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Universidade De Évora UNIVERSIDADE DE ÉVORA ESCOLA DE ARTES DEPARTAMENTO DE MÚSICA O processo de difusão do violão clássico no Brasil através da “Escola de Tárrega” entre 1916 e 1960. Leandro Márcio Gonçalves Orientação: Profª. Doutora Vanda de Sá Martins da Silva e Prof. Dejan Ivanovic´ Mestrado em Música Área de especialização: Interpretação Trabalho Projecto Évora, 2015 Esta dissertação não inclui as críticas e as sugestões feitas pelo júri i À minha esposa, Lavínia de Paula Ferreira Breve Gonçalves Aos meus pais Geraldo Sebastião Gonçalves e Raimunda das Graças Soares Gonçalves ii Agradecimentos À minha esposa Lavínia Gonçalves por todo teu infinito amor e apoio. Pela minha aceitação no teu coração e principalmente na tua vida, ainda mais diante de minha actividade musical que consome quase todo meu tempo. Por “cruzares o Oceano Atlântico” comigo, acreditares em mim para lutarmos pela concretização de meu sonho, que a partir da tua presença em minha vida em diante, se tornou nosso sonho, conforme tú mesma dizes. Ainda, além deste, concretizaremos outro, o de aumentarmos nossa famíla... Por lutares comigo dia após dia, pelas as difuculdades que juntos passamos, e não foram poucas, incluindo a superaração da dor da saudade, noites em claro que juntos passamos, estudando repertório, digitando, pesquisando, e ajustando as ilustrações deste trabalho. Também por teus incansáveis esforços para superarmos nossas dificuldades financeiras ao realizar trabalhos de manicure, pasteleira (brigadeiros, bombons, bolos, e doces brasileiros), e artesã, para que eu pudesse prossseguir com os estudos. Te amo infinitamente... Aos meus pais Geraldo e Raimunda Gonçalves, com todo amor do mundo, por me ensinarem a acreditar e também por acreditarem em mim, apoiarem desde o início de minha trajetória, através de seus inúmeros esforços, principalmente nos momentos mais difíceis.“Acreditamos e buscamos sempre nossos sonhos, pois isso é viver a vida com plenitude”. Por seus inúmeros esforços para que eu pudesse prosseguir com os estudos por aqui, confeccionando e vendendo artesanatos dos mais diversos (brinquedos educativos por meu pai e enfeites caseiros por minha mãe). Também realizando e vendendo rifas, coletando e vendendo latas de alumínio para reciclagem. Todo este incondicional esforço, além de contribuir para que pudesse realizar os estudos aqui, convertendo nossos reais em euros, onde as perdas são enormes, foram para suprir a defasagem financeira, a qual após eu ter trabalhado durante quase seis anos com registro em carteira, ao sair para vir para cá, não ter obtido direito ao benefício de “Seguro Desemprego” que consta nas leis trabalhistas vigentes no país, em função de contratação errada por parte na Instituição Contratante. Meu irmão Odirlei Soares Gonçalves “BROTHER”(te amo muito, obrigado por seres meu eterno irmão), e sua esposa Rita dos Santos Gonçalves. À Querida Dona Laura F. Breve, primeiramente por seres a mãe da minha esposa, e por todo teu vital e importantíssimo apoio sem medir esforços, registro minha total gratidão, amor e carinho. Dona Elza F. Breve por vossas maravilhosas palavras de incentivo e alento iii em momentos difíceis para com a Lavínia e comigo, juntamente com teu esposo, Sr. Samuel. Quando tudo parecia perdido, vossas palavras eram “combustível” para resgatarmos um sorriso no rosto, e obtermos forças para seguirmos em frente. Ao casal Fernanda e Cristiano Gonçalves por estarem conosco, nos apoiando e agradeço ao Cristiano em especial por me incentivar a jamais desistir... Meus avós Francisco Soares Filho (in memoriam), Geralda Bernardes Gonçalves (in memoriam), João Gonçalves Leite e Maria Gonçalves Soares (in memoriam). A todos os familiares, amigos e colegas, que no silêncio de suas orações, enviaram preces a Deus para me guiar ao longo deste caminho plenamente árduo repleto de novidades. A tia Marli e família Skupien Monteiro por vosso importante apoio. A Gilson Uehara Antunes, por todo teu incondicional apoio, por acreditares na minha pesquisa, me direcionares a realizar-lá aqui em Portugal, por todo o material cedido, compartilhamento de informações e dados, etc... Sem o apoio de Gilson Antunes, seria inviável a concretização deste trabalho. A Rodrigo José Ruivo, por teu apoio sem medires esforços referente ao processo burocrático de obtenção do visto e toda a documentação que envolve os mesmos para mim e minha esposa, infinitamente obrigado... A Maurício Orosco, violonista, compositor e pesquisador da vida e obra de Isaías Sávio, cujo apoio foi vital na secção final desta dissertação, ajudando-me sem medir esforços, enviando-me métodos e partituras. A Alessandro Pereira, por teres sido a primeira pessoa a discutir comigo as informações contidas nesta pesquisa, quando ainda estava a começar a coletar informações. A Luciano César Morais, pelos materiais cedidos no início da pesquisa e pelos anos de convívio. A Giácomo Bartoloni, primeira pessoa a me ceder materiais, durante minha coleta dos mesmos, enviando-me gentilmente sua dissertação de mestrado e tese de doutorado, ambas de grande importância para elucidação dos meus pensamentos e durante o processo de escrita. A Patrícia Pereira Porto por me enviar gentilmente o que tinha em mãos sobre sua pesquisa referente à Josefina Robledo, assim como os exemplares das revistas O Violão e A Voz do Violão. Aos meus professores e orientadores Dejan Ivanovic´, por ter tido paciência comigo, aperfeiçoar e reformular minha técnica de execução do instrumento, por me fazer acreditar em meu potêncial, ter sido duro quando foi necessário, entretanto, sempre a visar meu progresso, iv e Vanda de Sá, por ajudar a estruturar meus pensamentos e escritos, pelas informações musicais compartilhadas e realizar correções em pleno período de férias. Ao Espaço Cultural Casa de Zorra de Évora, em especial à pessoa de Vítor Moreira, pelas digitalizações e ao Espaço, por ser o primeiro a me abrir as portas aqui em Portugal. Agradecimento extra-especial a Deus, pois sem Ele nada disso seria possível, a começar por minha aprovação nesta Instituição de Ensino, e, principalmente por me guiar e conduzir a todo instante, em direcção aos meus ideais. v Resumo O processo de difusão do violão clássico no Brasil através da “Escola de Tárrega” entre 1916 e 1960. Esta pesquisa visa analisar o processo de estruturação da prática e ensino do violão clássico no Brasil, assim como seu processo evolutivo através dos princípios da “Escola de Tárrega” disseminado inicialmente por seus alunos, e em seguida, pelos alunos de seus alunos e adeptos, entre 1916 e 1960. O processo da prática instrumental foi analisado a partir da actuação de seus alunos registrada em biografias, periódicos e revistas voltadas à prática do violão. Já o processo de ensino foi analisado através dos métodos publicados no país baseados em seus princípios, em decorrência do contacto directo de seus autores com os alunos de Tárrega. Também, esta análise foi realizada a partir de informações coletadas em periódicos, revistas, entre outros. Palavras-chave: Violão, Tárrega, Josefina Robledo, Brasil. vi Abstract The diffusion process of classical guitar in Brazil through the “School of Tárrega” between 1916 and 1960. This research aims to analyze the structuring process of the classical guitar´s practice and teaching in Brazil, as well as its evolution process through the principles of "Tárrega´s School" initially spread by his students and students of his students, and followers, between 1916 and 1960. The process of instrumental practice was analyzed from the performance of his students registered in biographies, journals and magazines focused on the pratice of guitar. The teaching process was analyzed through the methods pubblished in the country based on its principles, due to the direct contact of its authors with Tarrega´s students. Besides, this analysis was made through the information collected in journals, magazines, among others. Keywords: Classical Guitar, Tárrega, Josefina Robledo, Brazil. vii Índice Geral Agradecimentos .....................................................................................................................III Resumo .....................................................................................................................................V Abstract ..................................................................................................................................VI Prefácio .....................................................................................................................................1 Introdução .................................................................................................................................2 I O VIOLÃO NO BRASIL (DA COLÔNIA ATÉ A REPÚBLICA) ..................................5 I.1 Os Primórdios.....................................................................................................................5 I.2 O Violão no Brasil Colônia................................................................................................6 I.3 O Violão nos Reinados de D. Pedro I e D. Pedro II ......................................................12 I.4 O Violão na República (Até 1916) ...................................................................................14 II A “ESCOLA DE TÁRREGA” – PROCESSO DE CONSTITUIÇÃO ........................19 II.1 Contextualização Histórica (Repertório Pré-Tárrega) ................................................19 II.2 Antonio Torres e Julian Arcas ......................................................................................21
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