Obras-Maestras-Del-Cine-Mudo-1918-1930.Pdf

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Obras-Maestras-Del-Cine-Mudo-1918-1930.Pdf OBRAS MAESTRAS DEL CINE MUDO LUIS ENRIQUE RUIZ OBRAS MAESTRAS DEL CINE MUDO ÉPOCA DORADA: 1918-1930 © Luis Enrique Ruiz. © 1997 Ediciones Mensajero, S.A. Sancho de Azpeitia, 2 — 48014 Bilbao ISBN: 84-271-2088-5 Depósito Legal: BI-906-97 Printed in Spain Impreso en GRAFMAN, S.A. - Gallarta (Vizcaya) A mi hijo Koldo Prólogo Fue una tarde del 28 de diciembre de 1895 en el Salón Indian Café del Boulevard des Capucines de París, cuando los hermanos Lumière realizaron la primera proyección pública de imágenes animadas. Muchos años han de transcurrir todavía hasta que ese espectáculo de variedades acabe por transformarse en un auténtico Arte. Serán tanto el ingenio y fantasía de Georges Méliès, como la respetabilidad de las producciones de la Société du Film d'Art-Pathé, el colosalismo del cine épico italiano y fundamen­ talmente los patrones narrativos configurados por David Wark Griffith, las aportaciones a través de las cuales el cine va a definirse como una entidad poseedora de personalidad propia. Un conjunto de acontecimientos va a determinar el que, a partir del año 1918, el cine alcance su mayoría de edad y se encuentre ya en disposición de ofrecernos un gran número de obras de incuestionable valor, que van a marcar una nueva era en el mundo del cine. Por un lado, la cinematografía sueca -representada por sus dos grandes maestros Víctor Sjöström y Mauritz Stiller— es la primera que hace tomar plena conciencia de la relevancia artística del arte fílmico y presenta, con Los proscritos (Berg-Ejind och hans hustru), su obra más perfecta hasta ese momento, alcanzando gran éxito y el unánime recono­ cimiento internacional. Por otra parte, una vez finalizada la Gran Guerra, aparecen en escena un nutrido grupo de cineastas alemanes, los cuales, agrupados en nuevos estilos: expresionis­ mo, romanticismo histórico, kammerspielfilm, realismo o diver­ sas combinaciones de los mismos, y amparados por el reciente nacimiento en su país de la productora Universum Film Aktiengesellschaft (UFA), van a darle una enorme originalidad al nuevo arte. A Ernst Lubitsch seguirán realizadores de la talla de Fritz Lang, Robert Wiene, Friedrich Murnau, Lupu Pick, Georg W. Pabst, Edwald A. Dupont, o Walter Ruttmann. En estos años, el cine americano se encuentra en plena madurez artística, con figuras consagradas como Griffith, Charles Chaplin o Cecil B. DeMille y, en su avance implaca­ ble hacia el liderazgo del mercado mundial, se dispone a asimi­ lar los talentos más reconocidos de la vieja Europa, a la vez que a generar los suyos propios. Así, surgen figuras como Erich von Stroheim, Josef von Sternberg, Rex Ingram, John Ford, Buster Keaton, King Vidor o Fred Niblo. Tratando tanto de profundizar en las posibilidades que el cine ofrece como de encontrar en él una identidad propia, con la que conseguir desligarse del modelo impuesto por los america­ nos, se origina en Francia la vanguardia impresionista. En torno al crítico Louis Delluc se agrupan Abel Gance, Marcel L'Herbier, Jean Epstein o Germaine Dulac. Más adelante, otro grupo en el que se encuentran René Clair, Man Ray, Marcel Duchamp, buscarán mediante la provocación la plas- mación en pantalla de sus tesis dadaístas, sirviendo además de germen al nacimiento de la corriente surrealista, que a finales de la década de los veinte han de desarrollar Dulac-Artaud, Antonin y Luis Buñuel. Sumida en una profunda crisis política, Rusia tardará un poco más que otros países en conseguir encauzar su desmante­ lada cinematografía. Pero su despertar, si bien tardío, va a traer consigo un desarrollo de posibilidades expresivas del medio hasta ese momento no utilizadas, que van a revolucionar todas las estructuras existentes. Además de los kinovs, comandados por el innovador Dziga Vertov, surgen en la nueva URSS dis­ tintas escuelas, donde van a formarse un gran número de cineas­ tas, algunos llamados a convertirse en auténticos genios cine­ matográficos. Así, influidos por las nuevas teorías del montaje que preconiza Lev Kuleshov desde su Laboratorio Expe­ rimental, aparecen: el radical Sergei Eisenstein, el personalista Vsevolod Podovkin, y el comediógrafo Boris Barnet. Agru­ pados en la FEKS (Fábrica del actor excéntrico) se encuentran Grigori Kozintsev y Leonid Trauberg. Desde Ucrania, Ale- xander Dovzhenko va a encargarse de transmitir a las imáge­ nes, un sentido poético e intimista. Aunque resulte doloroso admitirlo, no debe causarnos ex- trañeza que la industria cinematográfica se atreva a cerrar paula­ tina pero inexorablemente una página de su historia; y eso a pesar de que, avanzada la década de los veinte, esa industria ha alcanzado un nivel artístico tan elevado, que ha sido capaz de producir películas como Amanecer (Sunrise), ... Y el mundo mar­ cha (The Crowd), Luces de la ciudad (City Lights) o La tierra (Zemlia). Sin embargo, la curiosidad del gran público va a dictar sentencia, y ésta se inclina ante la burda innovación técnica que constituye el cine sonoro en ese momento. Afortunadamente, desde hace pocos años se ha ido amplia­ do notablemente la distribución de muchos de estos filmes que compusieron los casi 40 primeros años del cine. Tal circunstan­ cia hace más asequible la visión obligada que estas obras del 7o Arte imponen, y posibilita el que podamos degustar esa mágica e irresistible belleza que, según palabras del genial Charles Chaplin, el Arte silente contiene. El libro presenta una selección de 200 de esas películas, que son mostradas, con la óptica de un coleccionista, en forma de fichas, cada una de las cuales se descompone en tres apartados: autoría técnico-artística, sinopsis del filme, y comentario del mismo. Desde ese prisma, me ha parecido interesante presentar los filmes ordenados cronológicamente por las fechas en que han sido estrenados al público, y ello ha sido realizado con el máximo rigor posible, recurriendo casi siempre a crónicas de época. Consciente de que la infalibilidad absoluta es imposible, -la disparidad de criterios entre historiadores en ciertas datacio- nes es, a veces, manifiesta-, la intención del trabajo es servirles de guía en esa época dorada del celuloide; facilitarles la consul­ ta de ciertos datos técnicos que, junto a aspectos más críticos, le estimulen a visionar una de estas Obras Maestras del cine. Filmes que, por razones obvias, resultan hoy en día absoluta­ mente irrepetibles. Colaboradores: Maria Teresa Arteta, Jon Letamendi. Quiero expresar mi agradecimiento a todas aquellas perso­ nas que, de un modo u otro, a nivel particular o a través de diversas instituciones, me han ayudado en la confección de este libro, y especialmente a Teresa Cabezudo, Enrique José San Emeterio, Agustín Arroita, Javier Fernandez, Jesús María Arciniega, Javier Ortiz y Javier Pastor. Claves de las abreviaturas para las fichas técnicas: D: Dirección. E.E.: Efectos especiales. G: Guión. Ay. E: Ayudante de fotografía F: Fotografía. Ay. Mon .:Ayudante de montaje. Mon: Montaje. D.T.: Dirección técnica. D.A.: Dirección Artística. Maq: Maquillaje. Ves: Vestuario. R: Rótulos. M: Música. Dis: Distribución. P: Producción. Dur: Duración. E: Fecha de estreno. I: Intérpretes Ay.D. : Ayudante de dirección 1918 Berg-Ejvind och hans hustru Los proscritos D: Victor Sjöström. G: Victor Sjöström, Sam Ask, basada en la novela homónima de Jóhann Si- gurjónsson. F: Julius Jaenzon. D.A.: Axel Esbensen. P: Charles Mag- nusson para A. B. Svensk Bio- grafteatern. Dur: 2.802 metros. E: 1 de enero de 1918. País: Suecia. I: Victor Sjöström (Berg Ejvind), Edith Erastoff (Halla, su mujer), John Ekman (Arnés, el ladrón de ovejas), Nils Aréhn (Björn Bergs- teinsson), Artur Rolén, Jenny Tschernichin-Larsson, William Lar- sson, Tore Svennberg, Bergliot Hus- berg, Axel Nilsson. Fugado de la cárcel, Kari se esconde bajo una identidad falsa ces en la cabaña. Fruto de su y encuentra trabajo en una gran­ amor, Halla queda embarazada y ja. Allí lleva una vida tranquila, da a luz un hijo. siendo apreciado por todos. Con Hasta su morada llega Arnés, el tiempo, se enamora de Halla, un amigo de la granja, interesán­ la dueña de la granja, y ella de él. dose por ellos. Arnés está ena­ Un día llega a la granja el morado de Halla, pero ésta, que alcaide con unos guardias, acu­ ama a Kari, le rechaza. Camino sando a Kari de ser el preso que de vuelta, Arnés ve aproximarse buscan. Él lo niega. En privado al alcaide y a los guardias. Rápi­ confiesa a Halla la verdad. Ha­ damente, regresa a la cabaña pa­ ber sido encarcelado por robar ra avisar a sus amigos, pero llega una oveja para alimentarse, tarde. En un forcejeo con sus cuando era presa del hambre. captores, Halla arroja a su hijo al Ambos huyen hacia las monta­ río viéndose perdida. Pero Kari ñas. El tiempo transcurre y am­ mata al alcaide y junto con su bos viven pobremente, pero feli­ amada, consigue escapar de allí. Han pasado los años. Kari y nante en la obra. Las bellas imá­ Halla ya mayores, viven misera­ genes de Laponia -el conflicto blemente en una cabaña y re­ bélico en curso hace imposible cuerdan el pasado feliz. Kari se la filmación en tierras islande­ culpa de su situación y decide sas donde transcurre el original marcharse. Halla le implora que literario-, adquieren un trasfon- no lo haga; Kari recapacita y sa­ do psicológico, constituyéndose le al monte a por leña. A su en vía necesaria para que la vuelta, encuentra la casa desier­ purificación moral de los prota­ ta. Halla ha salido en medio de gonistas tenga lugar. Tan pecu­ la tempestad. Kari sale en su liar simbiosis: hombre y natura­ busca y finalmente la encuentra leza, va a ser desarrollada tanto tendida en el suelo, moribunda. por el propio Sjöström en su fil­ Ambos se abrazan, dejándose mografía posterior, como reco­ morir de frío y que la nieve gida por otros cineastas escandi­ cubra sus cuerpos.
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