputra River e thrown over. As per [18] per As over. thrown e July 1897. The hills behind the hill to the west the to hill the behind hills The 1897. July
rise earthquake. The vertical acceleration at the SP the at acceleration vertical The earthquake. flooded flooded due to the monsoons. Shaking from the ,
h hue ad rde in bridges and houses the eart
in the water level level water the in Assam ae il [18] hills iate th
rubble. According to [ to According rubble. mainly mainly due to landslides [18]. Kumar [ eutd approximately resulted
hquake, [20] hquake, 50 - Forel theplateau. to scale rce ad ld t lcs blocking places at slid and cracked
phlang and Maosmai had fallen afterfallen had Maosmai and phlang at its base its at earthquake were reported to last till till last to reported were earthquake IGC
were flooded [2]
. In Cherrapunji, similar similar Cherrapunji, In . located located attributed an intensity of X of intensityan attributed in in fsue ad landslides and fissures , at several . The . above the existing water water existing the above the - Shillong o hills [18] hills o , several aftershocks aftershocks several , Brahmaputra Riv Brahmaputra 18] hlog city Shillong along the banks of banks the along Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), 1854), (Estd. Engineering of College Venue: 17 5 bv areas above locations
, the bazaar and and bazaar the , 0 th th 500 to 600 600 to 500
INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE GEOTECHNICAL INDIAN
– (G . Numerous
mentioning mentioning
resulted in resulted 19 . At Tura At . - S) . Due to th
. The The . DECEMBER 2015 DECEMBER r this this r road
had had ous 1 the the 9] er .
lasted for several minutes minutes several for lasted of the SP. The intense shaking occurred fault tothe theDhubri located west within The 1930 Dhubri earthquake of magnitude 7.1 earthquake1930 Dhubri and Cherrapunji Bangladesh, Guwahati i in Mymensingh across and felt Midnapore Narayanganj. damages heavy Also were reported in was Chittagong, shaking Barisal, ground Srimangal, the south the In Bengal. Nagrakata inWest and Borjuli in Assam fro the regarding However knowledge earthquake. particular this of during caused dearthdamages a is There magnitude 7.1 On 9 1923 Meghalaya earthquake n hrauj however considerable Cherrapunji In materials. light available locally other and 1897 bamboo after that fact the Assam earthquake, ofthe most houses with attributed be may the building damages were comparatively less Dhubri 1930 shaking ground of the during earthquake. reported were scale Cherrapunji and Shillong Assam in Guwahati and VI of intensity by reported were earthquake this during vents sand and fissures River, the Garo hills near the of N west the To damages. severe underwent others suffered some affected; were VIII. of Dhubri in the south Meghalaya, in Tura scale. Forel Rossi the on was the worst affected region with an intensity of IX t proximity close in lying town and north Bhutan the Nepal, in Sikkim and west the in Patna south, 80,0000km the in Kolkata east, the in approximately Manipur and Dibrugarh over spread The damages. m the southern part of Meghalaya, th
In Tura several of the government buildings buildings government the of several Tura In September 1923 the Meghalaya earthquake of ,
many n Indian by , As per Pune, Pune, damages due to poor construction construction poor to due damages area affected area (Ms) I on Rossi Forel scale Forel Rossi on I
SP of the past studies report damages damages report studies past the of
[22] , was shaken with an intensity of re Maharashtra, Maharashtra, occurred ported in the city of Shillong of city the in ported [21] [3]
[22]. [22]. , in spite of the high intensity - . S S trend of the Brahmaputra
and A per As . parts of
Pune, India Pune, by this earthquake this by Further, as per as Further,
on the Dauki fault causing an intensity of VI of intensity an minor damages while while damages minor due to this
the houses faced faced houses the te hbi fault Dhubri the o
SP [22] India
on Rossi Forel
Sivasagar Sivasagar and for Goalpara Goalpara for wide spread spread wide were of built
h Dhubri the earthquake earthquake
2 [22],
. This (Ms) (Ms) from
was was
[3]
for for an .
statusseismic oftheSP. more clear and updated knowledge about the present slip situ the identify possible locations of to GPS of help the with b times recent have studies sensing remote several mind, in this Keeping researchers. many by highlighted been has region a of seismicity true the understanding in codes IS present the of limitation earthquakes past TheSP. the of seismicpotential the upon lightshed surrou the faults the of in originating reports damage The the is valley Assam foreshockBhutanearthquake. the of the in earthquake August per As earthquake. 2009 August 19th had si earthquake This fault. Kopili same the along 19th August 2009 earthquake was felt in Bhutan and the of north 100km approximately located 6.3 Mw magnitude of earthquake another 2009 September right lateral strike slip mo undergon had fault The 10km. approximately of depth a at fault Kopili the on recorded was 5.1 Mw O 2009 Assamearthquake reported [3]. th to due buildings damaged grou the and of Fissures noise. unevenness rumbling a of report the and night the in people up woke that earthquake the by brought shaking intense the of is information The only earthquake. Assam 1943 the about available earthqu Cachar 1869 the caused previously had which fault Kopili in Hojai the was earthquake this of fault source of The Assam. east earthquake 13.6km located an was earthquake by hit this of again epicenter The October. of 23rd on (Ms=7.2) once was Assam 1897 the After 1943 Assamearthquake was practices. milar focal depth and focal mechanism as that of that as mechanism focal and depth focal milar n 19th August 2009, an earthquake of magnitude magnitude of earthquake an 2009, August 19th n
also reported
mapping in the SP. SP. the mappingin th N 50 umber of aftershocks
ake
sa earthquake Assam IGC even
[3]
strain strain accumulation and the in
Vr ltl ifrain is information little Very . till 5thJulytill 1930
vement as per [9]
d flig f re and trees of falling nd,
e earthquake were also also were earthquake e Such studies Such
nding the plateau plateau the nding e cnutd in conducted een for this earthquake Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), 1854), (Estd. Engineering of College Venue: 17 5 0 te tt of state the ,
th th
INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE GEOTECHNICAL INDIAN [9] –
[22] 19 provide a a provide
. On 21st the 19th the th .
DECEMBER 2015 DECEMBER e a e -
of convergence in the Indo in the northeastern Himalaya as well as 8 proposed the within 1.5±1 only the in occurring to according ho shortening 3.3±1.3 of rate a at faults Oldham the and Dauki the along vertically rising is SP the that shortening. also is and uplifted being by conducted 6.3±3.8 of velocity a with towardsmoving south is SP the that [23] by Himalayas the along plates Eurasian D PLATEAU PRESE esiiy f h zn. n q () aus f h b the of values (1) Eq. In zone. the of seismicity the describes parameters b and a m, ≥ magnitude where, log Gutenberg the by recurrence relation characterized was zone source the of each of seismicity The 8. zone two groupedth under was Valley Assam region thirty its into and SP The divided zones. source seismic was country entire the analysis hazard seismic probabilistic the perform Disaster To India. for National analysis hazard seismic probabilistic the country Authority the Management of rest the as well as SP the of hazard seismic day present the understanding of view the With earthquakes. future from plateau the of potential hazard the of picture 1.5 ± deformati 2.9 ongoing of slip a with east of the SP is also undergoing active deformation mm/year also observed on the eastern edge of the plateau at 6 3 at south western part of the the in occurring eformation in the collision zone of the Indian and and Indian the of zone collision the in eformation 10 푁 . As per the study by study the per As . ( NT SEISMICITY OF THE SHILLONG THE OF SEISMICITY NT N(m) N(m) 푚 . As per per As .
that 1.5 to 3.5 mm/year ) mm/year SP ,
mm/year = Pune, Pune, iotly t 4±2 at rizontally [17] Aohr td promd by performed study Another . [24] is the number of earthquakes of of earthquakes of number the is 푎 SP − [27] SP
SP on in the SP presents a clear clear a presents SP the in on . showed that the the that showed , similar clockwise rotation was was rotation clockwise similar , 푏푚 Maharashtra, Maharashtra,
no significant deformation is is deformation significant no Recently . approximately
the Kopili fault located to theto located fault the Kopili Further, is rotating clockwise towards deformation is taking place place taking is deformation
mm/y (NDM - Burma fold Pune, India Pune, mm/year [ ear , 23]
[26]
[24] A mm/year
of the convergence , it was concluded concluded was it , [28] ) proposed India .
SP
suggested Another study study Another . The present present The . was attempted was
mm/year - It was found found was It
thrust thrust belt is neighboring is presently presently is
-
. However . 9 performed performed
mm/year e source e -
that the that Richter Richter (1)
[25] that that
and hazard very At earthquake had caused was relatively less earthquake SP. the in damages spread wide caused have earthquakes high. seismic hazard potential of the plateau remains situ ongoing with that the as well as SP the Indo of understood deformation continuous be the can in It convergence ranges. the as well as Himalaya northeastern the in convergence ongoing rotating SP direction. the of deformation southern This by the in deformation moving and undergoing clockwise is SP the for the entire SP region has Similar fault. the along sensing remote of studies help the with fault Kopili the last the present. from till century evidences the on based seismicity fault Kopili source the fault, the Dapsi thrust and the Dauki Kopili fault have The been plateau. the around faults of number a seismic high This activity of the plateau SP. is attributed to the presence of the deformed drastically Assam 1897 The earthq damages. great spread and wide caused major reported and SP the in originated past have India of earthquakes the of world. Several the in regions active seismically most the of one is India of regionnortheastern the in SP The CONCL magnitude 8isof zone 8.4. source in future the in occur could that earthquake potential the that reported Further more. are SP the in earthquakes magnitude higher future of occurrence of chances 0.73±0.04 be to found was 8 zone source the for parameter b the of value the (1) Eq. From to1.5. 0.6 from range can parameter
present the population of the SP is
lp n h Kpl fut bordering fault Kopili the in slip high ae s particularly is uake
It and ae shown have
USIONS USIONS D th W .
was rn te curne f h ls great last the of occurrence the uring ee though even ,
of past major major past of 50 potential t a ih ee of level high a ith in
vdn ta te at reported past the that evident
atclr a son n active an shown has particular IGC ,
the loss of lives were less but the
Detailed si o 29 1.5 ± 2.9 of slip a for
extensive ly, h curneo great a of occurrence the to the population of the SP the of population the
been been observed deformation day present
. This implies that the the that implies This . great earthquakes. The The earthquakes. great is occurring due to the the to due occurring is maximum in noteworthy -
damages situ Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), 1854), (Estd. Engineering of College Venue: 17 5 ongoing 0
th comparatively monitoring of monitoring th
INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE GEOTECHNICAL INDIAN –
the SP, the the SP, the
magnitude . Presently 19
in the SP [28] mm/year
th - seismic seismic Burma
as it it as DECEMBER 2015 DECEMBER
very very also in - .
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. Such a study will study a Such .
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Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), 1854), (Estd. Engineering of College Venue: 17 5 0 th th
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19 o India: to th : Solid Solid :
DECEMBER 2015 DECEMBER 28. 27.
India A by Management report A India, (2011), of Map Hazard Seismic Probabilistic NDMA. 920 India, East North geodynamic Indo the of complexity revealing geodesy Tectonic Kundu - , 933 , N , Pune, Pune, ,
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,104 (7), (7), ,104 D (2013), isa
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