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ISSN 0354-8724 (hard copy) | ISSN 1820-7138 (online) Analysis of the state of vegetation in the municipality of Jagodina (Serbia) through remote sensing and suggestions for protection Miško M. MilanovićA*, Veljko S. PerovićB, Milisav D. TomićC, Tin LukićD, Snežana S. NenadovićE, Milan M. RadovanovićF, Miloš M. NinkovićG, Ivan SamardžićA, Đurđa MiljkovićD Received: January 12, 2016 | Revised: May 21, 2016 | Accepted: June 2, 2016 DOI: 10.18421/GP20.02-03 Abstract Both environmental control and appropriate measurement results present basis for the quality protec- tion of geospatial elements. Providing environmental monitoring activities and creating control net- work is the obligation of each state, whereas local communities provide observation and control of air quality, water quality, waste quality, soil quality, vegetation and land cover control, etc. This has been the reason for the analysis of vegetation of the municipality of Jagodina in Serbia. By processing satel- lite images, data on the sources of pollution and polluting materials of the vegetation have been discov- ered. These include spot (stationary), linear (mobile and stationary) and surface (stationary and mobile) sources. While processing satellite images by the Idrisi software, we have acquired results that indicate certain vegetation modifications (images obtained through infrared spectral imaging). Results obtained through remote sensing indicate the necessity to define adequate vegetation monitoring, to complete a register of pollutants, to set up information system and define ways of data presentation in order to manage a single, complete register of environmental pollutants in the municipality of Jagodina. Keywords: environmental control, vegetation, remote sensing, municipality of Jagodina, protection Introducton The vegetation conservation and adequate monitor- The Balkan Peninsula is the great hot spot of Euro- ing are great current ecological challenges. In the field pean biodiversity providing outstanding levels of en- of environmental protection and vegetation conserva- demism and refugial habitats (Griffiths, et al., 2004). tion, contemporary trends must be followed and re- Outstanding vegetation biodiversity at Balkans is a cent technologies must be applied in order to realize consequence of specific geographical position, com- scientific and research aims and tasks. Remote sens- plex geomorphology and Pleistocene climatic fluctu- ing holds an important position in the science of ge- ations (Willis, 1994; Tzedakis, et al., 2002; Basarin, et ography. The advantages of remote sensing compared al., 2011; Marković, et al., 2014; Obreht, et al., 2014). to other scientific methods are evident in the fact that However, natural vegetation was dramatically influ- occurrences and processes on the Earth’s surface are enced by human activities since Palaeolithic period. observed without direct contact, vast areas are inves- A Department of Geospatial Bases of Environment, Faculty of Geography, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia B Institute of Soil, Teodora Drajzera 7, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia C Service for the protection and advance of environment, Mining basin Kolubara, Lazarevac, Serbia D Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia E Laboratory for Material Science, Institute of Nuclear Sciences “Vinča”, p. fax 522, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia F Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić”, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts – SASA, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia G Faculty of Aplied Ecology, Futura, University of Singidunum, Serbia * Corresponding author: Miško M. Milanović, e-mail: [email protected] 70 Geographica Pannonica • Volume 20, Issue 2, 70-78 (June 2016) Miško M. Milanović, Veljko S. Perović, Milisav D. Tomić, Tin Lukić, Snežana S. Nenadović, Milan M. Radovanović, Miloš M. Ninković, Ivan Samardžić, Đurđa Miljković tigated; field observation is decreased, but not com- smonitza in the past. However, they were transformed pletely excluded, etc. Results of remote sensing can be into other types of soil due to pedogenetic factors. Sat- acquired through specially designed software applica- ellite images of this type of soil have disclosed some tions for image processing, whose main role is to in- agricultural species. terpret remote-sensed images photographically. For According to its altitudinal zone distribution, Eu- this reason and for the purposes of this paper, the Id- tric brown soil (Eutric Cambisol) is located between risi software has been used. Its main advantages are 150-400 meters above the sea level. This type of soil the following: integration of all information from a is formed in semi-humid areas whose average annual certain area, design of environmental maps, which is rainfall is 600-700 mm, its summers are dry and aver- considered an important factor for monitoring envi- age annual temperatures are between 10º–12º C, while ronmental conditions of a certain area, design of 3D its fundamental substrata consist of lake and river images of a certain terrain, catastrophes simulations sediments composed of loam. We could suppose that and prediction of their consequences, the possibility this type of soil was formed through the metamor- of creating a comprehensive set of relevant socio-po- phosis of smonitza, thus being much drained, perme- litical information and their integration into an easi- able type of soil, with porosity of 55%. It is widespread ly accessible system for public use, and environmental in the areas where oak forests existed previously. This control and management (Milanovic, Ljesevic, 2009; type of soil is located in the areas of rolling hills, thus Jovanović, et al., 2015; Bjelajac, et al., 2016; Lukić, et enhancing the possibility of its usage in farming, veg- al., 2016). etable and fruit growing, and viticulture. However, In this study we apply remote sensing techniques to pine, large-leaved lime, acacia, great maple, common analyse vegetation status in the municipality of Jago- oak, birch, hybrid plane and white poplar are present dina, central Serbia. in this area. Alluvial and diluvial deposits, which are very no- ticeable in the district, are the result of combined ef- Geographical setting fects of fluvial processes and diluvial erosion of slopes. The municipality of Jagodina extends over 470 km2; Alluvial deposits are mostly formed on alluvial inun- it encompasses 54 settlements and borders seven oth- dation plains and river plateaus as the results of accu- er municipalities. It is situated in the River Belica Ba- mulation of river materials during the high water level. sin in Central Pomoravlje Region of Central Serbia. Its These are predominantly areas at confluences of rag- geographical position is 43°59´ north and 24°14´ east, ing torrents. with the lowest point at 110 m, and the highest at 707 Analysis of the vegetation cover is in compliance m. Favourable physical and geographical conditions with the goals of the CORINE programme and is per- of the district have influenced the development and formed according to the guidelines for the five units expansion of the settlements, which, in turn, has had of the vegetation study: construction land, agricul- negative effects on the condition of the environment. tural land, forests and semi-natural areas, areas cov- Industry, which was at its height during the eighties ered with water and water areas (Di Gregorio, Jansen, of the previous century, induced the degradation of 1998). Three goals of the CORINE programme are: 1. physical and geographical elements of the environ- Informing of the member states on the environmen- ment, notably the vegetation. At the time, the industry tal condition and the main problems they are faced had influence on the modification of the vegetation with; 2. Exchange of information between the mem- condition of the district of Jagodina, but the pedolog- ber states; 3. Providing of the confidential and com- ical land cover influenced the development of specif- patible information. Those three goals were set up in ic plant species. Unfortunately, some of them are at 1985 (June 27) when the European Union Council has risk of extinction. Pedological land cover and favour- adopted the blueprint for the CORINE programme able hydrological conditions have influenced diversi- (implementation started in 2004). ty of the vegetation. Smonitza (Vertisol) spreads over Results of remote sensing have demonstrated to the the largest part of the territory of Jagodina district, at authors the indicators of the present state of the en- the altitude zone of 200-300 meters above the sea lev- vironment and the effects upon it. Therefore, certain el, thus occupying, in this particular case, the south- control and protection measures for the vegetation west and central part of the municipality. This type of cover of the municipality of Jagodina have been pro- height positioning is quite expected since it is encoun- posed as well as views of the effects on the environ- tered at river and lake plateaus, which went through ment (compared to the previous state). Furthermore, a underwater, hydromorphic - meadow, and meadow vegetation register of the district of Jagodina has been phase during their development. We could suppose completed in order to define qualitatively the ways of that much larger areas of the district were covered in presenting data necessary for the completion of a sin- Geographica Pannonica • Volume 20, Issue 2, 70-78 (June 2016) 71 Analysis of the state of vegetation

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