The environment Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia Publisher: We are a part of the environment. The Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia Vojkova 1b SI - 1000 Ljubljana is a part of us. t +386 (0)1 4784 000 f +386 (0)1 4784 052
www.arso.gov.si
Edited by: Verica VogrinËiË Design and production: Studio Marketing JWT Photographs: Fotografsko druπtvo GR»A from KoËevje Translation: Tina Lengar Printed by: Schwarz d.o.o. Edition: 2000 copies
August 2006
PRESENTATION BOOKLET OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA A time of challenge
The Environmental Agency of the Republic of The Agency takes an integrated approach process affects life on Earth, our existence and Slovenia is the leading environmental institution to solving climate change issues. One of evolution; hence the scientific findings and in the country, performing expert, analytical the causes of climate changes is excessive expert groundwork are of key importance and and administrative tasks in the field of the greenhouse gas emitted into the atmosphere. will serve as a basis for political decisions. environment at the national level. The Agency monitors these emissions, records them and contributes to their reduction through The Agency devotes special attention to the A part of its mission is to monitor environmental relevant systemic measures. It develops expert raising of public awareness on the environment pollution and provide quality public information groundwork on how to adjust to environmental and environmental issues. When properly on the environment. For this purpose it changes and mitigate their negative effects. informed, the public can contribute a great has at its disposal a suitable measuring deal to environmental protection. The quality network and laboratories. A very important The Agency was established in 2001 as a body of the Agency’s services is, as a consequence, part of the Agency’s mission is to fulfil the within the Ministry of the Environment and very important. The Agency has obtained a environmental protection requirements arising Spatial Planning. It is a young institution in quality management system certificate under from applicable regulations, to conserve years, but one with strong expert capabilities. It the ISO 9001:2000 standard and accreditation natural resources and biodiversity, and to employs 434 people with different professional certificates for its Calibration and Chemical ensure that Slovenia develops in a sustainable profiles. Most of them have a university Analysis Laboratories. manner. To this end the Agency carries out degree, 38 have a master’s degree and 19 about 260 administrative procedures deriving a doctorate. Such potential is essential for It is a public agency, and its success and from national and transposed EU legislation finding comprehensive, expert and coordinated reputation depend on effective communication concerning the environment. Another part of solutions offered by the interconnected and with the general public. Thus it continually the Agency’s mission is to monitor, analyse and technological global society. strives to improve its public relations. This predict natural phenomena and processes in presentation booklet “The Environment Is a the environment and reduce natural threats to This is a time of challenge, of anthropogenic Part of Us. We Are a Part of the Environment.” humans and property. These tasks are fulfilled and natural climate change, of the effort is just one element in the mosaic of efforts to through national services for meteorology, to ensure sustainable development of the present environmental issues to citizens, whose hydrology and seismology. environment. This complex and systematic environment and health the Agency protects.
Dr. SILVO ÆLEBIR DIRECTOR-GENERAL Content
5 The environment under a watchful eye State of the environment
11 We protect, we conserve, we act Environmental protection and administrative procedures
17 The false sense of superiority over nature is deceptive Climate change
21 The search for a perfect balance Natural phenomena and processes in the environment
29 Its simplicity is full of secrets Water management
33 In nature, too, everything is related International cooperation
39 The environment is conserved through awareness Publications
43 Important years and events Milestones Monitoring environmental pollution
Chemical status of underground water bodies in 2005
LEGEND: Chemical status of underground water bodies good poor No signifi cant water measuring systems. A measuring network is being set up
Compliance at measuring points complies Measurements and analyses direct our path. { } does not comply no measurements Water quality
5 With regard to water resources Slovenia is Programmes are drawn up in accordance quality is mostly due to various discharges of 6 among the richest of European countries. In with national regulations, which transpose industrial and urban wastewaters, as well as Slovenia water covers about 272 km2 and in EU directives concerning water management, diffuse pollution from agriculture, the latter geological units capable of conducting and and are based on the analysis of the status threatening mostly the quality of underground accumulating groundwater there is about or pollution of particular water bodies. There water. The Agency collects and analyses The 50 m3/s of dynamic supply. The programme are more than 120 measuring points for data on the location, type and quantity of of national water quality monitoring includes underground water and more than 220 for substances discharged from industrial, urban the monitoring and assessment of the quality surface water. On the basis of gathered data and combined wastewater treatment plants. of surface watercourses, underground waters the Agency makes evaluations of the status of The processed data and derived units of (groundwater and sources), lakes and the sea. surface and underground water, which then burden indicate the impact of point sources, It also covers protected areas designated for form a foundation for the development of i.e. industrial polluters, on water quality status environment abstraction of drinking water, areas important measures at the national level. Data collected and are at the same time a basis for levying for freshwater fi sh, areas important for marine by water quality monitoring are available to the environmental taxes. Of course, they also allow under bivalves and gastropods, and bathing areas. public in the form of annual reports. Poor water the pollution to be controlled. a watchful eye State of the environment
Environmental protection and administrative procedures
Climate change
Natural phenomena and processes in the environment
Water management
International cooperation
Publications Maribor Milestones
Average annual concentrations of SO2 at the measuring points of the national air quality measuring network and in Krπko Murska S. - RakiËan
80 RateËe - Planica Krvavec Celje Zagorje ob Savi 70
60 LEGEND: )
3 Nova Gorica 50 Ljubljana - Beæigrad Hrastnik Maribor 40 LJ Beæigrad Hrastnik Trbovlje conc. (µg/m 30 Zagorje
20 Celje ©kocjan - MEDPOL LEGEND: EIS Krπko national automatic air quality measuring network 10 Koper Iskrba Trbovlje* national precipitation quality measuring network 0 limit value Map of measuring points 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 national background quality measuring network, UN ECE/EMEP, WMO-GAW
Soil quality Air quality
The pollution of underground waters, which Ambient air quality in Slovenia is most affected of populated settlements. In the summertime Measurements of air quality in Slovenia are • In 2005 the Agency started taking indicative On the basis of measurements, emissions are the main source of drinking water in by atmospheric emissions in the country high temperatures and higher solar radiation carried out through several measuring networks: measurements of nitrogen dioxide, sulphur data and calculations with dispersion Slovenia, can be prevented by controlling the itself, although transboundary pollution also contribute to intensive photochemical • An automatic measuring network with 9 dioxide, ozone and benzene with diffuse models, an evaluation of air pollution in quality of the soil, where pollutants remain plays a part. Other factors contribute to higher reactions, causing the formation of ground- measuring points in settled areas - data samplers. These periodic measurements Slovenia is made. Most frequently exceeded until they leach into the water below ground. concentrations of substances in the ambient level ozone. Long-range transmission of air are collected every half hour. The stations cover all major towns in Slovenia. are the ozone limit values all over Slovenia, In accordance with the National Environmental air and the spread of pollution: meteorological pollutants is also important. At this latitude measure concentrations of sulphur dioxide, • A precipitation quality measuring network (5 Primorska being the most threatened region, Action Programme the Agency is carrying out phenomena, physical and chemical processes west winds prevail in the troposphere, but in nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ozone, measuring points) - measuring pH, electrical primarily due to ozone transmission from the the first assessment of soil pollution, which of substance transformation and topography. Slovenia, owing to the Alps, the wind in lower particulates, BTX organic compounds conductivity and ions: SO42-, NO3-, Cl, Po Valley. Concentrations of sulphur dioxide foresees the collection of data on soil pollution Owing to rugged terrain, temperature inversions layers turns, thus bringing polluted air into (benzene, toluene, xylene) and heavy metals. NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+. Samples are exceed limit values and occasionally alert at sample sites based on an 8 x 8 km grid. are common in the wintertime in Slovenia. Slovenia mostly from west-southwest. In the • A background air pollution measuring taken daily and weekly. thresholds in the vicinity of thermal power The collected data will be a basis for setting up Under such circumstances vertical circulation summer this is manifested in higher ground- network in areas distanced from large plants. Annual limit values for particulates soil pollution monitoring and a soil information is impossible and emitted substances do level ozone concentrations, especially in the pollution sources with two stations, Iskrba In addition to the above, the Agency receives are exceeded in the majority of larger towns system. not disperse and are not diluted, but rather coastal region. The other prevailing direction at KoËevska Reka and Krvavec, which are data from auxiliary networks monitoring and the same applies to nitrogen dioxide accumulate in depressions, valleys and from which air masses flow at ground level is included in the international EMEP and GAW air quality in municipalities and at thermal near busy roads. Concentrations of carbon lowlands, where there are the greatest number north-eastern, which usually does not bring networks. At the Iskrba station, in addition power plants (TPPs in ©oπtanj, Trbovlje monoxide are much lower than permitted pollution. to half-hour automatic measurements, daily and Brestanica, the Urban Municipalities and benzene concentrations only come close samples are taken for the determination of of Ljubljana, Maribor and Celje, and Krško to limit values near the busiest urban roads. S- and N-compounds and chloride, calcium, Municipality). magnesium, sodium and potassium ions. State of the environment
Environmental protection and administrative procedures
Climate change Parameters measured at the Chemical Analysis Laboratory of the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia Natural phenomena and processes in the environment
general physical and chemical parameters organochlorine pesticides Water management water temperature sodium aldrin pH potassium DDT (p,p), DDT (o,p), DDE (p.p.), DDD (o.p.), International cooperation electrical conductivity at 25 oC aluminium DDD (p.p)=TDE (p.p.) colour iron dieldrin Publications oxygen content total hardness endrin Milestones oxygen saturation carbonate hardness heptachlor dry suspended solids M-alkalinity endosulfan The best measuring capabilities of the Calibration laboratory of the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia
chemical oxygen demand with KMnO4 hydrogencarbonates heptachlor epoxide measured quantity range best measuring capability (k=2) chemical oxygen demand with K2Cr2O7 SO2-S hexachlorobenzene total organic carbon (TOC) thermophysical properties biochemical oxygen demand after 5 days trace elements, toxic elements polychlorinated biphenyls triple point of water 0,01°C 1 mK ammonium cadmium other pollutants gallium melting point 29,7646°C 1,5 mK ammonia mercury anion-active detergents temperature with resistance thermometers -40 °C ÷ 50 °C 15 mK nitrite arsenic mineral oils temperature with liquid thermometers -20 °C ÷ 50 °C 70 mK total nitrogen (TN) copper relative humidity 10 % ÷ 95 % 1,1 % sulphates boron atmospheric pressure 600 hPa ÷ 1200 hPa 5,4·10-5·p+ 5Pa chlorides zinc air quality parameters
silicon dioxide chromium CO concentration 0 - 13,7 ppmv 170 ppbv + 0,02 · cCO
total phosphorus - unfiltered nickel SO2 concentration 0 - 380 ppbv 1,8 ppbv + 0,05 · cSO2
orthophosphates lead NO concentration 0 - 427 ppbv 1,5 ppbv + 0,047 · cNO
calcium endosulfan sulphate NO2 concentration 0 - 500 ppbv 4,2 ppbv + 0,072 · cNO2
magnesium manganese O3 concentration 0 - 500 ppbv 4,9 ppbv + 0,03 · cO3
Chemical Analysis Laboratory Calibration Laboratory
The laboratory has the expert and equipment The laboratory is accredited in accordance The Calibration Laboratory is a national 10 capabilities to analyse basic physical and with the SIST EN ISO/IEC 17025 standard. It reference laboratory intended for the chemical parameters and certain inorganic operates at the national level and participates in calibration of measuring instruments for the and organic pollutants in samples from the international monitoring: meteorological, hydrological and ecological environment (water, precipitation, air). It also • monitoring of the quality of the Danube measuring networks of the Agency and at carries out sampling of surface waters for River and tributaries related to the Helsinki Slovenian international airports. The laboratory further analysis. Convention on the Protection and Use is equipped in particular for the calibration of Transboundary Watercourses and of instruments for measuring temperature, International Lakes and the Convention atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, solar on Cooperation for the Protection and radiation and air quality parameters. The basic Sustainable Use of the Danube River; purpose of the laboratory is to provide quality • surface waters quality monitoring in measurement data, which are used for public cooperation with Croatia; information, for meteorological models, and • air quality monitoring under the EMEP for climate and ecological analysis; they are programme related to the Convention on also useful for transport, agriculture and other Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution; and industries. The laboratory is accredited in • air quality monitoring under the GAW accordance with the SIST EN ISO/IEC 17025 programme of the World Meteorological standard. The accreditation is of fundamental Organisation. importance for quality environmental monitoring. Environmental protection and administrative procedures
{Future generations, too, will enjoy the beauties of nature.}
We protect, we conserve,
Environmental status is the result of many Decision-making through administrative Following the enforcement of the new pressures, mostly due to human activity. procedures has been introduced to achieve an Environmental Protection Act in 2004, two we act Usually this activity is manifested in emissions integrated and unifi ed system for providing the new large chapters were opened which affect of substances and energy into the environment control and planning of permitted emissions. the control and reduction of environmental (water, air, soil) and waste. Administrative procedures are carried out in emissions, and the phasing-out and compliance with the Administrative Procedure substitution of hazardous substances, but Active care of the environment and Act. There are more than 200 types of most of all they are intended for promoting improvement of its status must be integrated procedures, in which more than 10,000 the development and use of technologies that into spatial planning and any other planning of decisions and other acts are issued every prevent, eliminate or reduce environmental activities affecting the environment. In order to year. Forms have been developed for most burdens. The fi rst is the introduction of a reduce adverse environmental impact, various procedures to help clients and administrative special environmental permit for activities economic instruments have been introduced, offi cials. Data processing and decision issuing, and installations that could cause large-scale such as an environmental tax based on the especially records on issued decisions on basic environmental pollution (IPPC permits), and “polluter pays” principle. A very important matters, are computerised. In order to ensure the second is trade in emission rights, which is instrument for stimulating polluters to reduce accessibility to as many clients as possible, the one of the economic and fi nancial instruments pollution is the environmental tax exemption forms, regulations and instructions are posted of environmental protection. or reduction in the case of investment in on the Internet. environmental protection. State of the environment
Environmental protection and administrative procedures
Climate change
Natural phenomena and processes in the environment Natura 2000 map Water management
International cooperation
Publications
Milestones
LEGEND: pSCI - areas under the Habitats Directive SPA - areas under the Birds Directive
Environmental permits and consents Trade in greenhouse gas emissions Nature conservation Biodiversity conservation
13 The granting of environmental permits to and processing of metals, the mineral and Trade in emission allowances has been the trade, the state has set up an emission The conservation of animal and plant species In the field of animal and plant species 14 large polluters is based on the EU Integrated construction material industry, the chemical introduced with a view to reducing coupon registry which is maintained by the and their habitats and of valuable natural conservation the Agency issues permits for Pollution Prevention and Control Directive, the industry, waste management and other environmental pollution in the most cost- Agency. The registries of 14 EU Member States features and our landscape diversity is one of activities affecting fauna and flora in the IPPC Directive for short. The purpose of the activities. One hundred and eighty-nine effective way. An emission allowance covers a are electronically connected with the registry at our fundamental responsibilities and one of the territory of Slovenia. It considers cases of Directive is to achieve integrated prevention companies have notified existing and operating specified quantity of a substance a particular the European Commission. The rules of their most important nature protection goals. Among damage caused by protected animal species and control of pollution resulting from certain installations subject to environmental permits. polluter may emit into the environment in a operation are laid down in a directly applicable the mechanisms for achieving this goal is the and pays due compensation to injured parties. activities and a high level of protection of They must acquire an environmental permit by certain time period. Such an allowance is EU regulation. The European market has establishment of protected areas and special The Agency ensures the operation of a rescue the environment as a whole. Slovenia has October, 31st, 2007 at the latest, otherwise they granted by the state in the manner and under been set up since January, 1st, 2005 and the protection areas under Natura 2000. Natura centre for wild animal species and is the transposed this Directive into its legal order will no longer be allowed to operate. There are the conditions laid down by the Environmental registries of individual Member States started 2000 areas cover 35.5% of Slovenia’s territory, Management Authority for the Convention on by the Environmental Protection Act and the also companies that are still planning to carry Protection Act and executive acts. For the to operate during that year. The Slovenian of which 639,735 ha or 32% have been International Trade in Endangered Species Decree on activities and installations causing out activities subject to environmental permits. time being, the only emission trade being registry has been operational since the end of designated pursuant to the Habitats Directive of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the large-scale environmental pollution. These companies must obtain the permit prior enforced is the greenhouse gas emission November 2005. (pSCI) and 461,819 ha or 23% pursuant to the related EU regulations. It issues relevant to the construction of the relevant installations. allowance trade established by the EU to Birds Directive (SPA). documents for the import and export of plants A permit is required for the construction achieve the Kyoto Protocol targets. Trade in and operation of all installations involved in emission coupons is free, and all natural or the activities listed in the Decree. These are legal persons may participate. For the smooth in particular: energy industries, production operation of the market and in order to monitor State of the environment
Environmental protection and administrative procedures
Climate change
Natural phenomena and processes in the environment
Water management
International cooperation
Publications
Milestones
Protection of valuable natural features Cave protection
5 and animals. It organises training seminars for The system for the protection of valuable importance, is 2334.69 km2 (11.52 % of We can say, without doubt, that Slovenia is of the outstanding importance to nature 6 enforcement authorities - customs, police and natural features is based on the protection of the surface area of the state). Within the a karstic country, not only for its large share protection, rapid degradation and specifi city inspectors. It also maintains various records, aspects of nature that the society of a given framework of valuable natural features of karst territory, but also for the impact of protection, a special act regulating cave such as information on the marking of captive time and place recognises as valuable, such protection, detailed protection guidelines for that karstic phenomena have had on whole protection has been adopted. All caves are animals of wild species, on issued permits for as surface geomorphological, underground each type of natural feature are laid down. regions and their way of life. Among the valuable natural features of national importance activities affecting the populations of protected morphological, geological, hydrological, These guidelines are taken into account when most characteristic and frequent karstic and public natural assets and are the property animal and plant species, on damage caused botanical, zoological, ecosystem, designed giving nature protection consents or imposing phenomena are caves and shafts. There are of the state. Protection and visiting regimes by protected animal species, and on trade in nature and landscape features. The total nature protection conditions. Measures 8523 known caves in Slovenia. Caves are a apply to all of them. The Agency issues permits endangered animal and plant species. surface area of all 8096 valuable natural applying to valuable natural features are: very important part of natural heritage for their and consents for the management of caves, features, of which 3598 (44.4 %) are protection, temporary protection, contractual geomorphological, geological, hydrological, and for visits, events and fi lming in caves in of national and 4498 (55.6 %) of local protection, stewardship and restoration. zoological and botanical features. Because compliance with protection regimes. Climate change
The false sense of superiority over nature is
7 deceptive Climate conditions affect landscape increased mobility and selection of culture different in the transport sector, which is our appearance, fl ora and fauna, availability of plants and improved agricultural produce. second largest source, representing 19,5% of Understanding, respect and humility bring results. water reserves, and determine the natural With this rapid technological development it greenhouse gas emissions. Compared to the { } capacity of the environment to bear the seemed as if we had subdued nature. But in base year of 1986, emissions have doubled, burden of pollution and eliminate or degrade the last two decades scientists have collected which is mostly due to the increase in personal pollutants. Therefore, the work of the majority fi rm evidence that human activities are motorised transport. Other contributing of Agency’s departments is directly and changing the composition of the atmosphere. emission sources have been fuel burning in indirectly related to climate change. Greenhouse gas concentration has started households and commercial sector and waste. From days of old, climate has been a decisive to rise rapidly, mostly due to the use of fossil In 2003 emissions from agriculture were lower factor in human settlement and lifestyle; fuels. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are than in the base year, which is mostly the result throughout human history it has been refl ected necessary for life on Earth since they provide of reduced livestock numbers. With the loss of in the manner of construction, farming, suitable thermal conditions, but their rapid rise the Yugoslav market, the phasing-out of non- choice and breed of domestic animals, is changing the properties of the atmosphere viable production and increases in productivity, density of settlements, human habits and and climate. Almost a third of all greenhouse manufacturing industry contributed the most to cuisine. In the twentieth century, technological gas emissions in Slovenia come from the the reduction of emissions. Emissions from fuel development provided an abundant supply production of electricity and heat. At this time burning, as well as process emissions, were of energy, enabled easy access to fossil fuels, it is almost impossible to signifi cantly reduce reduced. brought different methods of construction, emissions from this source. The situation is State of the environment
Environmental protection and administrative procedures
Climate change
Natural phenomena and processes in the environment
Water management
International cooperation
Publications
Milestones
Average annual 0 temperatures on Kredarica
-1
-2
-3 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003
19 Three climates converge in Slovenia - the is also changes in air currents, in climate That climate change is a serious problem is and measuring methods ensure comparable by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Greenhouse gas emissions in 2003 amounted 20
Alpine, continental and Mediterranean - and patterns and in the distribution and quantity of a view shared by politicians all over the world results over a long period of time. Change (IPCC). The guidelines are regularly to 19,803 Gg CO2 equiv, which is a little less
owing to geographical characteristics the precipitation, and the frequency and intensity of and by experts and laymen alike. Measures updated and facilitate precision, transparency than 2 % below base year levels. CO2, which climatic conditions in depressions and valleys extreme weather events. Glaciers are melting, concerning climate change are divided among • Efforts to monitor and reduce greenhouse and comparability of emission inventories. mostly comes from fuel burning, accounts for vary considerably. As a result, it is even harder winters without snow are more and more three areas: gas emissions. By signing the UN Framework Every year the Agency draws up a report on the largest part of greenhouse gas emissions. to forecast how climate change will be reflected frequent, the sea level is rising, already arid Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with In 2003 it represented as much as 81,3 % in different regions and locally. Measurements areas are becoming even drier, and heavy rains • Monitoring of climate status and its impact Slovenia has joined the efforts to reduce that methodology. of all greenhouse gas emissions. Following
and calculations of average temperatures of are causing floods and mudslides. Plants react on the environment as a whole. In this the human impact on the environment. And by are methane (10%), N2O (7,6%) and F-gases Earth’s surface show that the atmosphere to warmer weather by prolonging their vegetative Agency, with its meteorological, hydrological signing the Kyoto Protocol it has committed • Preparation of expert groundwork, on the basis (1,1%). is warming. Temperature measurements in period and thus become more vulnerable to and ecological measuring networks, has a itself to reducing its emissions in the first of which we will have to adapt to changes in Slovenia show changes similar to those observed spring frosts. Damage caused by exceptional leading role in Slovenia. Measurements for commitment period from 2008 to 2012 by our environment. Climate change does not In Slovenia forests cover more than 56 % of the in Europe and throughout the world - average weather and climatic events is increasing monitoring changes in the environment must 8 % with regard to the base year of 1986. In only present a threat, but also an opportunity country’s surface area and present an important temperature is gradually rising and the rise has rapidly, mostly owing to increasingly expensive be particularly precise. order to achieve the set target, the Agency to restructure and change our way of living resource for the reduction of greenhouse gas been most noticeable in the last twenty years. infrastructure as we exploit land that our maintains a careful record of emissions and using natural resources. emissions. Sink calculations due to changes Of course, the warming of the atmosphere is ancestors didn’t use because it was too exposed • It is very important that human activities and the number and type of their sources, in land use and forestry are substantial; not the only change; another cause for concern to the forces of nature. do not affect the conditions in the vicinity following the guidelines and methodology according to the evaluation already made, at
of measuring points, where measurements issued in 1996 for the Convention Parties least 840 Gg CO2 could be used in 2008 - 2012 must be carried out so that the instruments period, which will considerably facilitate the achievement of the Kyoto targets. Natural phenomena and processes in the environment
The search
for a perfect Meteorology Measurements
Prudence and wisdom lead us to harmony with nature. Weather directly or indirectly affects most The basis for weather forecasts and climate snow depth measured once a day. { } human activity, so it has always received a lot analysis is good-quality data, and the most Point measurements are not enough for the of attention. The fi rst measurements in the important task of the national meteorological assessment of weather status; therefore, territory of Slovenia were carried out in the service is to carry out meteorological watch. a radar centre is stationed on Lisca which third decade of the nineteenth century, and Meteorological stations offer the most complete transmits data on spatial distribution and balance there are uninterrupted weather data from array of observations and measurements. intensity of precipitation. An additional data 1850, when meteorological station at Ljubljana Data from these stations are intended for source is a satellite, transmitting images Telegraph Offi ce started its operation. forecasting, for real-time public information and in different ranges of the electromagnetic for international exchange. On such a varied spectrum, which supplies a lot of information terrain as Slovenia’s, weather and climate on clouds, their height, type and movement. conditions change noticeably over relatively In Ljubljana, measurements of vertical short distances. Therefore, the measuring temperature and humidity profi les are carried network for monitoring climate conditions is out; on the basis of the movement of a denser than usual. Part-time workers carry out balloon-borne measuring device rising through measurements at these stations three times a the atmosphere, calculations are made of day. There are about 40 such stations. Because wind direction and speed throughout the the spatial variability of precipitation is great, atmospheric layers where weather is formed there are also 180 stations where meteorological and even higher. phenomena are observed and precipitation and State of the environment
Environmental protection and administrative procedures
Climate change
Natural phenomena and processes in the environment
Water management
International cooperation
Publications Precipitation map Milestones
LEGEND: < 900 mm 900 - 1000 mm 1000 - 1100 mm 1100 - 1200 mm 1200 - 1300 mm 1300 - 1400 mm 1400 - 1500 mm 1500 - 1600 mm 1600 - 1800 mm 1800 - 2000 mm 2000 - 2600 mm 2600 - 3200 mm 3200 mm <
Forecasts Climatology and applications
23 We tend to be acutely aware of the weather, forecasts, forecasts for the coast, warnings Climate comprises weather characteristics planning in the use of renewable energy 24 when we are faced with exceptional or on fire risk in the natural environment, snow over a long period, covering weather variability sources, such as sun and wind, nor efficient dangerous phenomena that could endanger conditions, and warnings and forecasts for during a day, a year or several years. Slovenia planning in tourism, construction, transport our property, safety or even lives. Such farmers. In the last decade the national is a very diverse country as regards climate, and agriculture. Climate data serve us in the phenomena are, for example, strong wind, hail, forecast service has been forecasting the in that there are Mediterranean, Alpine and assessment of its long-term impact on humans, heavy rainfall and frost. When necessary, the impact of weather on human health and continental climates intertwining; only a good animals and plants. The latter are the domain national forecast service issues warnings about behaviour; the UV index also deserves knowledge of climatic characteristics and of agrometeorology. Other characteristic outstanding and dangerous weather events, but special attention, as it helps us to use proper differences allows us to manage this natural weather phenomena and events are also apart from this, it provides up-to-date weather protection against the sun’s strong rays. The resource. For example, building insulation, monitored, for example major tropical storms forecasts for the current and next day and service, together with the Institute of Public drainage systems and infrastructure are and the hole in the ozone layer over the predictions for the following days for Slovenia Health, forecasts allergenic pollen levels in the designed on the basis of climate data. South Pole. and neighbouring regions. atmosphere. Amateurs and others desiring Without quality data, there can be no efficient It also prepares data for special, more specific more information can access the results of users. In addition to observation stations at prognostic model calculations offering more airports, there is a special weather service detailed information of the future weather for aviation to ensure air traffic safety. Among developments over Slovenia. special weather forecasts are mountain area State of the environment
Environmental protection and administrative procedures
Climate change
Natural phenomena and processes in the environment
Water management
VI International cooperation
Publications
Milestones VI VII VIII
Earthquake intensity according to EMS IX VIII intensity VI EMS VIII VIII IX intensity VII EMS VIII LJU intensity VIII EMS intensity IX EMS
VIII VIII *EMS (European macroseismic scale)
VIII Earthquake hazard map seismic stations VIII data processing centre VIII VIII Seismology and geology 25 Earthquakes count among the worst natural certain precautions are necessary, especially in The Agency monitors and evaluates The Agency also carries out tasks in the field territory of Slovenia, the least abundant being 26 disasters. Throughout history they have construction. earthquakes on the entire territory of Slovenia of earthquake engineering and engineering in the most north-western region. In Slovenia claimed several million lives (in the 20th and beyond, and provides information on seismology, develops expert grounds for earthquakes have been measured with century alone, 1.6 million people lost their With regard to the number and intensity seismic activity to the relevant national regulations and norms for earthquake resistant instruments since 1958. On the basis of weak lives to earthquakes). The threat of intensity of earthquakes, the territory of Slovenia is authorities, general public and media. In construction, prepares documents for the and, in particular, strong earthquakes, and of 7 earthquakes exists in most of Slovenia, and quite an active area. This is because the addition, it is responsible for international earthquake resistance of important construction geological, seismological and other studies, there are some areas where earthquakes country lies on the seismologically active data exchange with 26 seismological centres, projects, and processes and interprets records the Agency has drawn up maps of earthquake of intensity 8 or even 9 according to EMS southern boundary of the Eurasian tectonic and it plans and sets up permanent seismic of strong earthquake accelerations. risk and hazard in Slovenia. The earthquake (12-degree European Macroseismic Scale) plate on the north-western boundary of the stations in Slovenia, along with temporary map of Slovenia offers a basis for improving the can occur. The strongest earthquakes that Mediterranean-Himalayan seismic belt, which ones during periods of higher seismic activity. In order to make good-quality maps of existing regulations on construction in seismic have shaken our ground were the Carinthian is one of the most seismologically active After earthquakes the Agency carries out earthquake risk, hazard and vulnerability, areas and is essential for spatial and urban earthquake of 1348, the Idrija earthquake of zones on Earth. The reasons for numerous macroseismic surveys, collects and processes a good network of seismic stations is planning and design. After the earthquake 1511 and the Ljubljana earthquake of 1895. weak as well as strong earthquakes lie in the historical data on earthquakes and compiles needed, along with, of course, a knowledge in the upper PosoËje region in 1998, the They all claimed lives. In the 20th century complex geological and tectonic structure of earthquake catalogues. It collects and studies of earthquake history, geology, seismology, Government of the Republic of Slovenia there have been more than 20 earthquakes this territory, which lies on the small Adriatic data on neotectonic, geological, geophysical seismotectonics and other fields. approved the resources to build a national in Slovenia, which caused minor or major plate squeezed between the African plate in and similar phenomena related to seismic The most endangered areas in Slovenia are the network of 25 seismic stations. With this damage to property but, luckily, no loss of life. the south and the Eurasian plate in the north. activity. upper PosoËje region and the region around adequately dense and well-equipped network, Earthquakes causing property damage are Movement in different directions builds up Ljubljana, Krπko and Breæice. Earthquake earthquake risk in Slovenia is gradually relatively frequent in this region, and therefore, tension that can cause earthquakes. focal points are formed throughout the entire diminishing. State of the environment
Environmental protection and administrative procedures
Climate change
Natural phenomena and processes in the environment
Water management
International cooperation
Publications
Milestones 305
300 Mean annual water level elevation of the Sava River in Tacen 295
290
Altitude 285
Annual underground water level range in KleËe 280
275 Mean annual water level elevation of the Sava River in ©entjakob Lowering of the underground 270 water level in the Ljubljansko Polje 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991
Hydrology Measuring network and measurements Forecasts and warnings Status assessment and water balance
27 Along with meteorology and seismology, Slovenia is a water-rich country. Water wealth quality monitoring programmes. In the last in the system for instant data transmission In an era when the effects of climate changes The tasks of the national hydrological service 28 hydrology is one of the oldest fields of and the diversity of the water regime is a few years, significant progress has been made intended for monitoring and predicting are manifested in more frequent and stronger are closely related to the tasks of integrated geophysical science. In the broadest consequence of the exceptional geographical in modernising the hydrological measuring hydrological conditions in order to warn extreme hydrological events, the monitoring of water management, ranging from the planning, sense, hydrology covers the study of water position of the country, where Alpine, network and measuring equipment, and against extreme hydrological events: floods current water levels in rivers and forecasts of implementation and reporting of results in the phenomena, characteristics and movement of Pannonian and Mediterranean regions ensuring the good quality of hydrological and droughts. The measuring network for and early warnings of floods or droughts are operational hydrological area to the analysis water in the hydrosphere and of its relation to converge. This inspired the rich development data. More and more often, mathematical the hydrological monitoring of surface waters important for the protection of lives and property and assessment of the state and the modelling other environmental elements, including living of hydrological science. The first data from modelling tools and modern detection methods provides data on the following parameters: and for sustainable development of areas along of processes in the hydrosphere. These beings. hydrological observations in Slovenia date from for hydrospheric phenomena are included in water level, water flow speed or flow rate, rivers. For this purpose the Agency participates activities are important for the assessment the first half of the 19th century. hydrological analytical and prognostic work. water temperature and suspended matter. in international systems and protocols for early of quantitative water status and evaluation of Regular observations on watercourses at ten The number of observed and measured Certain of these parameters are also measured warning against extreme hydrological events. national water resources. With hydrological water-measuring stations started in 1850, parameters has also increased: water level, at the stations in the measuring network for In cooperation with the Meteorological Office, balancing methods the national hydrological and on underground waters in 1890. Regular flow rate, temperature, turbidity, electrical underground water hydrological monitoring, the national hydrological prognostic service service assesses available quantities of water measurements on lakes and the sea began in conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, etc. along with the depth at which underground combines technical achievements in weather resources in Slovenia. It studies changes in the 20th century. Contemporary measurements An extensive measuring network has been set water occurs and its specific electrical analysis and forecasting and the development the ratio between the quantity of precipitation of surface waters have continually been carried up in Slovenia for the needs of hydrological conductivity. At the mareographic station in of tools for predicting river flow rates and sea over Slovenia, run-off of surface water and out since 1948, on underground waters since monitoring, which comprises water measuring Koper and oceanographic buoy in Piran, sea tides. Daily and in a timely fashion it informs underground water reserves in different historic 1952 and on the sea since 1957. stations on watercourses, on water wells in depth, water temperature, and sea waves and expert services and the general public of the periods. With the ever-increasing pressure The beginnings of hydrological prognostic aquifers with inter-grain porosity, on sources, currents are monitored. After basic processing current and foreseen hydrological conditions modern society puts on water and the near- activities date back to 1964. In 1965 the on lakes and on the sea. Of more than 100 and verification, the collected data are stored in in Slovenia and issues early warnings of floods water environment, the Agency strives to national hydrological service started water water measuring stations, 30 are included the national hydrological database. and droughts. raise public awareness of sustainable water management. Water management
Management of watercourses and the sea-coast
9 Water is managed in river basins and There are 30,000 km of watercourses and 41 Water infrastructure must be managed and 0 catchment areas, that is, in naturally defi ned km of sea-coast in Slovenia. Natural conditions maintained. And because of the erosion power areas called river basin districts, where and the already-felt impact of human activity, of water and its natural capacity for changing surface and underground waters are dealt with in narrow river valleys as well as on the sea and river beds, as well as lake and sea-shores, together. In Slovenia there are two parts of the plains, demand adjustment of the water regime and the characteristic of watercourses that international river basin districts of the Danube and morphology. Hence, water infrastructure they carry debris and deposit sediment, all of river basin and Adriatic catchment area. Within is built to manage waters. This includes which affects human activity, the excess of the Danube basin there are parts of the Sava, embankments, dams, weirs, reservoirs, sediment and debris, and excess plant growth, Its simplicity Drava and Mura river basins, while in the facilities for water monitoring, etc., which are have to be removed. The tasks of maintenance Adriatic catchment area there is a part of the built for the benefi t of the public, among other and monitoring of water and waterside land is SoËa river basin and catchment areas of rivers reasons to protect the population against the carried out through public utility services. The fl owing into the Adriatic. potential damaging action of water and to Agency directs and manages the operation is full of ensure water resources for the drinking water of public utilities through the mechanism of supply. concessions and yearly action programmes in eight areas: four in the Sava, Drava, Mura and SoËa river basins and in the catchment area of Adriatic rivers and the sea. {In each drop there is new life.} secrets State of the environment
Environmental protection and administrative procedures
Climate change
Natural phenomena and processes in the environment
Water management
International cooperation
Publications
Milestones
Water rights Procedures
The Water Act defi nes surface and must be paid for (water right and water use The main task of water management is to Foremost is the adjustment of human underground waters and the sea as public fees). Thus any special use of waters or water achieve and maintain the good status of activities to the natural water regime; only assets to be managed by the state, which is land is subject to a water right in the form waters and related ecosystems. The most then follows the adjustment of the water entrusted to ensure that the water is used of a water permit issued by the Agency or a important are procedures that provide for the regime to an activity, which must be carried effi ciently and sustainably, and that available concession granted by the Government. A protection of aquatic environments, of natural out very carefully and with prior assessment water reserves are protected in the long term. water permit is required for purposes such as: morphological changes and of the quality of of long-term effects on the water regime The principle of the Water Act is that anyone drinking water supply, process water, bathing existing water reserves primarily by prohibiting and, consequently, on humans as part of the can use water as long as there are no adverse areas and spas, heat production, irrigation of or restricting certain activities. To this end, ecosystem. In order to ensure that an activity effects on the quality and quantity of water agricultural land, powering of a watermill or water and waterside land, water protection is adequately adjusted to the natural water reserves. The use of water can be general sawmill, aquaculture, and snow making. The areas, bathing areas, areas liable to fl ood, and regime, the Agency directs procedures for (bathing, skating, diving, drinking and other Government grants concessions for purposes areas liable to erosion and landslides have the preparation of guidelines and opinions personal uses, where no devices or structures such as: beverage production, bathing areas been introduced as part of the legal regime, on spatial planning acts in the fi eld of water are needed) or special (use exceeding the where thermal, mineral or thermo-mineral where activities are only permitted in case of management and issues water consents for all limits of general use). In order to protect the waters are used, electricity production in hydro expressly specifi ed exceptions, provided that activities affecting the water regime or water existing water reserves in the best possible power stations, extraction of alluvial deposits, they have no adverse effects on waters. status. way and to effectively monitor and manage and commercial aquaculture. Funds from the methods and quantities of water use, the water rights and water use fees are collected Water Act lays down that a water right has to in the Water Fund and are used for water be acquired to use water for special purposes. management. The right is granted for a limited period and International cooperation
In nature, too, everything is
The Environmental Agency of the Republic CONVENTIONS: • Barcelona Convention - on protection of the related of Slovenia is directly involved in the marine environment and coastal areas of implementation of international conventions • Convention of the World Meteorological the Mediterranean Sea. The Agency actively ratifi ed by Slovenia. As an active member it Organization - establishes the World participates in two sub-commissions: for participates in international organisations, Meteorological Organization (WMO), a hydrology and for pollution prevention. projects and working groups. specialised UN agency and a leading expert organisation for hydrology and meteorology. • Danube Convention - on cooperation in It constitutes a basis for the operation of the the protection and sustainable use of national meteorological service and national the Danube River. On the basis of the hydrological service within the Agency. The Convention, international commissions Convention governs international cooperation have been established: the Standing in the field of meteorology and hydrology, and Slovene-Austrian Commission for Water the standardisation of measurements and Management and Standing Slovene-Croatian Exchange of information and experience has no limits. other procedures in all countries of the world. Commission for Water Management; within { } these commissions there are numerous working groups in which the Agency actively participates in water management and hydrological monitoring. State of the environment
Environmental protection and administrative procedures
Climate change
Natural phenomena and processes in the environment
Water management
International cooperation
Publications
Milestones
35 • Convention on Long-Range Transboundary • Convention to Combat Desertification - the • Convention on International Trade in • Convention on the Conservation of Migratory members. When the amendments are ratified 36 Air Pollution - this Convention was proposed Agency participates in Convention activities Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Species of Wild Animals (CMS) - the Agency by all 18 current Members and enter into by the WMO with the aim of establishing as a national coordinator. Efforts of the Flora (CITES) - As the CITES Management participates in activities related to the force, Slovenia will apply for full membership. the monitoring of long-range dispersion of Agency and its (agro)meteorologists are Authority the Agency carries out procedures Convention and ACCOBAMS agreement pollutants in the atmosphere. In Slovenia the devoted mostly to the study of droughts and for issuing CITES permits and certificates, (marine mammals) as a national coordinator. • EUMETSAT Convention - establishing the Agency maintains a measuring point that mitigation of their consequences. draws up reports for the CITES Secretariat European Organisation for the Exploitation fulfils the requirements and objectives of the and EU Commission, cooperates with • Convention Establishing the European Centre of Meteorological Satellites. In 2003 Convention; the Agency also participates in enforcement authorities (customs, police, for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts - the Slovenia signed a cooperation agreement Convention working bodies. • UN Framework Convention on Climate inspection authorities) and provides regular quality of its results makes the Centre the with EUMETSAT, which places it in a sort Change - also formed on the initiative of the training, cooperates with management best organisation of its kind in the world. of a waiting area for full membership. The • Vienna Convention for the Protection of WMO. The Agency carries out operational authorities of other countries and with Slovenia has concluded a cooperation Agency is the national agency responsible the Ozone Layer and Montreal Protocol on monitoring of climate changes in Slovenia at international organisations, and organises agreement with the Centre and actively for cooperation with the most important Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer - also reference climate stations, maintains national public information campaigns. cooperates with it. In 2005 the Council of European organisation for satellite monitoring WMO’s daughter entities, which in the recent records of greenhouse gases and prepares the Centre adopted amendments to the of the atmosphere and Earth surface. past have played a key role in reducing the expert groundwork for adjustments to climate Convention, which allow the accession of new use of substances depleting the stratosphere changes. ozone layer. State of the environment
Environmental protection and administrative procedures
Climate change
Natural phenomena and processes in the environment
Water management
International cooperation
Publications
Milestones
7 MEMBERSHIPS: PARTICIPATION IN WORKING GROUPS AND PROJECTS: • European Environmental Agency (EEA) • working group for the implementation of • INTERREG and COST projects for - in the EEA, 32 Member States are joined European directives cooperation in science and technology in the with the shared aim of providing, through • international expert working groups field of meteorology the European environment information • international commissions for water • ALADIN and ALADNET projects and expert and observation network (EIONET), an management issues: Slovene-Austrian for the panels on air traffic safety integrated environmental information Drava and Mura Rivers, Slovene-Croatian, • cooperation projects with Italy and Austria in system for gathering and analysing common Slovene-Hungarian and Slovene-Italian the field of hydrology under the INTERREG environmental data of the European • European projects in the field of flood warning programme Commission services, EEA Member States, and prediction and of sea level monitoring international organisations, conventions and • EU projects in the field of seismology and agreements, and to offer advice on suitable geology (rapid earthquake data exchange), policy and make environmental information especially fruitful is being participation in available to the general public. the INTERREG project, which promotes • International Seismological Centre sustainable development in the Alpine region • European Mediterranean Seismological Centre and the COST project for the monitoring of • International Federation of Digital active tectonic structures Seismograph Networks (FDSN) • European Sea-Level Service (ESEAS) {A kaleidoscope of information helps us keep in touch.} Publications The environment is conserved through
awareness Serial publications • PoroËila o kakovosti voda za æivljenje Environmental Issues No 22, a translation of: sladkovodnih vrst rib (Reports on the Quality Late Lessons from Early Warnings, 2004 ) • MeseËni bilten (Monthly Bulletin) of Waters Supporting Fresh-Water Fish) • Varstvo narave (Nature Protection) • PoroËilo o spremljanju kakovosti povrπinskih Nature conservation • Meteoroloπki letopisi voda, ki se jih odvzema za oskrbo s pitno • Osnove sodobne arboristike, 2001 (Meteorological Yearbooks) vodo (Report on the Monitoring of the Quality (Basics of Modern Tree Care, 2001) • Hidroloπki letopisi (Hydrological Yearbooks) of Surface Water Abstracted for Drinking • Konvencija o bioloπki raznovrstnosti, • Spremljanje kakovosti povrπinskih vodotokov Water Supply) zgibanka, 2001 (Convention on Biological v Sloveniji (Surface Stream Quality • PoroËilo o kakovosti kopalnih voda Diversity, pamphlet, 2001) Monitoring in Slovenia) (Report on Bathing Water Monitoring) • Regijski park Mura, 2001
9 • Spremljanje kakovosti jezer (Mura Regional Park, 2001) 0 (Lake Quality Monitoring) • Pregled stanja biotske raznovrstnosti in • Analiza letnih poroËil o ravnanju z embalaæo Topics krajinske pestrosti v Sloveniji, 2001 (Analysis of Annual Reports on Packaging (Biological and Landscape Diversity in Management) Environmental protection Slovenia: an overview, 2001) • Pojasnila za razvrπËanje odpadkov v • Biological and Landscape Diversity in klasifikacijski seznam odpadkov: Priloga Slovenia: an overview, 2001 Monographs 1. Pravilnika o ravnanju z odpadki, 2001 • Pregled stanja biotske raznovrstnosti (Explanatory Notes on the Classification of in krajinske pestrosti v Sloveniji, 2002, 1. • Povrπinski vodotoki in vodna bilanca Wastes in the Waste List: Annex 1 to the ponatis (Biological and Landscape Diversity Slovenije (1998) (Surface Streams and Rules on waste management, 2001) in Slovenia: an overview, 2002, fi rst reprint) Water Balance in Slovenia (1998)) • Eurowaternet v Sloveniji, 2002 • Guide for the Implementation of the • Vodno bogastvo Slovenije 2003 (Eurowaternet in Slovenia, 2002) Convention on International Trade in (Water Wealth of Slovenia 2003) • Pozne lekcije iz zgodnjih svaril - Previdnostno Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora • Kazalci okolja 2003, 2004 naËelo 1896-2000, PoroËilo o okoljskih (CITES), 2002 (Environmental Indicators 2003, 2004) vpraπanjih πt. 22, Prevod dela: Late Lessons • Save Endangered Animal and Plant Species • Environmental Indicators 2003, 2005 from Early Warnings, 2004 (Late Lessons - Think Before You Buy, pamphlet, 2002 • PoroËila o kakovosti podzemnih voda from Early Warnings - Precautionary • Raziskava med trgovinami z æivimi æivalmi, (Reports on Underground Water Monitoring) Principle 1896-2000, Report on 2002 (Survey of Shops Selling Live Animals, State of the environment
Environmental protection and administrative procedures
Climate change
Natural phenomena and processes in the environment
Water management
International cooperation
Publications
Milestones
2002) earthquake resistant construction, Primorska Region, 2001) • Klimatografija Slovenije: SonËno obsevanje (Climatography of Slovenia: Duration of Intended Use of Surface Water Measuring • Regijski park Mura, 2. ponatis, 2003 (Mura engineering seismological bases for • Meritve, spremljanje in prikazi podnebnih 1961-1990 (Climatography of Slovenia: Solar solar radiation, Analysis of the duration of Stations, 2002) Regional Park, second reprint, 2003) assessing earthquake risk, 2001) razmer v Sloveniji, 2003 (tudi elektronski radiation, 1961-1990) solar radiation in Slovenia and global solar • Vodno bogastvo Slovenije, 2003 (tudi • Trideæelni park Goriπko - Raab - Örségf, • TolmaË karte potresne nevarnosti Slovenije, vir) (Measurements, Monitoring and • Klimatografija Slovenije: Temperatura zraka radiation in Ljubljana, 1971-2002) elektronski vir v l. 2005) (Water Wealth of æivljenjska okolja in njihovi prebivalci, 2003 2002 (Interpretation of the Earthquake Risk Presentation of Climate Conditions in 1951-1980 (Climatography of Slovenia: Air Slovenia, 2003 (since 2005 also in electronic (Three-Country Park Goriπko - Raab - Örségf; Map of Slovenia, 2002) Slovenia, 2003 (also in electronic form)) temperature, 1951-1980) Hydrology form)) Living Environments and Their Inhabitants, • Potresi v letu 2001, 2003 • Ranljivost slovenskega kmetijstva in • Klimatografija Slovenije: KoliËina padavin • Zgodovinski oris razvoja hidroloπke mreæe • Water Treasures of Slovenia, 2004 (also in 2003) (Earthquakes in 2001, 2003) gozdarstva na podnebno spremenljivost 1961-1990 (Climatography of Slovenia: - Povrπinske vode, 2002 (Brief History of electronic form) • Habitatni tipi Slovenije - Tipologija, 2004 • Seizmoloπko opazovanje pregrade VogrπËek, in ocena predvidenega vpliva, 2003 Precipitation, 1961-1990) Hydrological Network - Surface waters, 2002) (Habitat Types in Slovenia - Typology, 2004) Projekt za pridobitev gradbenega dovoljenja (Vulnerability of Slovenian Agriculture and • Klimatografija Slovenije: Temperatura zraka • Mreæa hidroloπkih postaj za povrπinske Water protection in projekt za izvedbo gradbenih konstrukcij Forestry for Climate Variability and the 1961-1990 (Climatography of Slovenia: Air vode - Stanje marec 2002, 2002 (Network • Strokovne podlage za razglasitev ogroæenosti Seismology in elektriËnih napeljav, 2003 (Seismological Assessment of Foreseen Impact, 2003) temperature, 1961-1990) of Hydrological Stations for Surface Waters podzemne vode v Republiki Sloveniji, 2002 • Potresi v letu 1999, 2001 observation of the VogrπËek dam, Project • Meteoroloπka postaja Kredarica 1954-2004, • Klimatografija Slovenije: Stopinjski dnevi - state as of March 2002, 2002) (Expert Groundwork for the Proclamation (Earthquakes in 1999, 2001) for construction permit and project for the 2004 (Meteorological Station on Kredarica in trajanje kurilne sezone 1961-1997 • Mreæa hidroloπkih vodomernih postaj of Endangerment of Underground Water in • Potresi v letu 2000, 2001 execution of construction and electrical 1954-2004, 2004) (Climatography of Slovenia: Degree days and za povrπinske vode - Ocena primernosti Slovenia, 2002) (Earthquakes in 2000, 2001) installations, 2003) • Spremembe podnebja in kmetijstvo v the duration of the heating season 1961- obstojeËe mreæe, 2002 (Network of • Izdelava strokovnih podlag za Pravilnik • Revised PSHA for NPP Krπko site, PSRNEK- Sloveniji, 2004 (Climate Change and 1997) Hydrological Measuring Stations for Surface Water management o potresno odporni gradnji inæenirsko 2.7.2., 2004 Agriculture in Slovenia, 2004) • Klimatografija Slovenije: Trajanje sonËnega Waters - Assessment of the suitability of the • 10 let slovensko-madæarskega sporazuma - seizmoloπke podlage za ocenjevanje • Klimatografija Slovenije - Padavine obsevanja, Analiza trajanja sonËnega existing network, 2002) o upravljanju z vodami, 2004 (10 years of potresne nevarnosti, 2001 (Compilation Meteorology 1951-1980 ( Climatography of Slovenia obsevanja v Sloveniji in globalno sonËno • Opredelitev namembnosti vodomernih postaj the Slovene-Hungarian Agreement on Water of expert groundwork for the Rules on • Veter na Primorskem, 2001 (Wind in the - Precipitation, 1951-1980) obsevanje v Ljubljani 1971-2002 za povrπinske vode, 2002 (Definition of the Management, 2004) Milestones Important years and events {History teaches us how to plan for the future.}
2001 establishment of the Environmental 2003 accreditation of the Chemical Analysis 2005 designation of the Calibration Agency of the Republic of Slovenia Laboratory Laboratory as the Regional Instrument 2001 membership in the European 2003 opening of the national network of Centre for South-East Europe - for Environment Agency seismic stations in the Primorska meteorology 2001 setting-up of the European region 2005 inclusion of sea monitoring in the environment network - EIONET in 2003 start of the development and European Sea-Level Service (ESEAS) Slovenia application of conceptual hydrological and the setting-up of the restored 2001 renovation of the air quality measuring prognostic modelling mareographic station in Koper network and Calibration Laboratory 2004 opening of the network of seismic 2005 integration with the European Flood 2002 opening of the network of seismic stations in Ljubljana Alert System (EFAS) stations around the Krπko nuclear 2004 acquisition of a quality management 2005 setting-up of the registry for power plant certifi cate under ISO 9001:2000 greenhouse gas emission trading 2003 signing of the cooperation agreement 2004 designation of the Calibration and start of the trading in emission with the European Organisation for Laboratory as a national reference coupons the Exploitation of Meteorological laboratory for air quality 2006 issue of the fi rst integrated Satellites (EUMETSAT) 2004 setting-up of the Water Management environmental permit for large 2003 introduction of the acoustic Doppler Offi ce polluters (IPPC) technique in hydrometry The environment Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia Publisher: We are a part of the environment. The Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia Vojkova 1b SI - 1000 Ljubljana is a part of us. t +386 (0)1 4784 000 f +386 (0)1 4784 052
www.arso.gov.si
Edited by: Verica VogrinËiË Design and production: Studio Marketing JWT Photographs: Fotografsko druπtvo GR»A from KoËevje Translation: Tina Lengar Printed by: Schwarz d.o.o. Edition: 2000 copies
August 2006
PRESENTATION BOOKLET OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA