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Ricardo De Nardi Fonoff 1 Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Estrutura da vegetação e sua relação com a diversidade, abundância e similaridade de coleópteros bioindicadores em diferentes sistemas vegetacionais, Piracicaba, SP Carla Andrea Sandoval Rodríguez Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do título de Mestra em Ciências, Programa: Recursos Florestais. Opção em: Conservação de Ecossistemas Florestais Piracicaba 2016 2 Carla Andrea Sandoval Rodríguez Engenheira Florestal Estrutura da vegetação e sua relação com a diversidade, abundância e similaridade de coleópteros bioindicadores em diferentes sistemas vegetacionais, Piracicaba, SP versão revisada de acordo com a resolução CoPGr 6018 de 2011 Orientador: Prof. Dr. CIRO ABBUD RIGHI Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do título de Mestra em Ciências, Programa: Recursos Florestais. Opção em: Conservação de Ecossistemas Florestais Piracicaba 2016 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação DIVISÃO DE BIBLIOTECA - DIBD/ESALQ/USP Sandoval Rodríguez, Carla Andrea Estrutura da vegetação e sua relação com a diversidade, abundância e similaridade de coleópteros bioindicadores em diferentes sistemas vegetacionais, Piracicaba, SP / Carla Andrea Sandoval Rodríguez. - - versão revisada de acordo com a resolução CoPGr 6018 de 2011. - - Piracicaba, 2016. 125 p. : il. Dissertação (Mestrado) - - Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”. 1. Fragmentação 2. Ecologia 3. Floresta estacional semidecídual 4. Microclima 5. Agroecossistema 6. Sistema agroflorestal 7. Scolytinae 8. Scarabaeidae I. Título CDD 634.94 S218e “Permitida a cópia total ou parcial deste documento, desde que citada a fonte – O autor” 3 DEDICATÓRIA À minha filha Taísa, meu esposo Alejandro, meus pais e minhas irmãs. 4 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Aos meus pais por me ensinarem que os sonhos se realizam e a lutar pelo que se deseja. Ao meu esposo Alejandro, por me amar e me apoiar em todas minhas decisões. Por ser meu estagiário, meu orientador e meu colega no desenvolvimento desta dissertação. À minha filha Taísa por ser minha razão de viver e por me presentear um sorriso todos os dias. Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Ciro Abbud Righi, por acreditar em mim, pela sua paciência, vontade, dedicação, apoio incondicional e amizade, e sobre tudo pelo aporte para a elaboração dessa dissertação. Ao meu co-orientador, Prof. Dr. Wesley A. Conde Godoy, pela sua disposição em me ajudar cada vez que precisei. Ao Prof. Dr. Anthony Cognato pela sua disposição em ajudar-me na identificação das espécies da subfamília Scolytinae. À Prof. Dra. Luciana Duque, Coordenadora do Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Florestal e Silvicultura (LEFS), por me facilitar toda a infraestrutura do laboratório, além dos equipamentos necessários para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Ao Prof. Dr. Fernando Vaz-de-Mello por me receber em seu laboratório e ajudar-me na identificação das espécies da família Scarabaeidae. Ao Prof. Dr. Felipe Pilau pela ajuda na conversão dos dados de radiação solar. Ao programa de pós-graduação em Recursos Florestais da Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” - ESALQ/USP, muito obrigada pela oportunidade. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pela concessão da bolsa. Agradeço de todo coração a Dra. Elisângela Lopes pela ajuda em todas as etapas desta dissertação, desde a instalação no campo até as análises dos dados. Ao Walter Mesquita Filho pela identificação das espécies da família Scarabaeidae. Finalmente agradeço a todos os que me acompanharam neste longo processo. 6 7 “Onde houver uma árvore para plantar, plante-a. Onde houver um erro que corrigir corrija-o. Onde houver um esforço do qual todos se esquivam, faça-o. Seja você aquele que afasta a pedra do caminho." Gabriela Mistral “O pior erro é não fazer nada por pensar que é pouco o que se pode fazer.” Violeta Parra 8 9 SUMÁRIO RESUMO ................................................................................................................................. 11 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. 13 1 INTRODUÇÃO ..................................................................................................................... 15 2 REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA .............................................................................................. 17 2.1 Mata Atlântica .................................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Os sistemas de uso-da-terra ................................................................................................ 19 2.2.1. Os principais usos ........................................................................................................... 19 2.2.2. Os Sistemas Agroflorestais – SAF ................................................................................. 19 2.3 Bioindicadores .................................................................................................................... 20 2.3.1 Insetos bioindicadores ..................................................................................................... 22 2.3.2 Família Scarabaeidae ....................................................................................................... 22 2.3.3 Subfamília Scolytinae (Curculionidae) ........................................................................... 25 2.4 Biodiversidade de insetos em agroecossitemas .................................................................. 27 2.5 Insetos e fatores microclimáticos ....................................................................................... 28 2.5.1Temperatura ...................................................................................................................... 28 2.5.2 Umidade relativa.............................................................................................................. 28 2.5.3 Radiação solar.................................................................................................................. 29 3 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Área de estudo .................................................................................................................... 31 3.2. Amostragem ...................................................................................................................... 35 3.3 Coleta e identificação de insetos ........................................................................................ 35 3.4. Caracterização dos sistemas vegetacionais........................................................................ 37 3.4.1. Estrutura vertical e horizontal......................................................................................... 37 3.4.2 Índice de cobertura relativa ............................................................................................. 37 3.5 Análises microclimáticas .................................................................................................... 38 3.6 Análise de dados ................................................................................................................. 39 10 3.6.1 Diversidade Alfa ............................................................................................................. 39 3.6.2 Diversidade Beta ............................................................................................................. 40 3.6.3 Correlação com fatores microclimáticos ......................................................................... 41 3.6.4 Correlação com a cobertura arbórea ............................................................................... 41 4 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO .......................................................................................... 43 4.1 Caracterização dos sistemas vegetacionais ........................................................................ 43 4.1.1 Estrutura vertical e horizontal ......................................................................................... 43 4.1.2 Índice de cobertura relativa ............................................................................................. 44 4.2 Análises microclimática ..................................................................................................... 46 4.2.1 Temperatura e umidade relativa do ar ............................................................................. 46 4.2.2 Temperatura e umidade do solo ...................................................................................... 49 4.2.3 Radiação solar ................................................................................................................. 51 4.3 Diversidade de insetos ....................................................................................................... 53 4.3.1 Família Scarabaeidae ...................................................................................................... 53 4.3.2 Subfamília Scolytinae (Curculionidae) ........................................................................... 78 5 CONCLUSÕES .................................................................................................................. 105 REFERÊNCIAS ..................................................................................................................... 109 11 RESUMO Estrutura da vegetação e sua relação com
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