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Intra and Inter Party Post-Election Crisis/Feud Management in a Pluralistic Democracy: an X-Ray of the Nigerian Political Landscape

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Intra and Inter Party Post-Election Crisis/Feud Management in a Pluralistic Democracy: an X-Ray of the Nigerian Political Landscape African Journal of Political Science and International Relations Vol. 5(6), pp. 287-330, June 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ajpsir ISSN 1996-0832 ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Intra and inter party post-election crisis/feud management in a pluralistic democracy: An x-ray of the Nigerian political landscape S. T. Akindele Department of Political Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 9 December, 2010 The analysis in this paper focuses on intra and inter-party electoral crisis/feud management in pluralistic polities of the world. While the study specifically focused on the Nigerian political landscape, where applicable, engaged in a synoptic juxta-positional analysis of the experiences of other pluralistic democracies notably the United States of America and India. The analysis choreographed the Nigerian nation’s political dilemmas in the context of various developments within it right from the colonial period to date and identified what is considered relevant and necessary to be done to rid Nigerian nation of her present political dilemmas. Key words: Intra and inter party, pluralistic democracy, Nigeria political landscape. INTRODUCTION The subject-matter of this paper is on intra and inter-party be based. electoral crisis/feud management in pluralistic polities of This being the case, the theoretical concepts of party the world. The study analysis in this regard, is focused on systems and their variations, political parties, electoral the Nigerian political landscape though, with a synoptic systems and elections, will form the core of our attention juxta-positional analysis of the experiences of other in the second section of this paper tagged theoretical pluralistic democracies notably the United States of constructs. America and India, where applicable. The requirements of this subject-matter however, are without doubt much deeper than its visual connotation/conceptualization. It is THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTS provocative thus; it cannot be taken for granted given the Nigerian experience. The issue of electoral process and The subject-matter of theory in terms of discourse or its accompanying constant disturbances within the analytical appraisal remains problematic, contextual and, Nigerian body politic can hardly be ignored. This remains above all, disputable within the scholarship of social so, in the context of today‟s global developments and the sciences and related disciplines. This has to do with its continuous quest for good governance dictated by the philosophical foundation concerning the issue of desires of citizens all over the world – (including those knowledge and its place in the systemic existence of under the aegis of repression and dictatorship) – for human beings. The idea of knowledge has long freedom. constituted a problem to scholars and philosophers of Given this premise, it is the conviction that a proper repute. This philosophical problem dates back to the analysis of the subject-matter of this paper cannot be period of Socrates. And, it was from this point of meaningfully embarked upon or done in isolation from intellectual development that the thinking about the relevant theoretical expositions or explorations of nature of the knowledge started to generate various concepts that form its arteries. Thus, the broad preli- confusions. This trend has led to a state of no consensus minary section of this paper, in section two, will concern or agreement even till today, as to what actually itself with the analytical perusal of such relevant theore- constitutes knowledge notwithstanding the maturation of tical constructs upon which the applicative discussion will scientific break-through. 288 Afri. J. Pol. Sci. Int. Relat. Within the social sciences the issue of theory has multi-lingua, multi-religion, and multi-party political attracted a lot of attention particularly given the need to landscape. move from the abstract level to the empirical one. The Given the foregoing, the theoretical concepts of party world theory can be given various meanings depending system, political parties, elections and electoral process, on the perspective, ideological persuasion or unit of crisis are examined one after the other here as a prelude analysis of the definer. Thus, a theory maybe looked at to those of their practical applications in Nigeria, amidst normatively or empirically. It should however, be noted constant crises and their management or otherwise. that, normative and scientific empirical theory rarely mean the same thing. When we are referring to theories that could be empirically tested using the imperatives of PARTY SYSTEM science in ways that facts are drawn out from such Party system has become an indispensable factor in theories about reality, we have in mind scientific/empirical every human society as a result of modern representative theory but for normative theory, metaphysicalism and democracy. Thus, a representative or democratic system philosophical propositions that are not easily amenable to would be impossible without political parties. This scientific manipulations are the order of the day. explains why formation of political parties has become a Generally, a theory forms the basis of reliable feature of our society today. It is not without justification knowledge. That is, it is the conceptual foundation of today, to state that, party politics has become such knowledge because it helps social scientists to omnipresent in our world and, that it manifests in all explain and predict phenomena or issues of interest in political systems in varying degrees. Thus, party system ways relevant to the making of scientifically founded can be viewed or referred to as a complex web of practical questions. Thus, in a simple sense, a theory interrelationships between/among political parties of means a body of knowledge constructed in such a way different ideologies and philosophical orientations and that facts about reality are drawn together to bring about between these parties and the socio-political community significance and conceptual meanings that are not in which they exist. It has become so in the context of a otherwise apparent. Meaning which could not have been mechanism for the maximization of political participation factually known becomes knowable through such and/or justification of political leadership or legitimacy of theoretical construct. In spite of the above, the tendency authority. Through party system, party politics as afore- has largely been to synonymise theory with speculation stated, is now a universal phenomenon though, with until the former (that is, theory) is proven. But when this variations from one polity to the other. This variation has proof is made, the theory then becomes a fact. Through been typologically illustrated thus: observations, a theory describes and identifies affinities among facts. What this, in essence, means is that, a “the party system as obtaining in different political systems, theory helps the researcher to make scientific and whether developed or developing, even underdeveloped, of practically founded decisions about the phenomena of the world is governed by several factors like the nature of his/her interest. social composition, economic divisions, religious and ethnic Put together, a theory may be taken to mean a formu- affiliations, cultural diversities, and political differences over lation of apparent relationships among certain observed matters of internal and external policy of the state (Johari, or yet to be observed issues that could be verified to 2000)” some extent. This explains why Gibson (1960) in his book the Logic of Social Inquiry basically defined a theory In line with the foregoing, party system has been as a „set or system of statements logically interconnected classified into one (single), two (bi) and multi-party in various complex ways‟. And it explains why Nelson categories (Duvenger, 1954; Neuman, 1956; La Polsby (1963), once argued that „a scientific theory is a Palombara and Weiner, 1966; Dahl, 1967; Sartori, 1976), deductive network of generalization from which explana- and, examined within the context of various polities. On tions or predictions of certain types of known events may this classification, Johari (2000) argues that each be derived‟. Thus, the simplest interpretation of theory category – (single-party, bi-party, and multi-party) – of the views it as a set of related empirical generalizations party system has its own sub-divisions. And, that this (Isaak, 1983), which may equally be defined as: A set of varies from one polity to the other. His classification is generalizations containing concepts with which we are schematically depicted in Figure 1. directly acquainted and those which are operationally In line with the eclecticism of political science or social defined (Isaak, 1983) sciences scholarship and volatility of the issue of party Within the context of this paper, theory occupies a very system, Sartori (1976), further classified the party system important place vis-à-vis the concepts of party system, with different terminologies – (one party, two party and political parties, crisis/conflicts/feud and electoral process multi party) – and sub-components. This is discernible and elections. This is particularly so in the context of from Figure 2. which they have been practiced within the Nigerian The study would like to contend that the ideological Akindele 289 Figure 1. Party system. Source: Comparative
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