RNI: DELENG/2005/15153 No: DL(E)-01/5079/14-16 DL(E)-01/5079/14-16 Publication: 15th of everyevery month Licensed to post without pre-payment U(E)U(E) 28/2014-128/2014-166 Posting:Posting: 19th/20/ th of everyevery month at NDPSO Rs.150Rs.150 6 36 21 - 3 97 0 N SN S ISSN 0973-2136 IS

VolumeVoluume XXIXI,, IIssuessussue 111,11, NNoNovNovemberovemembmbbeerr 220120150015 TTHE MONMONTHLYTHLYLY MAGMAGAZINEGAZINAZZINEEO ONN POSPPOSITIONING,O ITIOONINGNNIIN , NANAVIGATIONAVIGAVIGATIOTIONON ANDANDD BEYBEBEYONDE ONDONNDD

PPEDESTRIANEDESTRIAN IINDOORNDOOR NNAVIGATIONAVIGATION

“Nepal has learned the importance of geo spatial data”

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SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 3 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam [ COLOPHON AND CONTENTS

In this issue CCoordinatesoordinates Volume 11, Issue 11, November 2015

Articles

The future of the map – the map of the future GEORG GARTNER 8 Pedestrian Indoor Navigation with

Smartphones JHEN-KAI LIAO, KAI-WEI CHIANG AND CHIH-HUNG LI 12 Geospatial Portal as an Important SDI Building

Block for Disaster Response and Recovery BIRENDRA BAJRACHARYA 20 S BAS Navigation performance

evaluation in Sub-Saharan Africa C PAPARINI, H R NGAYA, OE ABE, X OTERO VILLAMIDE, S M RADICELLA, B NAVA 35 Drones

in support of upgrading informal settlements: potential application in Namibia GRENVILLE BARNES, WALTER

VOLKMANN AND ANNA MULLER 41

Columns

My Coordinates EDITORIAL 6 His Coordinates GANESH PRASAD BHATTA 17 Old Coordinates 40 Conference INTERGEO 48

News SNIPPETS 46 GALILEO UPDATE 49 GNSS 50 GIS 51 LBS 52 IMAGING 53 UAV 55 INDUSTRY 56 Mark your calendar NOVEMBER

2015 TO NOVEMBER 2016 58

This issue has been made possible by the support and good wishes of the following individuals and companies Anna Muller, B Nava, Birendra Bajracharya, C Paparini, Chih-Hung Li, Ganesh Prasad Bhatta, Grenville Barnes, H R Ngaya, Jhen-Kai Liao, Kai-Wei Chiang, OE Abe, S M Radicella, Walter Volkmann and X Otero Villamide; Antcom, Hexagon Geospatial, HiTarget, IP Solutions, Javad, Leica, MicroSurvey, Navcom, Pentax, Riegl, Spectra, Spirent, South, Trimble, and many others.

Mailing Address Coordinates is an initiative of CMPL that aims to broaden the Printed and published by Sanjay Malaviya on behalf of A 002, Mansara Apartments scope of positioning, navigation and related technologies. Coordinates Media Pvt Ltd C 9, Vasundhara Enclave CMPL does not neccesarily subscribe to the views expressed Published at A 002 Mansara Apartments, Vasundhara Delhi 110 096, India. by the authors in this magazine and may not be held Enclave, Delhi 110096, India. Phones +91 11 22632607, 98102 33422, 98107 24567 liable for any losses caused directly or indirectly due to the Printed at Thomson Press (India) Ltd, Mathura Road, Fax +91 11 22632607 information provided herein. © CMPL, 2015. Reprinting with Faridabad, India permission is encouraged; contact the editor for details. Email Editor Bal Krishna [information] [email protected] Annual subscription (12 issues) Owner Coordinates Media Pvt Ltd (CMPL) [editorial] [email protected] [India] Rs.1,800 [Overseas] US$100 Designed at Spring Design ([email protected]) [advertising] [email protected] [subscriptions] [email protected] This issue of Coordinates is of 60 pages, including cover.

Web www.mycoordinates.org

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SD46_CMPL_SpectraSSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_Novemb Precisioner 2015.indd2015.in Nikon_Sept_Ad_AS.indddd 5 1 22/08/15111/11/151/11/15 7:306:066:06 pmamam [ MYCOORDINATES

Reducing risks

With over 9000 death and 23,000 injured

Nepal suffered hugely in

April earthquake and its aftershocks.

The country will take a long time to recover.

There were several initiatives undertaken…

Among which, the efforts of

The Survey Department and other agencies

For disaster risk reduction

Not only deserve attention and support

But also appreciation,

Given the constraints under which

They had and have to function (refer page 17).

Bal Krishna, Editor [email protected]

ADVISORS Naser El-Sheimy PEng, CRC Professor, Department of Geomatics Engineering, The University of Calgary Canada, George Cho Professor in GIS and the Law, University of Canberra, Australia, Professor Abbas Rajabifard Director, Centre for SDI and Land Administration, University of Melbourne, Australia, Luiz Paulo Souto Fortes PhD Associate Director of Geosciences, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics -IBGE, Brazil, John Hannah Professor, School of Surveying, University of Otago, New Zealand

6 | CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 6 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam SD42_CMPL_Navcom_May_Ad_AS.inddSSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 7 1 11/05/15111/11/151/11/15 8:286:066:06 pmamam [ MAPPING The future of the map – the map of the future New and innovative technologies have an important impact into what cartographers are doing

Prof Dr Georg Gartner n the geospatial domains we can witness, Often application development starts Research Group Ithat more spatial data than ever is there. Because we have a new technology Cartography, Department produced currently. Numerous sensors of available, we make something with it. I of Geodesy and all kinds are available, measuring values, call this a technology-driven approach. Geoinformation, Vienna storing them in databases which are University of Technology, linked to other databases being embedded However, the particular need, demand, Vienna, Austria in whole spatial data infrastructures, question or problem of a human user Past President, International following standards and accepted rules. We is often taken into account only when Cartographic Association can witness also that we are not short of the data-driven or technology-driven ever more new modern technologies for all application, product or system has been parts of the spatial data handling processes, built. Often this causes problems or leads including data acquisition (e.g. UAVs to products, systems and applications currently), data modelling (e.g. service- which are not accepted, not effi cient oriented architectures, cloud computing), or simply not usable. By starting from data visualisation and dissemination (e.g. the question what are the demands, Location-based Services, augmented- questions, problems or needs of human reality). So, where are we now with users in respect to location we could A modern map is an all those brave new developments? eventually apply data and technology in a sense, that they serve such user-centred interface that gives Obviously we are not short of data in approaches rather than determine the use. many ways. Clearly we can state, that human users access to it is rather the opposite. The problem is But how can we unleash the big often not that we don’t have enough data potential of geo information in such information stored in but rather too many. We need to make truly interdisciplinary approaches better? more and more efforts, to deal with all How can we make sure, that spatial data the map and beyond the those data in an effi cient sense, mining is really applicable for governments, the relevant information and link and for decision makers, for planners, for map in databases. And if select the appropriate information for a citizens through applications, products, particular scenario. This phenomenon systems which are not forcing them to a modern map is such an is being described as “big data”. Often adapt to the system but are easy-to-use application developments start there. and effi ciently support the human user? interface, giving access to Because we have access to data, we make something with them. We link them, we In this respect maps and cartography structured information, analyse them, we produce applications out play a key role. Maps are most effi cient of them. I call this a data-driven approach. in enabling human users to understand then the concept of complex situations. Maps can be We are also not short of technologies. understood as tools to order information modern cartography in It is rather the opposite, while just being by their spatial context. Maps can able to fully employ the potential of a be seen as the perfect interface one sentence would be particular data acquisition, modelling between a human user and all those or dissemination technology new big data and thus enable human users ‘efficient communication technologies come in and need to be to answer location-related questions, considered. New technologies become to support spatial behaviour, to enable of geospatial information’ available quicker and quicker and need spatial problem solving or simply to to be evaluated, addressed and applied. be able to become aware of space.

8 | CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 8 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam Today maps can be created and used implementation of new ways of map rescue work in the recovery phase are by any individual stocked with just production over the past decade, many map derivation technologies, crowd modest computing skills from virtually cartographic principles remain sourcing and neo-cartography techniques any location on Earth and for almost unchanged; the most important one being and location-based services. The role of any purpose. In this new mapmaking that maps are an abstraction of reality. cartography in the protection phase of the paradigm users are often present at the Visualization of selected information disaster management cycle has always location of interest and produce maps that means that some features present in been crucial. In this phase risk maps address needs that arise instantaneously. reality are depicted more prominently are produced which enable governors, Cartographic data may be digitally and than others while many features might decision makers, experts and the general wirelessly delivered in fi nalized form to not even be depicted at all. Abstracting public alike to understand the kind and the device in the hands of the user or he reality makes a map powerful, as it levels of risk present in the near and may derive the requested visualization helps to understand and interpret very distant surroundings. Modern cartography from downloaded data in situ. Rapid complex situations very effi ciently. enables the general public to participate advances in technologies have enabled in the modelling and visualizing of the this revolution in map making by the risks their neighbourhood may suffer millions. One such prominent advance Abstraction is essential from on a voluntary basis. Modern includes the possibility to derive maps cartography also helps to quickly very quickly immediately after the data Disaster management can be used as disseminate crucial information. has been acquired by accessing and an example to illustrate the importance disseminating maps through the internet. and power of abstract cartographic In this sense cartography is most relevant. Real-time data handling and visualization depictions. In the recovery phase quick Without maps we would be “spatially are other signifi cant developments as production of imagery of the affected blind”. Knowledge about spatial relations well as location-based services, mobile area is required using depictions and location of objects are most important cartography, augmented reality. which allow the emergency teams to to learn about space, to act in space, to understand the situation on ground be aware of what is where and what is While the above advances have enabled from a glance at the maps. Important around us or simply to be able to make signifi cant progress on the design and on-going developments supporting the good decisions. Cartography is also most

SD48_CMPL_Hexagon_Nov_Ad_AS.inddSSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 9 1 29/10/15111/11/151/11/15 10:33 6:066:06 amam contemporary, as new and innovative What is changing is then how maps requires integrated interdisciplinary technologies have an important impact are derived and produced. We approaches from such domains as into what cartographers are doing. Maps can summarize the characteristics computer science, communication can be derived automatically from of modern maps as follows: science, human-computer interaction, geodata acquisition methods such as 1. Real time: The world is permanently telecommunication sciences, cognitive laser scanning, remote sensing or sensor- changing. To depict, communicate sciences, law, economics, geospatial networks. Smart models of geodata can and display the world means to depict, information management and cartography. be built allowing in-depth analysis of communicate and display what is there It is those interdisciplinary approaches structures and patterns. A whole range right now, thus to fi nd ways to shorten which make sure that we work of presentation forms are available the time between data acquisition and towards human-centred application nowadays, from maps on mobile phones data representation through maps. developments by applying innovative all the way to geoinformation presented This is already true in real-time maps engineering methods and tools in a highly as Augmented Reality presentations. and rapid mapping approaches. volatile technological framework. A 2. Ubiquitous: The accessibility and number of important technology-driven availability of maps need to be trends have a major impact on what and Where are we heading to? considered in an ubiquitous context, how we create, access and use maps, thus maps must be accessible and creating previously unimaginable amounts What we can expect in the near future is, available anytime and anywhere. of location-referenced information and that information is available anytime and 3. Media-adequate: Maps are to be thus put cartographic services in the centre anywhere. In its provision and delivery it displayed and disseminated through of the focus of research and development. is tailored to the user’s context and needs. various media. This can include In this the context is a key selector for paper, screens of all kind of formats, which and how information is provided. resolutions and sizes, or multimedia To summarize Cartographic Services will thus be environments. This might also include wide spread and of daily-use in a truly in future smart watches, wearable Modern Cartography is key to human ubiquitous manner. Persons would feel devices, augmented reality devices etc. mankind. Without maps we would be spatially blind without using their map- Whatever medium is used, the map “spatially blind”. Knowledge about based services, which enable them to see needs to be tailored particular for this spatial relations and location of objects who or what is near them, get supported medium to fi t its needs and constraints. are most important for enabling economic and do searches based on the current 4. Personalized: Map are interfaces development, for managing and location, collect data on site accurately between geoinformation and human administering land, for handling disasters and timely. Modern Cartography users, thus a mean of communication. and crisis situations or simply to be able applications are already demonstrating From human communication we can to make decision on a personal scale on their huge potential and change how we learn, that we usually adapt what where and how to go to a particular place. work, how we live and how we interact. and now we communicate to our communication partner. Modern New and innovative technologies In that sense the role of the map has maps will do the same, thus being have an important impact into what changed. Maps used to be artefacts, they adaptive, reactive and anticipative on cartographers are doing. Maps can be had to look beautiful, well-designed, the context, the user and the use. derived automatically from geodata they had to store information for a 5. Well designed: Whatever map is used acquisition methods such as laser long time because it needed to be used in whatever context on whatever scanning, remote sensing or sensor- over a long period of time. In modern medium for whatever reason there networks. Smart models of geodata cartography there is an increasing number is a dogmatic attribute which has can be built allowing in-depth analysis of functions to a map. Besides its old to be followed always when using of structures and patterns. A whole function of an artefact, a modern map maps: A map has to be readable! This range of presentation forms is available is also an interface that gives human simply means that is has to be visually nowadays, from maps on mobile phones users access to information stored in the perceivable. And this means that we all the way to geoinformation presented map and beyond the map in databases. need to avoid graphical confl icts. And as Augmented Reality presentations. The map has therefore the function of a we can do even more: we can not only table, structuring information through make it readable but design it in a way, Maps and other cartographic products spatial attributes. And if a modern map that it is pleasing to the eye, thus do are attractive. Many people like to is such an interface, giving access to more then conveying information. use maps, to play around with maps structured information, then the concept for instance in the Internet or simply of modern cartography in one sentence The successful development of modern want to look at them. We can witness would be ‘effi cient communication cartography as the discipline dealing with a dramatic increase in the number of of geospatial information’. the development of such modern maps users and use of maps currently. [

10 | CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 1010 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam SD47_CMPL_Hi-Target_Oct_Ad_AS.inddSSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 1111 1 12/10/15111/11/151/11/15 2:046:066:06 amam [ NAVIGATION Pedestrian Indoor Navigation with Smartphones This study uses the indoor control point as the update measurement in the extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to aid the Inertial Navigation System (INS) without GNSS. The walking velocity from a pedometer and step length model is applied as the constraint of moving direction in EKF

Jhen-Kai Liao ersonal navigation technologies location and user’s information facilitates National Cheng Kung Phave been evolving rapidly the development of Location-based University, Taiwan because of the increasing popularity of Services (LBS) and personal marketing. smartphones and portable devices in recent years. These devices have changed Indoor pedestrian navigation technology the developmental trend for indoor has was being developed for nearly 20 pedestrian navigation. However, some years, and this has evolved in to numerous Kai-Wei Chiang considerations restrict the cost, accuracy variants from its original form based on National Cheng Kung and practicality of related applications, different theories and equipment [1-4]. University, Taiwan especially in indoor environment The crucial issues are how to achieve without the support from Global the necessary accuracy without GNSS, Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). as well as to overcome human motion.

This study uses the indoor control point as The Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) Chih-Hung Li the update measurement in the extended estimates two-dimensional position by Institute for Information Kalman Filter (EKF) to aid the Inertial using a pedometer and heading sensor. The Industry, Taiwan Navigation System (INS) without GNSS. impact of gravity projection on horizontal The walking velocity from a pedometer components in INS is eliminated in PDR and step length model is applied as the because of the non-integral calculation. constraint of moving direction in EKF. However, the PDR cannot provide height Moreover, the real-time smoothing is information without a barometer, and its also implemented. The performances of orientation accuracy is similar to INS proposed algorithms are verifi ed with that is restricted by the performance of a smartphones. The preliminary results gyro or magnetometer. Furthermore, step show the improvement of the INS length models generally use empirical performance in real-time for pedestrian formula which is incapable to perfectly indoor navigation signifi cantly. fi t individual characteristics. The step length can vary by as much as 40% among different pedestrians, even when they are Introduction walking at the same speed, and by up to 50% across the range of walking speeds Smartphone is an ideal device as of an individual [2].Tuning parameters a mobile and positional pedestrian or step length calibration can enhance navigator because it can provide the basic the accuracy in post-processing but information for navigation using internal inconvenient for real-time application. In sensors such as GNSS chip, inertial addition, the demonstration systems may sensors, magnetometer, camera, Wi-Fi and have better performance than a production Bluetooth. The other reason is the high system because of the uncertainty of the popularity of such devices over the world. coeffi cients [5]. Therefore, the PDR system These characteristics can reduce the cost of is likely to require occasional position businesses for pedestrian indoor navigation corrections from an external (absolute) products and their promotion. Moreover, positioning system to maintain stable crowdsourcing for massive data such as of performance [2],which is similar to INS.

12 | CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 1212 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam Table 1: The characteristics of recently popular indoor positioning technologies However, the smartphone is held in the hand, making it Currently common Indoor Vision INS diffi cult to sense the stance positioning WiFi Bluetooth RFID based mechanization PDR phase of every stride rather technologies than the shoe-mounted Additional IMU in this study. Thus, the Infrastructures Optional Yes Yes Optional No No ZUPT was implemented Requirement when the user was standing of Database Yes Optional Optional Yes No No on the control points. The Train process Yes Optional Optional Yes No Optional NHC requires more stringent conditions for pedestrians Against because human motion environmental No No No No Yes Yes has undesirable lateral changes and vertical movements Accumulated as well as no constraint in error with time No No No No Yes Yes moving direction. However, the integration of INS INS is usually integrated with the GNSS performance ratio for practical real-time and PDR can improve the accuracy of that utilizes the mechanization equations applications. EKF is often used in multi- INS pedestrian navigation, which was to estimate the position and orientation sensor fusion [6, 7]. The estimated state proposed in [5]. Thus, this study uses for seamless vehicle navigation in feedback to the INS mechanization after the walking velocity from a pedometer the GNSS-hostile environment. The the measurement update compensates the and step length model to constrain the pedestrian navigation error will rapidly errors, as well as replaces the previous velocity of moving direction in the drift because of the vibration and dynamic state. Generally, the sensor errors EKF. The step length model used in misalignment between body frame and are supposed to be determined in the this study is reference to [12], which pedestrian frame after the integration laboratory [11]. However, these inertial considers more individual parameters. process, especially with the use of low- sensors require the online calibration grade sensors. However, INS allows the because of their low stabilities. The The fi x-interval smoother called Rauch- change of environment and it doesn’t proposed system includes EKF, Walking Tung-Striebel (RTS), was implemented require the database, training process Velocity Constraint (WVC), control point in real-time by setting windows. The and additional infrastructures. INS update and real-time smoothing as shown smoother estimates the optimal states by provides the continuously real three- in Figure1. The GNSS measurement combining the forward and backward dimension solution of position and is only used for initial alignment. In solutions of EKF [6]. The real-time altitude without the need of a barometer. general, the loosely couple is an ideal smoothing for the INS/GNSS integration Table 1 shows the characteristics and form to aiding in the INS mechanization system and land-based vehicles was requirements of recently mainstream by integrating the position or orientation, proposed in [9]. The concept used in this indoor positioning technologies. The so the control points use the format study is different from the reference which additional infrastructures refer to the of longitude, latitude, and height with activated smoothing after fi ltering part of need of equipment such as wireless available accuracy and the same coordinate the data by setting windows rather than access point, transmitter and receiver. system. The control points are surveyed by updating measurements at random are Total Station and broadcast by beacons. found. The major reason is that the error of pedestrian navigation will accumulate Methodology The Non-holonomic Constraint (NHC) quickly without smoothing and the and Zero Velocity Update (ZUPT) are frequency of control point is not fi xed The integration of different methods would commonly used for INS/GNSS integrated like 1Hz of GNSS. Figure 2 illustrates be a better solution with the higher cost- systems for vehicle applications in the the feasibility of real-time smoothing GNSS-hostile during the operation. The remaining environment [8]. time between fi ltering the k and k+1

Figure 1: Proposed system with real-time smoothing and control point Figure 2: The feasibility ofreal-time smoothing

CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015 | 13

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 1313 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam Table 2: Specifi cations of MIDG-II

Specifi cation Bias Scale factor error Output Gyro Accelerometer Gyro Accelerometer rate (Hz) (deg/hr) (mg) (ppm) (ppm) 50 4.7 6.0 5000 19700

Figure 3: iPhone 5S and Samsung S5

epoch is more suffi cient to implement smoothing because the sampling rate of a smartphone for pedestrian navigation is usually set at 15~17 Hz.

Results and discussions

The iPhone 5S and Samsung S5 are used as the experimental smartphones, but they are separated into two scenarios as shown in Figure 3. The calibration reports of two smartphones can be referred to in the previous research [11]. The Figure 4: Trajectories of Samsung with different constraints reference trajectories are provided by a commercial Micro Electro Mechanical Table 3: Numerical analysis of positional errors for Samsung scenario Systems (MEMS) IMU MIDG-II and processed with the smoothing, Samsung NHC and ZUPT in post-processing. Maximum Error (m) The specifi cations of this IMU are NEH shown in Table 2. The experiments of Filtering + NHC/ZUPT 42.4434 17.8689 9.1891 smartphone and MIDG-II are conducted Filtering + WVC/ZUPT 8.2482 12.6542 8.1319 simultaneously on a common carrier Filtering + WVC/ZUPT + GCP 5.2678 3.4510 4.2113 to ensure that they capture the same Smoothing + WVC/ZUPT + GCP 0.9934 1.5437 0.8396 trajectory and human motion. There are RMS Error (m) four control points chosen at special NEH locations, such as the corner and the Filtering + NHC/ZUPT 14.8002 5.1419 3.6398 end of the corridor which update Filtering + WVC/ZUPT 1.9790 5.4046 3.7849 seven times during the experiments. In Filtering + WVC/ZUPT + GCP 1.2300 0.9918 0.8697 addition, the smartphone has inaccurate Smoothing + WVC/ZUPT + GCP 0.3470 0.3967 0.1928 time label and sampling rate that STD of Error (m) cause a time synchronization problem NEH between two sensors. So the analysis Filtering + NHC/ZUPT 10.8298 4.5642 2.8352 of orientation error cannot indicate the Filtering + WVC/ZUPT 1.9672 4.5010 2.6703 performance of the proposed system. Filtering + WVC/ZUPT + GCP 1.2023 0.9531 0.6861 Smoothing + WVC/ZUPT + GCP 0.3471 0.3735 0.1917 Figures 4 and 5 show the fi ltering trajectories of two smartphones with positional errors. The results show location that reduces the remaining different constraint algorithms. The that the WVC signifi cantly improved error to around 1 to 2 meters of RMSE. GCP signifi es control point update in positional accuracy of fi ltering solution Smoothing with WVC/ZUPT and control the following fi gures. Tables 3 and 4 in real-time. Furthermore, the control point in post-processing provides the show the numerical analyses of their point fi xes the trajectory at the correct positional RMSE around 50 cm.

14 | CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 1414 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam Figure 5: Trajectories of iPhone with different constraints Figure 6: Real-time smoothing of Samsung scenario

Table 4: Numerical analysis of positional errors for iPhone scenario accuracy under the meter level. Figure 8 illustrates the relationship between the IPHONE window size and positional error. The Maximum Error (m) optimal window size means the smallest NEHwindow size that can obtain the required Filtering + NHC/ZUPT 18.0619 82.6971 6.8075 accuracy for pedestrian indoor navigation. Filtering + WVC/ZUPT 15.2382 10.5535 4.2622 In addition, the update frequency of control Filtering + WVC/ZUPT + GCP 3.6413 8.8276 4.2631 point affects optimal window size because Smoothing + WVC/ZUPT + GCP 1.8793 2.8986 0.7766 the basic concept of smoothing relates to RMS Error (m) the update measurement as well as the NEHcontrol point has higher effectiveness and Filtering + NHC/ZUPT 4.6846 14.5990 3.4490 reliability than constraint algorithms. The Filtering + WVC/ZUPT 8.9068 3.7412 1.1919 optimal window should be longer than Filtering + WVC/ZUPT + GCP 0.9885 1.6341 0.9695 5 seconds but no longer than 20 seconds Smoothing + WVC/ZUPT + GCP 0.5507 0.5810 0.2295 in this case, because the effectiveness of STD of Error (m) improvement decreases with time. For NEHexample, the difference of improvement Filtering + NHC/ZUPT 3.8666 14.5965 2.9353 between the window sizes of 10s and 20 Filtering + WVC/ZUPT 5.8658 3.5451 1.1807 seconds is less than that of the 5s and 10 Filtering + WVC/ZUPT + GCP 0.9784 1.6314 0.9493 seconds, respectively. The amount and Smoothing + WVC/ZUPT + GCP 0.5480 0.5714 0.2037 distance of control point in this study almost make the implementation of the Figures 6 and 7 show the real- update in EKF at every 15s, which also time smoothing trajectories of implies the optimal window size. Thus, Samsung S5 and iPhone 5S the optimal window size may be shorter with different window sizes. All when the frequency of measurement the trajectories are processed update is increased. Smoothing would with WVC/ZUPT and control be better to implement in near real-time point. Tables 5 and 6 show mode when the control points are fewer. the numerical analyses of positional errors. Improvement and stability increased when Conclusions the window size became longer, such as 20 seconds. The The WVC and control point signifi cantly highest improvement of real- improve the fi ltering solution in real-time. time smoothing with 10s or 20s The performance of real-time smoothing Figure 7: Real-time smoothing of iPhone scenario window provides the positional is verifi ed and depends on the frequency

CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015 | 15

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 1515 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam Table 5: Positional error analysis of real-time smoothing of Samsung scenario Table 6: Positional error analysis of real-time smoothing of iPhone scenario

Samsung IPHONE Maximum Error (m) Maximum Error (m) WVC/ZUPT/GCP WVC/ZUPT/GCP NEH NEH Filtering 5.2678 3.4510 4.2113 Filtering 3.6413 8.8276 4.2631 Online 5 sec 5.9395 3.9361 3.2414 Online 5 sec 4.7680 8.8186 4.1972 Online 10 sec 3.8347 3.3244 1.5016 Online 10 sec 4.2114 8.2043 3.1500 Online 20 sec 4.9408 2.4800 1.4568 IPHONE RMS Error (m) RMS Error (m) WVC/ZUPT/GCP WVC/ZUPT/GCP NEH NEH Filtering 1.2300 0.9918 0.8697 Filtering 0.9885 1.6341 0.9695 Online 5 sec 1.0854 0.9195 0.5467 Online 5 sec 1.0969 1.5530 0.8141 Online 10 sec 0.6484 07452 0.3804 Online 10 sec 0.8574 1.2766 0.6265 Online 20 sec 0.6913 0.6346 0.3586 Online 20 sec 0.6907 0.7679 0.4985

References Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, [1] H. Koyuncu and S. H. Yang, “A Department of Geomatics Survey of Indoor Positioning and Engineering, Degree of doctor of Object Locating Systems,” IJCSNS philosophy, Department of Geomatics International Journal of Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Science and Network Security, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 2005. vol. 10, pp. 121-128, 2010. [7] K. W. Chia ng and Y. W. Huang, “An [2] R. Harle, “A Survey of Indoor Inertial intelligent navigator for seamless Figure 8: Relationship between the smoothing Positioning Systems for Pedestrians,” INS/GPS integrated land vehicle window size and positional accuracy IEEE COMMUNICATIONS navigation applications,” Appl. Soft SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, vol. Comput, pp. pp. 722-733, 2008. of update measurement to provide the 15, pp. 1281-1293, 2013. [8] C. Y. Liu, “The Performance best performance in real-time or near [3] R. Mautz, “Indoor Positioning Evaluation of a Real-time Low- real-time. The control point used in the Technologies,” Doctoral and Cost MEMS INS/GPS Integrated proposed architecture can be replaced by Habilitation Theses, ETH Zurich, Navigator with Aiding from other positioning technologies with the Department of Civil, Environmental ZUPT/ZIHR and Non-Holonomic precondition of available accuracy. This and Geomatic Engineering, Institute Constraint for Land Applications,” integrated architecture has better accuracy of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Nashville, TN, USA, 2012. and stability by reducing the following: Doctoral and Habilitation Theses, [9] K. W. Chiang, T. T. Duong, J. K. 1) the required amount of control points; ETH Zurich, Department of Civil, Liao, Y. C. Lai, C. C. Chang, J. 2) the optimal window size of real-time Environmental and Geomatic M. Cai, et al., “On-line smoothing smoothing, and 3) the error of WVC cause Engineering, Institute of Geodesy and for an integrated navigation by the inaccurate step length model and Photogrammetry, Switzerland, 2012. system with low-cost MEMS pedometer. Therefore, the INS can provide [4] Y. Gu and A. Lo, “A Survey of inertial sensors,” Sensors (Basel), the required accuracy at meter or sub-meter Indoor Positioning Systems for vol. 12, pp. 17372-89, 2012. level with the proposed algorithms for Wireless Personal Networks,” IEEE [10] Paul D. G roves, Principles of pedestrian indoor navigation in real-time. COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & GNSS, Inertial, and Multisensor TUTORIALS, vol. 11, pp. 13-32, 2009. Integrated Navigation Systems: [5] P. D. Grov es, G. W. Pulford, C. Artech House, 2013. Acknowledgments A. Littlefi eld, D. L. J. Nash, and [11] J. K. Lia o, Z. M. Zhou, G. J. Tsai, T. C. J. Mather, “Inertial Navigation T. Duong, and K. W. Chiang, “The The author would acknowledge the Versus Pedestrian Dead Reckoning Applicability Analysis of Using Smart fi nancial supports provided by theInstitute Optimizing the Integration,” presented Phones for Indoor Mobile Mapping for Information Industry of Taiwan at the ION GNSS 20th International Applications,” Tampa, Florida, 2014. (Project: A study for Spatial Image Survey Technical Meeting of the Satellite [12] R. Chen, L. Pei, and Y. Chen, and Indoor Mapping Optimal Process) Division, Fort Worth, TX, 2007. “A Smart Phone Based PDR and all technical assistances from his [6] E. H. Shin , “Estimation Techniques Solution for Indoor Navigation,” supervisor, Dr. Kai-Wei Chiang. for Low-Cost Inertial Navigation,” Portland, OR, USA, 2011. [

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SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 1616 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam [ HIS COORDINATES “Nepal has learned the importance of geo spatial data” Says Ganesh Prasad Bhatta, Deputy Director General (Head: Cadastral Survey Division), Survey Department, Ministry of Land Reform and Management, Nepal in his interaction with Coordinates

Government of Nepal Briefl y How does Disaster Risk assessment map, which was very useful explain the mandate of Survey Reduction (DRR) fi t for rescuing as well as assessing the loss. Department of Nepal? into your mandate? The Department provided necessary spatial information to the task force of Survey Department, under the Ministry Geospatial data are fundamental to the Government formed for the Post of Land Reform and Management, is the respond any kind of disaster ranging Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA). National Mapping Organization (NMO) of from preparedness to rescue and post Nepal. The Department is responsible for disaster reconstruction. Similarly, land At the same time, the Department regulating, monitoring and coordinating records are equally important in order mobilized its staff, as instructed by the mapping activities in the country. to assess the loss and restoration of land Government, to the disaster affected property affected by the disaster. Survey areas to assess the damage caused by Most of the national surveying and Department, being responsible for all kind the disaster. The Department feels mapping activities such as geodetic of surveying and mapping activities at proud to be a part of the Government’s surveying, topographic surveying, national level has produced all kinds of initiatives to assess the damage in and cadastral surveying are under its geo-spatial data including land records a very short period of time. mandate. Through cadastral survey, of whole country. Furthermore, Survey the Department is mandated to do the Department has the largest workforce in As a scientifi c contribution, the fi rst registration of the land property. the country to work in the fi eld of geo- Department carried out geodetic surveys All the land records prepared by the spatial data or surveying and mapping, soon after the devastating earthquake, Department are the foundation of which the Government can mobilize at using GNSS technology, in the affected land administration and management the time of need in order to response areas and released the outcome of the activities of the country. The Department the disaster or its effect. On this basis, study. The study found the shift of is also mandated for international we can imagine how widely the DRR Kathmandu valley approximately 1.8 boundary surveys. Currently, the fi ts into the Department’s mandate. meters southwest wards. The study further Department is working in the line made the Department to realize that the to develop full functional national disaster has greatly affected the Geodetic spatial data infrastructure (NSDI). What has been the role Reference Frame of the country. Therefore, and initiatives of Survey the Department has taken necessary Furthermore, the Department is also Department of Nepal? steps to re-store the geodetic datum. mandated to issue license to the private surveyors, approve specifi cations Immediately after the devastating for surveying and mapping activities earthquake, Survey Department issued What are the key undertaken by other agencies with all the geo-spatial data of the disaster lessons learnt post Nepal public fund, provide permission for affected area free of charge through earthquake of 2015? aerial photography in the country, online. Some of the companies were so maintain the quality of surveying kind to provide the image data of pre- There are several lessons we learnt and mapping activities carried out and post- disaster and the Department from this disaster but I will concentrate throughout the country, among others. made use of it to produce damage mainly on the areas of the Department’s

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SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 1717 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam mandate. We have realized that we need to have a higher level of awareness on the Our organizational setup are quite traditional and importance and availability of geo-spatial data and its type. The geo-spatial data capacity to work with modern technology is quite low. needs to be updated frequently, there must be easy access to the data for everyone, If we talk in context of modernization in geo-sector, the data sharing mechanism should be easy and user friendly, the involved we can say that our organizational setting is yet to get organizations and human resources should have highest level of competency on equipped with GI personnel and inbuilt GI technology GI technology, geo-data and its use.

What is the current facing in developing technology tools What kind of applications status of SDI in Nepal? for DRR are the capacity and policy of geospatial and GNSS issues. Our organizational setup are quite technologies you visualize? Current status of SDI is very primitive in traditional and capacity to work with Nepal. Survey Department has taken some modern technology is quite low. If we Information is power and location based initiatives for establishing SDI at national talk in context of modernization in geo- information further adds value to it. As level through National Geographic sector, we can say that our organizational occurrence and effect of disaster is always Information Infrastructure Project since setting is yet to get equipped with GI location based, in my understanding, 2000. However, lots of things are yet to personnel and inbuilt GI technology. The there can be numerous application of do to make it fully functional and bring organizational capacity is yet to get the geospatial and GNSS technologies. We all the geo-industries in the network. position of fully exploiting the potentials don’t need to explain very hard core The NGII portal can be accessed at of recent graduates in the fi eld of Geo- Geospatial and GNSS technology for this. www.ngiip.gov.np. It has established all ICT. Many more has to be done to ensure Just look at the example of your mobile the digital database of the topographic the exposure of recent graduates with devices. Nowadays, most of the users have base maps of the whole country. the advanced Geo-technology and its such devices and can acquire and share application in DRR. Lack of coordination photographs in their surrounding and send Besides the initiatives from the Survey among the various organization is to the relief and rescue personnel making Department, there are some other another serious issue. In some cases, use of social media. Google image is government and non-governmental still there are gaps and overlaps in another such tool which is very helpful. organization as well, which are generating terms of jurisdiction and responsibilities Similarly application of open source spatial data for their specifi c purposes. among different organization of the platform are other easily accessible and low For example, if we talk about different government. Shortsightedness from cost tool for sharing information during disasters, ICIMOD has been doing the policy makers may result into disaster. For serious disasters at some intensive research on glacial lake outbursts the discontinuation of the Disaster risky and inaccessible area application of fl ood (GLOF) and established the database response in long term. Research and low cost UAV and drone can be done. of occurred and may occurring GLOF. Development issues in the fi eld are rare Similarly Department of Hydrology due to the lack of long term commitment and Meteorology has detail information and fi nancial support which limits the What role do you about the fl oods, and the Department of motivation of young GI professionals. see of Spatial Data Mines and Geology has established some Infrastructure in DRR? 29 GPS stations to monitor earthquake regularly. These are some of the examples Do you think that there should If there is anything that plays important and there are lot more. But unfortunately, be an interface between role in DRR is SDI. Without suffi cient all these information are isolated. So geospatial professionals and information, a good planning cannot be I prefer to say as I said earlier that the common man in terms of expected. A single entity cannot have SDI in Nepal is in primitive stage. awareness and preparedness? all the data as required. Varieties of data are required to respond any disaster. Of course, there should be an interface What’s the use of the data if its hold by What are the challenges between geo-professionals and users. many organizations but cannot make in developing technology We as geo-professional, believe the use at the time of need. Therefore, full tools for DRR? involvement of common people will functional SDI, with clear guidance of make our life easy in responding Disaster. data sharing and accessibility, is essential In my understanding, main challenges In the recent time, various technologies to respond the disaster promptly. we, the geospatial professionals, are have provided opportunity to enhance

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SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 1818 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam RIEGL RiCOPTER ULS Ready to Fly Remotely Piloted cooperation between geo-professional and common people. We can have Airborne LaserLasaser Scanning System several examples, one of the very common is the crowd sourcing. People with the help of their mobile devices can share very useful information among various social media. Open street mapping is another example. During Nepal earthquake, more than 5000 common people with the help of Google images and Open Street Mapping helped spreading very useful information for rescue and relief. These » 25 kg MTOW information shared by the people are (Maximum Take-Off Weight) processed by the professional at the » max. payload up to 16 kg situation room and supplied to the relief and rescue personnel which » flight endurance with max. payload contribute saving hundreds of life. up to 30 min These kind of media and interaction » stable flight characteristics will be very useful to raise awareness » foldable arms for easy transportation and enhanced preparedness. and storage

Is Nepal better equipped now to face a similar situation in future?

It will be too early to say YES. But has Nepal learned the importance of geo spatial data and easy access to the The RiCOPTER: First fully integrated LiDAR system data when required. Most important solution for professional UAS surveying missions thing is the coordination among the institutions and their capacity to deal with such location based information. The RiCOPTER is a high-performance UAS equipped with RIEGL’s VUX-1UAV The recent disaster has opened the LiDAR sensor to offer a fully integrated turnkey solution: eyes of everyone including politicians, The robust and reliable platform design integrates the RIEGL VUX-1UAV policy makers, bureaucrats, developers, LiDAR sensor, IMU/GNSS unit with antenna, control unit, and digital cameras. and general people. Several steps have The turnkey system provides remarkable measuring characteristics: 230° been initiated by the Government. Field of View, 350,000 meas./sec., range up to several hundred meters, and multiple target capability. Weakness and lacking have been identifi ed. We need to have clear RiCOPTER is ideally suited for applications such as geo information policy regarding agriculture & forestry, topography in open-cast mining, terrain and canyon mapping, cultural acquisition, maintenance, sharing heritage documentation, corridor mapping, and and use. Integrated geo portal and many more. SDI, Appropriate Geo-information RiCOPTER marks the first complete UAS LiDAR technology, adequacy of human RIEGL VUX-1UAV solution from one manufacturer! LiDAR Sensor resources capable to deal with the technology, Government commitment and support including fi nancial Visit us at booth 49! Scan the QR-Code resources are basic and urgent needs to get more to provide appropriate, accurate information on RIEGL's activities at and timely information to respond the event! such disaster. We really believe that we are going in right direction and will be capable to deal such kind of disaster in the days to come. [

www.riegl.com

RIEGL LMS GmbH, Austria | RIEGL USA Inc. | RIEGL Japan Ltd. | RIEGL China Ltd.

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 1919 SD48_CMPL_RIEGL_Nov_Ad_AS.indd 1 23/10/15111/11/151/11/15 1:106:066:06 pmamam [ DISASTER MANAGEMENT Geospatial Portal as an important SDI building block for Disaster Response and Recovery International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) with its national and international partners has developed an Information Platform (Geospatial portal) to act as a unifi ed information hub and and a single-gateway for validated data and information related to the earthquake

Biredra Bajracharya eospatial information systems It has also created new opportunities for Regional Programme Gprovide the technology and tools collaboration in the development of SDI. Manager, MENRIS to generate knowledge and added value programme, International in identifying problems and assessing These technologies played an important Centre for Integrated alternative courses of action. Spatial role during the recent Nepal earthquake Mountain Development data infrastructures (SDI) have evolved with the death toll reaching nearly 9,000 (ICIMOD), Nepal to address issues on coordinated and approximately 2.8 million people development, access and use of geospatial displaced. In a disaster of this scale, information, and minimise resources help and support were urgently needed. wasted on duplication of efforts. The There was a tremendous surge in the traditional view of mapping organisations demand for information. Information being the sole producers and suppliers of poured in from social media and crowd geospatial information and users as passive sources, within and outside the country recipients has changed with volunteered on damage assessments from satellite geospatial information where users also images, landslide mapping, road blocks, participate in information production. and base maps of affected districts.

Social media, crowdsourcing and mobile While such efforts contributed to the technologies have broken traditional disaster response, in many ways, they barriers redefi ning how we work and share also revealed many gaps and associated information from a local to global scale. challenges. Collecting, managing, processing, and disseminating timely and reliable information is key to emergency management and a multitude of recovery and reconstruction operations. To address this need, ICIMOD with its national and international partners, developed an information platform (geospatial portal) to act as a a single-gateway for validated data and information related to the earthquake. As the country moves forward from relief to the reconstruction phase, ICIMOD is working on extending the platform to tailor information needs with various analytical features. A unifi ed platform with geospatial tools will greatly support the efforts of reconstruction by enabling judicious Figure 1: Evolution of SDI (Adapted from Rajabifard 2004 in Budhathoki et.al. 2008) planning and decision making with regard

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SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 2020 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam SD47_CMPL_South_Oct_Ad_AS.inddSSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 212 1 1 09/10/15111/11/151/11/15 5:156:066:06 pmamam to resource allocation and mobilisation volunteers, and coordination with multiple nature due to the rate of technological and will help foster coordination organisations both within and outside the advancement and changing user needs among various actors on the ground. country. Location information is crucial (Rajabifard et. al. 2006). The evolution for these actions and the role of geospatial of SDI has seen different approaches. Geospatial Portal as an Important information and technologies for In the product-based model, the main SDI Building Block for Disaster disaster management is well recognised. aim of an SDI initiative is to link Response and Recovery Timely, up-to-date and accurate spatial existing and potential databases. In the information describing the situation is process-based model, the emphasis is of utmost importance for successful on facilitation through development of SDI and disaster emergency response (Bhanumurthy a knowledge sharing communication et. al. 2008; Mansourian et.al. 2005; channel and capacity building. The Every year, natural hazards such as fl oods Rajabifard et. al. 2004). Logistics are composite product-process approach tries and landslides cause loss of life, property critical to the effi cient allocation and to balance the advantages drawn from and infrastructure in Nepal. Hundreds lose dispatch of relief operations. However, both, enabling the SDI initiatives to be their homes and means of livelihood. In the availability and access to reliable, more versatile (Feeney et. al. 2001). recent years, there has been an increase accurate and up-to-date information are in the frequency and magnitude of these major challenges in such situations. The traditional view of mapping events in the region mostly attributed to the organisations as the producers and impacts of climate change (ESCAP 2015; The concept of spatial data infrastructure suppliers of geospatial information and Gurung et. al. 2014; Thomas et. al. 2013). (SDI) evolved in the early nineties to the users as the passive recipients of address a lack of coordination in the information is rapidly changing [fºigure The 25 April 2015 Nepal earthquake and development, access and use of geospatial 1] with the recent phenomenon of 12 May 2015 major aftershock brought a information, and to prevent resources volunteered geographic information where long-feared destruction in the country to being wasted in the duplication of the users also participate in information reality. With a death toll reaching close to efforts. SDI encompasses a framework production (Budhathoki et.al. 2008). 9,000, another 23,000 injured, and more of technology, policies, standards, and than 785,000 homes damaged or destroyed, human resources required for acquiring, The emerging technologies of social about 2.8 million people were displaced. processing, storing, disseminating, and media, crowd sourcing, cloud computing In a disaster of this scale, the need for effectively utilising geospatial information and mobile devices and their convergence urgent help is tremendous and the demand (Nebert, 2004). Spatial data resources play [fi gure 2] have broken the traditional for information rises exponentially. an important role in disaster decision- barriers of organisations, professional Critical information is needed to support making increasing effi ciency, providing domains and geographic borders. The a multitude of response operations a better method for communication and increasing use of these technologies - search and rescue missions, relief collaboration among emergency forces is redefi ning how we work and share distribution, construction of temporary (Snoeren et. al. 2007). The dynamic nature information from a local to global scale shelters, recovery of human casualties, of an emergency situation calls for timely and has opened new opportunities for damage assessment, mobilisation of information from various organisations. No collaboration in SDI development. SDI individual agency can produce can be realised at different levels (local, and update all of the required national, regional, global) and involves information. This calls for an array of stakeholders both within partnerships, data sharing and and across organisations including data exchange. Therefore SDI different levels of government, private and its components can play a sector and a multitude of users. major role facilitating emergency management by providing Social media and crowd secure, fast, reliable access to sourcing during disasters spatial data needed by emergency response workers (Rajabifard et. The strengths of social networks al. 2004; Snoeren et. al. 2007). for information gathering during disasters are real-time recording and Evolutions in SDI a proactive user approach. The ability to capture, communicate an event, a Development of SDI includes problem or an opinion enables users multiple actors, concerns, to contribute in a collaborative way interests, points of view, and speeding up the problem solving Figure 2: Convergence of technologies challenges. SDI has a dynamic processes (Capineri et.al. 2015).

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SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 2222 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam The ubiquitous smartphone with GPS imagery, DigitalGlobe\ made the most earthquake. MicroMappers worked on and camera has enabled citizens to signifi cant contribution by making analysis of images and text from tweets collect real-time data on-location and high resolution satellite imagery of the while MapAction worked on mapping monitor events important to emergency affected areas freely available online of affected population. Humanity Road management. Mobile phones can be used to all groups involved in the response prepared situation reports including effectively in collecting data for relief effort. DigitalGlobe activated the communities in need. Similarly United operations and damage assessment. subscription service FirstLook that Nations Offi ce for the Coordination provided emergency management and of Humanitarian Affairs (UN-OCHA) The developments of Open Street Map, humanitarian workers with fast, web-based implemented an information platform Google Earth and a variety of other web- access to pre- and post-event images of for the coordination of international based mapping services has enabled the impacted area from its WorldView humanitarian support and generated volunteers to directly assist in disaster and GeoEye satellites (DigitalGlobe regular map products on the situation. response situations through mapping and 2015). Many images were also made other spatial analysis. Distributed mapping available by National Aeronautics ICIMOD’s response efforts makes it possible to produce large number and Space Administration\ (NASA), of maps within a very short time which Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Japan Immediately after the earthquake, is one of the greatest benefi ts to disaster Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), ICIMOD formed a team of GIS and management and was demonstrated Planet Lab, ImageSat International and remote sensing experts. While a lot of during the Haitian Earthquake (Zook Skybox Imaging (UN-SPIDER 2015). satellite images were getting available et. al. 2010). Volunteered geographic from different space agencies through the information is gaining increasing relevance The compilation in UN-SPIDER international charter, extracting meaningful as a source of information complementing Knowledge Portal (UN-SPIDER information and delivering them to the authoritative spatial data and contributes 2015) shows that many crowdsourcing government and other agencies were in SDI development in areas with poor communities became active to support challenging. Responding to the requests GIS data coverage (Goodchild, 2007). mapping needs for relief work. from the Ministry of Home Affairs DigitalGlobe activated Tomnod, a (MoHA), the ICIMOD team supported crowdsourcing platform that allowed by a group of volunteers worked round The Nepal earthquake web-connected volunteers around the the clock to process and analyse the latest experience globe to help disaster response teams by satellite imagery for mapping pockets mapping damage from the earthquake. of settlements in affected districts and Global geospatial community The\ Tomnod website allowed users to creating profi les of affected VDCs to coming together participate in the Nepal campaign by inform relief operations. A large number tagging damaged buildings, roads, and of maps were printed and supplied to The Nepal Earthquake of 25 April areas of major destruction to inform different agencies. Another team from demonstrated how the advances in disaster response teams on the ground. ICIMOD set up an offi ce at the airport to Information and Communication The Humanitarian Open Street Map Team provide information to helicopter pilots Technology (ICT) have made it possible (HOT OSM) mobilised 3679 mappers and dispatchers, including Google Earth for the global community to come and made 62587 edits to the maps of the 3D images of fl ight routes to help pilots together during the catastrophic events. affected areas within fi ve days of the navigate unfamiliar terrain, identify Seven minutes after the event, a red alert for international assistance was issued by the Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System (GDACS). The fi rst reference maps were also produced on the same day in order to facilitate response efforts. The\ EU Copernicus Emergency Management Service\ was also activated on the same day and provided the fi rst reference maps the day after (JRC 2015).

The US Geological Survey (USGS)\ compiled satellite imagery of the disaster area from different space agencies and made it accessible through its Hazard\ Data Distribution System (HDDS). In terms of satellite Figure 3: Framework for information synthesis and use

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SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 2323 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam on geohazards, including fi eld data on landslides with 3D visualisation; and incident reporting for disaster events in near real-time through crowd sourcing.

Lessons for SDI

Challenges in generating useful information

Immediately after the event, there was a need for base maps to identify and locate affected areas and dispatch relief. Maps showing settlements and potential sites for helicopter landings were in high demand. The ICIMOD team was fully engaged compiling any available information from various sources including Google Earth. The gap Figure 4: NDRRIP Portal on GIS base layers such as settlements, road networks, health facilities, open and recognise destinations, and plan and other stakeholders engaged in spaces and public utilities was seriously appropriate landing spots (ICIMOD 2015). disaster recovery and reconstruction. The felt as they were either unavailable or framework of NDRRIP as a Geospatial were not up to date. Preparation of basic Landslides were another major obstacle Portal is illustrated in fi gure 3. information layers needs to be given to rescue and relief operations and there priority for disaster preparedness in future. was an urgent need to assess the impact The portal provides key facts and fi gures of landslides for immediate rescue efforts at national, district, and VDC/municipality The availability of satellite images through and monitor potential hazards. ICIMOD levels with interactive maps, charts, and on-line systems was unprecedented formed a task force on geo-hazards for infographics [fi gures 4 and 5]. Information immediately after the Nepal earthquake. monitoring landslides, glacier lakes, and is also provided under different thematic The international geospatial communities river courses by analysing the latest satellite areas such as infrastructure, health, began preparing situation maps by using images and communicating the fi ndings education, cultural heritage, agriculture, available imagery. Downloading large to the Government of Nepal and relief and geohazards. Story map journals for satellite images was impossible. The agencies. The task force coordinated with a each affected district provide the status of ICIMOD team worked with the NASA broad international team including Chinese casualties, damage, and response efforts. SERVIR Coordination Offi ce in the US Academy of Science, NASA, the University Other portal highlights are: an interactive to reduce the size of images by tiling and of Arizona, USGS, USAID and JAXA. before and after visualisations using high resampling for fi le transfer. Many of the resolution satellite imagery; information images were copied on hard drives and National Disaster Response and Recovery Platform (NDRRIP)

With numerous national and international agencies involved, it was felt that a comprehensive platform was needed where all information would be accessible and in a user-friendly interface. In collaboration with MoHA and technical support from Esri, ICIMOD deployed the Nepal Earthquake 2015: National Disaster Response and Recovery Information Platform (NDRRIP). The NDRRIP acts as a unifi ed hub for earthquake-related information for use by government ministries and departments Figure 5: Interactive page for Country profi le

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SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 2424 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam physically delivered. Basic infrastructures Various government departments Moving towards reconstruction such as electricity and internet play a vital and non-governmental organisations role during disasters, a necessity requiring started campaigns for data collection As in any disaster event, attention from the proper emergency back up in the event from selected settlements and districts international and national communities to of an emergency. Moving towards cloud on their own, efforts that lacked any the affected population slowly fades away computing for hosting of data and services central coordination. The aspects of with time and disaster management moves can be strategic to develop economically data storage, analysis and use seemed towards the phase of reconstruction. The effi cient systems (Díaz et. al. 2012) which to be overlooked. Almost none of information on damage and casualties are also resilient to such disaster events. these campaigns considered geo- become less dynamic and the demand for coding of data while collecting them. information slowly dies out. However, for High resolution images were helpful Knowing who is doing what and where reconstruction planning and management, for visualisation of the affected areas is important for logistical purposes. more detailed information will be needed but extracting useful information to deal with individual households. The from these images for use in a GIS Delivering the information issues related to relocation becomes platform was a big challenge. There even more complicated as it needs to were technical issues on geometric In addition to gaps in information consider economic, environmental and corrections and overlaying with other collection and generation, delivery of social aspects. Geospatial information data layers. Maps showing damaged accurate information to the users in becomes more relevant to analyse building assessments using satellite the correct format is important. Paper those different alternatives. Similarly, images were prepared by many maps were still the preferred format by monitoring reconstruction activities agencies. However, the usefulness was the users going into the fi eld making and resources will be important in a concern as the detection of damaged printing facilities crucial. On the other maintaining transparency of government buildings accurately was not possible hand, the very dynamic nature of interventions. The Geospatial Portal with except for those completely collapsed. information updates during such disaster appropriate geo-processing and query Development of algorithms for semi- makes on-line portals most suitable. tools can fi ll this need to a great extent. automated damage assessment should be ICIMOD’s NDRRIP is one such effort a topic of research interest in the fi eld to serve up-to-date information. of image analysis and interpretation. Conclusion The Emergency Operation Centre of Satellite images were most useful MoHA is the authoritative body for The 25 April Nepal earthquake resulted in in the assessment of geo-hazards any disaster in the country. Current a huge loss of life and was a major blow which included mapping landslides human resources and ICT infrastructure to the country’s economy. There was an and monitoring glacial lakes. clearly need strengthening to deal with immediate humanitarian response from large disasters. Interaction with the IT the international community including Consolidating information team showed staff were overwhelmed the International Charter which provided from the ground with information requests as well a large volume of satellite information as offers for assistance. Being the assistance in producing map products (UN- The HOT OSM community’s work in main hub for information fl ow from SPIDER 2015). Extracting meaningful and preparing the base maps of affected areas district offi ces, automated integration effective information from these resources proved invaluable in generating value with the portal will make information presented challenges due to technical added products by other agencies. News dissemination more effi cient. Without infrastructure limitations. There was a on casualties and damages poured in such a system in place, energy was need for better fi eld data coordination, from across the country. However, the spent digitising and storing data from collection and application. Crowdsourcing information was aggregated at a district many different sources and formats has the potential to fi ll the gaps in spatial level and spatial details of damage were before serving on the NDRRIP. data and real time event reporting. There is not available. Crowdsourced information a growing mass of young volunteers who on incidents and needs were limited Line agencies on utilities, roads, and can contribute to SDI in a collaborative to Kathmandu and were sporadic in health are producers and updaters of way. Partnerships among all line agencies nature. The trust and reliability of datasets everyday and during emergency adopting interoperable data models crowdsourced information has yet to be situations (Rajabifard et. al. 2004). are needed for best scenario disaster established for inclusion in government Adopting appropriate data standards preparedness. This requires implementation databases and response attention. and interoperability models by these of a functional SDI. The costs and benefi ts agencies and data sharing will be a associated with SDI development is not Many youth volunteers got organised great support for disaster management. clear (Masser 2015), however, the social to mobilise relief work and collect Geospatial portals can facilitate benefi ts in assisting effi cient emergency data on building and other damages. such inter-agency partnerships. management will go way beyond economic

CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015 | 25

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 2525 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam benefi ts. Geospatial portals form essential DigitalGlobe (2015) DigitalGlobe opens Masser, I., Crompvoets, J. (2015) Building components of SDI implementation by access to satellite data to support disaster European Spatial Data Infrastructure, providing collaboration platforms for data response efforts in Nepal, DigitalGlobe Third Edition, Esri Press, Redlands. sharing and access. The participation of blog. http://www.digitalglobeblog. multiple agencies will promote data quality com/2015/04/26/digitalglobe-opens- Nebert, D.D. (2004) Developing Spatial and an adoption of standards. The NDRRIP access-to-satellite-data-to-support- Data Infrastructures: The SDI Cookbook was developed by ICIMOD to fi ll the gap of disaster-response-efforts-in-nepal/ -2004. Global Spatial Data Infrastructure. such a platform and to support earthquake response and recovery efforts. As the ESCAP (2015) Overview of Natural Rajabifard, A., Binns, A., Masser, I., country recovers, ICIMOD is working Disasters and their Impacts in Asia Williamson, I. (2006). The role of sub- on working on extending the platform and the Pacifi c, 1970 – 2014, ESCAP national government and the private sector to tailor information needs with various Technical Paper, Information and in future spatial data infrastructures. analytical features. It is hoped that such a Communications Technology and Disaster International Journal of Geographical unifi ed platform with geospatial tools will Risk Reduction Division, The United Information Science, 20 (7), 727-741. improve reconstruction efforts by enabling Nations Economic and Social Commission judicious planning and decision making for Asia and the Pacifi c, Bangkok. Rajabifard, A., Mansourian, A., on resource allocation and mobilisation Williamson, I. P., Valadan Zoej, M. and will help foster coordination among Feeney, M.E., Rajabifard, A., J. (2004) Developing Spatial Data various responders on the ground. Williamson, I. (2001) Spatial Data Infrastructure to Facilitate Disaster Infrastructure Frameworks to Support Management, in Proceedings, Decision-Making for Sustainable GEOMATICS 83 Conference, Tehran, Iran. References Development, Paper presented at the GSDI-5, Cartagena de Indias Snoeren, G., Zlatanova, S., Crompvoets, Bhanumurthy, V., Rao, G.S., Karnatak, J., Scholten, H. (2007) Spatial H.C., Mamatha, S., Roy, P.S., Goodchild, M.F. (2007) Citizens as sensors: Data Infrastructure for emergency Radhakrishnan, K. (2008) Emergency the world of volunteered geography, management: the view of the users, Management – A Geospatial Approach, GeoJournal, Volume 69, Issue 4, pp 211-221 Paper presented at the Third International in The International Archives of the Symposium on Gi4DM, Toronto. Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing Gurung, D.R., Shrestha, M., Shrestha, N., and Spatial Information Sciences. Debnath, B., Joshi, G., Bajracharya, R., Thomas, V., Albert, J.R.G, Perez, R.T. Vol. XXXVII. Part B4. Beijing. Dhonju, H.K., Pradhan, S. (2014) Multi (2013) Climate-Related Disasters in Scale Disaster Risk Reduction Systems, Asia and the Pacifi c, ADB Economics Budhathoki, N.R., Bruce, B., Nedovic- Space and Community Based Experiences Working Paper Series No. 358, Asian Budic, Z. (2008) Reconceptualizing over HKH Region, The International Development Bank, Manila. the role of the user of spatial data Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote infrastructure, in GeoJournal, Vol. Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, UN-SPIDER (2015) UN- SPIDER 72, No. 3/4, Volunteered geographgic Volume XL-8, 2014 ISPRS Technical Knowledge Portal http://www. information: key questions, concepts Commission VIII Symposium, 09 – 12 un-spider.org/advisory-support/ and methods to guide emerging research December 2014, Hyderabad, India. emergency-support/9911/earthquake- and practice (2008), pp. 149-160. nepal-india-bangladesh-china ICIMOD (2015) Nepal Earthquake 2015 Capineri C, Calvino C, Romano A. page. http://www.icimod.org/?q=17851 Zook, M., Graham, M., Shelton, (2015). Citizens and Institutions as T., Gorman, S. (2010) Volunteered Information Prosumers- The Case Study JRC (2015) Nepal earthquake: JRC Geographic Information and of Italian Municipalities on Twitter. supports EU’s response operations, JRC Crowdsourcing Disaster Relief: International Journal of Spatial Data News 27 April, Joint Research Centre, A Case Study of the Haitian Infrastructures Research, Vol.10, 1-26. European Commission. https://ec.europa. Earthquake, World Medical & Health eu/jrc/en/news/nepal-earthquake-jrc- Policy Vol. 2: Iss. 2, Article 2. Díaz, L., Remke, A., Kauppinen, T., supports-eu-response-operations Degbelo, A., Foerster, T., Stasch, C., The paper is prepared for presentation Rieke, M., Schaeffer, B., Baranski, B., Mansourian, A., Rajabifard, A., Zoej, at FIG – ISPRS workshop, 2015: Bröring, A., Wytzisk, A. (2012) Future M.J.V. (2015) Development of Web-Based International Workshop on Role of SDI – Impulses from Geoinformatics GIS using SDI for Disaster Management, Land Professionals and SDI in Disaster Research and IT Trends, International in Oosterom, P.V., Zlatanova, S., Fendel, Risk Reduction: In the Context of Post Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures E.M. (eds) Geo-Information for Disaster 2015 Nepal Earthquake. Kathmandu, Research, Vol.7, 378-410. Management, Springer-Verlag. Nepal, 25th-27th November, 2015 [

26 | CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 2626 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam SSD48_CMPL_NovemberSD48_CMPL_Javad_Nov_Ad_AS.inddD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 2727 1 05/11/15111/11/151/11/15 8:38 6:066:06 am amam SSD48_CMPL_NovemberSD48_CMPL_Javad_Nov_Ad_AS.inddD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 2828 2 05/11/15111/11/151/11/15 8:38 6:066:06 am amam SSD48_CMPL_NovemberSD48_CMPL_Javad_Nov_Ad_AS.inddD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 2929 3 05/11/15111/11/151/11/15 8:38 6:066:06 am amam SSD48_CMPL_NovemberSD48_CMPL_Javad_Nov_Ad_AS.inddD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 3030 4 05/11/15111/11/151/11/15 8:38 6:066:06 am amam SSD48_CMPL_NovemberSD48_CMPL_Javad_Nov_Ad_AS.inddD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 3131 5 05/11/15111/11/151/11/15 8:38 6:066:06 am amam SSD48_CMPL_NovemberSD48_CMPL_Javad_Nov_Ad_AS.inddD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 3232 6 05/11/15111/11/151/11/15 8:38 6:066:06 am amam SSD48_CMPL_NovemberSD48_CMPL_Javad_Nov_Ad_AS.inddD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 3333 7 05/11/15111/11/151/11/15 8:38 6:066:06 am amam SSD48_CMPL_NovemberSD48_CMPL_Javad_Nov_Ad_AS.inddD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 3434 8 05/11/15111/11/151/11/15 8:38 6:066:06 am amam [ GNSS SBAS navigation performance evaluation in sub-saharan Africa This paper presents some results of the scientifi c research conducted by Training on EGNOS- GNSS in Africa (TREGA) laboratory members concerning the feasibility of a potential Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) in Sub-Saharan African regions

his document presents some results solstitial and equinoctial months of the The second part of the paper emphasizes Tof the scientifi c research conducted year 2013, characterized by high solar on the ionospheric irregularities effects by Training on EGNOS-GNSS in Africa activity in the present solar cycle. In that degrade the SBAS performance at (TREGA) laboratory members concerning particular, the months of July and October low-latitudes, particularly during post- the feasibility of a potential Satellite 2013 have been used to represent different sunset hours. It is well known that Based Augmentation System (SBAS) ionospheric seasonal conditions. Total Electron Content (TEC) is a good in Sub-Saharan African regions as part indicator of ionosphere conditions and of its ‘training through research’. Two algorithms have been selected for is widely used in studies of the near- the assessment of the SBAS system Earth plasma environment. While for the The fi rst part of the study includes performance: an EGNOS-like processing analysis of the ionospheric irregularities, indicative results of a possible SBAS set corresponding to the version 2.3.2 rate of change of TEC (ROT) has been performance following ‘ICAO SARPs [5] and one specifi c version produced taken into consideration and rate of requirements (Annex 10)’ [1]. to optimize the performance in low- change of TEC index (ROTI) has been latitudes [5]. The use of these two chosen as an indicator for the presence Real data from different African networks algorithms was part of the training through of ionospheric irregularities. [6][7] [2][3][4] have been analysed during research conducted in TREGA project. Different scenarios characterized by Claudia Paparini Xurxo Otero Villamide various geomagnetic disturbed periods T/ICT4D Laboratory, Project Offi cer, have been selected in order to evaluate The Abdus Salam The Abdus Salam different ionospheric conditions and International Centre International Centre possible degradation or improvement for Theoretical Physics for Theoretical Physics of the SBAS system performance. (ICTP) Trieste, Italy (ICTP), Trieste, Italy Particular emphasis is given to the existing geomagnetic indices for those periods. Several indicators (Kp, Dst, Herbert Rodrigue Sandro M Radicella Ap) [8] have been considered in order Ngaya Head of the to evaluate the status and behavior The Abdus Salam Telecommunications/ of the ionosphere and to understand International Centre ICT for Development if there is a possible correlation with for Theoretical Physics Laboratory (T/ICT4D), the SBAS system performance. (ICTP), Trieste, Italy The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy SBAS performance assessment Oladipo Emmanuel ABE PhD candidate, Space This document shows real data analysis Physics Laboratory, Bruno Nava of July and October 2013. The data were Department of Physics, Research Offi cer, obtained from available GNSS receivers Federal University The Abdus Salam of NIGNET, SONEL and AFREF/IGS of Technology, International Centre for networks [2][3][4]. The year 2013 was Akure, Nigeria Theoretical Physics (ICTP), selected because it corresponds to the Visiting Scientist, T/ICT4D Laboratory, The Telecommunications/ fi rst peak of the solar cycle 24. July Abdus Salam International Centre for ICT for Development and October were used to represent Theoretical Physics (ICTP) Trieste, Italy laboratory in Trieste, Italy two ionospheric seasonal conditions:

CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015 | 35

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 3535 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam Table 1: GNSS sites used in the Sub-Saharan African scenario solstice and equinox. The selected stations fall within the borders of the ID Location Network Geo. Lat Geo. Lon Modip (o) Northern and Southern crests of the (oN) (oE) Ionospheric Equatorial Anomaly (IEA) cggn Toro (Nigeria) NIGNET 10.12 9.12 -1.96 affecting low-latitude regions [9]. ouag Ouagadougou AFREF/IGS 12.35 -1.51 2.86 (Burkina Faso) The details of the stations are shown in futy Yola (Nigeria) NIGNET 9.35 12.50 -3.34 Table 1; it is important to emphasize that bkfp Kebbi (Nigeria) NIGNET 12.47 4.23 3.50 this particular scenario was designed ykro Yamoussoukro AFREF/IGS 6.87 -5.24 -10.63 following TREGA area of interest (Cote d’Ivorie) (Sub-Saharan African region), the unec Enugu (Nigeria) NIGNET 6.42 7.51 -10.89 spatial availability and the quality of bjco Cotonou (Benin) AFREF/IGS 6.23 2.27 -11.83 the GNSS observables in the area. dakr Dakar (Senegal) AFREF/IGS 14.75 -17.49 11.86 nklg Libreville (Gabon) AFREF/IGS 0.35 9.67 -23.90 Two algorithms have been used for the fg07 Sao-Tome (Sao-Tome) SONEL 0.34 6.73 -24.60 analysis of SBAS system performance: the EGNOS-like processing set version 2.3.2 and one specifi c version produced to optimize the performance in low latitude regions [5].

Figure 1 shows the difference between the two algorithms on SBAS system availability according to APV-I level of Figure 1: APV-I availability maps for the month of July 2013 EGNOS-like processing version service (Horizontal Protection Level - HPL 2.3.2 (left), and low-latitude algorithm (right) during 24 hours (from 00:00 to 23:59 UT). < 40 mete rs and Vertical Protection Level - VPL < 50 meters) for July 2013. Figure 2 shows the same monthly availability of July but considering only 14 hours (04:00 - 18:00 UT) in each day; i.e., discarding the periods of post-sunset to post-midnight.

For July 2013, it is shown that for both algorithms during daytime period the Figure 2: APV-I availability maps for the month of July 2013 EGNOS-like version 2.3.2 availability is above 99% in the area and low-latitude algorithm (right) during 14 hours from 04:00 to 18:00 UT. that contains a suffi cient number of stations. Including post-sunset and post- midnight hours, there is degradation in availability of around 2% - 5%, less pronounced for the low latitude algorithm.

Concerning October 2013 (the selected equinoctial month), Figure 3 shows the monthly SBAS system availability Figure 3: APV-I availability maps for October 2013 EGNOS-like version 2.3.2 and using the two algorithms. Figure 4 low-latitude algorithm (right) during 24 hours (from 00:00 to 23:59 UT). shows the same system availability but considering 14 hours day (04:00 - 18:00 UT); i.e., discarding the periods of post-sunset to post-midnight.

It is clearly shown that for October 2013, EGNOS-like processing set availability is around 10% - 15% lower than the one calculated using low-latitude algorithm. Figure 4: APV-I availability maps for October 2013 EGNOS-like version 2.3.2 (left) Moreover, only taking the daily hours, it and low-latitude algorithm (right) during 14 hours from 04:00 to 18:00 UT. is observed that availability increases by

36 | CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 3636 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam 10% with both algorithms (being 99% For this reason, the ionosphere of the in SBAS availability between 24-hour in the area with suffi cient number of Sub-Saharan region was evaluated to analysis and 14-hour analysis (discarding stations using the low-latitude algorithm). estimate its effect on the SBAS system post-sunset and post-midnight period). degradation during post-sunset and post- This is in accordance to ICAO task force It is obvious that there is a clear midnight hours (Figure 1, Figure 2). indications on ionospheric effects for degradation in post-sunset and post- The Total Electron Content (TEC) is GNSS aviation [9]. The degradation midnight hours using both algorithms a parameter widely used in studies of in availability is higher in October when analysing October 2013 (10% near-Earth plasma environment [11]. It than in July due to the difference in - 15% in comparison to results from describes how the ionosphere responds to the level of irregularities (Figure 7). July 2013. The next section covers solar and geomagnetic conditions and it is in details the phenomenon). responsible for range error that produces a Finally a study concerning geomagnetic time delay in the radio signal. In this work, indices has been done (Figure 8). These The monthly performance is a reliable the time series of Rate of Change of TEC indices are often used in order to evaluate indicator of a SBAS performance. index (ROTI) was taken as a proxy for and understand global and regional level However, it is important also to analyse the presence of ionospheric irregularities. of ionospheric disturbances [12]. They some specifi c days within the two months. The time-derivative of TEC, the ROT characterize the contribution of different There are some cases in which the daily and its standard deviation (ROTI) are: magnetospheric and ionospheric currents availability differs notably from the to the H component of geomagnetic fi eld. monthly average. These cases correspond (1) The intensity of the electric fi elds and to an enhancement or an inhibition of currents, as well as the magnetospheric ionospheric irregularities that are present, (2) ring current, is strongly dependent on the especially in the post-sunset and post- variations of the interplanetary magnetic midnight periods. In particular, July 6th ROTI helps to identify and to fi eld (IMF). This is due to several effects and 14th are characterised by inhibition statistically present the smaller scale including magnetospheric convection, of the irregularities, while July 10th irregularities [6] [7]. Moreover, ROTI ionospheric dynamo disturbance and by enhancement. October 2nd and 9th automatically eliminates the unknown various kinds of wave disturbances [13]. are characterised by an increase of TEC biases, mitigates the slowly irregularities, while October 14nd and 30th varying background trend of TEC, The magnetospheric ring current cannot by their inhibition. Figure 5 shows the and emphasizes the high frequency directly penetrate the equatorial ionosphere daily availability considering APV-I level components of TEC fl uctuations. being; instead it is strongly related to the of service of July 6th (inhibition) and July auroral ionosphere. The prompt penetration 10th (enhancement). Figure 6 shows the The monthly ROTI averaging all stations of the convection electric fi eld from high daily availability considering APV-I level is shown in Figure 7. The presence of latitudes to equatorial latitudes during of service of October 9th (enhancement) irregularities explains the difference geomagnetic disturbances causes the F and October 30th (inhibition).

Ionospheric effects on SBAS performance

The ionosphere over Sub- Saharan African region, being under the effects of the IEA, is a major source for GNSS Figure 5: APV-I availability maps for July 6th (left) and July 10th (right), respectively inhibition radio-wave signals from and enhancement of the usual ionospheric irregularities in the Sub-Saharan African region. satellite to Earth. At these latitudes, the ionosphere is characterised by the presence of irregularities, in particular near the crests of the IEA. It is well known that most part of the strongest irregularities occur in the post-sunset period of the equinoctial months with Figure 6: APV-I availability maps for October 9th (left) and October 30th (right), respectively enhancement high solar activity [10]. and inhibition of the usual ionospheric irregularities in the Sub-Saharan African region.

CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015 | 37

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 3737 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam Figure 7: Diurnal mean ROTI of all the stations for July 2013 (left) and October 2013 (right).

Figure 8: Kp, Dst and ap indices for July (left) and October (right) 2013.

region plasma modifi cations, and up-lift or disturbed conditions with similar Dst values ROTI has not only been proven down-lift of the ionosphere during daytime (see Figure 5 and Figure 6 for the system as a good proxy for the presence and night-time with correspondence to the availability), in October (9th, 30th ) and July of ionospheric irregularities but eastward and westward electric fi elds [13]. (6th, 10th) 2013. In these days, the system also as a representative index of performance notably enhances or degrades the system availability. ROTI can In order to investigate such phenomena, with respect to the monthly average for be used to measure and monitor various empirical relations in terms of the cases analyzed (Figure 5, Figure 6). ionospheric irregularities under different indices [8] have been used. This effect is in accordance with the disturbed space weather conditions. An analysis of geomagnetic indices has studies carried out for mid-latitudes [12]. been done to compare their behavior In addition, the presence of ionospheric and possible correlation with the irregularities and their effect on SBAS system performance in case Conclusion the SBAS system performance of quiet and disturbed conditions. cannot be consistently related to the Results of a possible SBAS performance geomagnetic activity indices values. Figure 8 includes relevant indices for assessment in Sub-Saharan African region July and October 2013 (Kp, Dst, ap) [8]. for the months of July and October 2013 It is expected that use of a more By analysing the SBAS performance indicate a difference of 10% - 15% in dedicated network (high quality in (Figure 5, Figure 6) in the area, it is APV-I availability between solstitial and GNSS observables) and more adequate shown that standard indices are not equinoctial month using both algorithms. distribution of the stations in the Sub- consistent indicators of ionospheric Saharan African region would improve conditions and their behavior does not In October 2013, the SBAS can the performance of the potential fi nd a correspondence with the SBAS approximately provide similar levels SBAS analyzed in this paper. system availability in the Sub-Saharan of APV-I availability than in July 2013 African scenario analyzed in this paper. during daytime hours (from 04:00 UT Being the study indicative, it to 18:00 UT). This behavior follows the should consolidate with a much For instance, there is a different effect on level of ionospheric irregularities present larger statistic that could impact the daily system availability during different from post-sunset to post-midnight. some of the conclusions.

38 | CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 3838 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam References Irregularities and Scintillation P. Pintor et al., “The impact of the SBAS standards: EGNOS-The European Using GNSS Tracking Networks,” high ionospheric activity in the Geostationary Navigation Overlay Proceedings of the ION 2013 EGNOS performance” 2013, System (EGNOS) – A cornerstone Pacifi c PNT Meeting, Honolulu, presented at European Navigation of GALILEO, ESA SP1303 Hawaii, pp. 752-761, April 2013. Conference (ENC-GNSS) 2014, AFREF Network - GPS data: Geomagnetic indices: http:// April 14 - 17, Rotterdam http://www.afrefdata.org/ cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ B. Tsurutani et al. “Global dayside NIGNET Network – GPS data: “Ionospheric Effect on GNSS Aviation ionospheric uplift and enhancement www.nignet.net-NIGNET Operations”, International Civil associated with interplanetary electric SONEL Network - GPS data: http:// Aviation Organization, First meeting fi elds”, J. Geophys. Res. 109 A08302, www.sonel.org/-GPS-.html?lang=en on ionospheric studies task force doi: 10.1029/2003JA010342, 2004. A. Cezón, M. Cueto, E. Ramírez, J. (ISTF/1), 27-29 February 2012, Ostorlaza, V. Izquierdo, D. Pérez Tokyo, Japan, (available as NSP and E.Sardón, GMV, “SBAS Flimsy14, WGW meeting in Tokyo, Acknowledgment performance Analysis in Equatorial Japan 27-29 Feb 2012), 4-21. Regions”, ION-GNSS 2014. S. Chatterjee, S.K. Chakraborty, B. This research was supported by X. Pi, A. J. Mannucci, U.J. Veenadhari, S. Banoia “A study on theEuropean Commission (EC) to carry out Lindqdwister, C.M. Ho, ionospheric scintillation near the the project TRaining on EGNOS-GNSS in “Monitoring of Global Ionospheric EIA crest in relation to equatorial Africa (TREGA)., through a Contribution Irregularities using the worldwide electrodynamics” , J. Geophys. Res. Agreement with theInternational Centre GPS,” Geophysical Research Space Physics, 119, 1250-1261, for Theoretical Physics (ICTP)totrain a Letters, 24, (18), 2283-2286. doi:10.1002/2013JA019466, 2014 core number of African professionals in Dio/10.1029/97GL022732007. M. Mendillo, “Storms in the order to face technical problems related X. Pi, A.J. Mannucci, B. Valant-Spaight, ionosphere: Patterns and Processes to the operational conditions of Sub- Y. Bar-Sever, L.J. Romans, S. Skone, for total electron content” Rev. Saharan Africa. The authors also thank the L. Sparks, G. Martin, “Observations Geophys., 44, RG4001, doi: providers of GNSS Stations (Netwo rks: of Global and Regional Ionospheric 10.1029/2005RG000193, 2005 AFREF, NIGNET; IGS and SONEL). [

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberSD42_CMPL_Antcom_May_Ad_AS.inddD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 393 9 1 4/27/2015111/11/151/11 /1:35:0815 6:066: 0PM6 amam [ OLD COORDINATES In Coordinates 10 years before…

mycoordinates.org/vol-1-issue-6-november-05/

40 | CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 4040 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam [ UAS Drones in support of upgrading informal settlements: potential application in Namibia We describe a rapid test of using an unmanned aerial system (UAS) to acquire geospatial data that can be used to facilitate planning, upgrading and to promote tenure security

Grenville Barnes he number of people living in informal to the rise and expansion of informality University of Florida, Tsettlements around the world is across the developing world means that Gainesville, FL USA diffi cult to measure precisely, but some good policies at the global or national level estimates put it at close to one billion, or are just a start to successful upgrading and almost one quarter of the world’s urban social upliftment of the informal residents. population. Informality is a phenomenon that has become a common characteristic Communities, local governments and Walter Volkmann of large cities in developing countries. UN- NGOs, who play a linking role between MicroAerial Projects LLC, Habitat estimates that one third of all city these parties, are arguably the crucial Gainesville, FL USA inhabitants in the developing world live players in upgrading. Ultimately, the in an informal situation. People who live goal of upgrading is to promote the in ‘slums’, ‘favelas’, ‘pueblos jovenes’, safety, health and security of all of ‘shanty towns’, and ‘squatter settlements’ the residents living in the community. all lack basic public infrastructure and In the short term, the objective is to Anna Muller services, live in inadequate housing provide the means for the incremental Shackdwellers and have no tenure security. upgrading of the community. Federation of Namibia The UN Millennium Development Goals This paper describes the development (MDGs) expressly addressed the problem and scope of informal settlements in of informality by setting one of the targets Namibia and then proposes a novel as “a signifi cant improvement in the lives approach to providing geospatial of at least 100 million slum dwellers” by information to facilitate planning and 2020 (UN 2015). This goal has already upgrading of these settlements. been exceeded, but millions of people still live in slums. In the post-MDG era, the UN is promoting a “transformative Upgrading of informal approach” within the so-called sustainable settlements development goals (SDGs) (UN 2014). Goal 11 of the SDGs is to “make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, One of the fundamental principles behind resilient and sustainable.” (UN 2014, incremental upgrading is to minimize 14) It is clear from both the MDGs and the relocation of its residents and, if SDGs that informal settlement upgrading relocation is necessary, to relocate as close is still high on the global policy agenda. to the existing site as possible. However, relocation is typically required if the In many ways informal settlements are settlement is located in an environmentally symptomatic of broader socioeconomic sensitive area or in an area which is problems in society–poverty, inequality, highly vulnerable to natural disasters like and governance failures to name just three. fl oods or hurricanes. The initial focus in The complexity of factors contributing upgrading should be on understanding

CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015 | 41

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 4141 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam how the settlement was formed, its The participatory enumeration tool has development controls that were applied to relationship with the land owner and been used effectively in several countries, formal townships (Van Asperen 2014). municipality, how it is organized and including the Philippines, Thailand, and what services, if any, exist (NUSP Brazil (UN Habitat/GLTN 2010). Lessons When Namibia gained independence 2015). Beyond that upgrading typically learned from this experience include: in 1990, those in need of better income includes the following components: • Strong partnerships with local opportunities or shelter acted on their new • Planning and designing the upgrades authorities arecrucial freedom of movement and migration to • Improving public infrastructure • The enumeration tool should be urban areas increased. Local authorities, (roads, water, power) designed with the community so which previously demolished any • Land tenure regularization that it builds on local knowledge unapproved structure, recognized that they • Upgrading of housing and • Training of enumerators is could not meet the demand for shelter shelter conditions important and ultimately determines and so permitted the building of informal • Capacity development the quality of the data structures within formally planned areas. • The data should be produced in a The fi rst community initiative on land Planning and designing upgrades timely manner, which may require and housing, called Saamstaan (Standing involves designing streets and blocks in segmenting the work into smaller units Together), started in 1987. Their strategy an area where settlement has occurred • Communities need to be trained to was to acquire a communal plot which sporadically over time with little regard communicate effectively with other they could develop incrementally by to vehicular access and in many cases actors, such as local authorities themselves. Intheearly 1990s the newly no easy accessbyemergency vehicles. • The upgrading strategy may need formed Ministry of Regional, Local Planning, infrastructure design, to be promoted through advocacy Government and Housing together with tenure regularization, housing design (UN Habitat/GLTN2010) the para-statal National Housing Enterprise andlocationand capacity development all (NHE) and the City of Windhoek started require information and the participation a project to relocate in habitants from the of the inhabitants. UN-Habitat, through its Informality in Namibia overcrowded single quarters (hostels that Global Land Tool Network (GLTN), has accommodated male contract workers) developed a “participatory enumeration” Namibia’s urban history is comparatively tolots located on the western fringe toolthathelps compile basic information recent, but informal settlements have been of Windhoek. These households were required for upgrading by involving a characteristic of settlement patterns since permitted to construct temporary shelters the local inhabitants in the organization 1890 when the German occupation led to while the National Housing Agency and collection of this information (UN- the development of colonial towns where (NHE), a central government agency, Habitat/GLTN 2010). This serves to build the workforce for the white occupants would construct their houses as soon as trust between external technical specialists was sheltered in informal settlements they could afford these. When spontaneous and the inhabitants, but it also produces (Muller 1995).This pattern continued settlements developed around these areas more reliable information and greater until the implementation of the South and another relocation project, the City of acceptance of the process and products. African apartheid policies in Namibia Windhoek responded by decriminalizing It is not only an information gathering inthe1960s resulting in the replacement squatting and through their “Squatter activity but also a process for addressing of informal settlements with racially Policy” implemented reception areas confl icts and promoting consensus. One divided townships. These townships (Shipanga 2000). However, the households major challenge highlighted by GLTN is were planned and surveyed and remained ontheseplots began to rent space to to ensure that the information collected the property of the local authority who others thereby increasing the density of in the participatory enumeration can rented out the houses. Registration the settlement in the reception areas. be used to strengthen tenure security of properties in these townships only (GLTN 2014). This requires a fl exible commenced only in the late 1970s. approach which recognizes a continuum Upgrading initiatives and of rights expanding the options for tenure Although apartheid rules began to challenges in Namibia security by offering alternatives to full be relaxed in the late 1970s, urban private title, which can be expensive, development was generally still strictly A ‘Development and Upgrading Strategy’ time consuming and require standards controlled and any informal structures was implemented in various parts of the that are not attainable in the short term were demolished. This led to over- country with bilateral assistance from in informal settlements. Instead, tenure crowding in cities like Windhoek Denmark, France and Luxembourg. These security can be improved through where a 56 square meter house might projects focused on in-situ upgrading, recognizing some of the rights in the be occupied by as many as 12 people although numerous households had to be bundle of property rights, such as use (Simon1991). Informal settlements relocated to meet the required standards and occupation, through a registerable arose in traditional land areas which for infrastructure.This experience showed certifi cate documenting these rights. fell outside the formal planning and that planning around existing structures

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SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 4242 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam authorities working through existing or drawn maps) and door-to-door collection newly formed community structures. of socio-economic data and structure usage. Socio-economic surveys have been Two NGO organizations, Shack Dwellers completed in 116 informal settlements Federation of Namibia (SDFN) and in 64 urban areas. Once data is collected Namibia Housing Action Group (NHAG), and verifi ed by the community, that data emerged out of the early initiatives of is manually analyzed and the fi ndings Saamstaan and developed strategies that discussed with the community, local promoted community involvement in the authorities and other stakeholders process. The Shack Dwellers Federation (e.g. regional councils). The focus of was created in 1998 as part of a poor these discussions is mostly around the peoples’ movement to promote the idea priority needs of the community. that decision-making and actions needed Figure 1: Map of Namibia showing to be shared by the broader membership or Namibia’s general population is major urban centers androads community to make it more sustainable. becoming more urbanized with 43% of the population living in urban areas was challenging and there was a shift tore- During the fi rst phase (March 2007 in 2011 versus 27% in 1991. The data designing the area without considering to October 2008) of the Community collected by CLIP revealed that the the existing settlement patterns. However, Land Information Program CLIP) informal population in Namibia was upgrading in the northern towns profi les of 235 informal settlements around 500,000, equivalent to about (Oshakati, Rundu and Katima Mulilo) in 110 municipalities, towns, villages 25% of the Namibian population. The was mainly done in accordance with and settlement areas were compiled by upgrading process is currently still existing settlement patterns (see Figure the communities (Namibia Housing taking place within the formal land 1). One important aspect throughout Action Group 2009). The second phase development process which means all of these projects was the key role of CLIP includes structure numbering that eventually existing service tariffs of the community in the process. This and mapping on aerial photographs will apply which communities cannot role was mostly formalized by the local (replacing the earlier practice of hand afford (Chitekwe-Biti 2013). Creation BigFish-cp.be

SD30_CMPL_Linertec_May_Ad_AS.inddSSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 4343 1 26/04/14111/11/151/11/15 11:59 6:066:06 amaAMm While the Google Earth satellite maps may be somewhat inferior in resolution and radiometric quality to the 0.5 m orthophoto (F in the fi gure 2), they are more frequently updated than the mapping that is typically done in Namibia. Comparing the quality of the Google Earth imagery dated 2009 (E in the fi gure 2) with that of the 0.5 m conventional orthophoto, one might argue that it was not necessary to incur the costs of producing the 0.5 m orthophoto. However, relying purely on Google Earth as the mapping source for settlement upgrading is not without problems. Firstly, the timing of updates cannot respond to the demands of small, under funded local project leaders. And since one cannot predict when Google Earth will render fresh maps one often has to either accept outdated or inadequate maps or provide for new mapping altogether. Secondly, the quality and spatial reference of the Google Earth satellite imagery is not constant. Hence the suitability of any given satellite map rendered by Google Earth has to be assessed specifi cally for each project, both in terms of resolution and currency. Figure 2: Extracts of Google Earth imagery at different dates (A-E,G-J) and 2010 Orthophoto (F) Despite the above short comings, Another challenge is the lack of Namibia lacks a common strategy for Google Earth is a valuable source of security of tenure experienced by scaling up informal settlement upgrading geospatial information often over looked households. The Ministry of Land and in the country. The current slow in upgrading projects. Not only does Resettlements started with a Flexible pace of the formal land development Google Earth provide free access to an Land Tenure Program in the mid- process does not cater for scaling up archive of satellite imagery taken over 1990s to facilitate a simpler system to upgrading and a dedicated longer long periods of time, it also provides register tenure for households living term upgrading strategy is needed. a very good viewer for visualization, in informal settlements. However, the basic drawing tools for the lay person Bill to enable the registration was only as well as a widely used data standard enacted in 2012 and the regulations Mapping needs and availability (kml) for easy dissemination of geo- guiding the implementation are expected spatial information over the internet. to be proclaimed in 2015. Due to this Map updating in a large and sparsely delay, the City of Windhoek started populated country like Namibia a National mapping agencies typically focusing on planning for formal costly per capita expenditure. Hence try to update maps at regular intervals. subdivision and individualization, maps are only regularly updated in the To exploit savings through scales of therefore limiting the potential for major cities and towns of Namibia. In economy, mapping contracts are typically applying appropriate standards and the 2010 enumeration of the Freedom issued to cover large tracts of land at leaving thousands of households in Square upgrading project in Gobabis, the uniform quality and resolution. More a situation where two households orthophoto maps used were produced often than not mapping contracts of live on 300 square meter plots. from aerial photography dated May 2010 this kind are subject to complicated with a 0.5 m resolution (see Figure 2F). procurement procedures that often take Where upgrading is taking place the In addition to this orthophoto, satellite more than a year to complete. Further households sign lease agreements imagery such as that displayed on Google more, many developing countries but do not have the right to upgrade Earth could also have been used. Figure lack mapping capacities and hence and develop their property. They are 2 shows extracts of a sequence of the have to rely on foreign companies, therefore reluctant to invest in any available satellite imagery and orthophotos thus imposing even more bureaucratic upgrading of shelter improvements. that are available for the Gobabis area. complexity on the map acquisition

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SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 4444 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam Figur e 5: Block plan over laid on UAS Or thophoto

Fig ure 3: Flight Lines for Fixed Wing UAVTest imagery for detailed Barthel 2013). Most importantly, they urban design, rural offer a transparent methodology that planning and land administration tasks. can be quickly deployed. In dynamic situations like informal settlements a high resolution map can be obtained that Rapid UAS test in Gobabis is current to within less than a week of fl ying. The orthophoto map derived from Gobabis Town is situated in eastern the UAS aerial imagery is also much Namibia approximately 200 km east of more understandable than mathematical Windhoek (see Figure 1) and is the regional coordinates or imaginary lines drawn capital of the Omaheke Region and the between property corners. Additionally, it core of Namibia’s “cattle country.” This provides valuable information ontheroof municipality has four informal settlements type, house area, fences, paths and tracks, incorporating approximately 9,000 people, and other features that feed into the including Freedom Square which is the planning and adjudication processes. oldest of the four settlements. CLIP covered Figu re 4: UAS-based Or thophoto all four informal settlements in Gobabis. Namibia is fortunate to have a small Feedback meetings within the CLIP process group of model airplane enthusiasts process. The result of these impediments provided a forum for the community to (amongst them a land surveyor)who is that often projects are carried out express its anger and frustration with the have exploited the large open spaces to with maps that are outdated or of proposed relocations by the municipality. pioneer the use of open source and do inadequate resolution and accuracy or During an exchange visit in March 2013 to it yourself (DIY) UAV technology for just not available due to delayed delivery. Cape Town and Stellenbosch, facilitated by aerial mapping and aerial surveillance This is especially true for informal SDI (Shack/Slum Dwellers International), for the protection of endangered wild settlements which change very rapidly participants were exposed to communities life. The UAV community in Namibia and require large scale mapping. and local authorities using enumeration has the capacity to design, confi gure and and mapping information collected by assemble multi-rotor as well as fi xed wing Satellite imagery and aerial photography the community to upgrade and plan their platforms for Namibian applications. have been used in the past as the basis settlement. As a result of this exchange, for mapping and planning informal the Gobabis Municipality agreed to We carried out a small pilot test in settlements. However, the inappropriate upgrade the informal settlement through Freedom Square surrounding Gobabis scale and lack of currency make it re-blocking, and to sign a Memorandum to assess the potential for using small challenging to work with this imagery. of Understanding with NHAG/SDFN. drones to facilitate incremental upgrading Google Earth, which is emerging as a This provided an opportunity to test a in informal settlements. It took the co- very useful source of spatial data, often novel approach to mapping informal author and some volunteers about a day to has the same shortcomings of currency settlements and providing geospatial survey some 60 evenly distributed Ground and resolution. Fortunately, a new option information for planning and upgrading. Control Points (GCPs) across the Freedom has emerged which can provide current Square area. Where possible, permanent spatial information at an unprecedented Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) or and well defi ned features, such as manhole resolution. The emergence of unmanned drones are a convergence of navigational, covers and disbanded tires (popularly used aerial vehicle (UAV) and computer positioning and model airplane technologies as fl ower beds), were used as targets. Most vision technologies has the capacity that provide a much more affordable and of the GCPs, however, consisted of white to overcome these impediments and faster approach to mapping (Volkmannand 20 cm paper plates secured to the ground provides the ability to augment satellite Barnes 2014; Barnes, Volkmann and with a 15 cm long nail. This survey was

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SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 4545 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam [ SNIPPETS

referenced to the local datum using post This UAS-based orthophoto is now being AT A GLANCE processed dual frequency GPS. During this used by the Shack Dwellers Federation survey the community was briefed on the to fi nalize a formal block plan and to UAV mapping process. Throughout the allocate formal parcels to the informal fl ying the weather was uncharacteristically settler households. The proposed block windy and thus a considerable number plan is shown overlaid on the UAS- ► Septentrio has appointed of targets were disturbed either by derived orthophoto in Figure 5. Unmanned Systems Source children or by the wind before the image as an authorized dealer for acquisition could be completed. GNSS positioning products Conclusions in the UAV market After on-site assembly of wings and fuselage the fi xed wing UAV (known Because this test occurred after the ► Ordnance Survey Selects as Bateleur) was launched by catapult enumeration and lay-out planning phases SimActive’s Correlator3D for a 20 minute fl ight at an altitude of of the Freedom Square project, we were 150 m covering approximately 100 unable to fully explore the potential value ► Topcon introduces control box hectares producing 4 cm GSD aerial of the current, high resolution imagery for excavator systems for US imagery with 70% side- and 80% forward and UAS products on the whole upgrading overlap. The fl ight ended with a perfect process. However, we are convinced that a ► Philippines gets Senix automatically executed landing which UAS approach is superior to conventional sensors for fl ood warning earned applause from the large number approaches for the following reasons: of community inhabitants who had • It provides a resolution and currency ► Trimble TMX-2050 now equipped gathered around the launch area. After unattainable by either aerial with TeamViewer’s QuickSupport downloading and inspecting the aerial photography or satellite imagery imagery a second fl ight was performed • It is cheaper than conventional ► MAPPS selected for FAA to cover an additional 90 ha of land approaches Registration Task Force with aerial imagery of 4 cm GSD. • It provides a transparency and exposure Approximately 600 aerial images with to the community that is impossible ► Global Mapper LiDAR 45 mm resolution (ground sampling with conventional approaches Module V17 released distance or GSD) were acquired. • Capacity can be developed locally thereby avoiding long ► Technip, 3D at Depth to Figure 3 shows the logged fl ight path procurement processes and commercialize LiDAR above Freedom Square as recorded by the building on local knowledge in Gulf of Mexico fl ight controller on board the Bateleur. In its current confi guration it has a take- We are optimistic that over the next year ► Applied Software acquires Enceptia off weight of 2.5 kg, an endurance of we will be able to test this UAS approach over thirty minutes and fl ies safely at further and demonstrate how it can provide ► IGAPP launches Vricon an airspeed of 14 m/s carrying a 20 MP quality geospatial data for tools such as Explorer app camera as payload. It can thus cover a the social tenure domain model (STDM). distance of over 25 km in one fl ight. It ► Intergraph SG&I re-branded as is made of material strong enough to Hexagon Safety and Infrastructure endure full speed crashes and can be References repaired in the fi eld. The wing mountings Barnes, G., W. Volkmann and K. Barthel ► Abu Dhabi updates seismic are designed to disengage from the (2013). Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles activity reader fuselage on impact, thus reducing the (UAVs) to Democratize Spatial Data likelihood of damage andinjury. Production: Towards Spatially Enabling ► Luciad introduces 3D visualization Land Administration. Proceedings of to the Internet of Things Using a ‘Structure from Motion’ (SfM) Annual World Bank Conference on software suite (Agisoft’s Photoscan), Land and Poverty, Washington, DC ► Hexagon bags Wichmann these images were processed overnight to Chauke, P., M. Muthige and A. Coville Innovations Award at produce a high quality 4 cm orthophoto (2011). Measuring Success in Human INTERGEO 2015 (see Figure 4) and digital surface model Settlements Development. Presented of the Freedom Square area. This at DIME Seminar, July 2011, ► MDA expands imaging modes orthophoto could have been delivered to Washington, D.C. http://microdata. for RADARSAT-2 satellite planners, engineers, community members worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/1041 and administrators within less than 24 Chitekwe-Biti B. T. (2013). Impacting the ► DigitalGlobe partners with Mapbox hours after the imagery was acquired. City: The Role of Social Movements for 30 cm imagery basemaps

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SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 4646 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam in Changing the City’s Spatial Form in Africa. http://upgradingsupport.org/ UN (2015). Millennium Development Windhoek, Namibia. A thesis submitted content/page/part-1-understanding- Goals and Beyond 2015. http://www. to the University of Manchester for your-informal-settlements un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml the degree of Doctor of Philosophy http://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/ UN-Habitat/GLTN (2010). Count me in - in the Faculty of Humanities. listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2975 Surveying for tenure security. United GLTN (2014). Access to land and Shipanga, M. K. (2000). Squatter Nations Human Settlements Programme tenure security. UN-Habitat, GLTN, Settlements in Windhoek: Analyzing (UN-HABITAT), Nairobi, Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya. http://www.gltn. the Challenge and Policy Response of Van Asperen, P. (2014). Evaluation net/index.php/land-tools/themes/ the city Council. A thesis submitted of innovative land tools in sub- access-to-land-and-tenure-security to the University of Namibia for Saharan Africa. Three case from Namibia Housing Action Group (2009). the degree of Masters of Arts in a peri-urban context. Sustainable Community Land Information Public Policy and Administration. Urban Areas 49. Amsterdam, Programme (CLIP). Profi le Of Informal Simon, D. (1992). Windhoek: IOS, Delft University Press. Settlements In Namibia. Report, Namibia desegregation and change in the Volkmann, W. and G. Barnes (2014). Housing Action Group,Windhoek. capital of South Africa’s erstwhile Virtual Surveying: Mapping and Namibia Housing Action Group. (April white colony. In Lemon. A.(Ed.). Modeling CadastralBoundariesUsing 2014). Kanaan Report: Community South Africa’s Segregated Cities. Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). Land Information Programme Bloomington Indianapolis and Cape Proceedings of XXV International (CLIP). Report, Namibia Housing Town, Paul Chapman and David Philip Federation of Geomatics (FIG) Action Group,Windhoek. UN (2014). The road to dignity by Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Namibia Housing Action Group. (June 2030: ending poverty, transforming World Bank (2013). Is Upgrading Informal 2014). Participatory Planning for all lives and protecting the planet. Housing a Step in the Right Direction? Informal Settlement Upgrading in Synthesis report of the Secretary- Webinar organized by the South Asia Freedom Square. Gobabis: SDI-AAPS General on the post-2015 sustainable urban team at the World Bank. Planning Studios. Report, Namibia development agenda. http://www. The paper was presented at the “2015 Housing Action Group, Windhoek. un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?sy World Bank Conference on Land NUSP (2015). NUSP Resource Kit, National mbol=A/69/700&referer=http://www. Andpoverty” The World Bank - Upgrading Support Programme. South un.org/en/documents/&Lang=E Washington DC, March 23-27, 2015 [

SD47_CMPL_esriSSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_Nov eIndia_Oct_Ad_AS.inddmber 2015.indd2015.indd 4747 1 09/10/15111/11/151/11/15 4:526:066:06 pmamam [ CONFERENCE Geoinformation is the international language of decision-makers INTERGEO 2015, 15 – 17 September, Stuttgart, Germany

eoinformation is the global language the geoinformation sector has proudly Gthat decision-makers all understand. “We have to actively presented at INTERGEO in Stuttgart. This places the geoinformation sector, with its technologies and solutions, in combat the shortage a key position to deliver information INTERGEO 2015: that can be used to make decisions. The of specialists and join Unstinting growth sector has strong wind in its sails – as the growth seen at INTERGEO 2015 forces with universities The facts and fi gures for this year’s clearly demonstrates. With 15 percent INTERGEO speak entirely for more exhibitors and fl oorspace, its broad and companies to themselves. As it draws to a close international scope and thoroughly today, the 21st INTERGEO has robust economic outlook, INTERGEO attract young talent” scored 15 percent growth in exhibitors radiates the full dynamism of this and fl oorspace and attracted a very innovation-focused industry. Stuttgart, - DVW President Thöne impressive 16,500 visitors. Many of 17 September 2015 – Geoinformation the exhibitors have remarked upon the is the global language that decision- senior executive status of the contacts makers all understand. This places its broad international scope and they have made at INTERGEO. The the geoinformation sector, with its thoroughly robust economic outlook, fact that half of the exhibitors travelled technologies and solutions, in a key INTERGEO radiates the full dynamism from abroad refl ects INTERGEO’s top position to deliver information that of this innovation-focused industry. calibre as leading international trade can be used to make decisions. The fair for geoinformation technology. One sector has strong wind in its sails – There’s no need for any crystal ball to of the zones where foreign exhibitors as the growth seen at INTERGEO predict geoinformation’s continuing really made their mark was the “UK 2015 clearly demonstrates. With 15 growth. Cutting-edge applications to meet Pavilion”, which joined the trade fair percent more exhibitors and fl oorspace, society’s needs for mobility, intelligent again for the second time this year. cities, digital construction, a sustainable energy supply, climate protection and disaster relief management all rely quite Objective: Customised results heavily on geoinformation. Prof. Dr.- Ing. Karl-Friedrich Thöne, President of The sector makes a concerted effort to host organisation DVW – Gesellschaft integrate and implement developments für Geodäsie, Geoinformation und in mainstream IT. The result is simple, Landmanagement e.V. (German Society user-friendly, intuitive solutions that for Geodesy, Geoinformation and Land seek to deliver customised responses Management), says: “Geoinformation is to customers’ requirements and those the servant of society – an indispensable of Geospatial 4.0. “Our technology motor for its sustainability and future- must respond to the needs of an proof business sector. What’s more, the expanding global population. And we’re end-to-end integration of geoinformation very optimistic we can do just that. into diverse business processes lends INTERGEO, the key event where our the sector further force thanks to its international users gather under one roof, ability to accelerate and simplify gave us the chance to demonstrate how processes and reduce costs.” Process we optimise workfl ows and simplify optimisation and input into decision- processes for our customers’ benefi t,” making processes are the key tasks said Eduardo Falcón, Executive Vice

48 | CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 4848 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam Galileo update President and General Manager of the GeoPositioning Solutions Group at Topcon Positioning Group. Next Galileo satellite launch November 20, for submission of planned from Guiana on proposals to develop two specialized 17th December 2015 European GNSS (E-GNSS) Interaerial solutions: “engines” for ITS applications. Platform for innovative Next two satellites from Galileo businesses program are going to be launched Partly funded under its €100 million with Arianespace rocket from Guiana “Fundamental Elements” program, The launch of the special exhibition Space Centre launch site LCS. the projects would build Galileo and zone interaerial SOLUTIONS the European Geostationary Navigation INTERGEO cements its status as the After launching fi rst satellite in 2011 Overlay Service (EGNOS) capability international communications hub for Galileo is planned to provide services in into specialized chipsets: an applications devoted to Unmanned 2016, furthemore in 2020 it is scheduled E-GNSS engine for safety-critical Aerial Systems. Cina Molawi, a fi rst- to complete all from 30 (24 operational applications in road transportation time exhibitor at INTERGEO with and 6 spare) satellites. Notes fast pace and another for liability- and his start-up company “Sitebots”, to achieve full effi ciency of the system payment -critical applications in road reported that “INTERGEO is just the – compared to Glonass which became transportation. Target participants are right platform for young, innovative fully functional (with 24 satellites). Of vehicle manufacturers, automotive companies involved in UAS. course Glonass and Galileo can not suppliers, and GNSS receiver INTERGEO covers a broad spectrum match with GPS which was fi nished in and chipset manufacturers. of the industry – we welcomed a 5 years after launching fi rst satellite in high proportion of decision-makers 1989, but still opposed to Glonass and The fi rst grant would underwrite to our stand and succeeded in GPS Galileo is cilivilian solution with up to 60 percent (€4.5 million) of a fi rmly positioning our products.” civilian budget. First fourteen FOC single project to develop an engine satellites providing signal for Galileo for safety-critical ITS applications, navigation are made by OHB System while also analyzing the potential for A keen eye on: Recruiting and Surrey Satellite Technology Limited E-GNSS “differentiators” (such as young talent (SSTL), next eight are contracted to signal authentication, precise point OHB System. On 17th December 2015 positioning using a Commercial Once again, one of the key concerns it is planned to launch 11th and 12th Service), developing the interface of many of the businesses at this satellites. Importance of the program with a vehicle’s standard data year’s INTERGEO was the shortage progress and previous successes exchange system (such as a CAN of specialists – and the trade sometimes perceived as unnecessary bus), and cooperating with GNSS/ fair is becoming an increasingly best summarize words spoken by ITS standardization efforts. important recruitment forum. Elżbieta Bieńkowska (European “We have to actively combat Commissioner for Internal Market, The second grant would provide the shortage of specialists and Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs) €6 million for two similar projects join forces with universities and in March 2015. www.satprnews.com to help develop a “liability- and companies to attract young talent,” payment-critical E-GNSS-based says DVW President Thöne. engine in the road sector.” All GSA extends deadline for three projects would run for up to proposal for specialized three years and focus on creating INTERGEO 2016: Keen GNSS chipsets chipsets that would be embedded in interest in Hamburg dedicated on-board units, on vehicles The European GNSS Agency (GSA) or consumer devices on private and As one INTERGEO draws to a close, has extended its timeline, until commercial road vehicles. [ the next INTERGEO already beckons. With its future-oriented focus on digital construction and smart cities, INTERGEO 2016 is moving to Hamburg. INTERGEO 2016 will be held in Hamburg from 11 to 13 October

- Jens Lichte, Communications Manager, HINTE Marketing - und Media GmbH [

CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015 | 49

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 4949 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam [ NEWS - GNSS

UAS for GPS-denied environments ARDEC’s objectives include analysis and Chinese BeiDou BDS to transfer assessments, technology demonstration satellite tech. to Iran The Pentagon in the USA has been efforts to determine technical risks, pushing for the development of and system integration requirements Under an MoU signed Between Iran’s autonomous unmanned vehicles of existing and previously developed IEI and Chinese BeiDou Navigation for a while. Now, it wants them to autonomous UAS. Ultimately, the Satellite System (BDS), China will operate autonomously even when program wants to expand the capabilities transfer its BDS technology to Iran. Under GPS signals are degraded. of GPS-denied autonomous sensing the memorandum, China will establish and collaborating architectures. BeiDou ground stations in Iran, and Iran The Army’s Armament Research, Electronics Industries (IEI, AKA Sa Development and Engineering The notice makes clear that precision Iran) will found a center for space data Center plans to use a think-tank and mapping, location, target detection, collection. http://en.mehrnews.com skunk-works approach (the latter tracking and collaboration capabilities a reference to Lockheed Martin’s that work where GPS signals are denied GLONASS & BeiDou to make Advanced Development Programs) are a requirement for today autonomous satnav system parts together to “identify, invest, mature, and UAS sensing technologies, though they transition revolutionary/game- also open a pathway for new methods China’s BeiDou navigation satellite changing autonomous unmanned of sensing in existing and emerging system and Russia’s GLONASS plan sensing technologies.” threats. https://defensesystems.com/ to join forces and build a production facility. According to Dy. Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, it is planned that All 7 IRNSS Navigation Satellites to Be in Orbit by March: Isro the facility for production of receiver modules and chipsets will be based Press Trust of India , 8 October 2015 GSAT-15 satellite with GAGAN in Russia. https://www.rt.com/ All the seven satellites of Indian Regional payload is slated for launch Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) are by November 10, he said. GPS III Launch Services RFP expected to be in orbit by March 2016, Released by Air Force Indian Space Research Organisation The space agency chief said “in this said recently. ISRO also aims to backdrop the activities are going The U.S. Air Force GPS Directorate make signals available not only to on the way we need to take forward released a fi nal request for proposal India and surrounding countries, the objective of self-reliance. Not (RFP) for GPS III Launch Services in but also to the entire globe, ISRO only self-reliance, but also trying September’2015. Launch services include Chairman to provide, extend the process of launch vehicle production, mission Kiran making this signals available not integration, and launch operations for Kumar only within and surrounding our a GPS III mission scheduled to launch said. country, but also looking around the in 2018. After evaluating proposals globe is also one of the important through a competitive, best-value source aspect we will be looking at.” selection process, the Air Force will award a fi rm-fi xed price contract that India has entered into the realm will provide the government with a total of satellite-based navigation launch solution for the GPS III satellite. with its two “pioneering” projects GAGAN and IRNSS, offi cials said. China Launches 20th http://gadgets.ndtv.com/ BeiDou Satellite

China launched a new-generation satellite into orbit that will support its GNSS network on September 30, 2015. According to the China state news agency Xinhua, the spacecraft was launched from Xichang Satellite Launch Center in the southwestern province of Sichuan on a Long March-3B carrier rocket. It was the 20th satellite for the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and for the fi rst time featured a hydrogen atomic clock. [

50 | CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 5050 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam [ NEWS - GIS

Global Mapper LiDAR KML to the Open Geospatial Consortium to realize a pilot project as part of the Module V17 Released (OGC) to be maintained and evolved within creation of the national infrastructure the OGC consensus process. 84 KML 2.2 for geospatial data in Ukraine, Deputy Blue Marble Geographics has released implementations are currently registered Head of Diplomatic Mission and Advisor an update to the Global Mapper LiDAR in the OGC implementations database. to Embassy of Japan to Ukraine Hiromi Module. The latest edition of the module Nakano has said. “This is a grant, we do includes numerous functional enhancements The main KML enhancements not demand the return of it,” she said. and performance improvements that have provided in version 2.3 are: been designed to improve the quality and 1. Addition of a new feature, KML Tour, Wide-area high-accuracy utility of LiDAR and other point cloud data. which enables a user to specify aspects positioning data on the way New and updated functionality includes of a controlled virtual fl ight through a a tool for automatically detecting and series of geographic locations, including Australia is placing orders for classifying power lines and other above- speed, mode of fl ight (smooth or sophisticated satellite reception equipment ground utility cables; a new set of analysis bounce), sound tracks and how KML designed to provide almost the whole of tools for identifying and fi ltering noise features are updated throughout the tour. the Australian land mass with extremely or erroneous points in LiDAR data; and 2. Addition of new geometries: Track accurate positioning data, fulfi lling a long- an enhancement to the feature extraction and MultiTrack. A KML Track can held ambition of Australia’s geodesy, tool that allows vector line features to be capture and display the path and surveying and satellite specialists. created a linear array of points such as a other aspects of a moving object The equipment enables capture and utility cable. www.bluemarblegeo.com over a specifi ed period of time. processing of data from all the in-orbit 3. Enhancements to KML’s Extension satellite positioning data systems in OGC adopts updated KML Earth Mechanism, allowing for the direct use of operation now, or coming into service Browser Standard – KML 2.3 XML content from third-party schemas. progressively over the next few years. It KML 2.3 is now based on XML Schema applies ground-based corrections from The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) 1.1 enabling authors of KML Application terrestrial stations whose position is has approved the OGC KML 2.3 Standard. Profi le extensions to experimentally add calibrated exactly, and allows rebroadcast foreign element and attribute content of ground-originated positioning signals to KML is an XML grammar used to encode interleaved among existing KML achieve the extreme accuracy specifi ed. and transport representations of geographic elements. www.opengeospatial.org data for display in an earth browser, such The corrections are needed because tiny as a 3D virtual globe, 2D web browser Japan to provide grant of $3 mln to orbital shifts, random gravity effects application, or 2D mobile application. help create national infrastructure in space such as lunar tidal effects, KML, an open, non-proprietary standard, for geospatial data of Ukraine variations in the earth’s atmosphere, and is supported in numerous Earth browser various other perturbations complicate applications and geospatial software Japan International Cooperation the calculation of position from satellite- products. In early 2007, Google submitted Agency (JICA) will provide $3 million derived signals by themselves. [

SD48_CMPL_ip-solutions_Nov_Ad_AS.inddSSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 5151 1 05/11/15111/11/151/11/15 7:326:066:06 pmamam [ NEWS - LBS

APEC calls for implementation TomTom Traffi c includes congestion European Satellite Navigation of intelligent transport systems forecasting, which indicates whether Competition 2015 by member economies a jam is growing or dispersing, and estimates how long a delay will last. The global satellite navigation community Asia-Pacifi c Economic Cooperation gathered in Berlin to recognise the year's (APEC) member economies are encouraged According to TomTom data, the busiest most brilliant innovations in commercial to implement the Intelligent Transport hour of the day for traffi c in Hong Kong applications of satellite technology. Systems (ITS) to enhance the effi ciency and is between 8am and 9am, and during The project POSEIDRON won over effectiveness of transport infrastructures, this hour the average total jam length the international jury of experts with especially recognizing the signifi cant is usually over 35 kilometres. On some its remote-controlled multicopter built safety and environmental benefi ts that days the total jam length can grow to support maritimesearch-and-rescue may be realized simultaneously. twice as long. www.businesswire.com services - and took home the grand prize ahead of the European Satellite Navigation The ITS are advanced applications TRX Systems Releases New NEON® Competition's 29 other winners. that aim to provide innovative services Indoor Location Solution relating to different modes of transport Mr Enrique Martínez Asensi and his and traffi c management and enable TRX Systems, developer of the NEON winning team hope to see Poseidron various users to be better informed Indoor Location Solution, has released save lives far out at sea when people and make safer, more coordinated, and NEON Signal Mapper, a new software fall overboard or are involved in “smarter” use of transport networks. application delivering 3D indoor tracking shipwrecks that occur during illegal and visualization for users mapping immigration. Custom-developed by Such systems vary in technologies applied, LTE, LMR, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and other Sincratech Aeronautics - a start-up based from basic management systems such signal and sensor data, providing an in Valencia, Spain - POSEIDRON can as car navigation; traffi c signal control easy-to-use application and API that be launched from ships or platforms systems; container management systems; saves time and increases accuracy. under virtually any weather conditions. variable message signs; automatic It enables users to cost-effectively, number plate recognition or speed quickly and accurately map the In addition to winning the ESNC's EUR cameras to monitor applications, such measurements taken indoors where GPS 20,000 grand prize, this innovative as security CCTV systems; and to more is unavailable. www.trxsystems.com project will nowhave the chance to enter advanced applications that integrate live a 12-month incubation programme at one data and feedback from a number of GPS collars in Southern Highlands of fi ve Science Parks in Valencia as part of other sources. http://news.pia.gov.ph koala conservation program the region's prize. The ESNC set another new participation record this year, with Russia found a solution to The New South Wales Government in 515 innovations entered bycompanies from switch Glonass to domestically Australia is fi tting the fi nal 10 of 20 more than 40 different countries around produced components. koalas with GPS tracking collars as the world. The competition thus more part of its fi rst study into the mammals than matched the successes of editions The Russian GLONASS will fully in the state’s Southern Highlands. past in increasing its overall fi gures to switch to domestically-produced 272 winners awarded and 3,343 ideas electronic components in the next two Koala numbers across the state have received from over 10,000 participants years, Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry dropped in two decades and it is estimated throughout its 12 years in existence. Rogozin recently said. “We have found there are fewer than 200 koalas left in solutions for switching to a domestically- the area. “The study aims to provide The ESNC presented prizes valued at produced [electronic] component a clear direction for the long-term approximately EUR 1 million in total base within a year and a half or two conservation of one of Australia’s most at its festive Awards Ceremony. The years,” Rogozin said at an international iconic species,” Environment Minister competition's jury of some 240 renowned congress on the ERA-GLONASS Mark Speakman said in a statement. experts selected both the overall victor and system. http://sputniknews.com 30 other regional and special prize winners. The collars will be fi tted onto the animals With their innovations in areas such as TomTom Launches its traffi c over the next month and the data will connected mobility, smart cities, tourism, service in Hong Kong enable researchers to track koala colonies and environmental protection, these entrants and ensure their long-term survival. The demonstrated how fundamental precise TomTom has launched world-class traffi c project was established after a major fi re satellite navigation signals are to Europe's service in Hong Kong. It provides traffi c in the Yerrinbool-Balmoral area in 2013 digital society. Please visit the ESNC website information for highways, major roads wiped out some of the koala population for an overview of this year's winners. and secondary roads in 48 countries. and forced many others to move. www.satellite-masters-conference.eu [

52 | CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 5252 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam [ NEWS - IMAGING

PCI Geomatics expands its has ruled in our favour in the Antrix- “The Lapan A2 was originally made exclusive agreement with China’s Devas arbitration case and Antrix by engineers and facilities of Lapan,” Beijing Space Eye Innovation is liable to pay damages totalling Head of Indonesia’s National Institute of $672 million to it, Devas said. Aeronautics and Space agency (Lapan) PCI Geomatics has extended and expanded Thomas Djamaluddin said on the sidelines its exclusive distribution agreement “Devas Multimedia and its shareholders, of witnessing live broadcast of the with Beijing Space Eye Innovation including highly-regarded international satellite launching in his offi ce here. Technology Co., Ltd. (BSEI) of China for investors, are pleased that the ICC an additional fi ve years. The agreement Tribunal unanimously ruled in its In the future, he said that Indonesia is acknowledges BSEI as PCI’s exclusive favor and found that Antrix is liable expected to be capable of producing reseller partner in China for both PCI’s for unlawfully terminating the Devas- rockets to support the satellite Geomatica desktop software and PCI’s Antrix Agreement in February 2011,” launching by itself. “So we can launch award winning GeoImaging Accelerator Devas said in the statement. the satellite independently. We want (GXL) technology. www.pcigeomatics.com to develop a satellite technology The Tribunal awarded damages and pre- autonomously,” Thomas added. Iran to launch homegrown remote- award interest totalling USD 672 million sensing satellite next year to Devas with post-award interest accruing The satellite that weighs 78 kilograms, at 18 per cent per annum on that sum occupies an orbit lane around the Iran plans to send its fi rst domestically- until the award is fully paid, it added. earth’s equator at an altitude of 650 made remote-sensing satellite “Tolou 1 kilometers from the earth’s surface. The (Rise 1)” into orbit in the fi rst half of the The Tribunal comprising Michael satellite would crisscross Indonesian next Iranian calendar year, which will Pryles, VV Veeder QC, and Justice territory 14 times per day with orbit begin on March 20, 2016, the head of AS Anand gave the order in an period of 100 minutes, Thomas said. Iran’s National Space Center announced. unanimous decision. It noted that Antrix had no legal justifi cation for According to Thomas, the satellite would be Iran successfully launched into orbit terminating the agreement and that used to monitor the traffi c of vessel, support its fi rst indigenous data-processing Dr KR Radhakrishnan, who at the the efforts to secure maritime security, satellite, Omid (Hope), back on February time of annulment, was Secretary, exploration of fi shery natural resources 2, 2009. www.tasnimnews.com Department of Space and Chairman in the country. Xinhua News Agency of ISRO, Antrix and the Space RS satellite launch by China Commission, could have prevented the Formosat-5 slated for Cabinet Committee on Security(CCS) February 2016 launch China launched four satellites for from approving the annulment. commercial remote-sensing services. Taiwan’s Formosat-5, an ultra- The “ Jilin-1” satellites, launched from The CCS had annulled the deal based high-resolution Earth observation the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in on the recommendation of the Space satellite operated by the Hsinchu China’s Gansu province, include one Commission on the ground that it was not City-headquartered National Space optical remote-sensing satellite, two in the security interests of the country. Organization, is scheduled for launch in satellites for video imaging and another for Under the deal signed in 2005, Antrix February 2016, according to the NSPO. imaging technique testing, Xinhua cited. was to provide 70 MHz of the scarce http://economictimes.indiatimes.com S-Band wavelength to Devas for its With over 70 percent of the satellite having digital multimedia services by leasing 90 been developed domestically, Formosat-5 Setback for ISRO, Antrix to pay per cent of the transponders in ISRO’s contains a locally made optical remote $672 million damages to Devas GSAT-6 and GSAT-6A satellites. Devas, sensing payload, a Cassegrain telescope- in turn, was to pay Antrix a total of $300 type remote sensing instrument and the In a jolt to ISRO’s commercial arm, million over 12 years. www.ibnlive.com/ world’s fi rst complementary metal-oxide- Antrix, an international tribunal has semiconductor linear image sensor. asked it to pay damages worth $672 Indonesia launches indigenous satellite million (Rs 4,432 crore) to city-based NSPO Director-General Chang Guey-shin fi rm Devas Multimedia for “unlawfully” Indonesia launched its indigenous said Oct. 15 that the satellite has passed terminating a deal four years ago satellite codenamed Lapan A2, using space environment and function tests and on grounds of national security. rockets and launching pad in Satish is set to take over duties from Formosat-2, Dhawan Space Center, India, highly which has been in orbit since 2004. The International Chamber of expected as a milestone for Indonesia Commerce’s(ICC) arbitration body to master satellite technology, an According to Chang, Formosat-5 will be International Court of Arbitration Indonesian senior offi cial said. used for a diverse array of purposes in

CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015 | 53

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 5353 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam addition to academic research, following new generation of commercial satellite Antarctica currently extends more than in the footsteps of its predecessors, which operators and data analytics fi rms. 26 million square kilometers—an area have proved instrumental in assisting larger than the North American continent. disaster relief efforts while studying the According to a strategy document to It’s approximately 2.5 million square impacts of climate change and global be publicly released Oct. 26, the NGA kilometers larger than at the same time in warming. www.taiwantoday.tw/ envisions eventually entering into a 2014, and just less than the record in 2006, variety of contracting schemes with the when it was 27 million square kilometers. Kazakhstan mulls over joint newcomers, many funded by Silicon Valley space research projects venture capital. Some of these companies Intense ozone depletion over Antarctica with Belarus Society have already begun launching imaging recurs annually, because the concentration constellations of unprecedented size. of chlorofl uorocarbons (CFCs) becomes Kazakhstan does not rule out the enriched while low temperatures prevail possibility of implementing joint space The initiative would not affect the NGA’s during the southern hemisphere winter. research programs with Belarus, Chairman current EnhancedView service contract Now in the southern hemisphere spring, of the Aerospace Committee of the with longtime supplier DigitalGlobe of additional sunlight causes these substances Ministry for Investments and Development Westminster, Colorado. But it suggests that to exert their ozone-depleting effect. In of Kazakhstan Erkin Shaymagambetov DigitalGlobe, which over the past decade recent years, the ozone hole appeared told media on 22 October, BelTA has swallowed up its peer-competitors, to have stabilised, suggesting a gradual informs. “Joint projects is about timing. soon will have company as a provider to the recovery of the ozone layer. This year, It is possible that we will launch a joint mapmaking and imagery analysis agency, however, the ozone hole formed one month space research program of Kazakhstan which buys commercial data on behalf of later and now is almost as large as it was and Belarus. I think it can happen,” the military and intelligence community. nine years ago. http://eijournal.com/news the head of the committee said. It is likely to take place in 2016,” said Erkin At nearly every public speaking Turkmenistan, Japan say joint Shaymagambetov. In his words, it is a engagement over the past year, NGA UAV production perspective framework document that will stipulate Director Robert Cardillo has discussed the main cooperation areas, including the “darkening of the skies” with small The cooperation between Turkmenistan earth sensing, navigation, joint space satellites and the possibilities this opens for and Japan in building unmanned aerial research, personnel training. According an agency with ever-expanding imagery vehicles (UAVs) is prospective, said to the head of the committee, the signing requirements.http://spacenews.com/ the message from Turkmen government of the document will help intensify The project on building the UAVs can space cooperation between Belarus Russia to launch 2nd remote sensing be implemented for creating 2D and 3D and Kazakhstan. http://eng.belta.by/ satellite for Egypt: Energia digital maps, defi ning the location of natural resources and for agricultural use. $1.9m civil penalty against Egypt and Russia will sign a contract In this regard, training highly qualifi ed aerial photography company in late 2015 to establish a new local staff at the largest research centers in Egyptian satellite for remote sensing, Japan, as well as exchange of experience An October 6th Press Release from the Vladimir Solntsev, head of Korolev in the sphere of nanotechnology FAA states that SkyPan International, Rocket and Space Corporation and creation of highly profi table a Chicago based aerial photography Energia, told Ria Novosti. industries gains special importance. company conducted 65 unauthorized operations over a 2+ year period resulting The satellite is planned to be launched in “The rich positive experience of in a $1.9M penalty. This is by far the most three years, Solntsev said. Egypt’s fi rst partnership in the sphere of science and severe penalty the FAA has proposed, Earth remote sensing satellite EgyptSat-1, education, alongside with the existing vast the previous leader being $18,700 made in Ukraine, was launched in 2007, intellectual potential brings the cooperation against Xizmo Media which was issued but Egypt prematurely lost contact with between the two countries in this sphere in September. http://hackaday.com it in 2010. The country’s second satellite, to a new level,” said the message. produced by Energia, was launched in NGA To Weigh Smallsat Options April 2014. http://thecairopost.youm7.com/ Earlier, Ashgabat hosted an international Under New Commercial Strategy scientifi c conference on innovative Ozone Hole Approaches Record Size technologies in using renewable The U.S. National Geospatial- energy sources. The event focused Intelligence Agency (NGA) could request Researchers from the German Aerospace on Turkmen-Japanese cooperation funding as early as next year to begin Center (DLR) Earth Observation Center is developing innovative technology experimenting with the different imagery (EOC) used Earth-observation satellites for getting silicon with high quality products becoming available from a to determine that the ozone hole over properties. http://en.trend.az/ [

54 | CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 5454 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam [ NEWS - UAV

U.S. Transportation Secretary will continue to take strong enforcement New UAV for Malaysia announces Unmanned Aircraft action against egregious violators. registration requirement Malaysia has a new Unmanned Aerial More UAV surveillance needed Vehicle-Remote Sensing (UAV-RS) U.S. Transportation Secretary Anthony following Nepalese earthquake system to obtain information for Foxx and FAA Administrator Michael monitoring natural disasters, resources Huerta recently announced the creation of After the earthquake in April 2015, 15 management and land clearance. a task force to develop recommendations UAV teams were deployed to Nepal to Science, Technology and Innovation for a registration process for Unmanned collect surveillance data and to carry out Minister Datuk Wilfred Madius Tangau Aircraft Systems (UAS). The task force mapping work, but more still needs to be said the UAV-RS would improve the will be composed of 25 to 30 diverse done in order to assess the true degree efficiency of obtaining information representatives from the UAS and of the effects caused by the disaster. of the Earth’s surface. “This RM3 manned aviation industries, the federal million project was first researched in government, and other stakeholders. The A team from the Qatar Computing Research 2008 to then be developed in 2013 and group will advise the Department on which Institute’s UAViators Humanitarian UAV fully operational by 2014. The system aircraft should be exempt from registration Network has carried out work using rotary- has now clocked a total of 180 hour due to a low safety risk, including toys and wing UAVs such as the DJI Phantom. 4 minutes flight time. “Developed by certain other small UAS. The task force This included performing 60 fl ights in the Remote Sensing Malaysia Agency also will explore options for a streamlined Kathmandu in September, authorised by (ARSM), Multimedia University system that would make registration the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal. (MMU) and UST Sdn Bhd, the system less burdensome for commercial UAS is equipped with radar sensors, an operators. While the task force does its In six months’ time, the team is planning to optical sensor system and a ground work, the FAA will continue its aggressive also test some fi xed-wing systems in Nepal. control station,” he said. He said the education and outreach efforts, including Patrick Meier, director of social innovation 185 kg drone could transfer data in the “Know Before You Fly” campaign at the institute and founder of UAViators, real-time, has a service ceiling of 3 and “No Drone Zone” initiatives with the is calling on more teams with a desire to km within a 100 km radius for up nation’s busiest airports. The agency also help to join them. www.fl ightglobal.com/ to four hours. www.nst.com.my [

GNSS + Inertial Precise Positioning and Orientation

THE TRIMBLE BD935-INS: FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE, PRECISE POSITIONING A PRECISION GNSS + IN A COMPACT, MOBILE-READY DESIGN • 336 Channels INERTIAL MODULE • GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou DELIVERING RTK AND • Integrated 3-D MEMS Sensors • 100Hz RTK Position and Orientation 60mm x 67mm ORIENTATION IN REAL TIME • Also available in IP67 enclosure The BD935-INS is a compact module that integrates triple The BD935-INS module features a high accuracy GNSS frequency GNSS and MEMS Inertial sensors to provide receiver for precise position and an integrated MEMS precise real-time position and attitude. inertial sensor package for 3-D orientation to serve applications requiring position and attitude. The GNSS + Inertial combination delivers more stability and robustness than GNSS alone. Trimble GNSS OEM

InTech.trimble.com © Copyright 2015, Trimble. All rights reserved. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. TPC103 (08/15)

SD45_CMPL_Trimble-GNSS_Aug_Ad_AS.inddSSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 5555 1 13/08/15111/11/151/11/15 4:246:066:06 amam [ NEWS - INDUSTRY

GNSS & DGNSS tech expands for position and depth measurements to voluminous cloud of discrete points, SAILOR multi-function universe be made simultaneously. With a built in Acute3D produces a 3D reality mesh, 10 hour lithium battery and transmitter readily aligning the real-world context in SATCOM has launched two new unit with Bluetooth connectivity, the it mapping and infrastructure applications. SAILOR satellite navigation receivers. provides standard depth data streams in Both the SAILOR 656X GNSS and several industry standard NMEA formats Topcon Announces DS-200i new SAILOR 657X DGNSS DGNSS at 1Hz, 4800 bps, providing compatibility Connectivity with Autodesk are black-box products designed with any Hydrographic Surveying BIM 360 Layout App to be part of an innovative eco- software package. www.stalabgps.com system Cobham SATCOM refers to Topcon Positioning Group has announced as its ‘Multi-Function Universe’. PCTEL launches new high rejection its DS-200i direct-aiming motorized GNSS antenna portfolio imaging station’s compatibility with The advanced touch-screen SAILOR the new Autodesk BIM 360 Layout 6004 Control Panel forms the heart of PCTEL, Inc has launched its new GNSS app for the Apple iPad. The DS-200i the Multi-Function Universe, providing multi-satellite antenna portfolio for mobile is the second total station solution full control for all products connected and base station timing applications. Its that Autodesk and Topcon have to it from a single device. The SAILOR new SkyLink [™ ] antenna technology collaborated on for contractors. 656X GNSS and SAILOR 657X DGNSS features unmatched out-of-band rejection join the already available SAILOR characteristics, which provide GPS/ The DS-200i has an EDM (electronic 6391 Navtex and SAILOR 628X AIS Galileo and GLONASS L1 support distance measurement) range of up to as new generation SAILOR products and performance in heavy RF traffi c 1000 meters (3280 ft.) without the need designed to work with the SAILOR 6004 environmentsfor fi xed and mobile timing of a prism, and 5,000 meters (26,240 ft.) Control Panel. www.cobham.com and asset tracking applications. The new with one. The built-in wireless WLAN portfolio consists of two product lines: connects the iPad with the BIM 360 NASA Awards Contract for SkyCompass™ for fl eet management Layout app. The DS-200i features real- Software, Maintenance to Esri and asset tracking applications; and time video imaging with its 5 MP camera. SkyStamp™base station antennas for The controller’s touchscreen video and NASA has awarded a blanket purchase timing and synchronization of 4G LTE arrow keys are designed to let remote agreement (BPA) to Esri in Redlands, cellular networks. www.pctel.com operators view what is being measured, California, to provide geospatial similar to looking through the telescope. software licenses and maintenance. Leica and Bentley team up for 3D photogrammetry Honeywell’s Latest Navigation This BPA offers provisions for issuance Technology for A320 and A330 of fi rm-fi xed calls, with a one-year base Leica Geosystems will incorporate Bentley ordering period, four one-year option Systems’ Acute3D software to generate Honeywell International Inc. ordering periods, and a potential contract full 3D from photogrammetric surveys has announced that its upgraded value of $9.5 million. The contract will To be used for both UAV and piloted navigational technology will be be administered by the Enterprise License aircraft, users can now produce true 3D available as an option on Airbus A320 Management Team at the NASA Shared models that refl ect the real-world context and A330 aircraft in early 2018. Services Center (NSSC) at Stennis Space in mapping and infrastructure applications, Center in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. The directly from digital photography. With the new Integrated Multi-Mode NSSC performs select business activities Receiver (IMMR), Airbus customers for all NASA centers. www.nssc.nasa.gov Leica Geosystems has selected Acute3D will gain access to the most modern software to generate full 3D “reality precision navigation capabilities. The Satlab Geosolutions introduces mesh” representations from its airborne new navigation receiver will facilitate SLD-100 Hydrographic Echo photogrammetric imagery. This airline operators to leverage the most Sounder for GNSS Rover combination of software and hardware recent enhancements in satellite-based advancements will enable users to take navigation. For example, they would Swedish based Survey and GIS equipment full advantage of integrated 3D surveying be able to use Honeywell’s SmartPath maker; Satlab Geosolutions AB, and mapping. Through reality modelling, Ground-Based Augmentation System announces the availability of its SLD- observations of existing conditions (GBAS), which enables more accurate 100 GNSS Rover accessory to facilitate are processed into representations for approach and landing access than Hydrographic measurement in bodies of contextual alignment – for instance, today’s land-based systems. The new water up to 100 meters in depth. With within design modelling and construction navigation receiver will also offer survey grade accuracy, it can be added modelling environments, in addition expanded capabilities for landing in to any brand GNSS RTK Rover to allow to mapping. Rather than generating a very-low-visibility weather conditions.

56 | CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 5656 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam Spectra Precision SP80 Wins accuracy, initialization speed, internal Precision dealer for Myanmar, the SP80 Field Test Competition radio performance, pole drop test, performed better than the competition water immersion test to one meter, under all conditions, and it did The Agricultural Land Management and on-board battery performance. especially well under tree canopy. and Statistic Department (ALMS) in Myanmar recently concluded ALMS, under the Myanmar Ministry Esri and Trimble Offer the R1 comparative field tests of four leading of Agriculture and Irrigation, has as its GNSS Receiver to Enhance models of GNSS receivers. The primary function land survey and map Field GIS Workfl ows Spectra Precision SP80 swept to first preparation in the maintenance of the in all tests. Based on the test results nation’s agricultural land registry. Esri has announced the availability and bids, ALMS chose the SP80 and of the Trimble R1 Global Navigation ordered 340 units. The comparative According to Chan Htun Aung of Satellite System (GNSS) receiver for field tests included; positioning Suntac Technologies, the Spectra collecting professional-grade GPS data with Collector for ArcGIS. The GNSS receiver is rugged certifi ed MIL- JAVAD GNSS TRE-3 Successfully Tracks First Live TMBOC Signal STD-810, IP65 rated, compact, and lightweight and provides professional- Newly launched BeiDou Phase 3 satellites I of BOC(1,1) (red), BOC(6,1) (green) grade positioning information to have several new signals. One is extremely and their sum (blue) vs code shift. iOS, Android, or Windows mobile similar to future GPS L1C signal with handhelds, smartphones, and tablets time-division BOC(1,1) and BOC(6,1) dI of BOC(1,1) (red), BOC(6,1) (green) using Bluetooth connectivity for Bring signals. Such type of modulation is called and their sum (blue) vs code shift. Your Own Device (BYOD) capabilities. TMBOC. Using the same approach, as described in an article at gpsworld. Horizontal axis: 0 - munus one Some users of Collector for ArcGIS com, the signal structure was decoded chip chift; 327 - zero shift; 655 on consumer-grade mobile devices and L1C TMBOC tracking has been - plus one chip shift C/NO and might find their GPS to be less successfully tested on TRE-3 receiver. iono-free “range munus phase”. accurate than they need it to be. Now the locational precision of mobile In addition, new signals on Slot - Beidou signal devices can be enhanced via Bluetooth 1575.42+1.023*14 MHz (B1-2), C/A - B1 connected to the Trimble R1 GNSS 1176.45 MHz (E5A) and 1207.14 (E5B) P1 - B1-2 receiver. The receiver is capable of frequencies for three satellites (prn 32, 33, P2 - E5B supporting multiple global satellite 34) have also been decoded and tested. L2C - B3 constellation systems, including L5 - E5A GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and Some graphs, illustrating the experiment: L1C - L1C BeiDou, and delivers GNSS positions in real time without the need for postprocessing. www.esri.com/news.

Supergeo Cooperates with GNSS Solution Provider, CHC Navigation

Supergeo Technologies Inc., is now building a bridge with the fast-growing GNSS/GPS solution provider, CHC Navigation. SuperSurv, the mobile GIS product of SuperGIS, was selected as the value-added software that could be pre-installed for CHC users.

The combination of SuperSurv and CHC devices brings the possibility of getting sub-meter accuracy GIS data with reasonable costs. The result is the premier solution for researchers or workers that need to frequently work in the fi eld. www.chcnav.com/ [

CCoordinatesoordinates November 2015 | 57

SSD48_CMPL_NovemberD48_CMPL_November 2015.indd2015.indd 5757 111/11/151/11/15 6:066:06 amam [ MARK YOUR CALENDAR

November 2015 110th0th AAnnualnnual RRININ BBaskaaska GGNSSNSS CConferenceonference IInternationalnternational WWorkshoporkshop oonn tthehe 8 - 10 May YES! I want my RRoleole ofof LLandand PProfessionalsrofessionals aandnd SSDIDI Baska, Krk Island, Croatia iinn DDisasterisaster RRiskisk RReductioneduction www.rin.org.uk 25-27 November I would like to subscribe for (tick one) Kathmandu Nepal NNAVITECHAVITECH 22016016 10 - 13 May www.workshopnepal2015.com.np Moscow, Russia www.navitech-expo.ru/en/ Rs.1800/US$100 Rs.3000/US$170 Rs.4300/US$240 December 2015 EEsrisri IIndiandia UUserser CConferenceonference GGEOEO BBusinessusiness 22016016 2 - 4 December 24 - 25 May New Delhi, India London, UK http://www.esri.in/events http://geobusinessshow.com First name ...... 77thth MMulti-GNSSulti-GNSS AAsiasia ((MGA)MGA) CConferenceonference EEuropeanuropean NNavigationavigation CConferenceonference Last name ...... 7 - 10 December 30 May - 02 June Brunei Darussalam Helsinki, Finland www.multignss.asia/workshop.html www.enc2015.eu Designation ...... TThehe GGeoinformationeoinformation TTechnologiesechnologies fforor NNaturalatural June 2016 Organization ...... HHazardsazards MManagementanagement ((7th7th GGiT4NDM)iT4NDM) HHxGNxGN LLIVEIVE 8 - 10 December 13 - 16 June UAE University Anaheim,USA Address ...... http://conferences.uaeu.ac.ae/ http://hxgnlive.com/anaheim eogc-git4ndm/en/index.shtml ...... 99thth IInternationalnternational SSymposiumymposium oonn MMobileobile 66thth IInternationalnternational CConferenceonference MMappingapping TechnologyTechnology (MMT(MMT 22015)015) oonn CCartographyartography & GGISIS 9 - 11 December 13-17 June City ...... Pincode ...... UNSW, Sydney, Australia Albena, Bulgaria www.mmt2015.org www.iccgis2016.cartography-gis.com State ...... Country ...... XXXXVXXV INCAINCA IInternationalnternational CConferenceonference 22016016 EEsrisri IInternationalnternational UUserser CConferenceonference Phone ...... 15- 17th December 27 June to 1 July New Delhi, India San Diego, USA www.inca35newdelhi.org/ www.esri.com Fax ...... January 2016 September 2016 Email ...... IInternationalnternational RRemoteemote SSensingensing CConferenceonference IIONON GNSS+GNSS+ 22016016 17 - 20 January 12 - 16 September Saudi Arabia Portland, Oregon USA I enclose cheque no...... www.irsc-sa.org www.ion.org

drawn on ...... February 2016 October 2016 EEuroCOWuroCOW 22016016 WWorkshoporkshop IINTERGEONTERGEO 22016016 date ...... towards subscription 10 - 12 February 11 - 13 October Lausanne,Switzerland Hamberg, Germany www.eurocow.org www.intergeo.de charges for Coordinates magazine March 2016 IISPRSSPRS - PPRAGUERAGUE 22016016 in favour of ‘Coordinates Media Pvt. Ltd.’ MMunichunich SSatelliteatellite NNavigationavigation SSummitummit 22016016 12 - 19 July 1 - 3 March Prague, Czech Republic Munich, Germany http://www.isprs2016-prague.com/ www.munich-satellite- Sign ...... Date ...... navigation-summit.org November 2016 TTrimblerimble DDimensionimension 22016016 Mail this form with payment to: April 2016 7-9 November Las Vegas, USA IIGRSMGRSM 22016016 http://www.trimbledimensions.com/ Coordinates 13 - 14 April 2016 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia A 002, Mansara Apartments IINCNC 22016:016: RRININ IInternationalnternational http://www.igrsm.com/igrsm2016 C 9, Vasundhara Enclave NNavigationavigation ConferenceConference 8 - 10 November Delhi 110 096, India. May 2016 Glasgow, Scotland FFIGIG WorkingWorking WWeekeek 22016016 http://www.rin.org.uk/Events/4131/INC16 If you’d like an invoice before sending your 2 - 6 May Christchurch, New Zealand payment, you may either send us this completed www.fi g.net/fi g2016/call.htm subscription form or send us a request for an invoice at [email protected]

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