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CALL FOR PAPERS

IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine

This is the fourth issue of the new IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine, which was approved by the IEEE Technical Activities Board in 2012. This is an important achievement for GRSS since it has never had a publication in the magazine format. The magazine will provide a new venue to publish high quality technical articles that by their very nature do not find a home in journals requiring scientific innovation but that provide relevant information to scientists, engineers, end-users, and students who interact in different ways with the geoscience and remote sensing disciplines.

The magazine will publish tutorial papers and technical papers on geoscience and remote sensing topics, as well as papers that describe relevant applications of and projects based on topics addressed by our society.

The magazine will also publish columns on: — New satellite missions — Standard remote sensing data sets — Education in remote sensing — Women in geoscience and remote sensing — Industrial profiles — University profiles — GRSS Technical Committee activities — GRSS Chapter activities — Conferences and workshops.

The new magazine is published in with an appealing layout, and its articles will be included with an electronic format in the IEEE Xplore online archive. The magazine content is freely available to GRSS members.

This call for papers is to encourage all readers to prepare and submit articles and technical content for review to be published in the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine. Contributions for the above-mentioned columns of the magazine are also welcome.

All technical papers will undergo blind review by multiple reviewers. The submission and the review process is managed at the IEEE Manuscript Central as it is already done for the three GRSS journals. Prospective authors are required to submit electronically using the website http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/grs and selecting the “Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine” option from the drop-down list. Instructions for creating new user accounts, if necessary, are available on the login screen. No other manners of submission are accepted. Papers should be submitted in single column, double-spaced format. The review process will assess the technical quality and/or the tutorial value of the contributions.

The magazine will publish also special issues. Readers interested to propose a special issue can contact the Editor In Chief.

For any additional information and for submitting papers contact the Editor In Chief:

Prof. Lorenzo Bruzzone University of Trento, Trento, Italy

E-Mail: [email protected]______Phone: +39 0461 28 2056

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2291173

DECEMBER 2013 VOLUME 1, NUMBER 4 WWW.GRSS-IEEE.ORG______

FEATURE

Satellite Remote Sensing in Support 8 of an Integrated Ocean Observing System by Frank Muller-Karger, Mitchell Roffer, Nan Walker, Matt Oliver, Oscar Schofield, Mark Abbott, Hans Graber, Robert Leben, and Gustavo Goni

IMAGE COURTESY OF GENE C. FELDMAN AND NORM KURING, NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER.

PG. 8

ON THE COVER: SCOPE Satellite images are a valuable information source for marine resource monitoring and under- IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine will inform readers of standing. activities in the GRS Society, its technical committees, and chapters. GLOBE IMAGE—IMAGE LICENSED BY INGRAM PUBLISHING, FISH IMAGE— GRSM will also inform and educate readers via technical papers, provide © FOTOSEARCH, ICE AND WATER IMAGE— NOAA/ALERIA JENSEN, AND ORANGE information on international remote sensing activities and new satellite HURRICANE IMAGE—NASA/NOAA missions, publish contributions on education activities, industrial and university profiles, conference news, book reviews, and a calendar of important events. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2288033

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 1

IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE EDITORIAL BOARD 2013 GRS OFFICERS Dr. Lorenzo Bruzzone President Editor-in-Chief Dr. Melba M. Crawford COLUMNS & University of Trento Purdue University, USA DEPARTMENTS Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science Executive Vice-President Via Sommarive, 5 Dr. Kamal Sarabandi I-38123 Povo, Trento, ITALY University of Michigan, USA 4 FROM THE EDITOR E-mail: [email protected]______Vice-President of Meetings and Symposia Dr. William Blackwell Dr. Adriano Camps 6 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE MIT Lincoln Laboratory Universitat Politecnica de Lexington, MA 02420-9108, USA Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Spain 19 TECHNICAL COMMITTEES E-mail: [email protected]______Vice-President of Publications Dr. Kun Shan Chen Dr. William Emery 22 CHAPTERS National Central University University of Colorado, USA Chungli, TAIWAN E-mail: [email protected] Vice-President of Technical Activities 24 EDUCATION Dr. John Kerekes Dr. Paul Gader Rochester Institute of Technology, USA 31 WOMEN IN GRS CISE Dept., University of Florida 301 CSE Bldg. Vice-President of Professional Activities Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Dr. Wooil M. Moon 32 CONFERENCE REPORTS E-mail: [email protected] ______University of Manitoba, Canada Dr. John Kerekes Vice-President of Information Resources 54 GRSS MEMBER HIGHLIGHTS Rochester Institute of Technology Dr. Steven C. Reising 54 Lomb Memorial Dr. Colorado State University, USA 57 INDUSTRIAL PROFILES Rochester, NY 14623, USA E-mail: [email protected]______

66 CALENDAR Dr. Antonio J. Plaza IEEE PERIODICALS Department of Technology of Computers MAGAZINES DEPARTMENT and Communications 68 2013 INDEX Associate Editor Escuela Politecnica de Caceres, Laura Ambrosio University of Extremadura Avda. de la Universidad S/N Senior Art Director E-10071 Cáceres, SPAIN Janet Dudar E-mail: [email protected]______Assistant Art Director Dr. Gail Skofronick Jackson Gail A. Schnitzer NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Production Coordinator Code 612 Theresa L. Smith Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA E-mail: [email protected]______Business Development Manager Susan Schneiderman Dr. Stephen Volz +1 732 562 3946 NASA Earth Science Div. [email protected]______300 E St., SW Fax: +1 732 981 1855 Washington, DC 20546, USA Advertising Production Manager E-mail: [email protected] Felicia Spagnoli MISSION STATEMENT Production Director The IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Soci- Peter M. Tuohy ety of the IEEE seeks to advance science and Editorial Director technology in geoscience, remote sensing and Dawn Melley related fields using conferences, education, and Staff Director, Publishing Operations other resources. Fran Zappulla

IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine (ISSN 2168-6831) is published the first page, provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through quarterly by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., IEEE the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; Headquarters: 3 Park Ave., 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-5997, +1 212 419 2) pre-1978 articles without fee. For all other copying, reprint, or republication 7900. Responsibility for the contents rests upon the authors and not upon information, write to: Copyrights and Permission Department, IEEE Publishing the IEEE, the Society, or its members. IEEE Service Center (for orders, subscriptions, address changes): 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, +1 732 Services, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Copyright © 2013 by the 981 0060. Price/Publication Information. Subscriptions: included in Society Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Postmas- fee for each member of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society. ter: Send address changes to IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine, IEEE, Nonmember subscription prices available on request. Copyright and Reprint 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Canadian GST #125634188 Permissions: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are PRINTED IN USA permitted to photocopy beyond the limits of U.S. Copyright Law for private IEEE prohibits discrimination, harassment, and bullying. For more information, use of patrons: 1) those post-1977 articles that carry a code at the bottom of visit http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/whatis/policies/p9-26.html.

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Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2289671

2 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

CALL FOR PAPERS Hosted by the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society and the Canadian Remote Sensing Society, the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium 2014 (IGARSS’14) along with the 35th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing (CSRS) will be held from Sunday July 13th through Friday July 18th 2014 at the Quebec Convention Center in Québec City, Quebec, Canada. The assessment and development of new and renewable sources of energy in the context of a changing planet is a critical and important issue throughout

© SCCQ © SCCQ the world. IGARSS 2014 and the 35th CSRS will include keynote speakers and special sessions dedicated to the “Energy” theme. ABSTRACTS In addition to a host of well-established IGARSS session themes, the following special themes will be addressed during the IGARSS 2014 / 35th CSRS : Abstracts can be submitted on-line at www.igarss2014.org between November 14th, 2013 and January 13th, 2014. Results ;,*-"4&)".(&".%.&2(9"."(&-&.4 th of the revision process will be available on-line by April 4 , 2014. ;*,".%"380,/2"4*/. We are looking forward to receiving your submissions. ;*.&2",80,/2"4*/. IGARSS 2014 / 35th CSRS Technical Co-Chairs ;*/.&2(9 Dr. Josée Lévesque ; &3&26/*2"."(&-&.4 Defence Research and Development Canada / Valcartier, Québec City, QC ;!&-0/2",.",93*3: Techniques and Applications Dr. Jean-Marc Garneau ; &-/4& &.3*.(".%/2&.3*$ $*&.$& Defence Research and Development Canada / Valcartier, Québec City, QC (ret) ; &-/4& &.3*.(".%2$)&/,/(9 Dr. Ellsworth LeDrew University of Waterloo / Waterloo, ON ; &-/4& &.3*.(*.".5'"$452*.( 934&-3 ; /#/4*$ 934&-3*. 500/24/' &-/4& &.3*.( IGARSS 2014 / 35th CSRS General Chair ;.6*2/.-&.4", &-&%*"4*/.".%33&33-&.4 Dr. Monique Bernier Institut national de la recherche scientiﬁque (INRS) / Québec City, QC ; &-/4& &.3*.(*.&6&,/0*.(/5.42*&3

WWW.IGARSS2014.ORG______

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2291174

FROM THE EDITOR

BY LORENZO BRUZZONE

his is the final issue of the first year of publication and satellite-derived data are required for mapping Tof the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine. vital coastal and marine resources, improving maritime The magazine is a new format for publication by the domain awareness, and better understanding the com- Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society (GRSS) in both plexities of land, ocean, atmosphere, ice, biological, and concept and editorial style. This new format fills a gap social interactions. in the publication portfolio of the society and, more The Technical Committee column describes the activi- importantly, provides a new venue to publish high qual- ties of the recently renamed Earth Science Informatics ity technical articles that by their very nature do not find Technical Committee (ESI TC). Given the rapid growth a home in journals requiring scientific innovation. As in informatics, GRSS decided to expand the original one can observe in the GRSM issues of 2013, the maga- mission of its existing Data Archiving and Distribution zine contains high quality tutorial Technical Committee (DAD TC) and renamed it the papers, technical papers on geosci- Earth Science Informatics Technical Committee. The ence and remote sensing topics, as article presents the principal goals and activities of the I ENCOURAGE YOU TO well as papers that describe relevant committee that will focus on advancing the application CONTRIBUTE TO THE SUC- applications of and projects based of informatics to the geosciences and remote sensing. CESS OF THE MAGAZINE on topics addressed by our society. The Education column, after a brief introduction of BY SUBMITTING TUTORI- All technical papers undergo blind the Director of Education of IEEE GRSS Prof. Michael ALS, TECHNICAL PAPERS, review by multiple reviewers. The Inggs, presents an article that describes remote sens- EDUCATIONAL AND ORGA- review process is managed on the ing research and education at the Rochester Institute of NIZATIONAL PROFILES IEEE Manuscript Central web site, Technology in Rochester, New York, USA. THAT ARE OF INTEREST TO as is also done for the three GRSS The Women in Geoscience and Remote Sensing col- journals. The magazine also con- umn contains a short overview of leadership books for OUR COMMUNITY. tains regular columns on education women. The article mentions a few recent and highly in remote sensing, remote sensing regarded books authored by women. systems, standard data sets, women The Reports column contains five articles. Three of in geoscience and remote sensing, space agency news, these articles are related to IGARSS. The first is related book reviews, and other future topics. to IGARSS 2013, held in Melbourne, Australia, on This issue opens with a main Feature article on the July 21–26, 2013. It focuses on the GRSS Publications role of Earth observing satellites in integrated ocean Awards presented at IGARSS 2013 and includes infor- observing systems. The paper describes how remote mation on all of the awards recipients. Congratulations sensing systems are some of the most valuable com- to all of them! The second article provides the results ponents of the international Global Ocean Observing of a web-based survey of GRSS members and IGARSS System (GOOS) and of the Global Climate Observing 2013 attendees. The third article introduces IGARSS System (GCOS), both part of the Global Earth Obser- 2014 to be held in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, on vation System of Systems (GEOSS). Satellite imagery July 13–18, 2014. It includes the main technical themes and key features of IGARSS 2014 in Quebec City. This issue also contains the Call for Papers for IGARSS 2014. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2291172 Date of publication: 2 January 2014 I encourage all of you to submit your latest results to

4 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

IGARSS and to attend this premier conference. The section priate use of bibliometric indicators for the assessment of concludes with a report on the WHISPERS Workshop held journals, research proposals, and individuals. This docu- in Gainesville, Florida, USA, June 25–28, 2013. This work- ment is very interesting and provides guidelines for avoid- shop is technically co-sponsored by GRSS. ing incorrect use of bibliometric indices. The Industrial Profiles column contains two contribu- Finally, I would like to draw your attention to the vari- tions. The first is an article on trends in the optical com- ous calls for nominations and calls for papers in this issue. mercial remote sensing industry from DigitalGlobe, As a final remark, I encourage you to contribute to the Inc. The article provides an interesting analysis of the success of the magazine by submitting tutorial, technical, ongoing commercial activities in optical remote sensing educational, and organizational profiles that are of interest and describes the characteristics of the new Worldview to our community. 3 satellite. The second article refers to the International Season’s Greetings! Association of Oil and Gas Producers that set up an Earth Sincerely, Observation Subcommittee within the Geomatics Com- Lorenzo Bruzzone mittee to support industry projects aimed at improving Editor, IEEE GRSM emergency response. [email protected] The GRSS Member Highlights section, among other news, contains an important document adopted in September 2013 by the IEEE Board of Directors describing the appro- GRS

NEWLY PUBLISHED

The 1000-page full-color book covers theoretical models, system design and operation, and geoscientific applications of active and passive microwave sensing systems. It features MATLAB codes for scattering and emission models, high-resolution color images, and an extensive bibliography.

To order online:

www.press.umich.edu______

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 5

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

BY MELBA CRAWFORD

s we approach the end of 2013, GRSS can be proud will be implemented over the upcoming 3 years. Out- Aof the accomplishments of our members and look comes included approval of a proposal for technical to building on these successes with new initiatives workshops in Chile and Brazil in 2014, increased sup- in 2014. port of Chapters and GRSS Technical Committees, and Our journal publications continue to evolve, with a workshop at the 2014 African Association of Remote increases in both the impact factor and the number of Sensing (AARSE) Conference to improve the quality of pages published. The Special Issues have now success- submissions to journals. A new Regional Leader award fully transitioned from TGRS to JSTARS, and the sus- to recognize contributions of the Society and the David tained increase in submissions Landgrebe Career award for contributions to analysis of to GRSL has motivated a shift to remotely sensed images were also approved. Member- 12 issues in 2014. The GRS Maga- ship in the Society grew in 2013, but we hope to improve CELEBRATING SUCCESSES zine launched with 4 issues—early both our retention of existing members and recruitment OF 2013 AND INITIATING reviews are extremely positive. The of new members through initiatives that will be respon- STRATEGIC PRIORITIES IN GRS Electronic Newsletter will be sive to young professionals and local issues. EDUCATION AND introduced in 2014 with Fabio Paci- The 2014 election of members to the AdCom was MEMBERSHIP FOR 2014. fici as the editor, initially providing finalized at the November AdCom. We congratulate Bill bi-weekly updated information on Emery, Paolo Gamba, Mike Inggs, Kamal Sarabandi, Society and member activities on Mahta Moghaddam, Motoyuki Sato, and Steve Volz on the GRSS web site and via e-mail. their successful reelection, and look forward to their The Society has continued to participate in inter- continued participation. national conferences. In October, former President On behalf of the IEEE GRSS AdCom, thanks to all of Tony Milne led a workshop at the Asian Conference on you for your efforts on behalf of the Society this year— Remote Sensing (Forest Monitoring Systems: Towards our success is determined by your contributions. We Operational Readiness for MRV and REDD+ Activities). look forward to working together again in 2014. Past president Chuck Luther and I also represented the Society at the Global Geospatial Conference 2013 in Best Regards, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in November. Melba Crawford The November AdCom was held in Newark, NJ, President, IEEE GRSS

and focused on discussion of strategic initiatives that [email protected]

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2291441 Date of publication: 2 January 2014 GRS

6 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

introducing worldview-3, expected to be the ﬁrst super-spectral, high-resolution, multi-payload commercial satellite with multiple short-wave infrared bands. This ﬁrst-of-its-kind sensor simultaneously measures the atmosphere while imaging, and has been designed to accurately and consistently perform global automated information extraction. WorldView-3 will allow access to unprecedented levels of insight about our changing planet.

Learn more about WorldView-3 and the new possibilities it brings at digitalglobe.com______/wv32014

Satellite Remote Sensing in Support of an Integrated Ocean Observing System

IMAGE COURTESY OF GENE C. FELDMAN AND NORM KURING, NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER.

FRANK MULLER-KARGER Abstract—Earth observing satellites represent some University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, USA of the most valued components of the international Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and of the MITCHELL ROFFER Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), both part Roffer’s Ocean Fishing Forecasting Service, Inc., of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems Melbourne, Florida, USA (GEOSS). In the United States, such satellites are a cornerstone of the Integrated Ocean Observing System NAN WALKER (IOOS), required to carry out advanced coastal and Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA ocean research, and to implement and sustain sensible resource management policies based on science. Satel- MATT OLIVER lite imagery and satellite-derived data are required for University of Delaware, Lewes, USA mapping vital coastal and marine resources, improving maritime domain awareness, and to better understand OSCAR SCHOFIELD the complexities of land, ocean, atmosphere, ice, bio- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, logical, and social interactions. These data are critical to New Brunswick, USA the strategic planning of in situ observing components and are critical to improving forecasting and numeri- MARK ABBOTT cal modeling. Specifically, there are several stakeholder Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA communities that require periodic, frequent, and sustained synoptic observations. Of particular importance HANS GRABER are indicators of ecosystem structure (habitat and spe- University of Miami, Florida, USA cies inventories), ecosystem states (health and change) and observations about physical and biogeochemi- ROBERT LEBEN University of Colorado, Boulder, USA cal variables to support the operational and research

GUSTAVO GONI Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2289656 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Date of publication: 2 January 2014

communities, and industry sectors including mining, Yet, there is still no centralized or coordinated distribu- fisheries, and transportation. IOOS requires a strategy tion for the various satellite data products and applica- to coordinate the human capacity, and fund, advance, tions available today, or for merged or interpreted data. and maintain the infrastructure that provides improved For example, there still is no equivalent to the printed remote sensing observations and support for the nation version of an ‘atlas’ that takes advantage of the interpre- and the globe. A partnership between the private, govern- tations of a dynamic ocean based on global, regional, ment, and education sectors will enhance remote sensing or local multispectral satellite data available from the support and product development for critical coastal and various different satellite types flown over the past 2–3 deep-water regions based on infrared, ocean color, and decades. There still is no dynamic map of resources that microwave satellite sensors. These partnerships need to integrates across land use and land ecology, meteorology include international research, government, and industry and atmospheric chemistry, ocean dynamics, biogeo- sectors in order to facilitate open data access, understand- chemistry and ecology, and that includes a human geo- ing of calibration and algorithm strategies, and fill gaps in graphic dimension. coverage. Such partnerships will define the types of obser- As pointed out by the U.S. Commission on Ocean Pol- vations required to sustain vibrant coastal economies and icy in its 2004 report to the nation [2], achieving sustained to improve the health of our marine and coastal ecosys- observations from space presents daunting challenges. tems. They are required to plan, fund, launch and operate These challenges can only be met by implementing the the types of satellite sensors needed in the very near future vision of an integrated Global Earth Observation System to maintain continuity of observations. of Systems (GEOSS). This will require continuing and very active international partnerships between government, 1. INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND, industry, and academic sectors. The cost and long time HISTORY, AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS frame for constructing and launching satellites requires oastal and ocean resources are fully interconnected that plans for sensors and missions be drafted five- to ten- Cthrough ocean, land and atmospheric physics, chem- years in advance to ensure that satellite observations will istry, biology and geology. Our global coastal communi- be available on a continuous basis. Multi-decadal records ties share significant trade and culture that is based on of observations also require space missions with sufficient living and non-living marine resources. These commu- overlaps to avoid gaps in data and allow intercalibration nities also share problems in terms of resource manage- of successive generations of sensors. Lack of such coordi- ment, navigation and safety at sea, and the protection of nation can seriously impair our understanding of chang- life and property. Each coastal region has unique chal- ing marine environments and resources. lenges associated with the safe extraction of resources and A fully integrated observing system needs mecha- all support significant vessel traffic. Extreme events and nisms to link the remote sensing science community (aca- environmental disasters, such as the Deepwater Horizon demic, commercial, NGO and government) supported by (DWH) accident in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico, as well research-driven government agencies, the stakeholders as the continuing challenges posed by extreme weather, that require these observations, and the government agen- fisheries management, and the impacts of urban and oth- cies that are in a position to design and implement this er land uses, require satellite remote sensing to track cur- type of large infrastructure. The effort will help the user rents, map ocean productivity, assess winds and waves, community, including the space industry, to identify the and understand environmental forcing and variability. most important space-based ocean observation needs. The These situations require accessible, rapid, and frequent strategy will include working with the international com- synoptic maps that are easily interpretable. The develop- munity to ensure that requirements for the Global Ocean ment, deployment, and use of satellites that complement Observing System (GOOS), the Global Climate Observing ship-based observations, moored and other autonomous System (GCOS), and the Earth Observing System of Sys- sensors, and models, will provide high-quality data more tems (GEOSS) are coordinated with U.S. plans for satellite frequently, allowing for improved site-specific forecasts remote sensing. of weather, water conditions, and resource distribution. The ultimate objective is to help implement phased sat- Indeed, Earth observing from satellites is at the core ellite missions and equipment replacement to maintain of the United States’ National Ocean Policy [1, 2]. Over continuous and consistent data streams for the Regional the past twenty years, operational agencies, research Associations (RA’s) mentioned in this white paper as a institutions, and private industry have made great steps pathfinder for an Integrated Ocean Observing System in advancing satellite remote sensing products and appli- (IOOS) to develop a strategy to serve the nation and the cations. There now exist significant collections of time international community. This will help build the foun- series of processed and merged infrared, ocean color, dational data sets necessary for the global observing sys- and various microwave satellite imagery. The products tems being developed to generate the ocean information are presently accessible in different formats and through services that will be at the heart of a healthy ocean and different channels, albeit not always in a simple manner. ocean economy.

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 9

2. TECHNICAL AND USER REQUIREMENTS and of many other processes. This information is essential There are many stakeholder communities that require to support activities as varied as ocean mining and ship real-time, periodic, frequent, and sustained synoptic route planning, and is being used to develop new ecosys- observations. Of particular importance are indicators of tem-based management plans. Ultimately, this informa- public health, ecosystem states (health and change), eco- tion is needed to sustain our economy and human health. system structure (habitat and species inventories), and Stakeholders in each region need a basic level of service observations of physical and biogeochemical variables to obtain continuous access to near real-time and high- to support the operational (storm prediction/tracking) quality remote sensing products. Linking teams and infra- and coastal/ocean research communities, and industry structure across coastal communities will help with coor- sectors including oil and gas exploration, fisheries, and dination, increase efficiency and ensure scientific quality, transportation. An emerging requirement is support of a and provide 24/7 coverage. Specifically, US national ocean Marine Biodiversity Observation Network or MBON [3, policy needs to focus on setting the following goals, which 4]. The requirements include: are applicable to any coastal and sea-faring nation: ◗ Surface phytoplankton biomass, including distribution 1) Co-production of scientific solutions. This requires and abundance of toxic phytoplankton, and of various developing a philosophy of partnerships for robust phytoplankton functional types (PFT) and mutual support between government agen- ◗ Water quality including turbidity or transparency, and cies (providing funding and operations), academic mapping of threats such as oil spills research (providing research and development), and ◗ Spatial extent of living benthic habitats (coral reefs, industry (providing value added and product market- seagrass beds, mangrove forests and tidal marshes) and ing and commercialization). ecological buffers to coastal flooding 2) Maintain current funding support for the groups that ◗ Distribution and condition of calcareous organisms (cold have established credible satellite remote sensing data and warm water corals, coccolithophores and pteropods) products and information services. This includes aca- ◗ Distribution and abundance of exploitable fish stocks demic research focused on new products, testing and ◗ Wind speed and direction validation, and support for real-time data capture ◗ Sea level variability (including direct broadcast receiving stations), data ◗ Currents and eddies processing, and distribution of critical information, ◗ Sea Surface Temperature often in near real-time. ◗ Salinity. 3) Organize “think tanks” among academic, govern- The academic, government, and commercial communi- ment, commercial and operational remote sensing ties have led efforts to develop the scientific rationale for communities as well as data users and information the application of satellite remote sensing observations of service developers. these variables, their impact, and processes that affect them 4) Design interactive workshops where remote sensing [5–10]. Such requirements are in many ways defined from specialists present current and proposed products and the bottom up, as various geographical regions, such as elicit feedback from user groups to refine the existing those organized under the US IOOS framework, recognize satellite products. The team will assess requirements common problems that can only be addressed through for real-time, climatological, and historical data sets large-scale observation. This includes the generation, vali- covering the region and evaluate the cost-effectiveness dation, application, and distribution of real-time and his- of common sets of products. torical regional sea surface temperature and meteorological 5) Promote common entry points to data services maps, and assessments of the variability in ocean color and offered by different groups that are designed to biogeochemical and coastal water quality parameters (Fig- address local and regional needs, and that are rep- ure 1). Some of these efforts have led to successful industry licated across the country and internationally. These applications in support of fishing and fisheries manage- may share a common look and feel to information. ment, navigation and ship routing, oil and gas exploration This addresses an important, long-standing goal of and operations, search and rescue, and water quality moni- GOOS and IOOS planners and stakeholders. This is toring (Figures 2 and 3). Some of the research and applica- a requirement for participating in a viable and useful tions have been incorporated in critical government opera- international system. tions in the US and in many other nations. 6) Develop robust products that are consistent and These products have provided the necessary synoptic seamless across regions (imagery, GIS layers, and time-dependent surface observations needed to detect far- other value-added information) that complement field forcing of the circulation, to interpret point observa- and do not compete with industry. The IOOS and tions collected by buoys and ships in a regional ecological any international entity with a regional focus require context, and to enable more accurate numerical simula- a mechanism whereby stakeholder needs are com- tions of weather, the transport of heat and salts, of possible municated to the research community, and research sources and sinks of carbon in the ocean, and of climate products migrate to industry and to operations and

10 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

Salinity (grams per kilogram) 30 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 (a) (c) (e)

Chlorophyll a Concentration(mConcentration(mg/mg/m3) 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 0.0 (b) (d) (f)

0.40 )

3 0.35 0.30 0.25 a (mg/m Chlorophyll 0.20 3/1/1998 8/1/1998 1/1/1999 6/1/1999 4/1/2000 9/1/2000 2/1/2001 7/1/2001 5/1/2002 3/1/2003 8/1/2003 1/1/2004 6/1/2004 4/1/2005 9/1/2005 2/1/2006 7/1/2006 5/1/2007 3/1/2008 8/1/2008 1/1/2009 6/1/2009 4/1/2010 9/1/2010 10/1/1997 11/1/1999 12/1/2001 10/1/2002 11/1/2004 12/1/2006 10/1/2007 11/1/2009 (g)

FIGURE 1. Sample synoptic observations from ocean-observing satellite sensors. (a) Global salinity fields from Aquarius, (b) Global chlorophyll average from SeaWiFS. (c) Pacific Ocean Winds from QuikSCAT, (d) Pacific Ocean sea surface topography anomaly. (e) Chlorophyll concentrations off California, (f) Hurricane Katrina wind speed and direction from QuikSCAT in the Gulf of Mexico. (g) Time series of global average chlorophyll concentrations from SeaWiFS (1997–2010). (Images courtesy of NASA. The time series was extracted using NASA’s Giovanni online tool.)

are used to develop the next generation of ocean products are Observing System Evaluations (OSE) and information services. Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSE). 7) Build the ability to generate the same products at IOOS 8) Continue to develop applications for synoptic ecosys- real-time stations for fail-safe service in case of station tem, climate, and renewable/non-renewable energy or other failure. This coordination needs to occur at an siting assessments, and search and rescue and other international level as well, since many countries don’t operations. Examples of partnerships: have the technical expertise or capability to establish a) Fisheries management community at the Federal, real-time data capture and processing stations. Collabo- Regional, and State level to provide products needed rate with physical, biological, chemical and geological in ecosystem based fisheries management oceanographers to develop and deploy in situ real-time b) Coastal zone management agencies systems (acoustics, bio-optics, robotics, etc.) to provide c) National parks, sanctuaries, monuments, or other high-quality biological and chemical observations marine protected areas that serve as ground truth, and as real-time concurrent d) Commercial entities in need of value-added prod- anchor points to derive three-dimensional renderings, ucts to develop ocean information services. time series, and environmental assessments. An emerg- 9) Collaborate with numerical modelers to provide ing field that would benefit from incorporating such appropriate data for model validation and effective

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utilization of satellite observations, including assimi- IOOS (Stakeholders, DMAC, Product and Services, and lation into numerical models. Education and Outreach committees). This team should 10) Enhance product usefulness by integrating (fus- include representatives from all regional associations ing) ocean color, infrared, altimeter, scatterom- or other relevant body of the IOOS. Regional problems eter, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), and in situ should be identified through regional community assess- observations. ments, interviews, and questionnaires. Product focus 11) Develop a strategy and implement plans to prepare for teams should oversee the development of real-time satel- new sensors and provide feedback to NASA, NOAA, lite image products, including integrating data from mul- USGS and international agencies on sensor operation, tiple platforms and climatological data sets and data sets calibration, and product requirements. that will enable the next generation of ocean information 12)Interact with NASA and NOAA in the US and with the services. An important process will be product review, many relevant agencies internationally to help define validation, and feedback, guided by metrics. priorities for sensor and mission development. This is The team should collect disparate real-time data sets required as the present critical US fleet of NASA and presently available from geographic areas of interest but NOAA satellite sensors age and operate beyond their from various unrelated observing systems and in differ- planned life expectancy. ent formats, and integrate them into coherent information products. A set of synoptic, regionally calibrated, consis- 3. STATE OF THE OBSERVING SYSTEM tent set of products covering coastal zones to the deep AND TECHNOLOGY ocean should be generated using a variety of operational Achieving continuity in satellite observations is essential for and research satellite sensors (see Section 5). The precise a national Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) and type, format, and product distribution mechanisms will for an international GOOS, GCOS, and GEOSS. In the US, result from consultations between government resource NOAA operations can benefit from the substantial invest- managers, industry providers, and other stakeholders ments that other agencies make in developing new technol- including the scientific research community. Further, this ogies and in advancing science. There is a substantial aca- pilot activity will help organize the remote sensing com- demic science community and commercial sectors that can munity in the region. The activity includes active outreach help satisfy many of the needs that NOAA operations have efforts to help people understand the remote sensing prod- for new and improved products, and to help generate value- ucts available from different providers and to enable the added products and information services for the nation. development of innovative ocean information services. IOOS should help the U.S. and collaborators globally to plan for the proper sequence of satellites, infrastructure 5. THE ROLE OF THE NON-GOVERNMENTAL SECTOR to generate and keep climate records, and train the people In most cases, governments are the only entities that have to generate and use these observations. This includes the the financial and political power, the responsibility, and technical know-how to create innovative products. Such the capability to develop, launch and operate complex sat- bottom-up processes can be implemented around the ellite systems for Earth observation. Yet government agen- globe under different administrative umbrellas. A criti- cies need access to the science to develop new products to cal element of this strategy will be to engage stakeholders protect life and property and promote economic growth in and decision-makers as soon as possible to ensure the co- a constantly changing world. In many cases, commercial design for solutions to pressing problems in a near-future. and academic entities can generate value-added products at a lower cost and with more flexibility than government 4. INTEGRATION WITHIN IOOS, entities. Commercial and academic groups also serve MODELING, AND DMAC an important role in promoting international collabora- An important objective is to improve the core services that tion, often stimulating collaboration between countries a national observing system offers to the user/stakeholder that governments are unable to promote due to political communities for coastal U.S. areas including the research considerations. As part of this process, governments also and operational users that require global coverage. need to work hard to avoid duplication and competition Foremost is the need for fundamental improvements in in areas not related to their primary mission. data management capabilities. IOOS will need to deliver An example of a partnership that includes govern- raw data and useful analytical products in near-real time ment, academic, and industry partners focuses on research (i.e. less than one hour latency) to the community on designed to inform the management of Atlantic bluefin an ongoing basis, reprocess data as appropriate calibra- tuna fisheries. Industry, academic researchers, and gov- tion and ancillary data become available, and archive ernment managers from the United States, Mexico, and all incoming data in readily accessible formats for future Spain work together with private industry and academia to assessments of environmental change. integrate satellite remote sensing and many other types of An IOOS remote sensing team should be constituted observations to evaluate the impacts of disturbance such to work closely with various agencies and elements of the as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill [12, 13] and of potential

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42 90°W 88°W 86°W 84°W 82°W LA MS AL 41.5 30°N FL 41

40.5

39.5

38.5

37.5 CUBA SST (°C) 37 ------76 7755 74 7733 7722 7711 7700 MEXICO 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

0 12345678910 Chlorophyll a (mg m-3) (a) (b)

FIGURE 2. Sample synoptic observations from ocean-observing satellite sensors. (a) An ocean color image of chlorophyll a collected on 23 August 2011 off the eastern US coast showing a large phytoplankton bloom, combined with HF CODAR (white arrows). The satellite data was critical to the New Jersey water quality managers and university field researchers for coordinating sampling of the phytoplankton bloom over time as they were associated with significant declines in bottom water quality. (b) Application of satellite data for tracking the DWH oil spill using SAR radar images to detect surface oil and GOES-E Sea Surface Temperature (SST) to resolve the Loop Current and eddies on 17 May 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico. (Source for image (b): [11].). shifts in habitat due to climate change in the Gulf of Mexico would control its own assets. A GEOPortal would provide [14], the Caribbean Sea, and in the Mediterranean. an Internet gateway to the GEOSS products. The IOOS and GOOS can facilitate such partnerships As GEOSS develops, many groups are making sig- and stimulate the development of a robust data collection nificant advances either through bilateral international and distribution backbone. The support of enhanced and agreements, or under other larger umbrellas. Drinkwater value-added information contributes to economic growth. et al. [5] provide examples of important efforts, such as In its essence, one may view this partnership as having those organized under the Global Ocean Data Assimi- three integrated elements, in which government organizes lation Experiment (GODAE; http://godae.org/) [9] and and coordinates large infrastructure to generate the raw the Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature materials (data), academia helps provide creative solutions (GHRSST; https://www.ghrsst.org/)______[10]. Several other (technology, algorithms, new products), and industry pro- such large-scale international efforts exist, either to dis- vides a capability to generate value-added products and tribute observations or to help define strategies for inter- to finance the feedbacks between these components (i.e. national collaboration in specific areas of ocean remote through taxes and direct funding of academic research, in sensing, such as the International Ocean-Colour Coor- addition to deriving profit). Private organizations provide dinating Group (IOCCG; http://www.ioccg.org/). Many additional benefits through the creation of jobs. of these organize through facilitation of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS; http://www.ceos.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ___org/), which coordinates international civil space-borne A coherent vision for international cooperation has observations of the Earth. emerged with the implementation plan (2005–2015) for a Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS) 7. THE WAY FORWARD FOR THE NEXT TEN YEARS [http://www.earthobservations.org]. GEOSS seeks to link Focusing on the needs in the United States as an example, international resources and facilities to address the needs a good model on which to build the IOOS is the partner- of information for the benefit of a globalized society. The ship between the National Weather Service (NWS) and ‘system of systems’ provides a framework to link existing the private sector. We propose a partnership between and planned observing systems around the world. The academia, industry and the government that will result GEOSS would be owned by member nations, and each in general and tailored forecasts of physical, biological,

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ROFFSTM - Schaudt.us Oceanographic Analysis 10 March 2006 Purple Route = Initial Yellow Route = ROFFSTM

ROFFSTM

(a) (b)

FIGURE 3. (a) Oceanographic analysis for oil industry ship routing off southeast Africa. An example of how private industry integrates infrared and ocean color satellite data to visualize ocean currents. Arrows indicate the current direction. Areas where the currents are particularly favorable and unfavorable to ship routing are outlined in green and red, respectively. The purple line indicates the pre-cruise routing and the yellow line indicates the advised routing based on the location of the favorable currents. (Image courtesy of ROFFS™-schaudt.us.) (b) An oceanographic analysis produced by private industry for the fishing industry (recreational and commercial) and for researchers off the east coast of Florida, USA. Infrared and ocean color data are integrated to map water mass boundaries. Black dots indicate where ocean convergence occurs over specific bottom topography (e.g. reefs, wrecks, gradients) to generate “favorable” fishing conditions. Numbers inside the dots indicate the number of consecutive days of relevant convergences. (Image courtesy of ROFFS™.)

geological, and chemical ocean conditions and warning The IOOS can play a pivotal role in the co-develop- products that are acknowledged as valuable. These prod- ment of solutions for pressing social and environmental ucts have applications ranging from scientific research to challenges. It can coordinate activities such as calibra- public safety, transportation, agriculture, and daily fore- tion and validation efforts, developing new research and casts of weather, coastal and ocean currents, water qual- applications, refining a vision for Earth observation, and ity, and many other environmental conditions of interest. distributing science-quality, real-time and archived prod- These IOOS products should be wide-ranging and based ucts and timely information. The IOOS can help create on the needs of regional and local organizations and com- efficiencies in regional infrastructure and capitalize on munities, as well as national needs. They should support the human knowledge of each region. It can also help and not interfere with the competitive nature of private ensure that these systems are secure and properly backed industry and should enable new information services to up so that the necessary information is available even emerge, just as in the meteorological services industry. during emergencies. An important path to pursue will be to develop stron- ger links between land cover and land use change assess- 7.1. CORE REMOTE SENSING PRODUCTS ments and coastal research and resource management. On The IOOS requires the concurrent availability of the the one hand, fluxes of carbon and other materials, and standard suite of sea surface temperature (SST), chloro- human impacts on these processes within the land‐ocean phyll, wind, and sea surface height products generated continuum must be considered to correctly assess global over the past decade by NOAA and NASA. New products terrestrial and ocean material budgets. Roughly 1/3 of the are now required that include regionally calibrated and carbon buried in the ocean is derived from terrigenous de-clouded SST, wide swath altimetry and winds, and sources and is delivered to the coast via rivers; 70% of it advanced coastal ocean surface reflectance values based is buried within continental margins. Managing sediment on higher spectral resolution data. that may end up in rivers should be managed to understand The connections between the watershed, wetlands, impacts on resources such as coral reefs. Many pollutants coastal floodplains and other areas prone to flooding also make their way to the coast in dissolved or particu- should be considered when defining critical remote sens- late form and will have an impact on the health of coastal ing products. The IOOS system will focus on variability communities, or markets that depend on those coastal and stress that may result due to combined effects of resources. Remote sensing is also required to understand contamination, ocean acidification, and temperature the impacts of rapid and episodic flushing events. extremes, for example, on various marine ecosystems.

14 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

Some of these new measurements will bring very excit- areas. Thus, an IOOS remote sensing team needs to ing new scientific advances that are directly applicable to investigate new ways to perform cloud screening, cloud living resource management. For example, hyperspectral reduction, and removal of sunglint, especially as pertains ocean color data will help define how the biodiversity of to chlorophyll and other products based on Visible and the phytoplankton and particle size distributions change Short-Wave-Infrared optical measurements. over large areas of the ocean. Chlorophyll fluorescence The IOOS remote sensing project should develop com- line height (FLH) is of critical importance in this process, posite images over varying time periods and across dif- to identify phytoplankton blooms in coastal, estuarine, ferent technologies (infrared and microwave, in situ). and shelf waters where the traditional algorithms for chlo- Products should span a range scales, allowing analysis of rophyll concentration based on blue to green radiance daily or better variations but also include averages over ratios often give erroneous values. This will help quantify time scales longer than synoptic (e.g. 12 hours, one week, global ocean ecosystem structure and biodiversity from monthly, annual and corresponding ‘climatologies’ and space for the first time. It will also bring a revolution to anomaly products). how ocean color data are applied in coastal zones. These Different academic and industry data providers operate advanced sensors will also provide improved “true-color” dedicated downlink sites for NOAA, NASA, ESA, and other imagery enhanced to highlight aquatic features, and esti- sensors. Including these operators in the IOOS framework mates of total suspended sediment concentration (TSS), will enable faster turn-around in the processing and avail- turbidity, absorption coefficient of the colored dissolved ability of imagery provided to stakeholders. organic matter (CDOM), the diffuse attenuation coeffi- To advance these objectives in the U.S., for example, the cient (K_490), and water clarity/Secchi Disk Depth. One list below provides a basic set of core products that should be such advanced concept is NASA’s Pre-Aerosol, Clouds, developed in a seamless manner and in common format for and Ecosystem Mission (PACE) mission, planned for different parts of the country, including its territories. Simi- development over the next decade to monitor whether lar products and tools to use them to support decision-mak- and how different biogeographical seascapes change and ing should be developed jointly at the international level. how they respond to disturbance. In the meantime, ESA’s The IOOS needs to address both the real-time requirements Sentinel-3 mission, expected to launch in 2014-2015, will of stakeholders but also provide sufficient historical obser- also provide important information toward this goal. vations to provide context, define baselines and compute New high resolution altimeter observations will offer anomalies, and assess variability and uncertainty. higher performance both in terms of spatial and vertical resolution and better coverage closer to coastal zones. In REMOTE SENSING HIGH, MEDIUM AND LOW addition, animations of time sequence imagery along with SPATIAL RESOLUTION SATELLITE PRODUCTS water mass boundary analyses will be offered to track AND RELEVANT SENSORS water masses, algal blooms, river water, and oil plumes. It will be critical to link satellite imagery at a variety CORE PRODUCTS: (< 2 m, 30 m, 250 m, 500 m, of spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions, and inter- 1-km, 25–60 km PIXELS) preted products derived from them. For example, coastal ◗ Coastal zone and shallow benthic resource maps resource managers may require rapid access to ‘climato- t Beaches, estuaries, mangroves, wetlands, coral reefs logical’ temperature and water quality indices, an assess- ◗ High spatial resolution coastal watershed, land use, ment of anomalies and an analysis of whether these rep- and wetlands assessments, temperature, heat and resent extremes that occur because of synergy between thermal inertia products (many of these will serve as different environmental variables, and an ability to ‘zoom inputs to mesoscale marine atmospheric sea-breeze in’ from synoptic 1 km satellite observations to landscape and coastal ocean “coupled” models) imagery at the 30 m or 2 m afforded by Landsat (Figure ◗ Coastal ocean surface spectral reflectance values in 4) or commercial-class satellite imagers such as World- the visible View-2. The Millennium Global Coral Reef Map, based ◗ Total suspended sediment concentration (TSS) on Landsat data for the year 2000 [15, 16], is an example ◗ Turbidity of a product developed by researchers that is widely used ◗ Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption by managers and other scientists on a global basis. coefficient We can’t overstress the importance of regional calibration. ◗ Chlorophyll concentration The present worldwide calibrations provided by NOAA and ◗ Water clarity/Secchi Disk Depth NASA are not adequate for providing the best available satel- ◗ Chlorophyll fluorescence line height (FLH) lite data products. IOOS needs to be leading the development ◗ Sea surface height, sea surface height anomaly and of strategies to have the best standardized quality control pro- geostrophic currents cedures to ensure the availability of science-quality data. ◗ Wind speed and direction One area of concern is cloud cover and relatively iso- ◗ Synthetic Aperture Radar imagery (including wind thermal conditions for several months a year in some vector and directional wave fields)

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and assessment of coastal, shelf, and estuarine resources. Such capabilities should be incorporated into the new generation of ocean color sensors, for example, along with the capability to separate sediment and bottom reflectance from river plumes and phytoplankton blooms, using bands sensitive to the natural fluorescence of phytoplankton. Finer spatial resolution data of high radiometric resolution and quality, collected at the near-daily level, would revolution- ize coastal zone assessments and the management of living and non-living marine resources. FIGURE 4. Landsat 5 image (29 March 2008) highlighting the Dry Tortugas (patch of islands toward the left of the image) and the Lower Another reason the data have not been used is the lack Florida Keys, Florida, USA. (Image modified from [17].) The image of algorithms to address coastal issues, including impor- shows a large plume of sediment (light blue color) that extends tant metrics of water quality, water motion, bathymetry, seaward to the west-northwest from the Marquesas Keys (center, bot- habitat mapping, and so on. New algorithms are needed tom). This region experiences strong currents that set up dynamic and and this will require a concerted, international effort and rapid sediment and temperature changes. The area is also affected much collaboration. intermittently by large blooms of phytoplankton and turbid water Perhaps among the most important reasons that ocean advected from the west-northwest, i.e. from Florida Bay and from the satellite data remain under-utilized is the lack of tools to southwest coast of mainland Florida. These changes, and the large use the data. Each data set or product comes in a variety of distance from large human population centers, helps maintain robust different and complicated data file formats. Different sen- coral reef communities around these remote islands. sors cover different time periods. The data are also available from many different sources and there is no portal ◗ Sea surface temperature and de-clouded sea surface that facilitates collection of such multidisciplinary data. temperature and composites on various time scales. Planning requires a vision of concurrent observations from multiple satellites across a wide range of time scales, SATELLITE SENSORS: US AND INTERNATIONAL spatial scales, and also spectral scales (from the ultraviolet to the microwave). Ultimately, it will be important to develop a US: HISTORICAL/CLIMATOLOGIES set of distributed applications for different platforms includ- AND CURRENT/REAL-TIME ing desktop and mobile media to make the products acces- ◗ MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradi- sible, and which include a minimum of basic applications ometer; Terra and Aqua) tools to extract information from these data. These applica- ◗ AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer; tions should be simple and can address specific tasks with- NOAA 15, 16, 18, 19, MetOp_A) out trying to accomplish everything for everyone. ◗ GOES-East geostationary imagery ◗ VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) 7.3. MANAGEMENT ◗ Aquarius (NASA/CONAE) and suite of salinity products In the US, IOOS needs to constitute a Strategic Remote ◗ Suite of altimeter products Sensing Planning team comprised of end user stakehold- ◗ Suite of wind scatterometer products ers, scientific experts, and managers of multi-institutional ◗ Suite of wind passive radiometer observations remote sensing and oceanographic programs. This Plan- ◗ Landsat, ASTER ning Team would be responsible for defining the prod- ◗ Worldview/Digital Globe, GeoEye-class imagery uct suite to be generated at each site and for developing ◗ SAR a cost-efficient failsafe server mirroring plan. Major deci- ◗ Historical: sensors including Sea-viewing Wide Field- sions about calibration, atmospheric correction, geometric of-view Sensor registration, scheduling, deadlines, composition of focus ◗ International: Sensors of similar categories as shown teams, assignment of overall tasks, and planning to ensure above, including ENVISAT, ERS, SPOT, the upcoming the timely, efficient, and competent accomplishment Sentinel series, etc. of all work for the project would be the responsibility of the Planning Team. The project strategy would be guided 7.2. APPLICATIONS through consultations with national agencies including The use of oceanographic satellite data by groups outside NASA, NOAA, the USGS, and with international agencies, of the scientific research community has been limited for a private industry, and by engaging the best scientists and number of reasons. One is the relatively low spatial and tem- engineers from academic research institutions. poral resolution of the sensors designed to examine global The major tasks proposed for such a planning team ocean processes. To be useful to coastal resource managers, include: spatial resolution of observations needs to drop below the ◗ Hold interactive workshops and surveys to obtain 300–500 m threshold, in particular for the routine study feedback from users/stakeholders and educational

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experts on current products and formats, as well as component to satisfy the high demand for timely knowledge “needs” (i.e. “what is missing”). anywhere around the world, at any time. This blue ribbon ◗ Support critical dialogue among remote sensing spe- commission recognized the challenges of sustaining these cialists to discuss technical issues (calibration, geo- observations. The Commission emphasized long-lead plan- correction, file formats, geographic coverage, cloud- ning for funding, planning for overlap between missions to masking, etc.). avoid gaps in data and to allow cross-reference of the cali- ◗ Improve the quality of data delivered to the users. This bration of sensors, and planning for wide access to science- would include composited imagery for cloud-removal, quality data to enable far-reaching applications of the multi- animation products, and historic archives and clima- ple observations collected by space-based sensors regionally tologies, as well as fail-safe production in case of emer- and globally. Clearly, closer coordination between our agen- gencies such as hurricanes that affect a site. cies in the executive branch and a well-informed congress ◗ Offer training workshops to enhance the use of remote are critical elements to address these challenges. The budget sensing data into research, operations, and education planning in the U.S. also needs better cooperation between efforts outside the main research activities of the inves- relevant agencies on maintaining present missions and tigators. planning future missions, including coordinated budgets ◗ Support users that require new product specifications. for sensor design, mission planning and launch, sustaining ◗ Collaborate with NASA, NOAA, USGS, and other US high-quality observations, and data management, includ- agencies. ing archive, fusion, and distribution. Again, these processes ◗ Collaborate and coordinate with relevant regional need to be based on a solid education and capacity building and international entities requiring and/or providing strategy that reaches across all ages. regional synoptic coverage. 9. CONCLUSIONS 7.4. OUTREACH AND EDUCATION Satellite imagery and satellite-derived data comprise a key The IOOS planning team program should work with element of the IOOS observing system in the US. It is a education and outreach experts across Federal and State cornerstone technology for local as well as for large-scale government entities to help users and the general pub- and international environmental assessment, research, lic understand the concept of integrated ocean observing and commercial applications. The US IOOS can play a and its applications, including science, research, and deci- pivotal role in activities such as calibration and validation sion-making. The team will engage operational, research, efforts, developing new research and applications, refining commercial and recreational resource users (fishermen, a vision for Earth observation, and distributing science- tourists) to help these members of the public understand quality, real-time and archived products and timely infor- the value of coastal and ocean resources and the utility of mation. The IOOS can help create efficiencies in develop- the observations collected through the IOOS system. For- ing a regional infrastructure and capitalize on the human mal and informal education activities need also be aimed knowledge of each region. It can also help ensure viability at the K-16 level and state and federal legislators. of systems during emergencies. Ultimately, the IOOS can A critical need for scientists and resource managers learn from international programs and also provide train- trained in the use and application of ocean remote sensing opportunities to the international community. ing products will be satisfied by coordinating investments A number of core remote sensing products are required from different agencies in this area. by a broad range of stakeholders in the industry sector, and Access to these synthesized products will facilitate in operational and research communities. Basic products research, education, as well as outreach and extension to include sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll, wind public groups including emergency managers along with speed/direction, salinity, and sea surface height. Newer the Office of Homeland Security, Bureau of Ocean Energy products to be added include indices of water quality, Management, Regulation, and Enforcement (BOEM), coastal and marine high spatial resolution habitat maps U.S. Coast Guard, FEMA, and to the various NOAA line (status and trends), and biological diversity assessments. offices. The observations will have similar applicability in Many of these products, however, require the launch of a agencies within other countries, and will be of value also new generation of satellites. to international agencies and non-governmental users. IOOS requires a strategy to coordinate the human The program will have a multi-cultural approach regard- capacity, and to fund, advance, and maintain the infra- ing diversity and outreach to under-represented groups. structure that provides improved remote sensing observations and support for the nation and societies around the 8. COSTING AND INVESTMENT globe. A partnership between the private, government, and In its report to the United States government and the academic sectors (Universities) will enhance remote sens- nation in 2004, the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy [18] ing support and product development for critical coastal emphasized the importance of proper planning to ensure and deep-water regions based on infrared, ocean color, and the availability of a healthy space-based observing system microwave satellite sensors. This white paper emphasizes

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the need for IOOS to inform operational and research agen- [9]P. L.Traon,M.Bell,E.Dombrowsky,A.Schiller, and K. W.Becker, cies in the United States of the types of observations and “GODAE oceanview: From an experiment towards a long-term observing platforms required, including what types of sat- international ocean analysis and forecasting program,” in Proc. ellite sensors need to be launched in the future to maintain OceanObs: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, continuity of observations, and the types of new observa- Venice, Italy, Sept. 21–25 2009, vol. 2. tions required. Similar requirements of agencies and other [10] C. J. Donlon, K. S. Casey, C. Gentemann, P. LeBorgne, I. S. stakeholders in other countries may be satisfied through Robinson, R. W. Reynolds, C. Merchant, D. Llewellyn-Jones, P. collaboration with the IOOS or similar regional entities. J.Minnett,J. F.Piolle,P.Cornillon,N.Rayner,T.Brandon,J. Vazquez, E. Armstrong, H. Beggs, I. Barton, G. Wick, S. Castro, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS J. Hoeyer, D. May, O. A. Arino, D. J. Poulter, R. Evans, C. T. Mut- Many scientists both in the USA and internationally have low, A. W. Bingham, and A. Harris, “Successes and challenges developed the technology and solid theoretical basis for for the modern sea surface temperature observing system,” in remote sensing products that are in use today in commercial, Proc. OceanObs’09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information operational, and research settings. We are indebted to the for Society Venice, Italy, Sept. 21–25 2009, vol. 2. technical staff in government agencies, at academic research [11] N. D. Walker, C. T. Pilley, V. V. Raghunathan, E. J. D’Sa, R. R. institutions, and in private industry that ensure that satellite Leben,N. G.Hoffmann,P. J.Brickley,P. D.Coholan,N.Sharma, data products are available in time to address specific needs. H. C. Graber, and R. E. Turner, “Impacts of a loop current frontal eddy cyclone and wind forcing on the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil REFERENCES spill,” in Monitoring and Modeling the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill:

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_____tionplan [12] B. A. Muhling, M. A. Roffer, J. T. Lamkin, G. W. Ingram Jr., M. A. Up- [2] U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, “An ocean blueprint for the ton, G. Gawlikowski, F. E. Muller-Karger, S. Habtes, and W. J. Rich- 21st century,” in “Final report of the U.S. Commission on ocean ards, “Overlap between Atlantic bluefin tuna spawning grounds policy,” Washington, D.C., Tech. Rep., 2004. and observed Deepwater Horizon surface oil in the northern Gulf [3] L. Amaral-Zettler, J. E. Duffy, D. Fautin, G. Paulay, T. Rynearson, of Mexico,” Mar. Pollut. Bull., vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 697–687, 2012. H. Sosik, and J. Stachowicz. (2010). Attaining an Operational [13] B. A. Muhling, J. T. Lamkin, and M. A. Roffer, “Predicting the oc- Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (BON) Synthesis Re- currence of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) larvae in the north-

port. [Online]. Available: http://www.nopp.org/wp-content/up-______ern gulf of mexico: building a classification model from archival

______loads/2010/03/BON_SynthesisReport.pdf data,” Fish Oceanogr., vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 526–539, 2010. [4] J. E. Duffy, L. A. Amaral-Zettler, D. G. Fautin, G. Paulay, T. A. [14] B. A. Muhling, S.-K. Lee, J. T. Lamkin, and Y. Liu, “Predicting Rynearson, H. M. Sosik, and J. J. Stachowicz. (2013). Envisioning the effects of climate change on bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) a marine biodiversity observation network. Bioscience [Online]. spawning habitat in the Gulf of Mexico,” ICES J. Mar. Sci., vol. 68,

63(5), pp. 350–361. Available: http://www.aibs.org/bioscience-______no. 6, p. 1051, 2011.

press-releases/resources/DuffyREV2.pdf______[15] S. Andréfouët, F. E. Muller-Karger, J. A. Robinson, C. J. Kranen- [5] M. Drinkwater, H. Bonekamp, P. Bontempi, B. Chapron, C. Don- burg, D. Torres-Pulliza, S. Spraggins, and B. Murch, “Global lon, J.-L. Fellous, P. DiGiacomo, E. Harrison, P.-Y. LeTraon, and assessment of modern coral reef extent and diversity for regional S. Wilson, “Status and outlook for the space component of an science and management applications: A view from space,” in integrated ocean observing system,” in Proc. OceanObs: Sustained Proc. 10th Int. Coral Reef Symp.,Okinawa,Japan,June28–July2, Ocean Observations and Information for Society,Venice,Italy,Sept. 2004, pp. 1732–1745. 21–25, 2009, vol. 1. [16] S. Andréfouët, E. Hochberg, C. Chevillon, F. E. Muller-Karger, J. [6] H.Bonekamp,F.Parisot,S.Wilson,L.Miller,C.Donlon,M.Drink- C. Brock, and C. Hu, “Multi-scale remote sensing of coral reefs,” water,E.Lindstrom,L.Fu,E.Thouvenot,J.Lambin,K.Nakagawa, in Remote Sensing of Coastal Aquatic Environments: Technologies, B. S. Gohil, M. Lin, J. Yoder, P.-Y. L. Traon, and G. Jacobs, “Transi- Techniques and Application, R. L. Miller, C. E. Del Castillo, and B. tions towards operational space based ocean observations: From A. McKee, Eds., New York: Springer-Verlag, 2005, pp. 297–315. single research missions into series and constellations,” in Proc. [17] B. B. Brian, C. Hu, B. A. Schaeffer, Z. Lee, D. A. Palandro, and OceanObs’09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Soci- J. C. Lehrter. (2013, July). MODIS-derived spatiotemporal wa- ety,Venice,Italy,Sept.21–25,2009, vol. 1, p. 6. ter clarity patterns in optically shallow Florida Keys waters: A [7] E. Lindstrom, M. A. Bourassa, L.-A. Breivik, C. J. Donlon, L.-L. Fu, new approach to remove bottom contamination. Remote Sens. P.Hacker, G. Lagerloef, T. Lee, C. L. Quéré, V. Swail, W. S. Wilson, Environ. [Online]. 134, pp. 377–391. Available: http://dx.doi. and V. Zlotnicki, “Research satellite missions,” in Proc. OceanObs: org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.03.016 Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society,Venice, [18] U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. (2004). An ocean blueprint Italy, Sept. 21–25 2009, vol. 1, p. 28. for the 21st century. Final Report of the U.S. Commission on [8] J. Yoder, “Ocean colour radiometry: Early successes and a look towards Ocean Policy. Washington, D.C., Tech. Rep. [Online]. Available: the future,” in Proc. OceanObs: Sustained Ocean Observations and Infor- http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/oceancommission/documents/

mation for Society, Venice, Italy, Sept. 21–25 2009, vol. 1, p. 43. full_color_rpt/welcome.html#final______GRS

18 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

TECHNICAL COMMITTEES

SIRI JODHA S. KHALSA, University of Colorado, NSIDC RAHUL RAMACHANDRAN, NASA/MSFC

Earth Science Informatics Comes of Age

I. THE EMERGENCE OF Informatics (ESI). A large number of IEEE GRSS mem- EARTH SCIENCE INFORMATICS bers work in the ESI area and at each IGARSS there are he volume and complexity of Earth science data have ESI related regular and invited sessions on topics such Tsteadily increased, placing ever-greater demands on as GIS, semantic web, data provenance, sensor web, researchers, software developers and data managers GEOSS, standards, data processing, data management, tasked with handling such data. Additional demands and decision support. However, until recently GRSS had arise from requirements being levied by funding agen- yet to set up an ESI related technical committee. cies and governments to better manage, preserve and Given the rapid growth in informatics, GRSS decided provide open access to data. Fortunately, over the past to expand the original mission of its existing Data 10–15 years significant advances in information tech- Archiving and Distribution Technical Committee (the nology, such as increased processing power, advanced DAD TC) and rename it the Earth Science Informatics programming languages, more sophisticated and practi- Technical Committee (ESI TC), focusing on advancing cal standards, and near-ubiquitous internet access have the application of informatics to the geosciences and made the jobs of those acquiring, processing, distribut- remote sensing. ing and archiving data easier. These advances have also By establishing an ESI Technical Committee at GRSS led to an increasing number of individuals entering we provide a home to GRSS ESI professionals, enabling the field of informatics as it applies to Geoscience and them to exchange information and knowledge while Remote Sensing. Informatics is the science and technol- setting a research agenda and making GRSS more vis- ogy of applying computers and computational methods ible in the broader ESI community. We aim to provide to the systematic analysis, management, interchange, technology advice to major national and international and representation of data, information, and knowl- ESI initiatives. An ESI TC also helps GRSS attract more edge. Informatics also encompasses the use of comput- ESI professionals to the GRSS. ers and computational methods to support decision- making and other applications for societal benefits. III. THE KNOWLEDGE GENERATION LIFECYCLE The scope of the ESI TC can be better understood by II. THE GRSS ESI TC considering the knowledge generation lifecycle, shown The mission of the IEEE GRSS is “to advance science and schematically at a high level in Figure 1. This lifecycle technology in geoscience, remote sensing and related depicts the sequence of processes involved in knowledge fields...” with the society’s fields of interest being “the generation and is useful in identifying where data and theory, concepts, and techniques of science and engi- information can be enhanced or even lost. Standards play neering as they apply to the remote sensing of the Earth, important roles at each stage of the knowledge generation oceans, atmosphere, and space, as well as the process- lifecycle and some relevant categories of standards are ing, interpretation and dissemination of this informa- listed at each stage to illustrate this fact. tion.” Both the mission statement and the fields of inter- The scope of the original DAD TC was essentially est of the IEEE GRSS clearly encompass Earth Science limited to the data lifecycle, shown by the inner cycle of Figure 1. The data lifecycle is part of the more comprehensive knowledge generation lifecycle, and could be Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2289817 Date of publication: 2 January 2014 said to underpin it.

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 19

can be of great benefit in this task. Standards are also useful Design & Plan in applying and documenting the outcomes of quality assur- Data Management Plan Reference Architecture ance steps. The ability to apply tools and algorithms in the Analyze Data phase is enhanced by Discover & Reuse Collect Data the use of standards, such as Linked Data Cal/Val for encoding, geospatial ref- Semantics Document Sensor Web erencing and portrayal. The Data reuse of software and proce- dures is also facilitated by the Preserve QC Data use of standards. Data It is coming to be recognized that it is important to Transfer to Stage Data preserve all the outputs of the Archive for Access research process, not just pub- Publish Results Process Data lications. Reproducibility and QA/QC Data Archiving traceability demand that the Data Citation Integrate Other Data data behind the publication be documented, preserved and made available. Placing Analyze Data data into a trusted repository, Visualization assigning persistent identifiers Interpretation to data and referring to those PIDs in the publications is now considered an essential part of FIGURE 1. The Research Knowledge Generation Lifecycle. The inner cycle is the foundational data the Publish Results phase. lifecycle, which is an integral aspect of the outer knowledge generation lifecycle. Example categories Finally, data must be dis- of standards that apply in each phase of the knowledge management lifecycle are shown. coverable and accessible so that future research can build In the Design and Plan phase of the lifecycle it is impor- upon those results. The traditional approach to Discovery tant to consider how data will be acquired, evaluated, and Reuse, i.e. placing the data in an archive and populat- transferred, stored and documented. These activities are ing a metadata catalog, is being extended through linked best captured in a data management plan, which is now a data and semantic technologies. Of particular importance is requirement of awards made by many agencies. While vari- the ability for data to be used by disciplines and in contexts ous agencies and organizations have developed guidelines other than those in which the data were generated. Media- and templates for writing data management plans, there tion and brokering technologies are beginning to be applied has yet to be developed an international standard for this. to meet this challenge [4]. A reference architecture can be helpful in designing the systems that will realize project goals in a way that makes the IV. STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND USAGE components and interfaces of that system more reusable and One of key elements of the ESI TC mission is to help develop interoperable with other systems. Reference architectures rep- and employ standards and best practices that are needed to resent abstract solutions implementing the concepts and rela- make both data and data systems usable and interoperable. tionships identified in a reference model, for which there are The GRSS ESI TC is pursuing this objective through partici- several standards such as OSI [1], OAIS [2] and RM-ODP [3]. pation in, and collaboration with the Open Geospatial Con- Research projects often Collect Data from a suite of sortium, OGC [5], Technical Committee 211 of the Inter- sensors which must be controlled, calibrated and moni- national Organization for Standardization, ISO TC211 [6], tored. Traceability to reference standards is a fundamental and the IEEE Standards Association, IEEE-SA [7]. requirement for producing accurate and reliable data. There The Open Geospatial Consortium develops geospatial are also information standards specifying how to calibrate standards that are in widespread use within the geoscience and document instrument performance. community. Among the more commonly known standards The Process Data phase of the lifecycle includes the many and specification that the OGC has developed are: steps needed to harmonize and integrate data streams and ◗ CSW—Catalog Service for the Web otherwise prepare it for analysis. Conformance to standards ◗ GML—Geography Markup Language

20 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

◗ SOS—Sensor Observation Service the Geosciences (e.g., spatial and process ontologies, ◗ SensorML—Sensor Model Language vocabularies, semantic web) ◗ W*S—Suite of Web Services ◗ Cyberinfrastructures, interoperability, standardization, ◗ GeoSPARQL—for representation and querying of geo- web service, sensor web and cloud computing spatial data for the Semantic Web. ◗ Improving data discovery and access A recently established MOU between GRSS and OGC ◗ Tools supporting spatial and temporal analyses and their will enhance the cooperation and provide support to the applications including decision support systems, tools GRSS Earth Science Informatics (ESI) Technical Committee. and systems to model the Earth system, tools to visualize GRSS will provide support to the OGC Earth Systems Sci- and analyze geoscience data, information, and knowledge ence (ESS) Domain Working Group (DWG), contributing to ◗ Emerging information technologies trends and both the ESS discussions based on GRSS developments and rec- their impact and applications in the geosciences. ommending GRSS related presentations at OGC ESS meet- The ESI TC will be sponsoring two invited sessions at ings. GRSS and OGC agree to jointly support presentations, IGARSS 2014. The first session, titled “Implications of Big journal articles and other related outreach to highlight the Data to Remote Sensing,” will focus on evaluating different applicability and benefits of geoscience interoperability. big data technologies that leverage a “shared nothing archi- OGC and GRSS will work to involve other relevant stan- tecture” and distributed file storage systems to support reli- dards consortia and professional organizations in the devel- able processing and analysis of satellite imagery. The second opment and advancement of geoscience interoperability. session is a joint ESI TC and OGC session titled “Advanc- ISO/TC211 develops international standards for geo- ing Science through Management of the Geospatial Data graphic information, addressing the methods, tools and Lifecycle”. The focus of this session is to explore the role of services for management and interoperability of geospatial standards at different stages of the data lifecycle. As science data. Among the standards that are relevant to the routine becomes more reliant on information technology, data stan- activities of many GRSS members are: dards are as vital as uniform standards for weights and mea- ◗ ISO 19115—Metadata sures. In addition to these special sessions, ESI TC will seek ◗ ISO 19119—Services to sponsor either a TGRS or JSTARS special issue focusing on ◗ ISO 19130—Imagery sensor models for geopositioning specific Earth Science Informatics topics. ◗ ISO 19139—Metadata—XML schema implementation ◗ ISO 19157—Data Quality VI. CALL FOR PARTICIPATION ◗ ISO 19159—Calibration and validation of remote sens- As science and technology progress, the knowledge genera- ing imagery sensors and data. tion lifecycle evolves, impacting everyone involved includ- Currently under development are standards for repre- ing the scientists and engineers who design and operate senting concepts that support the interpretation of, and instruments, processing systems and numerical models, reasoning with geographic information (ISO 19150), and and acquire, validate, analyze, manage and interpret data. a common content model for imagery formats (ISO 19163). GRSS members are thus encouraged to engage with the ESI GRSS established a liaison relationship with ISO/TC211 TC in its mission to bring together those GRSS members in 2004 and has since made regular presentations to its Ple- interested in advancing the field of informatics. Specific nary on GRSS’ activities, and has had regular representa- opportunities to contribute include serving as subject mat- tion on its projects and committees. ter experts in the development and/or review of standards, The IEEE Standards Association facilitates standards presenting ESI related research at IGARSS and submitting development and standards related collaboration to papers to the special issue of the Journals. To participate advance global technologies. The IEEE-SA has overseen the contact the ESI TC chairs Dr. Ramachandran and Yue (rama-___ development of many of standards that are at the heart of [email protected],[email protected])______and join the IEEE the information infrastructure. GRSS interfaces with the GRSS Earth Science Informatics group on LinkedIn [8]. IEEE-SA through Standards Coordinating Committee 40 (SCC40—Earth Observations). REFERENCES [1] ISO/IEC Open System Interconnection, ISO/IEC Standard 7498–1, 1994. [2] Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System, CCSDS Stan- V. OVERVIEW OF THE ESI TC dard, 2012. As stated earlier, the mission of the ESI TC is to advance the [3] ISO/IEC Information Technology—Open Distributed Processing—Ref- application of informatics to the geosciences and remote erence Model: Overview, ISO/IEC Standard 10746–1, 1998. sensing, and to provide a platform for ESI professionals to [4] S. Nativi, M. Craglia, and J. Pearlman, “The brokering approach collaborate. The fields of interest of the ESI TC include, but for multidisciplinary interoperability: A position paper.” Int. J. Spatial Data Infrastruct. Res., vol. 7, pp. 1–15, 2012. are not limited to: [5] [Online]. Available: http://www.opengeospatial.org/ ◗ Data and information policies, stewardship, preserva- [6] [Online]. Available: http://www.isotc211.org/ tion, provenance and quality [7] [Online]. Available: http://standards.ieee.org/ ◗ Knowledge representation, information models for the [8] [Online]. Available: http://www.linkedin.com/groups/IEEE-______spatial and temporal relationships between entities in GRSS-Earth-Science-Informatics-5136161______GRS

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 21

CHAPTERS

GRSS CHAPTERS AND CONTACT INFORMATION CHAPTER LOCATION JOINT WITH (SOCIETIES) CHAPTER CHAIR E-MAIL ADDRESS Region 1: Northeastern USA

Boston Section, MA GRS William [email protected]

Springfield Section, MA AP, MTT, ED, GRS, LEO Paul [email protected] Western New York GRS Anthony Vodacek [email protected]______

Region 2: Eastern USA

Washington, DC & Northern VA area GRS Miguel Roman [email protected]______

Region 3: Southeastern USA

Atlanta Section, GA AES, GRS Clayton Kerce [email protected]______

Eastern North Carolina Section GRS Linda Hayden [email protected]______

Region 4: Central USA

Central Illinois Section LEO, GRS Weng Cho Chew [email protected]______

Southeastern Michigan Section GRS Adib Y. Nashashibi [email protected]______

Region 5: Southwestern USA

Denver Section, CO AP, MTT, GRS Michael [email protected] Houston Section, TX AP, MTT, GRS, LEO Christi Madsen [email protected]______

Region 6: Western USA

Alaska Section, AK GRS Franz Meyer [email protected]______

Los Angeles Section, CA GRS Paul A. Rosen [email protected]______

Region 7: Canada

Ottawa Section, ON OE, GRS Yifeng Zhou [email protected]______

Quebec Section, Quebec, QC AES, OE, GRS Xavier Maldague [email protected]______

Toronto Section, ON SP, VT, AES, UFF, OE, GRS Sri Krishnan [email protected]______

Vancouver Section, BC AES, GRS David G. Michelson [email protected]______Steven McClain [email protected]______Region 8: Europe, Middle East and Africa Benelux Section AES, GRS Mark Bentum [email protected] Croatia Section AES, GRS Juraj Bartolic [email protected] France Section GRS Mathieu Fauvel [email protected]______

Germany Section GRS Irena Hajnsek [email protected]______Islamabad Section, Pakistan GRS, AES M. Umar Khattak [email protected]______

Italy Section GRS Simonetta Paloscia [email protected]______Russia Section GRS Anatolij Shutko [email protected][email protected]______Saudi Arabia Section GRS Yakoub Bazi [email protected]______South Africa Section AES, GRS Meena Lysko [email protected]______

South Italy Section GRS Maurizio Migliaccio [email protected]______

Spain Section GRS Antonio J. [email protected]

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2289672 Date of publication: 2 January 2014

22 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

CHAPTER LOCATION JOINT WITH (SOCIETIES) CHAPTER CHAIR E-MAIL ADDRESS

Student Branch, Spain Section GRS Pablo Benedicto [email protected]______Turkey Section GRS Kadim Tasdemir [email protected]______Ukraine Section AP, MTT, ED, AES, GRS, NPS Kostyantyn V. Ilyenko [email protected]______United Kingdom & Rep. of Ireland (UKRI) GRS, OE Yong Xue [email protected]______Section

Region 9: Latin America

Student Branch, Colombia Section GRS Leyini Parra [email protected] Student Branch, South Brazil Section GRS Marcus Vasconcelos [email protected]______Guadalajara Section, Mexico GRS Iván Villalón [email protected]______

Region 10: Asia and Pacific

Australian Capital Territory and New GRS Xiuping [email protected] South Wales Sections, Australia Bangalore Section, India GRS Daya Sagar Behara [email protected]______Beijing Section, China GRS Ji Wu [email protected]______

Delhi Section, India GRS O.P.N. Calla [email protected] Gujarat Section, India GRS Shiv Mohan [email protected]______

Indonesia Section GRS, AES Arifin [email protected] Japan Section GRS Yoshihisa Hara Hara.Yoshihisa@______cb.MitsubishiElectric.co.jp______Malaysia Section GRS, AES Voon-Chet Koo [email protected]______Melbourne Section GRS, AES William [email protected] Nanjing Section, China GRS Feng [email protected]

Seoul Section, Korea GRS Joong-Sun [email protected] Singapore Section AES, GRS See Kye Yak [email protected]______

Taipei Section, Taiwan GRS Yang-Lang Chang [email protected]______

Abbreviation Guide for IEEE Technical Societies AES Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society NPS Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society AP Antennas and Propagation Society OE Oceanic Engineering Society ED Electron Devices Society SP Signal Processing Society EMB Engineering in Medicine and Biology UFF Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society LEO Lasers & Electro-Optics Society VT Vehicular Technology Society MTT Microwave Theory and Techniques Society GRS

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DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 23

EDUCATION

JOHN KEREKES, Rochester Institute of Technology, USA DAVID MESSINGER, Rochester Institute of Technology, USA

Guest Feature: Remote Sensing Research and Education at Rochester Institute of Technology

This article introduces the reader to the Center Introduction for Imaging Science and its academic programs, the by Michael Inggs, Director Education GRSS, DIRS Lab and its people, and then describes examples University of Cape Town, South Africa of several research areas including remote sensing As part of a series of articles, in this issue we present instrumentation, community data sets, physics-based the work of the Rochester Institute of Technology. modeling and simulation, and remote sensing algo- We encourage volunteers from other Academic and rithmic research. Government Institutions to tell us about their work, emphasizing the educational aspects. This article fol- CHESTER F. CARLSON CENTER lows on from one authored by Melba Crawford1 FOR IMAGING SCIENCE reviewing the activities of Purdue University and we Most remote sensing activity at RIT takes place within look forward to similar articles from our colleagues. CIS (www.cis.rit.edu), which is an academic unit

1 M. Crawford, “Remote Sensing and Geospatial Science at Purdue University: 1960s into the 21st within the College of Science. CIS has degree programs Century,” IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 67–71, Mar. 2013. in Imaging Science at the BS, MS, and PhD levels. At this time, there are about 40 students pursuing their BS, 40 students pursing their MS (including 10 via an on-line, distance learning option), and 70 enrolled INTRODUCTION in the PhD program. Of these, approximately 40% emote sensing research and education at the Roch- of the MS and PhD students are pursuing their the- Rester Institute of Technology in Rochester, New sis research in remote sensing. Other research areas York, USA, traces its roots from an academic degree pro- include vision science, color science, sensor design, gram in Photographic Sciences established in the 1960’s. astronomical technology, historical document imag- Many students were educated (and continue to be) in the ing, nanoimaging, and medical imaging. The Center science behind photography, later going on to careers has about 25 full-time faculty with CIS as their home working for NASA, the US defense and intelligence com- department, and another 25 whom are Graduate Pro- munity, and other research organizations. In particular, gram Faculty but have another home department, the Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing (DIRS) Labora- such as Electrical and Microelectronic Engineering, tory was formed in the early 1980’s by Prof. John Schott Mathematics, or Physics. while part of the Photo Science program. Prof. Schott Most remote sensing specific courses are taught at the and the lab transitioned to the Chester F. Carlson Center graduate level within CIS, although a couple are offered for Imaging Science (CIS) when it was established in the at the undergraduate level. Graduate courses include mid 1980’s and remote sensing activity has grown from IMGS 619—Radiometry, IMGS 722—Remote Sensing Sys- one professor and a few students to now encompassing tems, Sensors and Radiometric Image Analysis, IMGS 723— ten professors, dozens of students, and over 40 research Spectral Image Analysis, IMGS-729 Photogrammetry, IMGS projects ongoing at any one time. 732—Advanced Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing, and IMGS—765 Performance Modeling and Char- acterization of Remote Sensing Systems. Undergraduate Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2289673 Date of publication: 2 January 2014 courses include IMGS 431—Environmental Applications of

Remote Sensing, IMGS 432—Advanced Environmental Applica- tions of Remote Sensing, and IMGS 433—Remote Sensing Sys- tem Engineering.

DIGITAL IMAGING AND REMOTE SENSING LABORATORY For over 25 years, Prof. John Schott headed up the DIRS Lab (dirs.cis.rit.edu)______as one of the first faculty at RIT to develop an externally funded research program (Figure 1). Having worked in a local airborne imaging systems company, Prof. Schott had an appreciation for the practical issues associated with remote sensing and developed a systems-oriented perspective in his research and education termed the “image FIGURE 1. Prof. John Schott in the early days. chain approach” [1]. This theme has continued through the courses and thesis projects ongoing today within DIRS. In 2008, Prof. Schott stepped down and Prof. David Messinger took over as Director of DIRS. Through the steady leadership of Professors Schott and Messinger the DIRS group has grown and now represents the largest research lab within CIS. Currently the following CIS faculty are associated with the laboratory: ◗ Dr. David Messinger, Associate Research Professor and Director, DIRS ◗ Dr. Michael Gartley, Assistant Research Professor ◗ Dr. Emmett Ientilucci, Assistant Research Professor ◗ Dr. John Kerekes, Professor ◗ Dr. Robert Kremens, Research Professor ◗ Dr. Harvey Rhody, Professor ◗ Dr. Carl Salvaggio, Professor FIGURE 2. Graduate students working in the RIT DIRS Lab. ◗ Dr. John R. Schott, Research Professor ◗ Dr. Jan van Aardt, Associate Professor ◗ Dr. Anthony Vodacek, Associate Professor ◗ Dr. Charles Bachmann, Associate Professor In addition, twelve full time research staff are supported by externally funded research grants, and about 45 graduate students are pursuing research within the DIRS Lab. Many of these students are shown in Figure 2.

AIRBORNE ANDGROUND-BASEDINSTRUMENTATION Over the years, RIT DIRS has assembled a number of airborne, field, and laboratory instruments to support remote sensing research. The Wildfire Airborne Sensor Program (WASP) instrument was developed in collaboration with NASA to map wildfires and includes a high-resolution RGB visible camera co-boresighted with shortwave, mid- FIGURE 3. The RIT WASP airborne sensor as viewed from under- wave, and longwave infrared cameras (see Figure 3.) Since neath the aircraft. its development in 2004, WASP has been used to support many different applications including its deployment to Haiti in January 2010 to image affected areas after the dev- Recently a Ground Based Lidar (GBL) system was devel- astating earthquake [2]. oped by integrating a SICK lidar with a rotation stage, GPS, Another airborne camera known as the Low Altitude and associated hardware to provide a cost-effective rapid Multispectral Mapping System (LAMMS) incorporates a scan tool with which to assess vegetation structure. Other high resolution panchromatic camera, 5 VNIR cameras field instruments owned by DIRS include an Analytical with user selectable narrowband filters, and a longwave Spectral Devices FieldSpecPro and a Spectra Vista Cor- infrared microbolometer. LAMMS has been used in a num- poration HR-1024i, both nonimaging field spectrometers ber of airborne water quality mapping missions. used to collect high spectral resolution visible through

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 25

(a) (b)

FIGURE 4. (a) Centers of WASP images acquired over downtown Rochester, New York; (b) 3D surface model extracted from WASP images.

shortwave infrared radiance and reflectance spectra. DIRS (see Figure 4) [4]. This 3D-Rochester data set contains also has a Designs & Prototypes Model 102F FTIR spec- hundreds of WASP images acquired with 70–90% overlap. trometer to collect radiance spectra in the 2 to 25 micron In addition, the data set includes lidar data, which were wavelength range. Laboratory instrumentation includes a simultaneously acquired to compare with the imagery- CARY 500 spectrophotometer and several Ocean Optics derived surfaces. spectrometers. In September of 2012, RIT DIRS partnered with a number of other organizations to deploy ground targets and EMPIRICAL DATA SETS acquire multisensor airborne and satellite imagery over One of the ways DIRS serves the broader remote sensing multiple areas near Rochester, New York. This data collec- community is through the collection and dissemination tion, known as SHARE 2012, includes numerous ground of well ground-truthed remote sensing data sets, available targets with associated truth, airborne multispectral, through the “Resources” tab at the DIRS web site. polarimetric, hyperspectral, and lidar data, along with Since 2008, the RIT Blindtest data set has been avail- commercial high resolution satellite imagery [5]. Figure 5 able to support unresolved object detection research with is a high resolution WASP image of the primary test area hyperspectral imagery (HSI) [3]. This data set contains with many targets visible, and Figure 6 shows many of the two airborne HSI images with unresolved targets in the students, staff, and faculty involved in the collection. These scene. Pixel locations for the targets are provided in one data, which are available through the DIRS website, can be image, but not the other, and users are challenged to find used to test object detection, hyperspectral unmixing, and the unresolved objects using only their provided spectra. change detection algorithms. To date, over 600 users have registered to access the data. In 2011 the RIT WASP airborne sensor was repeat- DIGITAL IMAGING AND REMOTE SENSING edly flown over downtown Rochester, New York, with IMAGE GENERATION (DIRSIG) extremely high overlap between images to collect a data- DIRSIG is a suite of software tools that uses first principles set for development and testing of 3D surface extrac- physics-based ray tracing to generate synthetic radiometri- tion techniques from high resolution airborne imagery cally accurate remote sensing imagery (www.dirsig.org) [6]. Since its early development in simulating thermal infrared imagery, the capabilities have expanded to include multi- and hyperspectral imagery in the visible through shortwave infrared, lidar, polarimetric, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. DIRSIG was recently used in support of system engineering studies for the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM). One project used the scene simulation and sensor modeling capabilities to study the potential of the improved capabilities of the Operational Land Imager (OLI) to monitor water quality in the near shore environment [7]. This study quantified the enhanced ability of OLI to retrieve water constituents due to its enhanced spec- FIGURE 5. WASP image of Avon test site during SHARE 2012. tral coverage, higher signal-to-noise ratio and increased

26 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

quantization levels as compared to the Landsat 7 ETM+. Early on-orbit results from Landsat 8 have indicated an even better than predicted level of performance. Further support to LDCM included a precise simulation of the raw data stream anticipated from the satellite prior to launch to develop, test, and evaluate the operational processing software. Figure 7 shows an example of the simulated raw imagery including artifacts to be corrected in the processing software. In addition, studies were performed to assess the impact on OLI image quality from vibrations of the cyrocooler on the accompany- ing Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) by FIGURE 6. Some of the volunteers supporting the SHARE 2012 data collection. simulating images with varying levels of anticipated jitter. The results of these studies were used to make engineering decisions on allowable jitter levels. 1 Another ongoing research project is using DIRSIG is an effort to advance the science behind photon-counting lidar sensing of complex surfaces in ice sheets and glaciers. This 3 work is motivated by the upcoming NASA ICESat-2 mission which will use photon-counting detectors in mapping the surface topography of polar ice sheets and glaciers. Desired accuracies for the height mapping are driving research to better understand the return signal characteristics when the surface has steep slopes and deep crevasses. Through the use of DIRSIG to generate accurate simulated lidar returns, 2 project collaborators are learning how best to interpret the data in the case where perfect knowledge of the true surface characteristics is available.

ALGORITHM RESEARCH Algorithm research conducted by the DIRS laboratory is spread across a wide variety of imaging modalities as well as application domains. Algorithms have been developed based on physics-based models of specific phenomenology, using advanced mathematical methods, as well as using techniques from the computer vision community. Example applications include detection in spectral imagery, 3D surface reconstructions from 2D airborne imagery, and devel- FIGURE 7. DIRSIG-simulated raw LDCM image over Lake Tahoe, opment of waveform lidar processing algorithms for extrac- Nevada showing 1) spatial offsets between spectral filters, 2) offset tion of forest canopy parameters of interest. and overlap between detector modules, and 3) offsets due to alter- Over the past several years DIRS researchers have nating detectors on focal plane. explored the development of detection algorithms for spectral imagery based on graphical models of the data in the spectral domain, as opposed to statistical or linear geo- One example of this approach is the Topological Anom- metrical models. We have developed several algorithms for aly Detection algorithm (TAD) [8]. The TAD algorithm analysis of spectral imagery in areas such as change detec- identifies anomalies by developing a graph-based model tion, anomaly detection, and classification that do not of the background components. Random pixel samples require traditional assumptions about the data and have are taken from an image and a k-Nearest Neighbor graph is demonstrated promise for robust algorithmic performance built for those samples. A connected components analysis in challenging, complex scenes. is then performed on the graph and large components are

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 27

0.2 Background m

n 0.15 Full Pixel 0.1 Sub Pixel 0.45 0.05 =

m 0 0.4 m

n 0.3 0.2 0.69 0.1 =

m 0

m 1 n

1.06 0.5 =

m 0 0.6 m n 0.4

2.08 0.2 =

m 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 00.5 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 m = 0.45 nm m = 0.69 nm m = 1.06 nm c = 2.08 nm (a)

0 Background Full Pixel -100 Sub Pixel -200

CTD Band 1 -300 300 200 100 0

CTD Band 2 -100 600 400 200 0 -200 CTD Band 3 -400 0 -500 -1000

CTD Band 4 -1500

0 0 0 0 300 200 100 100 100 200 300 400 200 200 400 600 500 ------1500 1000 - - - CTD Band 1 CTD Band 2 CTD Band 3 CTD Band 4 (b)

FIGURE 8. (a) Multiple two-band projections of original spectral data and (b) after Commute Time Distance transformation for a hyperspectral image with full and subpixel man-made targets present.

labeled as the background. Then, all pixels in the image that Another algorithmic approach involves the develop- are not part of the background components are ranked as ment of the Commute Time Distance (CTD) data trans- anomalies by a measure called their “co-density”—essen- formation for hyperspectral imagery [9]. The CTD trans- tially a measure of their Euclidean distance to the nearest formation is a nonlinear data transformation that has the background component, weighted by a measure of the den- properties of identifying and enhancing structures in the sity of component in the spectral domain. This algorithm data based on the graphical representation of the pixels in has been shown to outperform traditional statistical meth- the spectral domain. The CTD transformation essentially ods, particularly in complex environments. represents the data in a space where the distance between

28 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

(b)

10 m

(a)

FIGURE 9. A virtual forest stand, based on inventory data from Harvard Forest. Various species are included in this rendering, with species- specific spectral properties. The level of simulation detail is shown on the right. Scenes such as this one enables researchers to better understand even leaf-level laser-target interactions for improved processing chain and algorithm development (a) DIRSIG RGB rendering. (b) Side-view, zoom Onyx Tree rendering. two pixels represents the “time” it would take a random models from imagery with significant overlap, as shown on walker to move along the graph between the two nodes, the right hand side of Figure 4. and then back again (thus the “commute”). The result is This 3D algorithm research has been extended to the that compact dense clusters become even more compact, environmental domain as well. Faculty, post-doctoral and the between cluster distances are enhanced as well. researchers, and graduate students are working with Figure 8 demonstrate this for hyperspectral imagery of a the Airborne Observation Platform (AOP) team of the field with targets placed in it. In the top image, four two- National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) on band projections of the spectral data are shown, demon- strating the overlap between the background and target pixels. In the bottom of Figure 8, we show two-band projections for the first four bands in the CTD transformed space, highlighting how in the new space the man-made targets are well separated from the background and much simpler to detect. Recently, under support from several sponsors, we have pursued a research program to develop techniques that extract 3D surface models of structures from multi-look 2D imagery. These workflows use approaches from computer vision and photogrammetry and provide a method to quickly build facetized models for use in several applications such as line of sight analysis and scene simulation. These techniques are particularly important in areas where lidar point cloud data are not available. These techniques FIGURE 10. An example a forest scan (point cloud) collected by have been built from Structure from Motion concepts and RIT’s ground based lidar and the application of an associated stem have resulted in the ability to create and extract building quantification algorithm, developed at RIT.

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 29

3D structural algorithm research. NEON plans to oper- [5]A.Giannandrea,N.Raqueno,D.Messinger,J.Faulring,J.Kerekes, ate three airborne remote sensing platforms that incor- J.van Aardt,K.Canham,S.Hagstrom,E.Ontiveros,A.Gerace,J. porate a high fidelity imaging spectrometer, a discrete Kaufman,K.Vongsy,H.Griffith,B.Bartlett,E.Ientilucci,J.Me- return lidar, and a waveform lidar sensor. The DIRS Lab’s ola, L. Scarff, and B. Daniel, “The SHARE 2012 data campaign,” involvement stems from the need for robust waveform in Proc. Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, lidar processing [10], [11] and 3D algorithms [12], spe- and Ultraspectral Imagery XIX, 2013, vol. 8743, p. 87430F. cifically towards assessment of biophysical vegetation [6] J. R. Schott, S. D. Brown, R. V. Raqueno, H. N. Gross, and G. Rob- structure. Specific “product-level” structural parameters inson, “An advanced synthetic image generation model and its include tree height, crown volume, leaf area index (LAI), application to multi-hyperspectral algorithm development,” canopy gaps, and biomass assessments. Given the need Can. J. Remote Sens., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 99–111, 1999. for well-characterized target scenes the team is using a [7] A. D. Gerace, J. R. Schott, and R. Nevins, “Increased potential to DIRSIG simulation approach (Figure 9). Additionally, monitor water quality in the near-shore environment with Land- real data are used such as terrestrial lidar sensing (Fig- sat’s next-generation satellite,” SPIE J. Appl. Remote Sens., vol. 7, ure 10) to improve fine-scale algorithm validation, and no. 1, p. 073558, 2013. AOP data for algorithm development. Test sites include [8] B. Basener and D. W. Messinger, “Enhanced detection and visual- established field plots in Harvard Forest and in NEON’s ization of anomalies in spectral imagery,” in Proc. SPIE Algorithms Pacific Southwest Domain. Various field and airborne and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral campaigns have been completed, along with AVIRIS cam- Imagery XV, Orlando, FL, Apr. 2009, vol. 7334. paigns to collect data at a variety of scales. [9] J. A. Albano, D. W. Messinger, and S. Rotman, “Commute time distance transformation applied to spectral imagery and its utili- SUMMARY zation in material clustering,” Opt. Eng., vol. 51, no. 7, p. 076202, The DIRS Laboratory at RIT is a vibrant research cen- July 2012. ter focused on the tools, techniques, and science behind [10] J. Wu, J. A. N. van Aardt, and G. P. Asner, “A comparison of sig- remote sensing of the Earth. As the field of remote sensing nal deconvolution algorithms based on small-footprint LiDAR advances, we look forward to continuing our contributions waveform simulation,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 49, through education and research, and we welcome inquiries no. 6, pp. 2402–2414, 2011. from prospective students and collaborators. [11] J. Wu, J. A. N. van Aardt, J. McGlinchy, and G. P. Asner, “Robust signal preprocessing Chain for small-footprint waveform REFERENCES LiDAR,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. [1] J. R. Schott, Remote Sensing: The Image Chain Approach, 2nd ed. 3242–3255, 2012. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford Publishing, 2007. [12] P. Romanczyk, J. van Aardt, K. Cawse-Nicholson, D. Kelbe, J. [2] J. A. van Aardt, D. McKeown, J. W. Faulring, N. G. Raqueno, M. McGlinchy, and K. Krause, “Assessing the impact of broadleaf V.Casterline,C.Renschler,R.Eguchi,D. W.Messinger,R. S. tree structure on airborne full-waveform small-footprint LiDAR Krzaczek,S.Cavillia,J.Antalovich,N.Philips,B. D.Bartlett, signals through simulation,” Can. J. Remote Sens., 2013, to be C. Salvaggio, E. M. Ontiveros, and S. Gill, “Geospatial disaster published. response during the Haiti earthquake: A case study spanning airborne deployment, data collection, transfer, processing, and dissemination,” Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens., vol. 77, no. 9, pp. Concluding Remarks 943–952, 2011. I would also like to remind the community of our quest for recently [3]D.Snyder,J.Kerekes,I.Fairweather,R.Crabtree,J.Shive, and S. published Ph.D. theses. For publishing the Ph.D. thesis information you

Hager, “Development of a web-based application to evaluate tar- can contact Michael Inggs ([email protected])______or Dr. Lorenzo get finding algorithms,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Geoscience Remote Sens- Bruzzone ([email protected]).______Ph.D. dissertations should be in the ing Symp., Boston, MA, 2008, vol. 2, pp. 915–918. fields of activity of IEEE GRSS and should be recently completed. [4] E. M. Ontiveros, C. Salvaggio, D. R. Nilosek, N. G. Raqueno, and Please provide us with the following: title of the dissertation, the stu- J. W. Faulring, “Evaluation of image collection requirements for dents and advisors names, the date of the thesis defense or publica- 3D reconstruction using phototourism techniques on sparse tion, and a link for downloading the electronic version of the thesis. overhead data,” in Proc. SPIE Defense and Security Sensing, Algo- rithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultra- spectral Imagery XVIII, Modeling and Simulation, 2012, vol. 8390. GRS

30 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

WOMEN IN GRS

GAIL SKOFRONICK JACKSON, GRSS Liaison to IEEE Women in Engineering

Leadership Books

his issue we’ll be focusing on leadership books for It would be remiss to not mention the leadership Twomen. Obviously, there is no way to review all of skills of the great Antarctic explorer and scientist Sir them, hence a few recent and highly regarded books, Ernest Shackleton. In late 1914, Shackleton’s ship along with some of my favorites, will be mentioned in was catastrophically frozen into the Antarctic sea this article. ice, crushed, sank, with the crew living on ice sheets Sheryl Sandberg’s book Lean In: Women, Work, and until they broke up, then rowing the Will to Lead published in 2013 describes progress, to an uninhabited island, finally or lack thereof, for women in obtaining leadership journeying 800 miles to a whaler LEADERS CANNOT EFFEC- roles in a male dominated management across both port. In their book Shackleton’s government and industry. The book describes ways for Way Margo Morrell and Stephanie TIVELY MANAGE IF THEY women reach a higher potential in terms of leadership Capperell describe seven leader- ARE NOT ORGANIZED AND by “leaning in” and taking risks. Sandberg encourages ship traits that allowed Shackleton EFFICIENT. BRIAN TRACY’S conversations on what women can do, not what they to successfully manage and rescue BOOK EAT THAT FROG! can’t do and offers useful and practical information to his nearly 30 men, with no loss PROVIDES 21 TIPS FOR help women attain their goals. of life 21 months after they origi- REDUCING PROCRASTINA- The book entitled How Remarkable Women Lead by nally set sail. These leadership TION, IDENTIFYING CRITI- Joanna Barsh and Susie Cranston published in 2011 traits are easy to grasp: Have an CAL AND IMPORTANT relies on interviews with more than 100 women lead- outstanding crew, Create a spirit ers. The Centered Leadership Project used these inter- of camaraderie, Get the best from TASKS AND GETTING views to distill motivational drivers and methodologies each individual, Lead effectively VITAL WORK DONE. for sustaining energy in highly charged environments. in a crisis, Form teams for tough Five key elements were identified to help achieve lead- assignments, Overcome obstacles ership success: (1) Meaning in the work: to inspire, to to reach a goal, and Leave a legacy. sustain optimism, and to provide sense of purpose; Finally, leaders cannot effectively manage if they (2) Framing: self-awareness to view situations clearly, are not organized and efficient. Brian Tracy’s book learned optimism, moving on; (3) Connecting: for Eat That Frog! provides 21 tips for reducing procrasti- sponsorship, followership, inclusiveness, and collabor- nation, identifying critical and important tasks and ativeness; (4) Engaging: to be present, take ownership, getting vital work done. This book has been on my and be adaptable; and (5) Energizing: to minimize bookshelf since shortly after it came out in 2007. depletion, provide restoration and tap into flow. These In closing, we look forward to providing informa- five traits seem to fit well with women’s strengths and tive and interesting articles in future issues of the GRSS are also applicable for male leaders. Magazine. We welcome your suggestions of material, topics, and guest editors for future columns. Please feel free to contact us at [email protected]. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2289733 ______Date of publication: 2 January 2014 GRS

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 31

CONFERENCE REPORTS

MARTTI HALLIKAINEN AND WERNER WIESBECK, IEEE GRSS Awards Committee Co-Chairs

GRSS Publications Awards Presented at IGARSS 2013 Banquet

he IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society’s 1. IEEE GRSS TRANSACTIONS T2013 Publications Awards were presented at the PRIZE PAPER AWARD IGARSS Awards Banquet on Thursday, July 25 at the The GRSS established the Transactions Prize Paper Plaza Ballroom. Situated in the heart of Collins Street Award to recognize authors who have published an at Melbourne’s famous Regent Theatre, the prestigious exceptional paper in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Plaza Ballroom is reminiscent of the grand European and Remote Sensing during the past calendar year. When ballrooms of the 19th Century. Built in 1929, the selecting the paper, other factors considered are origi- venue has undergone meticulous restoration return- nality and clarity of the paper. The Award consists of ing it to its breathtaking former glory. a Certificate and an honorarium of $3000, equally The following awards and recognitions were pre- divided between the authors. sented by GRSS President Melba Crawford and GRSS The 2013 Transactions Prize Paper Award is pre- Publications Awards Chair Martti Hallikainen during sented to Thomas Meissner and Frank J. Wentz, with the dinner: the citation: For a very significant contribution to the field ◗ Transactions Prize Paper Award of endeavor of the IEEE GRS Society in the paper authored by ◗ Letters Prize Paper Award Thomas Meissner and Frank J. Wentz, entitled ”The Emissiv- ◗ J-STARS Prize Paper Award ity of the Ocean Surface between 6 and 90 GHz over a Large ◗ Highest Impact Paper Award Range of Wind Speeds and Earth Incidence Angles,” pub- ◗ Symposium Prize Paper Award lished in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote ◗ Symposium Interactive Prize Paper Award Sensing, Vol. 50, No. 8, pp. 3004–3026, August 2012. ◗ Three Student Prize Paper Awards Thomas Meissner (M’02, SM’13) received the B.S. in ◗ Certificate of Recognition. physics from the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ger- many, in 1983, the M.S. (Diploma) in physics from the University of Bonn, Germany, in 1987 and the Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Bochum, Ger- many, in 1991. Between 1992 and 1998 he conducted postdoctoral research at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, the University of South Carolina, Colum- bia, SC, and at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, in Theoretical Nuclear and Particle Physics. In 1998, he joined Remote Sensing Systems (RSS), Santa Rosa, CA. Since then, he has been working on the development and refinement of radiative transfer models, calibration, validation and ocean retrieval algorithms for various microwave instruments (SSM/I, TMI, FIGURE 1. The venue for the Awards Banquet was Plaza Ball- AMSR-E, WindSat, CMIS, SSMIS, GMI, AQUARIUS). room in Melbourne. Dr. Meissner has been serving on the review panel for the National Academies’ Committee on Radio Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2289863 Date of publication: 2 January 2014 Frequencies (CORF). As member of the AQUARIUS

32 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

FIGURE 2. Music was presented by Jacqueline Gawler (vocals), Gideon Brazil (flute), and Ryan Griffith (guitar).

Launch, Early Orbit Operations and Commissioning Team Panel on Reconciling Temperature Observations. He is a he has been recognized with the NASA Group Achieve- Lead Author for CCSP Synthesis and Assessment Product ment Award in 2012. on Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmosphere. He is Frank J. Wentz has a B.S. (1969) and M.S. (1971) in phys- currently working on scatterometer/radiometer combina- ics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1974, he tions, satellite-derived decadal time series of atmospheric established Remote Sensing Systems, a research company moisture and temperature, the measurement of sea- specializing in satellite microwave remote sensing of the surface temperature through clouds, and advanced micro- Earth. His past research focused on radiative transfer mod- wave sensor designs for climatological studies. els that relate satellite observations to geophysical param- Mr. Wentz is Fellow Member of the American Geo- eters, with the objective of providing reliable geophysical physical Union. As member of the AQUARIUS Launch, data sets to the Earth science community. As a member of Early Orbit Operations and Commissioning Team he NASA’s SeaSat Experiment Team (1978–1982), he pioneered has been recognized with the NASA Group Achievement the development of physically based retrieval methods Award in 2012. for microwave scatterometers and radiometers. Starting in 1987, he took the lead on providing the worldwide research 2. IEEE GRSS LETTERS PRIZE PAPER AWARD community with high-quality ocean products derived from The GRSS established the Letters Prize Paper Award to satellite microwave imagers (SSM/I). As the president of recognize the author(s) who has published in the IEEE RSS, he oversees the production and validation of climate- Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters during the previ- quality satellite products. These data are dispersed via the ous calendar year an exceptional paper in terms of con- company’s web and FTP sites. tent and impact on the GRS Society. If a suitable paper He is currently a member of NASA Advanced Micro- cannot be identified from among those published dur- wave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) Team, NASA Ocean ing the calendar year, papers published in prior years, Vector Wind Science (OVWST) Team, the AQUARIUS and subsequently recognized as being meritorious, may Launch, Early Orbit Operations and Commissioning Team be considered. When selecting the paper, originality, and NASA REASoN DISCOVER Project. He has served on impact, scientific value and clarity are factors considered. many NASA review panels, the National Research Coun- Prize: Certificate and $1500, equally divided between cil’s Earth Studies Board, the National Research Council’s the authors.

FIGURE 4. Transactions Prize Paper Award recipients Thomas FIGURE 3. GRSS Publications Awards Chair Martti Hallikainen Meissner (left) and Frank J. Wentz with Society President started the Awards Ceremony. Melba Crawford.

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 33

sis Award, as well as the 2008 Best PhD Thesis Award of the Spanish Chapter of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society (GRSS). His paper “Kernel Entropy Com- ponent Analysis for Remote Sensing Image Clustering” was the Editor’s Choice Paper of the March 2012 issue of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. Robert Jenssen received the degree of Dr. Scient. (Ph.D.) in Electrical Engineering in 2005 from the Uni- versity of Tromsø (UiT), Norway, where he is currently an associate professor at the Department of Physics and Tech- nology. Jenssen is also a research professor at the Norwe- gian Center for Telemedicine and Integrated Care. Jenssen FIGURE 5. Recipients of the Letters Prize Paper Award Luis Gómez- was a visiting guest researcher at the Technical University Chova (left) and Gustavo Camps-Valls with Society President of Denmark (DTU Compute, Cognitive Systems Section Melba Crawford. with L. K. Hansen) 2012/2013, at the Technical Univer- sity of Berlin, 2008/2009 (Machine Learning Group with The 2013 Letters Prize Paper Award is presented to K.-R. Muller) and at the University of Florida, 2002/2003 Luis Gómez-Chova, Luis Robert Jenssen and Gustavo and March/April 2004 (Computational NeuroEngineer- Camps-Valls with the citation: “For a very significant con- ing Laboratory with J.C. Principe). In his research, he has tribution to the field of endeavor of the IEEE GRS Society in focused on developing an information theoretic approach the paper authored by Luis Gómez-Chova, Luis Robert Jenssen, to machine learning based on Renyi entropy, with strong and Gustavo Camps-Valls entitled “Kernel Entropy Component connections to Mercer kernel methods and to spectral Analysis for Remote Sensing Image Clustering,” published in clustering and dimensionality reduction methods. Jens- IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 9, No. sen received “Honorable Mention for the 2003 Pattern 2, pp. 312–316, March 2012.” Recognition Journal Best Paper Award”, the “2005 IEEE Luis Gómez-Chova (S’08–M’09) received the B.Sc. ICASSP Outstanding Student Paper Award” and the (with first-class honors), M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in “2007 UiT Young Investigator Award.” His paper “Kernel electronics engineering from the University of Valen- Entropy Component Analysis” was the Featured Paper of cia, Spain, in 2000, 2002, and 2008, respectively. He is the May 2010 issue of IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analy- currently an associate professor at the Department of sis and Machine Intelligence, and the paper “Kernel Entropy Electronics Engineering and researcher at the Image Pro- Component Analysis for Remote Sensing Image Cluster- cessing Laboratory in the University of Valencia. He has ing,” co-authored by Jenssen, was the Editor’s Choice completed different research stays at the European Space Paper of the March 2012 issue of the IEEE Geoscience and Research Institute (ESRIN) of the European Space Agency Remote Sensing Letters. Jenssen served on the IEEE Signal (Jul–Dec 2003), the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Processing Society’s Machine Learning for Signal Process- Munich (Jul–Sep 2004), the Università Degli Studi di ing Technical Committee 2006–2009, and is currently an Trento in Italy (Jun–Aug 2007), and the Technical Uni- Associate Editor of the journal Pattern Recognition. versity of Denmark (DTU-Space) in Copenhagen (Jul– Gustavo Camps-Valls (M’04, SM’07) received a Ph.D. Aug 2010). His work is mainly related to pattern recog- degree in Physics (2002, summa cum laude) from the Uni- nition and machine learning applied to remote sensing versitat de València, Spain, where he is currently an Asso- multispectral images and cloud screening. ciate Professor in the Electrical Engineer- He conducts and supervises research on ing Dep. He teaches time series analysis, these topics within the framework of sev- image processing, machine learning, and eral national and international projects. knowledge extraction for remote sensing. He is the author of more than 30 interna- His research is conducted as Group Leader tional journal papers, more than 90 inter- of the Image and Signal Processing (ISP) national conference papers, and several group, http://isp.uv.es, of the same univer- international book chapters. He is a also sity. He has been Visiting Researcher at the referee of many international journals and Remote Sensing Laboratory (Univ. Trento, serves on the program committees of sev- Italy) in 2002, the Max Planck Institute eral international conferences. for Biological Cybernetics (Tübingen, Ger- Dr. Gómez-Chova was awarded by many) in 2009, and as Invited Professor at the Spanish Ministry of Education with the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Laus- the National Award for Electronic Engi- FIGURE 6. Recipient of the anne (Lausanne, Switzerland) in 2013. His neering. He has been the recipient of the Letters Prize Paper Award research interests are tied to the develop- 2008 European Best IEEE GRSS PhD The- Robert Jenssen. ment of machine learning algorithms for

34 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

signal and image processing with special focus on remote sensing data analysis. He conducts and supervises research within the frameworks of several national and international projects, and he is Evaluator of project proposals and scientific organizations. He is the author (or co-author) of 95 international peer-reviewed journal papers, more than 120 international conference papers, 20 international book chapters, and editor of the books “Kernel methods in bioengineering, signal and image processing” (IGI, 2007), “Kernel methods for remote sensing data analysis” (Wiley & Sons, 2009), and “Remote Sensing Image Processing” (MC, 2011). He’s a co-editor of the forthcoming book “Digi- tal Signal Processing with Kernel Methods” (Wiley & Sons, 2014). He holds a Hirsch’s index h = 28, entered the ISI list FIGURE 7. J-STARS Prize Paper Award recipient Salman Saeed of Highly Cited Researchers in 2011, and he is a co-author Khan with Society President Melba Crawford. of the 3 most highly cited papers in relevant remote sensing journals. Thomson Reuters identified one of his papers as by Salman Saeed Khan and Raffaella Guida entitled “On Single- a Fast Moving Front research. He is a referee of many inter- Look Multivariate G Distribution for PolSAR Data,” published in the national journals and conferences, and currently serves on IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations the Program Committees of International Society for Opti- and Remote Sensing, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 1149–1163, August 2012.” cal Engineers (SPIE) Europe, International Geoscience and Salman Saeed Khan (S’11) was born in 1982 in Lahore, Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Machine Learning Pakistan. He received the B.S. degree in Computer Sci- for Signal Processing (MLSP), and International Confer- ences from National University of Computer and Emerg- ence on Image Processing (ICIP) among others. In 2007 ing Sciences, Pakistan in 2004, the M.S. degree in Elec- he was elevated to IEEE Senior Member, and since 2007 he trical Engineering as a Fulbright scholar from University is member of the Data Fusion technical committee of the of Central Florida, Orlando, U.S.A. in 2009, and is cur- IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society, and since rently in the fourth year of Ph.D. degree in Electronics 2009 he is member of the Machine Learning for Signal Pro- Engineering (Remote Sensing Applications group) at the cessing Technical Committee of the IEEE Signal Process- Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey in Guildford, ing Society. He is member of the MTG-IRS Science Team U.K. His current research interests include Statistical Sig- (MIST) of the European Organization for the Exploitation nal Processing in polarimetric SAR, and its applications of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). He is Associate in Pattern Recognition and Target Detection. Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, IEEE Sig- Raffaella Guida (S’04–M’08) was born in Naples, Italy, nal Processing Letters, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Let- on October 24, 1975. She received the Laurea degree (cum ters, ISRN Signal Processing Journal, and Guest Editor of IEEE laude) in Telecommunications Engineering and the Ph.D. Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing. degree in Electronic and Telecommunications Engineer- ing from the University of Naples Federico II, Naples, in 3. IEEE GRSS J-STARS PRIZE PAPER AWARD 2003 and 2007, respectively. In 2003, she received a grant The GRSS established the J-STARS Prize Paper Award to from the University of Naples Federico II to be spent at the recognize the author(s) who published in the IEEE Journal Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engi- of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observa- neering (DIET) for research in the field tions and Remote Sensing during the previ- of remote sensing. In 2006, she received ous calendar year an exceptional paper in a two-year grant from the University of terms of content and impact on the GRS Naples Federico II to be spent at DIET for Society. When selecting the paper, other research in electromagnetics, particularly factors considered are originality, clarity on the topic of electromagnetic field prop- and timeliness of the paper. IEEE member- agation in an urban environment, within ship is preferable. The Award consists of a the Italian project S.Co.P.E. In 2006, she Certificate and an honorarium of $1,500. was also a Guest Scientist with the Depart- If the paper has more than one author, the ment of Photogrammetry and Remote honorarium shall be shared. Sensing, Technische Universität München, The 2013 J-STARS Prize Paper Award is Munich, Germany. In 2008, she joined the presented to Salman Saeed Khan and Raf- Surrey Space Centre (SSC), University of faella Guida with the citation: “For a very Surrey, Guildford, U.K., as Lecturer in Sat- significant contribution to the field of endeavor FIGURE 8. J-STARS Prize Paper ellite Remote Sensing. Today she is still in of the IEEE GRS Society in the paper authored Award recipient Raffaella Guida. SSC where she leads the Remote Sensing

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The 2013 Highest Paper Award is presented to Mathieu Fauvel, Jon Atli Benediktsson, Jocelyn Chanussot, and Johannes R. Sveinsson with the citation: “For a very significant contribution to the field of endeavor of the IEEE GRS Society in the paper authored by Mathieu Fauvel, Jon Atli Bene- diktsson, Jocelyn Chanussot, and Johannes R. Sveinsson entitled “Spectral and Spatial Classification of Hyperspectral Data using SVMs and Morphological Profiles,” published in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 46, No. 11, pp. 3804–3814, November 2008.” Mathieu Fauvel graduated in electrical engineering from the Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP), Grenoble, France, in 2004. He received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in image and signal processing from Jocelyn Chanussot (left) and Jon Atli Benediktsson FIGURE 9. the Grenoble INP in 2004 and 2007, respectively. In 2007, received the Highest Impact Paper Award from Society President he was a teaching assistant in Grenoble INP. From 2008 Melba Crawford. to 2010, he was a postdoctoral research associate with the MISTIS Team of the National Institute for Research Applications group. Her main research interests are in the in Computer Science and Control (INRIA). Since 2010, fields of electromagnetics and microwave remote sensing, Dr. Fauvel has been an Assistant Professor with the particularly in simulation and modeling of synthetic aper- National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse (ENSAT— ture radar signals relevant to natural surfaces and urban University of Toulouse) within the DYNAFOR lab (Uni- scenes, new remote sensing mission concepts and applica- versity of Toulouse—INRA). His research interests are tions. She is involved as PI and co-I in many national and remote sensing, data fusion, pattern recognition, multi- European research projects. component signal and image processing. Jón Atli Benediktsson received the Cand.Sci. degree 4. IEEE GRSS HIGHEST IMPACT PAPER AWARD in electrical engineering from the University of Iceland, The GRSS established the GRSS Highest Impact Paper Reykjavik, in 1984, and the M.S.E.E. and Ph.D. degrees Award to recognize the author(s) who has published during from Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, in 1987 and the past five years in an IEEE GRSS Journal the scientific 1990, respectively. He is currently Pro Rector for Aca- paper that has received the highest number of citations and demic Affairs and Professor of Electrical and Computer impact over the past five years as measured by the Thomson Engineering at the University of Iceland. His research Reuters Web of Science citation index. A previously selected interests are in remote sensing, biomedical analysis of paper shall not be eligible for this award in the following signals, pattern recognition, image processing, and sig- years. The Award consists of a Certificate and an hono- nal processing, and he has published extensively in those rarium of $3,000. If the paper has more than one author, fields. Prof. Benediktsson was the 2011–2012 President of the honorarium shall be shared. The Highest Impact Paper the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society (GRSS) Award was presented in 2012 for the first time. and has been on the GRSS AdCom since 2000. He was Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (TGRS) from 2003 to 2008 and has served as Associate Editor of TGRS since 1999 and the IEEE Geo- science and Remote Sensing Letters since 2003. He was the Chairman of the Steering Committee of IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing (J-STARS) 2007–2010. Prof. Benediktsson is a co-founder of the biomedical start up company Oxymap (www.oxymap.com). He is a Fellow of the IEEE and a Fel- low of SPIE. He received the Stevan J. Kristof Award from Purdue University in 1991 as outstanding graduate student in remote sensing. In 1997, Dr. Benediktsson was the recipient of the Icelandic Research Council’s Outstanding Young Researcher Award, in 2000, he was granted the IEEE Third Millennium Medal, in 2004, he was a co-recipient of the University of Iceland’s Technology Innovation Award, in FIGURE 10. Recipients of the Highest Impact Paper Award Mathieu 2006 he received the yearly research award from the Engi- Fauvel (left) and Johannes R. Sveinsson (right). neering Research Institute of the University of Iceland, and

36 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

in 2007, he received the Outstanding Service Award from of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Ice- the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society. He is co- land. He was a Visiting Research Student with the Imperial recipient of the 2012 IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and College of Science and Technology, London, U.K., from Remote Sensing Paper Award. He is a member of Societas 1985 to 1986. At Queen‘s University, he held teaching and Scinetiarum Islandica and Tau Beta Pi. research assistantships. His current research interests are Jocelyn Chanussot (M’04-SM’04-F’12) received the in systems and signal theory. Dr. Sveinsson received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the Greno- Queens Graduate Awards from Queens University. ble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP), Grenoble, France, in 1995, and the Ph.D. degree from Savoie Uni- 5. IEEE GRSS SYMPOSIUM PRIZE PAPER AWARD versity, Annecy, France, in 1998. In 1999, he was with the The GRSS established the Symposium Prize Paper Award Geography Imagery Perception Laboratory for the Del- to recognize the author(s) who presented at the IEEE Inter- egation Generale de l’Armement (DGA—French National national Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Defense Department). Since 1999, he has been with (IGARSS) an exceptional paper in terms of content and Grenoble INP, where he was an Assistant Professor from impact on the GRSS. In selecting the paper, other factors 1999 to 2005, an Associate Professor from 2005 to 2007, considered are originality, clarity and timeliness of the and is currently a Professor of signal and image process- paper. The published versions of the papers in the Digest ing. He is conducting his research at the Grenoble Images shall also be evaluated. Prize: Certificate and $1250, Speech Signals and Automatics Laboratory (GIPSA-Lab). equally divided between the authors. His research interests include image analysis, multicom- The 2013 Symposium Prize Paper Award is presented ponent image processing, nonlinear filtering, and data to Yi Cui, Yoshio Yamaguchi, Hirokazu Kobayashi, and fusion in remote sensing. Jian Yang with the citation: “For a very significant contribu- Dr. Chanussot is the founding President of IEEE Geo- tion to the field of endeavor of the IEEE GRS Society in the paper science and Remote Sensing French chapter (2007–2010) entitled “Filtering of Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar which received the 2010 IEEE GRSS Chapter Excellence Images: A Sequential Approach,” co-authored by Yi Cui, Yoshio Award. He was the co-recipient of the NORSIG 2006 Best Yamaguchi, Hirokazu Kobayashi, and Jian Yang, and presented Student Paper Award, the IEEE GRSS 2011 Symposium at the 2012 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Sym- Prize Paper Award, the IEEE GRSS 2012 Transactions Prize posium, July 2012, in Munich, IGARSS´12 Proceedings.” Paper Award and the IEEE GRSS 2013 Highest Impact Yi Cui (S’09–M’11) received the B.S. degree (with hon- Paper Award. He was a member of the IEEE Geoscience ors) in electronic information science and technology and Remote Sensing Society AdCom (2009–2010), in from Jilin University, Changchun, China, in 2006 and the charge of membership development. He was the General Ph.D. degree in information and communication engi- Chair of the first IEEE GRSS Workshop on Hyperspectral neering from the Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in Image and Signal Processing, Evolution in Remote Sens- 2011. He is currently a Postdoctoral Research Fellow with ing (WHISPERS). He was the Chair (2009–2011) and Co- Niigata University, Niigata, Japan. His research interests chair of the GRS Data Fusion Technical Committee (2005– include SAR image processing, radar polarimetry, and elec- 2008). He was a member of the Machine Learning for tromagnetic theory. Dr. Cui is the first-prize winner of the Signal Processing Technical Committee of the IEEE Signal student paper competition at the 2010 Asia-Pacific Radio Processing Society (2006–2008) and the Program Chair of Science Conference (AP-RASC’10), and a recipient of the the IEEE International Workshop on Machine Learning for best paper award of the 2012 International Symposium on Signal Processing, (2009). He was an Associate Editor for Antennas and Propagation (ISAP’2012). the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters (2005–2007) and for Pattern Recognition (2006–2008). Since 2007, he is an Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Since 2011, he is the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observa- tions and Remote Sensing. Johannes R. Sveinsson received the B.S. degree from the University of Iceland, Reykjavk, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Queen‘s University, Kingston, ON, Canada, all in Electrical Engineering. He is currently the Head and Professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland. He was with the Labo- ratory of Information Technology and Signal Processing from 1981 to 1982 and, from November 1991 to 1998, FIGURE 11. Symposium Prize Paper Award recipients Jian Yang with the Engineering Research Institute as a Senior Mem- (left), Yoshio Yamaguchi, and Yi Cui with Society President ber of the research staff and a Lecturer at the Department Melba Crawford.

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Yoshio Yamaguchi (M’83–SM’94– Faculty of Engineering as a Professor in F’02) received the B.E. degree in electron- Niigata University, Niigata, Japan. His cur- ics engineering from Niigata University in rent research interests are high-frequency 1976, and the M.E. and Dr.Eng. Degrees electromagnetic analysis for computing of from Tokyo Institute of Technology, radar cross section of large objects, near- Tokyo, in 1978 and 1983, respectively. field analysis and imaging using PO/PTD/ He joined the Faculty of Engineering, GTD, and near-field RCS transformation Niigata University in 1978. He is a Pro- to far-field based on microwave imaging fessor of Information Engineering, and theory such as SAR and Inverse SAR. Director of Main Library of the University. Dr. Kobayashi is a Senior member of His interests are in the field of radar polar- the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Soci- imetry, microwave sensing and imaging. ety, and a member of the Institute of Elec- He received IEEE GRSS 2008 Education tronics, Information and Communication FIGURE 12. Symposium Prize Award. He has served as Chair of IEEE Engineers, Japan. He was Adjunct Lecturer Paper Award recipient Hirokazu GRSS Japan Chapter (2002–03), Vice of Tsukuba University (2002–2004) and Kobayashi. Chair (2000–01), Chair of URSI-F Japan Tokyo Metropolitan University, Advanced (06–12). He had been serving as an asso- Institute of Industrial Technology (2009– ciate editor of GRSS Newsletter, and Paper Award Com- 2010) and recently he published a book, “Electromag- mittee member of IEEE GRS Society. He was a co-chair of netic Wave in Space,” Press-Media, Niigata, Japan (2011, the Technical Program Committee of IGARSS 2011. He is in Japanese). a Fellow of the Institute of Electronics Information and Jian Yang (M’98–SM’02) received the B.S. and M.S. Communication Engineers (IEICE), Japan. degrees from Northwestern Polytechnical University, He has authored two books in Japanese, “Radar Polar- Xian, China, in 1985 and 1990, respectively, and the Ph.D. imetry from Basics to Applications” published by IEICE degree from Niigata University, Niigata, Japan, in 1999. In in 2007, and “Fundamentals of Polarimetric Radar and 1985, he was with the Department of Applied Mathemat- Its Applications”, published by Realize Inc. in 1998. ics, Northwestern Polytechnical University. From 1999 to Hirokazu Kobayashi (M’87–SM’10) was born in Hok- 2000, he was an Assistant Professor with Niigata Univer- kaido, Japan. He received the B.E.E. and M.E.E. degrees sity. Since April 2000, he has been with the Department from the Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan, in 1978 of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, and 1980, respectively, and received the Dr. Eng. degree China, where he is currently a Professor. His research from Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan, in 2000. interests include radar polarimetry, remote sensing, math- He joined Fujitsu LTD., Kawasaki, Japan in 1980. Since ematical modeling, optimization in engineering, and 1981 he has been with the Fujitsu System Integration Lab- fuzzy theory. Dr. Yang is the Chairman of the Institute of oratories as a Researcher for development of micro- and Electrical, Information, and Communication Engineers in millimeter-wave wide-band antennas and passive devices, Beijing and the Vice Chairman of the IEEE Aerospace and active phased array radar, and electromagnetic theoreti- Electronic Systems Society, Beijing chapter. cal investigation for scattering cross-sections. During 1999–2010, he served as a Director and General Manager 6. IEEE GRSS INTERACTIVE SESSION of the Laboratories and Fujitsu LTD. In 2010 he joined the PRIZE PAPER AWARD The GRSS established the Interactive Session Prize Paper Award to recognize the author(s) who posted at the GRSS Symposium (IGARSS) an exceptional paper in terms of content and impact on the GRSS. When selecting the paper, other factors considered are originality, clarity and timeliness of the paper. The published versions of the papers in the Digest shall also be evaluated. Prize: Certificate and $1250, equally divided between the authors. The 2013 Interactive Session Prize Paper Award is presented to Spencer Farrar, Martín Labanda, María Marta Jacob, Sergio Masuelli, Sayak Biswas, Héctor Raimondo, and Linwood Jones with the citation: “For an exceptional paper posted in the Interactive Session of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS’11 enti- FIGURE 13. Interactive Session Prize Paper Award recipient tled “An Empirical Correction for the MWR Brightness Tem- W. Linwood Jones with Society President Melba Crawford. perature Smear Effect,” co-authored by Spencer Farrar, Martín

38 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

Spencer Farrar Martín Labanda María Marta Jacob

Sergio Masuelli Sayak Biswas Héctor Raimondo

FIGURE 14. Interactive Session Prize Paper Award recipients.

Labanda, María Marta Jacob, Sergio Masuelli, Sayak Biswas, ing especially in microwave radiometry. Currently, he is Héctor Raimondo, and Linwood Jones, and presented at the contributing to the calibration of the microwave radiom- 2012 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Sympo- eter (MWR) and the infrared camera (NIRST). sium, July 2012 in Munich, IGARSS´12 Proceedings.” Maria Marta Jacob received the Licenciate degree in Spencer Farrar (S’07) received the B.S. & M.S. degree Physics from the Facultad of Matemática, Astronomía y in electrical engineering in 2008 & 2009 from the Univer- Física at the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argen- sity of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida. He is currently tina, in 2009. She is currently a Visitor Research Scholar working toward the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineer- at Central Florida Remote Sensing Laboratory (CFRSL) at ing at the University of Central Florida. Since 2008, he the University of Central Florida in Orlando, FL. In this has been a Graduate Research Assistant with the Central position, she performs research in satellite microwave Florida Remote Sensing Laboratory, University of Central remote sensing, related to calibration and geophysical Florida. His past research within the satellite remote sens- retrieval algorithm development from microwave radi- ing field has been analysis on rainfall products, simula- ometer data. Since 2009 she has been working at the tion of MWR Geophysical retrievals, Hurricane Imaging Argentine Space Agency (Comisión Nacional de Activi- Radiometer (HIRAD) geophysical retrievals for 2010 dades Espaciales, CONAE), where she contributed in the GRIP flights. He has been involved in the GPM Intersat- Flight Engineering Group of the SAC-D/ Aquarius Satel- ellite Calibration Working Group (X-CAL) performing lite and the Microwave Radiometer Inter-Satellite Radio- satellite calibration on multiple satellites since Summer metric Calibration (X-Cal) Working Group. 2010. His current dissertation topic is Cold Sky Analysis Sergio Masuelli received the B.S. degree and the Ph.D. of Spaceborne Microwave Radiometers. in Physics from the UNC (Córdoba National Univer- Martín Labanda received his degree of Licenciate in sity), in 1994 and 2000, respectively. Since 2009 he is a Physics from the Faculty of Mathematics, Astronomy and CONAE’s system engineer working in the development of Physics (FaMAF), National University of Córdoba, Cór- geophysical applications for this sensor, in special L2 and doba, Argentina in 2011. From 2009, he has been work- L3 Sea Ice products. In parallel he is an Associated Profes- ing at the Argentina Space Agency (Comisión Nacional de sor of the Master Program in Emergency Early Warning Actividades Espaciales, CONAE) as member of the SAC‐D and Response Space Applications, at of the Gulich Insti- Calibration Group. Within the satellite remote sensing tute (CONAE, UNC, ASI); he teaches graduate courses in field, he has been performing research on‐flight sensor Modelling, SAR Applications, Numerical Analysis and calibration methodologies and radiative transfer model- Emergency Applications.

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From 1994 to 1998 he was a Ph.D. fellow in the Atmo- board of the SAC-C satellite. Prior to this, he collaborated spheric Physics team of the Math, Astronomy and Physics in the Airborne Multispectral Scanner Project (AMS) of the faculty of the Córdoba National University. In his thesis he Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales (CNIE) studied the role of electrical parameters in the cloud micro- & the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt Luft und Raumfahrt physics and its influence in the cleaning of atmospheric e.V (DFVLR—German Space Agency). Héctor Raimondo pollutant, given contributions principally in numerical has also been a professor of the Universidad Tecnológica cloud modelling, electrification of clouds, and the collec- Nacional—Facultad Regional Mendoza, since 1983. tion efficiency of charged droplets and aerosols by hydro- W. Linwood Jones (SM’75-F’99-LF09) received the meteors under intense electric fields. From 1996 to 1998 B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Virginia he collaborated with the Air Quality Monitoring System Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA in 1962, M.S. degree of Córdoba city, developing a daily air pollution forecast. in electrical engineering from the University of Virginia, From 1999 to 2005 he was an INVAP SA employee, Charlottesville, VA in 1965, and the Ph.D. degree in elec- working in the Teófilo Tabanera Space Center (CETT) of trical engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute CONAE, as SAC-A mission operator, system production and State University in 1971. operator of satellite images, operation supervisor, support He is currently a professor with the Department of operation engineer. Additionally, he worked for the provi- Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University sion of images for emergency and the Charter for major of Central Florida in Orlando. At UCF, he teaches under- disasters. From 2005 to 2007 he was Associate Professor graduate and graduate courses in RF/MW communica- of the Technologic National University, Concepción del tions, satellite remote sensing and radar systems. Also, Uruguay, teaching undergraduate courses in Physics and he is the director of the Central Florida Remote Sensing Numerical Analysis, and doing research on image process- Laboratory, where he performs research in satellite micro- ing and hydrological modeling. wave remote sensing technology development. Prior to Sayak K. Biswas (S’08-M’12) received the B.Tech. degree becoming a college professor in 1994, he had 27 years fed- in electronics and communication engineering from the eral government employment with NASA at the Langley National Institute of Technology, Calicut, India, in 2005, Research Center in Hampton, VA; at NASA Headquarters and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering in Washington DC and at the Kennedy Space Center, FL. from the University of Central Florida (UCF), Orlando, in Further, he spent 8 years in the private aerospace industry 2009 and 2012, respectively. with employment at General Electric’s Space Division in He is currently a NASA Postdoctoral Fellow with the King of Prussia, PA and Harris Corp.’s Govt. Aerospace Earth Science Office at the Marshall Space Flight Cen- Systems Division in Melbourne, FL. ter in Huntsville, Alabama. From 2008 to early 2012 he Prof. Jones is a Life Fellow of the IEEE Geoscience and was with the Central Florida Remote Sensing Laboratory Remote Sensing Society, Antennas and Propagation Soci- (CFRSL) at UCF, where he contributed in various research ety, and Oceanic Engineering Society; and a member of the projects related to calibration of microwave radiometers American Geophysical Union (AGU) and Commission F and geo-physical retrieval algorithm development from of the Union Radio Scientifique Internationale. For excel- microwave radiometer data. Prior to CFRSL, from 2005 to lence in education, he received the IEEE Orlando Section: 2007 he worked as an Associate Systems Engineer at IBM Outstanding Engineering Educator Award 2003, the Col- India Private Limited in Pune, India. lege of Engineering: Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching Dr. Biswas is a recipient of the NASA Postdoctoral Award 2004, the IEEE Florida Council: Outstanding Engi- Research Fellowship Award for the proposal titled “Cali- neering Educator Award 2004 and the University of Central bration and Image Reconstruction Algorithm Develop- Fl Outstanding Graduate Student Mentor Award 2011. For ment for Hurricane Imaging Radiometer”. his research, he received four NASA Special Achievement Héctor Raimondo received B.S. degree of Engineer in Awards, eight NASA Group Achievement Awards, the CNES Electronics and Electricity, awarded by the Universidad Space Medal, the Aviation Week & Space Technology Space de Mendoza, Argentina in 1978. He is currently working Program Award—1993, and the Naval Research Lab 2004 at the Argentine Space Agency (Comisión Nacional de Alan Berman Research Publications Award. Actividades Espaciales, CONAE) as Coordinator of the Ground Segment and Applications Engineering Group. He 7. STUDENT PRIZE PAPER AWARDS is responsible for the coordination of the working groups A total of three prizes are presented including two GRSS for the development of the software that will carry out the Student Prize Paper Awards (third and second prize) and routine processing (radiometric and geometric calibration) the IEEE Mikio Takagi Student Prize (first prize). of the data generated by CoNAE instruments on board the Argentine SAC-D/Aquarius satellite. Since 1992 he 7.1. GRSS STUDENT PRIZE PAPER AWARDS has been working in CONAE, involved in several projects, The GRSS Student Prize Paper Award was established such as the specification and design of the image acquisi- to recognize the best student papers presented at the tion software of the instruments MMRS & HTRC, both on IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing

40 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

Symposium (IGARSS). It is believed that early recogni- ter (DLR), Wessling, Germany. In 2009, he was with the tion of an outstanding paper will encourage the student Astrium, European Aeronautic Defense and Space Com- to strive for greater and continued contributions to the pany (EADS) GmbH, Germany, designing a high-speed Geoscience and Remote Sensing profession. The award video interface unit for the Fluid Science Laboratory, shall be considered annually. Columbus Module, International Space Station. In 2007, Ten high-quality papers were preselected by the Stu- he was with the Defense and Security, EADS GmbH, Ger- dent Prize Paper Awards Committee in cooperation with many, developing software for interpretation and analysis the Technical Program Committee. At IGARSS 2013 in of security system onboard aircraft, i.e., black boxes. His Melbourne, the students presented their papers in a spe- research interests include 3-D high-resolution SAR imag- cial session and a jury, nominated by the GRSS Awards ing, new SAR imaging modes, radar signal processing, and Co-Chair, evaluated and ranked them for the awards. future Earth observation space missions. The Third Prize is presented to Ruzbeh Akbar with the citation: “For the paper “A Radar-Radiometer Surface Soil 7.2. 2013 IEEE MIKIO TAKAGI STUDENT PRIZE Moisture Retrieval Algorithm for SMAP.” His advisor is Mahta The IEEE Mikio Takagi Student Prize was established to Moghaddam from the University of Southern California. recognize a student who has presented an exceptional Ruzbeh Akbar was born in High Wycombe, United paper at the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Sym- Kingdom, and attended Montgomery Community Col- posium (IGARSS). lege in Rockville MD, USA, in 2003. He then received his The 2013 IEEE Mikio Takagi Student Prize is presented to B.S. in Electrical Engineering from The George Washing- Pedram Ghamisi with the citation: “For the paper “The Spec- ton University, in Washington DC, in 2009. He joined the tral Spatial Classification of Hyperspectral Images Based on Hid- University of Michigan-Ann Arbor in 2009 and received den Markov Random Field and Its Expectation-Maximization.” his M.S. in Electrical Engineering in December 2011 from UM’s Radiation Laboratory. Following his research groups transition to University of Southern California, Los Angeles, in January 2012, Ruzbeh followed suite and is currently finishing his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. His primary research interests are forward and inverse Electromagnetic modeling for remote sensing applications, especially soil moisture remote sensing. His current focus is development of radar-radiometer forward and inverse methods for soil moisture remote sensing. This work is directly related to NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive, SMAP, mission scheduled to launch late 2014. His other research interests include in situ vegetation (trees, crops, etc.) dielectric measurements and measurement techniques, electromagnetic scattering models for trees, microwave emission modeling for forested areas. He has also regularly participated FIGURE 15. Student Prize Paper Award recipient Ruzbeh Akbar in many multi-scale field campaigns, from ground truth with Society President Melba Crawford. collection (CanEx’10 & SMAPVEx’12) to wireless sensor node deployment (SoilSCAPE) and radar measurements (AirMOSS). Ruzbeh is a member of IEEE, IEEE-GRSS and AGU. He is also a recipient of NASA’s Earth and Space Sci- ence Fellowship, NESSF, from 2010 till present (2010/11, 2011/12 and 2012/13). The Second Student Prize Paper Award is presented to Octavio Ponce with the citation: “For the paper “Semisuper- vised Nonlinear Feature Extraction for Image Classification.” His advisor is Andreas Reigber from the Karlsruhe Insti- tute of Technology. Octavio Ponce (S’12) was born in Mexico, in 1985. He received the Engineer’s degree (with honors) in telematics engineering from Mexico Autonomous Institute of Tech- nology (ITAM), Mexico, in 2009. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at the FIGURE 16. Student Prize Paper Award recipient Octavio Ponce Microwaves and Radar Institute, German Aerospace Cen- with Society President Melba Crawford.

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His advisor is Jon Atli Benediktsson from the University Reykjavik, Iceland. His research interests are remote of Iceland. sensing and image analysis with the current focus on Pedram Ghamisi (S’13) received the B.Sc. degree in spectral and spatial techniques for hyperspectral image civil (survey) engineering from Islamic Azad University, classification. He received the Best Researcher Award for Tehran, Iran, and the M.Sc. degree in remote sensing from M.Sc. students from K. N. Toosi University of Technology K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, in 2012. He in 2010–2011. He serves as a reviewer for a number of is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in electrical journals including the IEEE Transactions on Image Process- and computer engineering at the University of Iceland, ing, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observa- tions and Remote Sensing, and IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.

8. CERTIFICATES OF RECOGNITION In the past Certificates of Recognition have been in most cases presented to persons, who have provided continuous contributions and leadership to the GRSS Administrative Committee and the GRS Society. At IGARSS 2013 three Cer- tificates of Recognition were presented for technical merits. A Certificate of Recognition is presented to Elena Daganzo Eusebio, Roger Oliva, Sara Nieto, and Philippe Richaume with the citation: “For their successful efforts in working with national authorities in removing radio-frequency interference sources from the protected 1400–1427 MHz EESS band.” Elena Daganzo Eusebio received the M.Sc. degree in FIGURE 17. Recipient of the IEEE Mikio Takagi Student Prize Pedram Ghamisi with Society President Melba Crawford. telecommunication engineering from the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain in 1988. In 1992 she joined the European Space Agency (ESA) at its Operations Cen- ter in Darmstadt, Germany, as a Ground Segment Systems Engineer. She was involved in the preparation of the ESA ground segment network to support the launch and operations of several space missions. Since 1996, she has worked at the European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA/ESTEC), first as a TT&C and RF System Engineer and then, since 2009, as the Frequency Management Engineer in the Directorate of Earth Observation Programmes. She analyzes the spectrum requirements for future Earth observation missions; addresses interference issues and monitors the evolution of the frequency needs for future missions. She participates in numerous technical committees within the ITU, CEPT, and SFCG. She liaises with National Fre- quency Management Administrations in order to improve FIGURE 18. Roger Oliva received the Certificate of Recognition the RF interference environment encountered by ESA’s from Society President Melba Crawford. Earth Observation missions, in particular on the Soil Mois- ture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) spacecraft. Roger Oliva received the M.S degree in telecommunication engineering from the Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Spain; and the M.S. degree in Astronomy (D.E.A) from the Barcelona University, Spain. He has been working in several space and astronomy projects, including Mars Express, astronomical microwave observatories and in the design of advanced telecommunications satellite pay- loads. Since 2007 he is working as a Calibra- FIGURE 19. Certificate of Recognition recipients from left: Elena Daganzo Eusebio, tion Engineer for the European Space Agency, Sara Nieto, and Philippe Richaume. on the Earth Observation satellite SMOS.

42 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

FIGURE 20. All award recipients and involved GRSS and IEEE officials, from left: Jian Yang, Yi Cui, Yoshio Yamaguchi, Gustavo Camps-Valls, Luis Gómez-Chova, GRSS Publications Awards Chair Martti Hallikainen, Jocelyn Chanussot, Jon Atli Benediktsson, Pedram Ghamisi, IEEE President Peter Staecker, GRSS President Melba Crawford, Thomas Meissner, Frank J. Wentz, W. Linwood Jones, Salman Saeed Khan, Roger Oliva, Ruzbeh Akbar, and Octavio Ponce.

Sara Nieto received the B.S. degree in computer science, specializing in information systems development and artificial intelligence from the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. She has been a part of the SMOS Operations Team, Euro- pean Space Astronomy Centre, Madrid, since April 2010, where she provides support on radio frequency interference detection. Philippe Richaume received the engineer degree in computer, electronic, and automatic from the Ecole Supérieure FIGURE 21. IGARSS’14 organizer Monique Bernier received the best wishes and d’Informatique, Electronique et Automa- some supplies for a successful symposium from IGARSS’13 organizers Simon Jones tique, Paris, France, in 1990, the M.Sc. (left) and Peter Woodgate (right). degree in computer sciences and artificial intelligence from Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France, in 1991, and the Ph.D. degree in com- rial Boards of IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote puter sciences and applied mathematics from CNAM, Sensing, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, IEEE Paris, 1996. For the last 20 years, he has worked in vari- Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and ous geophysical laboratories, putting to stress advanced Remote Sensing, and the GRSS Student Prize Paper Awards computer science and applied mathematics paradigms Committee for their valuable inputs to the awards pro- against real problems, particularly in the remote sens- cess. We would also like to encourage all GRSS members ing context. He is working currently with the Centre to actively participate in nominating distinguished col- d’Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphère (CESBIO), Toulouse, leagues for the GRSS Major Awards including the Dis- France. His domains of interest are signal processing, tinguished Achievement Award, the Outstanding Ser- nonlinear modeling and inverse problem, particularly vice Award and the Education Award. GRSS members using artificial neural networks such as for real-time can nominate papers also for journal awards. Please see signal processing controller of a radio receiver dedicated instructions on the GRSS Home Page. to solar wind plasma line tracking onboard the WIND/ WAVES spacecraft, or for direct-inverse modeling of 10. BEST WISHES FOR A SUCCESSFUL IGARSS 2014 ocean surface wind from ERS 1/2 scatterometer or bio- The General Co-Chairs of IGARSS 2013 Simon Jones physical parameters, LAI, chlorophyll, etc., from POL- and Peter Woodgate turned over the responsibility for DER optical directional reflectance, or using traditional the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing iterative minimization approaches like for soil moisture Symposium to IGARSS 2014 General Chair Monique Ber- retrieval from SMOS brightness temperature he is work- nier, with their best wishes for a successful symposium ing on currently. in Quebec City, July 13–18, 2014. The symposium will be held in conjunction with the 35th Canadian Symposium 9. CONGRATULATIONS TO ALL on Remote Sensing and the theme is “Energy and Our

2013 AWARD RECIPIENTS Changing Planet”. Please visit ______http://igarss2014.com/Wel- The GRSS Awards Committee would like to thank the come.asp______for further information. evaluators of IGARSS’13 technical sessions and the Edito- We hope to see you in Quebec City at IGARSS 2014!

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 43

IRENA HAJNSEK, ETH Zürich, Switzerland, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany

IGARSS 2013 Survey

INTRODUCTION IGARSS 2013 attracted this year a huge number of he International Geoscience and Remote Sens- attendees from Asia and the Pacific region with less attend- Ting Symposium (IGARSS) was held this year in the ees from Western Europe and North America (Figure 3). vibrant Australian city of Melbourne and attracted about 60 percent of the attendees were ranked as mid-career 1300 scientists from all over the world. IGARSS is the pre- and early-career and 25 percent as students. The student mier conference organized by the Geoscience and Remote rate is just as high as at IGARSS 2012 in Munich. Sensing Society (GRSS) and is held each year in different Academic members increased slightly their attendance international locations. One of the tasks of the Confer- to 67 percent, whereas a slight decrease is noticed to 18 ence Advisory Committee (CAC) of the GRSS Adminis- percent of Governmental employees and 8 percent in the trative Committee (AdCom) is making sure that our most private sector. important conference event fulfills the members’ expectations. For this we request our members of the society, as REASONS FOR ATTENDANCE well as all the IGARSS attendees to complete the survey The main reasons for attending IGARSS are the technical shortly after the conference. content and the networking opportunity. On average, 80 The results of the survey are presented in the follow- percent of the attendees are satisfied with the Technical ing article. Every year we have some questions that are Program of IGARSS. Depending on the actual year there repeated and are made in order to display a long-term are slight variations observed. trend; additionally a few new questions are included emerging from the AdCom and/or from the IEEE GRSS members. Selected questions and comments of the survey are summarized in this article. Melbourne 2013 The results of the survey are presented in percentage of respondents. Not all survey respondents actually Munich 2012 attended this year’s IGARSS or are also not IEEE GRSS members. In both cases the numbers are small. However, Vancouver 2011 with regards to the registered IGARSS attendees the participation in the survey is around 35 percent this year. Honolulu 2010 The survey is important for IEEE GRSS to capture the 0 10203040506070 satisfaction of the current IGARSS and to identify areas for active improvements. Therefore, we would like to FIGURE 1. Percentage of the ratio between survey respondents encourage you to participate in the next IGARSS survey to total IGARSS attendees per IGARSS. and to provide us your comments and suggestions. Before we start with the summary of the IGARSS survey we congratulate the IGARSS 2013 Organizing Com- mittee for the successful performance of the symposium.

RESPONDENT DEMOGRAPHICS On average, 71 percent of the IGARSS 2013 attendees that answered the survey are IEEE or GRSS members. High fractions are non-members (around 28 percent). The society is actively trying to attract new members by granting complimentary affiliate memberships at conferences.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2289869 Date of publication: 2 January 2014 FIGURE 2. Exhibition and coffee break space at IGARSS 2013.

44 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

The pre-conference tutorial attendance was weak this IGARSS 2013 EXPERIENCE year and therefore a new question has been placed in order The attendance of this IGARSS in terms of abstracts sub- to observe if a change is needed. However, 64 percent of mitted and registration was the lowest since IGARSS 2009 the responses quoted that the Tutorials should be retained in South Africa. One main reason was the enormous on the Sunday before IGARSS starts. The Director of Edu- cation surveyed all the attendees of the Tutorials in some detail, to ensure that the topics are appropriate to the needs of the membership, and to check perceived quality. 4

PEER REVIEW OF PROCEEDINGS Also this year, a dedicated question was posed to the 3 2013 Melbourne attendees to determine whether a change in the abstract 2012 Munich review system is required. About 41 percent of the attend- 2011 Vancouver 2 ees prefer the present model of peer-reviewed abstracts 2010 Honolulu only and about 31 percent would prefer to see 4-page, fully reviewed papers. This amount has not changed signifi- 1 cantly over the years and a discussion should be launched to consider if a change can be implemented as a trial. 0% 20% 40% 60%

BALANCE OF INVITED AND CONTRIBUTED SESSIONS FIGURE 4. Percentage of respondent rating the technical content The preference of the respondents is to keep the percentage of IGARSS: (1) excellent, (2) good, (3) satisfactory and (4) in need of invited papers to 10–20 percent. The invited sessions of improvement. are organized by individuals with reviews by the convener and at least two independent reviewers (Figure 5).

POSTER, TOURS AND CONFERENCE VENUE 5 At IGARSS 2013, traditional poster presentations were hosted. 62 percent of the attendees liked the style of the 4 poster presentations. However, a lot of comments were 2013 Melbourne received about the low quality of the poster content and 3 2012 Munich also the low attendance at the poster sessions. One rea- 2011 Vancouver 2010 Honolulu son of the low attendance, explained by the respondents, 2 was the very late placements of the sessions during the day with no coffee break attached. Improvements to the poster 1 session formats should be considered for future IGARSS. 0 1020304050 Regarding the venue, a clear preference is given to a Convention Center with a lot of space for session rooms FIGURE 5. Percentage of invited papers: (1) less than 10, (2) 10-20, and poster displays (Figure 6). (3) 20–30 (4) 30–40 and (5) 40–50.

6 4 5

4 2013 Melbourne 3 2013 Melbourne 2012 Munich 2012 Munich 3 2011 Vancouver 2011 Vancouver 2010 Honolulu 2 2 2010 Honolulu

1 1 0 20 40 60 0 1020304050 FIGURE 3. Percentage of respondents by region: (1) Africa, (2) Asia/Pacific, (3) Western Europe, (4) Eastern Europe, (5) North FIGURE 6. Venues type preference: (1) Hotel, (2) Convention America and (6) South America. Center, (3) University and (4) no preference.

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 45

travel distance and the associated costs. In addition, the of the paper content and that will be a point of discussion sequestration in the USA restricted the number of partici- with the next local organizing team. pants to attend this international conference. We would like to thank all respondents to the survey An innovation at IGARSS 2013 was the use of an for their evaluation and valuable comments. The outcome IGARSS App, where regular changes in the program could of this survey is being provided to the Quebec City local be followed. The acceptance of this tool was very high and organizing committee, hosts of IGARSS 2014. was recommended to be improved and continued for next The Conference Advisory Committee IGARSS symposia. ◗ Michael Inggs ◗ John Kerekes SUMMARY ◗ Bill Emery In summary the ongoing survey shows that the current ◗ Tom Lukowski format of IGARSS is satisfactory for most of the partici- ◗ Adriano Camps pants. Some more attention should be paid on the quality ◗ Irena Hajnsek (Chair).

ANDRÉ MORIN, IEEE Québec, Québec City MONIQUE BERNIER, INRS-ETE, Québec City

IGARSS 2014 in Québec City— A Destination for the Mind and the Soul

t is with great pleasure that the organizing committee Iextends to you an invitation to attend IGARSS 2014 in TABLE 1. IGARSS 2014 KEY DATES. beautiful Québec City. We truly believe a successful con- INVITED SESSIONS ference should not only include an enticing technical pro- Invited session proposal deadline October 11, 2013 gram but also provide for an enriching social and cultural Invited session notification November 11, 2013 experience. With its historical quarter, great outdoors, Invited session papers submission deadline January 13, 2014 vibrant nightlife and renowned gastronomy, Québec City should appeal to everyone. TUTORIALS Realizing that attendees seldom have the opportunity Tutorial proposal deadline November 22, 2013 to take advantage of the new destinations they visit, the Tutorial notification December 20, 2013 organizing committee has also made the commitment to ABSTRACTS AND PAPERS embed in a light yet informative way, local cultural and Abstract submission system online November 14, 2013 historical aspects to the program. Abstract submission deadline January 13, 2014 The key dates for IGARSS 2014 are listed in Table 1. Review results available online April 4, 2014 Author registration deadline* May 16, 2014 IGARSS’14 THEME Full paper submission deadline May 30, 2014 The development of new and renewable sources of energy GENERAL in the context of a changing planet is a critical and important issue throughout the world. IGARSS 2014 and the Travel support application deadline January 13, 2014 35th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing (CSRS) Student paper competition full paper deadline January 13, 2014 will include keynote speakers and include special sessions Registration opens April 7, 2014 dedicated to the “Energy” theme. Early registration deadline May 30, 2014 In addition to the host of well-established session IGARSS 2014 July 13–18, 2014 themes, IGARSS 2014/35th CSRS topics will also include: *: Papers without an author registered by this date will be withdrawn.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2289880 Date of publication: 2 January 2014

◗ Dynamics of Earth Processes and Climate Change The greater Québec area is also home to one of Canada’s ◗ Oil, Gas and Mineral Exploration largest concentration of researchers and specialists in pho- ◗ Reservoir Management tonics and electro-optics. Tele-detection and remote sens- ◗ Bioenergy ing represent a significant portion of these activities, and ◗ Temporal Analysis: Techniques and Applications the area boasts a significant number of industries, orga- ◗ Remote Sensing and Forensic Science nizations and research centers involved in remote sens- ◗ Remote Sensing in Archeology ing. The interests of these groups are varied, ranging from ◗ Remote Sensing in Manufacturing Systems (including defense-related applications to Earth Observation, clima- the forest products industry) tology and weather forecasting. There are providers as well ◗ Environmental Remediation and Assessment as end users of hyperspectral data for civilian applications ◗ Remote Sensing in Developing Countries (agriculture, forestry, oceanography, etc.), represented by the many companies and Laval University to name a few. THE 35TH CANADIAN SYMPOSIUM The area also hosts a local IEEE GRSS/AES/OES joint chap- ON REMOTE SENSING ter, with activities and events including representatives IGARSS 2014 will be held in conjunction with the 35th from all spheres of the local remote sensing community. Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing (CSRS). The Canadian Remote Sensing Society (CRSS) is the CONFERENCE VENUE—THE QUÉBEC focal point for leadership and excellence in advancing CITY CONVENTION CENTRE the art, science, technologies and applications of remote Directly connected to two major hotels with more than sensing and related fields for our members in Canada and 900 rooms, the Québec City Convention Centre is located abroad. The CRSS was formed in 1974 and, among other adjacent to Parliament Hill, only 0.1 km away (300 ft.) highlights, hosts the Canadian Symposium on Remote from the historic downtown which is part of UNESCO’s Sensing, the longest running national symposium series in world heritage sites list. The distance to the airport is the world that is dedicated to remote sensing. In 2014, we approximately 17 km (11 miles). are delighted to once again partner with IEEE GRSS in co- hosting IGARSS with our Canadian Symposium, as we did DESTINATION—QUÉBEC CITY, in Vancouver (1989), Toronto (2002), and Denver (2006). A WORLD HERITAGE GEM Founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain, Québec City QUÉBEC REMOTE SENSING COMMUNITY is the capital of the Province of Québec and the cradle of With its booming economy and highly trained workforce, French civilization in America. It is the only city north of Québec City provides fertile ground for innovation. It Mexico to have preserved its original fortifications and has has the province’s highest concentration of research retained its distinctive European charm. and transfer centres with 6,000 researchers and associ- With its cobblestone streets, sidewalk cafés, boutiques ates, 400 laboratories, groups, consortia, institutes, and and museums, Québec City is the ideal leisure and travel R&D centers. destination. The past comes to life for visitors at every There is a strong commitment to remote sensing in the turn in Old Québec, the historic district, where the archi- Province of Québec, with many groups within govern- tecture and urban setting bear witness to the city’s rule ments, universities and industries active in the uses of under the French, British, and current regimes. Owing to Earth Observation data in Canada and abroad, including its origins, Québec is a truly bilingual destination. the Québec Association of Remote Sensing (AQT), the Net- Recognized for its exceptional universal value, Old work of Centers of Excellence in Geomatics, GEOIDE, etc. Québec was added to UNESCO’s prestigious list of World

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Heritage Sites in 1985. The Organization of World Heritage for anyone who loves the great outdoors: white-water raft- Cities has chosen to establish its Canadian headquarters in ing, hiking, mountain biking, horseback riding, golfing… Québec City. the choice is yours! Visitors in Québec City will find a European atmosphere Québec City is also home to a wide variety of shops and in a North American settling and a bilingual environment boutiques. A shopping spree awaits the visitor as they stroll that will appeal to visitors from all continents. down rue Saint-Jean, rue du Trésor, rue Saint-Paul, Old- The quality of life in Québec City is exceptional. It is a Québec’s promenades or Petit-Champlain’s historic quar- safe, clean city with one of the lowest crime rates in Can- ters, North America’s oldest commercial district. ada. You will feel safe strolling the streets night or day. While in Québec, take your time, as there is something cultural for everyone to enjoy. Here are a few suggestions AWARD-WINNING INTERNATIONAL REPUTATION while you are in town. Over five million tourists visit Québec City every year. Discover the Heritage of the Cradle of Canada. Start your They are drawn to its rich architecture, remarkable his- day with a short slide lecture on the British and French toric heritage, singular aesthetics, outstanding tourist influences. Learn about the history, the architecture, urban facilities, and vibrant culture. Québec City’s appeal as a planning and political institutions of the city. Then take a tourist destination is widely recognized, and, year after walking tour focusing on British influences on domestic year, Québec City has been showered with many awards: architecture, public buildings, as well as public gardens and ◗ 10th best destination in the world, 3rd best in North parks. Have lunch at the elegant Garrison Club, which was America and No. 1 in Canada, Condé Nast Traveler founded by English speaking military officers in the 1870’s. (2013); The atmosphere remains very British, even though today; ◗ In Travel+Leisure (Summer 2013), Québec City ranks almost all the members speak French. first among the top destinations in Canada and eighth Meet the great whales. In Québec City, the Saint Law- in North America in the “World’s Best Awards 2013” rence River is already brackish, salt water can be found a ◗ In the top 10 of best North American destinations and few kilometres down river. A three-hour motor coach drive 2nd best Canadian destination, Travel + Leisure (2012) down river from Québec City will allow you to discover the ◗ 6th travel destination in the world, 3rd in North America Saguenay Fjord and one of the best whale-watching site in and 1st in Canada, Condé Nast Traveler (2011) the world: Baie-Sainte-Catherine and Tadoussac. Aboard ◗ 7th favorite romantic destination in the world, TripAdvi- a catamaran (or a zodiac for the more adventurous), you sor Travelers’ Choice Awards (2010). can admire the largest blue whales, fin whales, humpback whales and white whales. ACTIVITIES AND ATTRACTIONS— Extend your stay and be part of the Québec Summer Fes- SOMETHING FOR EVERYONE tival—Canada’s Largest Music Festival. Immediately prior to The Québec area is the hometown of the world’s famous the conference will take place the 47th edition of the Festival Cirque du Soleil. No wonder then that Québec City knows d’été de Québec, the city’s music and street arts festival and how to entertain people. Canada’s largest outdoor musical event: 1,000 artists, 300 The city’s network of recreational facilities offers a wide shows, 10 stunning venues. World-renowned stars as well range of sports, leisure, outdoor, and indoor activities. Just as up-and-coming bands in all styles: rock, hip-hop, electro, a few minutes from downtown, re-discover the wonders of pop, reggae, world beat, and more. Québec city historical nature. The Québec area being surrounded by mountains, center is taken over by tens of thousands of festival-goers lakes and rivers, there is always something exciting to do enjoying the unique ambiance of this urban festival! Placido

48 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

Domingo, Metallica, Elton John, Céline Dion, Bon Jovi, Sting, Paul McCartney, Charles Aznavour, Simple Plan…, year over year, the choice is yours. Observatoire de la Capitale. Visit the Observatoire de la Capitale, an observatory atop a 221-meter tower offering a stunning panoramic view. Dufferin Terrace. Stroll along the Dufferin Terrace and Old Québec’s funicular, for a panoramic view of the St. Lawrence River. The Citadel. Visit the Citadel, an active military garrison where visitors can watch the changing of the guard or explore the Governor General’s official residence. CLAUDEL HUOT CLAUDEL Battlefield Park. Have lunch on the Battlefield Park also FIGURE 6. Old Port from Dufferin Terrace. known as the Plains of Abraham, where French and British clashed in the 1759 historic battle that changed the face of America forever. quality, indulging a wide range of gastronomic pleasures. Promenade Samuel-De-Champlain. Ride a bike or walk Another great way to experience Quebecers’ joie de vivre the Promenade Samuel-De-Champlain, which runs 2.5 km is to partake of the downtown nightlife! Catch a jazz set, along the St. Lawrence River. taste a local beer directly from the microbrewery, or hit Village Vacances Valcartier. On a hot summer day, Vil- the dance floor at one of our many nightclubs… open lage Vacances Valcartier offers plenty of exciting activities until 3 a.m.! such as water slides. Old Québec alone offers a breathtaking selection of The Wendake Huron village. Located on the Huron- more than 100 restaurants for all tastes and budgets. Wendat reservation, the Huron Traditional Site is a unique Numerous fine restaurants can be found nestled in age- opportunity to discover the history, the culture and the life- old buildings where the service is attentive and the wine style of Native American Hurons. list impressive. Montmorency Falls. On the Côte-de-Beaupré, ten minutes away from the Convention Centre, discover the ACCOMMODATIONS—FROM LUXURY 83-meter high (272 feet) Montmorency Falls, a natu- TO BOUTIQUE HOTELS ral masterpiece that is one and a half times higher than The vicinity of the Convention Centre abounds with Niagara Falls. Get close the falls, climb to lookouts on the hotels for all budgets and tastes within 5–10 minutes cliff, or simply take the cable car to have a breathtaking walking distance. The Québec City area boasts over 12,000 walk over the falls. hotel rooms and suites in the historic heart of town, urban neighborhoods, and the surrounding countryside. Old A GOURMET DESTINATION— Québec features a number of bed & breakfasts and bou- OVER A THOUSAND RESTAURANTS tique hotels featuring highly personalized service and dis- Québec City is known as the gastronomic capital of tinctive style. North America. The downtown area and its historical dis- Housing is also available in campus dorms. Over trict boast the most restaurants per capita on the conti- 1,600 rooms and suites are available from mid-May to late nent! The choice of restaurants includes many of superior August, on two local campuses including Université Laval.

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Youth hostels remain an affordable option for both young tréal, Ottawa, Toronto, Boston, Detroit, New York, Chicago, and old. Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia with easy connections You can also choose from a variety of accommodations to international destinations. such as large chain hotels, motels, and inns surrounding For delegates from the Northeastern USA, or Eastern the downtown area. Less than 30 minutes from down- and Central Canada, car travel is a viable option. town Québec near many resorts, sports, and recreation Two train stations serve Québec City and its surround- centres, numerous small and large inns, condominiums ing areas, one downtown and one in the suburbs. Via Rail and hotel complexes are specially designed to welcome Canada offers daily service between Toronto, Ottawa, and conventioneers. Québec City, and up to five daily connections between Montréal and Québec. QUÉBEC CITY, EASY TRAVEL The only deep-water port open year-round in the heart of Québec City is easily accessible by plane, car, train, and the continent, the Port of Québec is a must stop on the New ship. Its strategic location on North America’s northeastern England-St. Lawrence route. Its cruise ship terminal, located coast places it near primary business and research centres. in the city’s historic and cultural district welcomes cruise ships It is about 90 minutes by plane from New York, Detroit, or from Europe and the United States from May to October. Toronto, and less than 50 minutes from Montréal. For the latest updates on IGARSS 2014, please visit Direct flights are available daily to and from major east- www.igarss2014.com. For further information on the ern Canadian and American hub airports such as Mon- Québec City area, please consult www.quebecregion.com.

PAUL GADER, University of Florida, Gainesville ALINA ZARE, University of Missouri, Columbia JEREMY BOLTON, University of Florida, Gainesville JOCELYN CHANUSSOT, GIPSA-Lab, Grenoble Institute of Technology, France

WHISPERS 2013

5th Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing—Evolution in Remote Sensing

he 5th Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal resulting in a 12% rejection rate. There were 90 oral pre- TProcessing—Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHIS- sentations and 68 posters. WHISPERS 2013 comprised of PERS) was held on June 25–28, 2013 in Gainesville, FL. 24 carefully arranged sessions covering a wide spectrum WHISPERS 2013 received the technical sponsorship of of topics and techniques in hyperspectral image and sig- the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society (GRSS), nal processing. The workshop was enhanced by several and support from the University of Florida and the WHIS- special sessions: Planetary Exploration chaired by Beth- PERS Foundation. The workshop held two parallel tracks any Ehlmann, CalTech and Sylvian Doute, IPAG, France; over three days and was a great success welcoming over Thermal Hyperspectral Imaging chaired by Michal Shi- 180 international researchers. moni, SIC-RMA, Belgium and Xavier Briottet, ONERA- A total of 180 papers were submitted (both regular and DOTA, France; Detection of Difficult Targets chaired by special session submissions), 158 of which were accepted, James Theiler and Al Schaum; and Spectral Unmixing chaired by Mario Parente, University of Massachusetts and Qian (Jenny) Du, Mississippi State University. All the papers published at WHISPERS 2013 will be available on Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2291169 Date of publication: 2 January 2014 IEEE Xplore.

50 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

WHISPERS 2013 attendees in Gainesville, FL.

The banquet was featured a 17-piece “big band” where General Chair Paul Gader played the saxophone. Also, attendees had the opportunity to learn how to swing dance from dance instructors and, then, dance into the night.

As in the previous year, tutorials were offered at WHIS- ◗ “Compressive Spectral Imaging,“ David J. Brady, Duke PERS 2013. These tutorials included: University, Durham, NC, USA ◗ “Spectral Unmixing of Hyperspectral Data“ by Prof. ◗ “The Hyperion Imaging Spectrometer on the Earth Antonio J. Plaza, Department of Technology of Com- Observing One (EO-1)“ Elizabeth M. Middleton, Bio- puters and Communications, University of Extremad- spheric Sciences Laboratory, USA ura, Spain ◗ “Recent Advances in Spectral Unmixing of Hyperspectral ◗ “Feature Mining from Hyperspectral Data“ by Dr. Xup- Data“ Antonio Plaza, University of Extramadura, Spain. ing Jia, School of Engineering and Information Tech- Three papers were selected to receive a Best Paper nology, The University of New South Wales, Australia Award, in no specific order. The authors received one ◗ “Hyperspectral Target and Anomaly Detection“ by Dr. copy of the greatly sought-after “golden whispers” trophy Qian Du, Mississippi State University, USA. and a certificate of recognition. Congratulations go to: The technical program also featured three outstanding ◗ “Non-linear Hyperspectral Unmixing using the Gauss- plenary talks delivered by prestigious and highly recog- ian Process,” Yoann Altmann, Nicolas Dobigeon, Steve nized experts worldwide: McLaughlin and Jean-Yves Tourneret

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Josee Levesque receiving the best paper certificate and trophy from WHISPERS 2013 Chairs.

WHISPERS 2013 had very interactive and well-attended poster sessions as shown here.

Kuniaki Uto receiving the best paper certificate and trophy from the WHISPERS 2013 Chairs.

Our warmest thanks to our three prestigious plenary speakers: David Brady, Elizabeth Middleton, and Antonio Plaza, two of which are ◗ “Leaf Parameter Estimation Based on Shading Distri- pictured here with WHISPERS 2013 Chairs. bution in Leaf Scale Hyperspectral Images,” Kuniaki Uto and Yukio Kosugi. Furthermore, a special issue of the IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing (IEEE-JSTARS) associated to WHISPERS 2013 (but open to everyone working on hyperspectral image and signal processing) will be published. WHISPERS is also a venue for cross-fertilization between industrial partners and researchers from the academic world. We would like to thank the companies sponsoring and/or exhibiting their latest products during the event. The companies in attendance at WHISPERS Yoann Altmann from IRIT, Toulouse receiving the best paper certificate 2013 were ITRES, ASD, Inc., SpectralEvolution, HeadWall and trophy from WHISPERS 2013 Chairs. Photonics, and HySpex—Norsk Elektro Optikk. Some of them are WHISPERS’ long-term sponsors and we truly ◗ “Hyperspectral Gas and Polarization Sensing in the appreciate their continued support! LWIR: Recent Results with MoDDIFS,” Jean-Marc In addition to the technical program, social events Theriault, Gilles Fortin, Francois Bouffard, Hugo included a welcome reception at the Florida Museum of Lavoie, Paul Lacasse and Josee Levesque Natural History and a banquet at Cellar 12 in Downtown

52 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

Gainesville. The welcome reception featured full access to the museum including displays of fossils found in Florida, full-scale recreations of a Florida hammock forest, caves, and bogs in addition to delicious food and lav- ish desserts. The museum also opened its unique Butter- fly Rainforest to the WHISPERS attendees. The banquet, held in downtown Gainesville, included entertainment from a live, 17-piece “big band” and swing dancing with dance instructors. The success of WHISPERS 2013 would be impossible without the hardworking of our technical program committee members. We are very grateful for their detailed reviews, which is the key to maintaining WHISPERS as the most prestigious meeting in hyperspectral remote sensing. We would also like to thank the local organizing committee and volunteers to help with many tedious but important duties. Last but not least, we would like to thank our loyal WHISPERS attendees, who travelled thousands of miles to attend and support this meeting. Their presence is always great encouragement to organizing teams. After the first five successful WHISPERS meetings, we are very happy to announce that the 6th WHISPERS will WHISPERS is a venue for cross-fertilization between industrial move to Lausanne, Switzerland. partners and researchers from the academic world. We would like Looking forward to seeing you in Lausanne in June to thank the companies sponsoring and/or exhibiting their latest 2014 for this GRSS premier event! products during the event. GRS

Innovation doesn’t just happen. Read ﬁ rst-person accounts of IEEE members who were there. Photo: NASA IEEE Global History Network www.ieeeghn.org

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 53

GRSS MEMBER HIGHLIGHTS

Appropriate Use of Bibliometric Indicators for the Assessment of Journals, Research Proposals, and Individuals

(Adopted by the IEEE Board of Directors 9 September 2013)

ibliometric indicators provide numerical scales salary raises [10], or even to predict future career suc- Bthat are intended to quantitatively determine the cess [11]. While the first use is technically appropriate, value of scientific research and the scholarly publica- provided it relies on data collected from a sufficiently tion in which that research is published. Since scien- large set to provide a statistically meaningful analysis, tific performance cannot, of course, be directly “mea- this condition is never satisfied when applied to indi- sured”, citations acquired by each published paper are vidual scientists. assumed as a proxy for quality, without prejudging the Furthermore, while using data appropriate for an reasons for the citations. individual researcher (such as average citation count or The application of bibliometrics to quantify the h-index and its variations [12]) can provide information significance of individual journals dates back several to be adopted in conjunction with other measures to form decades [1] and the field has now reached a sufficiently a comprehensive evaluation, the use of the bibliometric high level of maturity to recognize that the scientific index of a journal in which a researcher publishes (typi- impact of journals as evaluated by bibliometrics is a cally the Impact Factor (IF)) as a proxy for the quality of complex, multi-dimensional construct and therefore his/her specific paper is a common example of a techni- more than one indicator is needed for such evaluation cally incorrect use of bibliometrics [13], [29]. There is, in [2]–[4]. Nearly all commonly used bibliometric indices fact, no guarantee that every single article published in [1], [5]–[7] can be classified fundamentally as measur- a high-impact journal, as determined by any particular ing either popularity or prestige, two concepts for which metric, will be of high quality and highly cited. citation behaviors are valued in different and comple- Measuring individual impact by using journal biblio- mentary ways. These indices also offer differing con- metric indicators is worse when comparing researchers sideration of self-citations and have various levels of in different areas. In fact, citation practices vary signifi- susceptibility to potential manipulation. As such, use of cantly across disciplines and even sub-disciplines, and a single bibliometric index to rank, evaluate, and value similarly the number of scientists (and authors) contrib- journals is inappropriate. Rather, the use of multiple uting to a specific field can be substantially different. metrics with complementary features provides a more This can result in large numerical differences for some comprehensive view of journals and their relative place- bibliometric indicators (the IF in particular) that have ments in their fields. no correlation with the actual scientific quality of the Recently, citation counts and proxies thereof have corresponding journals. risen in importance as fundamental elements in the When based upon such data as a measurement of determination of the scientific impact of entire depart- “scientific quality,” decisions by research funding agen- ments or universities and research centers [8], funding cies or by tenure/promotion committees can be mis- evaluations of research proposals and the assessment guided and biased. of individual scientists for tenure and promotion [9], Such technically incorrect use of bibliometric indices is a problem of severe concern in the scholarly com- Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2289876 Date of publication: 2 January 2014 munity. Many scientists and science organizations in

54 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

US, Europe and Australia have raised concerns about or ity or impact of any scientific publication and therefore taken strong positions against purely numerical assess- explicitly and firmly condemns any practice aimed at ment based on bibliometrics (see, e.g., [14]–[18],[29]), influencing the number of citations to a specific journal highlighting the potential unintended and adverse con- with the sole purpose of artificially influencing the cor- sequences of these practices. They have proposed clear responding indices. recommendations on the correct use of such indices [19], [29], and described best practices for using peer review in REFERENCES the assessment of scientists and research projects [20]– [1] E. Garfield, “Citation analysis as a tool in journal evaluation,” Science, vol. 178, no. 4060, pp. 471–479, 1972. [23]. A common conclusion is the recognition of the need [2] C. Neylon and S. Wu, “Article-level metrics and the evolution of to use multiple indicators as well of the importance of scientific impact’”, PLOS Biol., vol. 7, no. 11, p. e1000242, 2009. peer review in the assessment of research quality, which [3] J. Bollen, H. van de Sompel, A. Hagberg, and R. Chute, “A princi- resulted in the recommendation that bibliometric perfor- pal component analysis of 39 scientific impact measures,” PLOS mance indicators should be applied only as a collective One, vol. 4, no. 6, p. e6022, 2009. [4] L. Leydesdorff, “How are new citation-based journal indicators group (and not individually), and in conjunction with adding to the bibliometric toolbox?” J. Amer. Soc. Inform. Sci. peer review following a clearly stated code of conduct. Technol., vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 1327–1336, 2008. The IEEE, in its leading position as the world’s largest [5] J. D. West, T. C. Bergstrom, and C. T. Bergstrom, “The eigenfac- professional association dedicated to advancing technolog- tor metrics: A network approach to assessing scholarly journals,” ical innovation and in its desire to fulfill its primary mis- College Res. Libr., vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 236–244, 2010. [6] B. Gonzalez-Pereira, V. P. Guerrero-Bote, and F. Moya-Anegon, sion of fostering technological excellence for the benefit of “A new approach to the metric of journals scientific prestige: The humanity, recognizes the above concerns about the inap- SJR indicator,’’ J. Informetr. vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 379–391, 2010. propriate application of bibliometrics to the evaluation of [7] H. F. Moed, “Measuring contextual citation impact of scientific both scientists and research proposals. journals,” J. Informetr. vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 265–277, 2010. More specifically, the IEEE endorses the following tenets [8] L. Waltman, C. Calero-Medina, J. Kosten, E. C. M. Noyons, R. J. W. Tijssen, N. Jan van Eck, T. N. van Leeuwen, A. F. J. van Raan, in conducting proper assessment in the areas of Engineer- M. S. Visser, and P. Wouters. (2012, Feb. 17). The Leiden ranking ing, Computer Science and Information Technology: 2011/2012: Data collection, indicators, and Interpretation [On- 1) The use of multiple complementary bibliometric in- line]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/1202.3941 dicators [2]–[4] is fundamentally important to offer [9] S. Lehmann, A. D. Jackson, and B. E. Lautrup, “Measures for Mea- an appropriate, comprehensive and balanced view of sures,” Nature, vol. 444, pp. 1003–1004, Dec. 21/28, 2006. [10] J. Shao and H. Shen, “The outflow of academic papers from Chi- each journal in the space of scholarly publications. The na: Why is it happening and can it be stemmed?” Learn. Publish- IEEE has recently adopted the Eigenfactor and the Article ing, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 95–97, Apr. 2011. Influence [5] in addition to the IF for the internal and [11] D. E. Acuna, S. Allessina, and K. P. Kording, “Future impact: Pre- competitive assessment of its publications [24] and wel- dicting scientific success,” Nature, vol. 489, no. 7415, pp. 201– comes the adoption of other appropriate complemen- 202, 2012. [12] S. Alonso, F. Cabrerizo, E. Herrera-Viedma, and F. Herrera, “H- tary measures at the article level, such as those recently index: A review focused in its variants, computation and stan- introduced in the framework of the so-called altmetrics dardization for different scientific fields,” J. Informetr., vol. 3, no. [25], once they have been appropriately validated and 4, pp. 273–289, 2009. recognized by the scientific community. [13] G. F. Gaetani and A. M. Ferraris, “Academic promotion in Italy,” 2) Any journal-based metric is not designed to capture Nature, vol. 353, p. 10, 1991. [14] P. Lawrance, “The politics of publications,” Nature, vol. 422, pp. qualities of individual papers and must therefore not be 259–261, Mar. 2003. used as a proxy for single-article quality or to evaluate [15] P. Lawrance, “The mismeasurement of science,” Current Biol., vol. individual scientists [26]–[28]. All journals’ bibliometric 17, no. 15, pp. R583–R585, 2007. indices are obtained by averaging over many papers, and [16] F. Guilak and C. R. Jacobs, “The H-index: Use and overuse,” J. it cannot be assumed that every single article published Biomech., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 208–209, 2011. [17]A.Abbott,D.Cyranoski,N.Jones,B.Maher,Q.Schiermeier, and in a high-impact journal, as determined by any particu- R. van Noorden, “Metrics: Do metrics matter?” Nature, vol. 465, lar journal metric, will be highly cited. pp. 860–862, June 2010. 3) While bibliometrics may be employed as a source of [18] National Health and Medical Research Council. (2010, Apr.). additional information for quality assessment within a NHMRC removes journal impact factor from peer review of in- specific area of research, the primary manner for assess- dividual research grant and fellowship applications [Online]. Available: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/grants/ ment of either the scientific quality of a research proj- peer/impact%20factors%20in%20peer%20review.pdf______ect or of an individual scientist should be peer review, [19] Institut de France, Académie des Sciences. (2011, Jan. 17). On which will consider the scientific content as the most the proper use of bibliometrics to evaluate individual researchers important aspect, and also the publication expectations [Online]. Available: http://www.academie-sciences.fr/activite/ in the area, and the size and practice of the research rapport/avis170111gb.pdf______[20] European Science Foundation. (2011, Mar.). European peer re- community. view guide, integrating policies and practices for coherent proce- The IEEE also recognizes the increasing importance of dures [Online]. Available: http://www.esf.org/activities/mo-fora/ bibliometric indicators as independent measures of qual- ______peer-review.html

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[21] (2011, July 18). Peer review in scientific publications. House of [24] [Online]. Available: http://www.ieee.org/publications_stan-______Commons, U.K. [Online]. Available: http://www.publications. dards/publications/journmag/journalcitations.html______parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmsctech/856/85602. [25] [Online]. Available: http://altmetrics.org/manifesto/ htm__ [26] P. Campbell, “Escape from the impact factor,” Ethics Sci. Environ. [22] Swedish Research Council. (2009, Nov. 5). Quality assessment Politics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 5–7, 2008. in peer review [Online]. Available: www.cm.se/webbshop_vr/ [27] P. O. Seglen, “Why the impact factor of journals should not be pdfer/2011_01L.pdf______used for evaluating research,” BMJ, vol. 314, Feb. 1997. [23] European Physics Society. On the use of bibliometric indices [28] P. O. Seglen, “Causal relationship between article citedness and jour- during assessment [Online]. Available: http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/ nal impact,” J. Amer. Soc. Inform. Sci., vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 1994. www.eps.org/resource/collection/B77D91E8-2370-43C3-9814- [29] (2013). San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment. [On- 250C65E13549/EPS_statement_June2012.pdf______line]. Available: http://am.ascb.org/dora/

GRSS Members Elevated to the Grade of Senior Member in the Period July–September 2013

Senior membership has the following distinct benefits: ◗ The professional recognition of your peers for technical and JULY: Nicolas Dobigeon France Section professional excellence. Katayoon Shirkhani Metropolitan Los Angeles Section ◗ An attractive fine wood and bronze engraved Senior Mem- G Viswanathan Bangalore Section ber plaque to proudly display. SEPTEMBER: John Gorman Northern Virginia Section ◗ Up to $25.00 gift certificate toward one new Society mem- Zhenhong Li U.K. & Rep Of Ireland Section bership. Mario Parente Springfield Section ◗ A letter of commendation to your employer on the achieve- Pau Prats Germany Section ment of Senior Member grade (upon the request of the newly Anthony Vodacek Rochester Section elected Senior Member). Mehrez Zribi France Section ◗ Announcement of elevation in Section/Society and/or local newsletters, newspapers and notices. ◗ Eligibility to hold executive IEEE volunteer positions. Applications for senior membership can be obtained from

◗ Can serve as Reference for Senior Member applicants. IEEE website: https://www.ieee.org/membership_services/______

◗ Invited to be on the panel to review Senior Member applications. ______membership/senior/application/index.html. You can also visit ◗ Eligible for election to be an IEEE Fellow. the GRSS website: http://www.grss-ieee.org.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2289884 Date of publication: 2 January 2014 GRS

56 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

INDUSTRIAL PROFILES

KUMAR NAVULUR, FABIO PACIFICI, AND BILL BAUGH

Trends in Optical Commercial Remote Sensing Industry

ver the last decade, significant progress has been As shown in Figure 1, the evolution of the geospatial Omade in developing and launching satellites suit- industry can be illustrated as four different eras, each ed for earth observation, with instruments in both the characterized by its ground-breaking emphasis, namely optical/infrared and microwave regions of the spectra. resolution, accuracy and precision, speed, and analytics. Satel- Commercial availability of optical very high spatial res- lite resolution was leveraged in a way to support basic geo- olution spaceborne imagery began more than 10 years spatial needs, where a premium was placed on the detail ago with the launch of IKONOS and QuickBird, which within the scene. For years, the industry rode the “one- led to an increasing interest in satellite data for map- meter-resolution” standard that has since been surpassed ping and precise location-based service applications. by resolutions well under a half-meter. Accuracy and preci- Since then, a large amount of data has been acquired, sion became relevant as both government and commer- including images from newer and more complex plat- cial enterprises focused on building maps to facilitate forms such as WorldView-1, WorldView-2, GeoEye-1, urban planning, infrastructure deployment, and voice- and the more recent Pleiades-1A and Pleiades-1B. Cur- guided turn-by-turn navigation systems. Speed became a rently, the potential global capacity of very high spatial critical aspect as an expanding number of users wanted resolution imaging satellites is greater than 1.8 billion and expected on-demand, rapid access to data required square kilometers per year, which corresponds to more for emergency planning and response, risk assessment, than 12 times the land surface area of the earth. This and monitoring. And now, as the fourth era unfolds with capacity could potentially increase to more than 2.4 bil- the expectation of both information and insight derived lion square kilometers per year (about 16 times the land from the imagery, the geospatial industry is well posi- surface area of the earth) in the near future. tioned to deliver capabilities that include custom site Despite the vast amounts of data collected, com- monitoring, change detection analysis, and active moni- mercial imagery providers are finding that imagery toring of “hot events” around the world, such as natural alone does not meet all customers’ real needs. Users disasters, social unrest, or man-made crises. in many domains require information or information- related services that are focused, concise, reliable, low- 1. RESOLUTION cost, timely, and which are provided in forms and for- The designing and launching of more sophisticated space mats specific to a user’s own activities. sensors has led to increasingly finer spatial, spectral, The commercial remote sensing industry is on the and temporal resolutions of data. Sensors with meter or verge of an information revolution, as new satellites are sub-meter resolutions allow the detection of small-scale developed that offer increased resolution, improved objects, such as elements of residential housing, com- accuracies, and faster access to imagery and derived mercial buildings, transportation systems, and utilities. information. These trends are further aided by technol- Sensors with spectral capabilities provide additional dis- ogy improvements in processing speeds, cloud comput- criminative features for objects that are spatially similar. ing, delivery mechanisms, and new information extrac- The temporal component, integrated with the spectral tion techniques that will make the imagery and derived and spatial dimensions, can provide critical informa- information more economical and accessible. tion, such as vegetation dynamics. Additionally, newer classes of satellites have high-performance camera con- Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2290098 Date of publication: 2 January 2014 trol systems capable of rapid re-targeting, allowing the

the delineation of cars’ wind- shields. Cars’ side mirrors can 3rd Era: 4th Era: Analytics 2nd Era: Speed be detected only with 30 cm New Valuable Problem- imagery, clearing a path for Accuracy and Reliance on Imagery Solving Uses Emerging Precision at an All-Time High automated computer vision 1st Era: and Priority Becomes and Customer Priority Resolution Emergence of Map Measuring on Surface techniques permitting car Becomes Speed Making Industry and and Below Water model identification. It is Customer Needs and Relevancy Evolve Beyond Greater Accuracy also worth noting that yel- Drives Growth Aerial low lines in the parking area appear clearer at 30 cm resolution, while they are barely visible at 1 m resolution. Spectral resolution refers to the number of spectral FIGURE 1. The four eras of the geospatial industry evolution. bands available on a satellite. Each of the spectral bands is collection of dozens of images over a single target, each with designed for specific applications and can range from vis- a unique angular perspective, within a few seconds. ible, to near infrared (NIR), to short wave infrared (SWIR), Spatial resolution refers to pixel size with respect to the to thermal bands. Commercial satellites primarily have four smallest feature that can be detected from space. The late 1990s bands in the visible and NIR bands (VNIR). DigitalGlobe’s saw the launch of the first sub-meter resolution satellite, IKO- WorldView-2 satellite was designed with eight spectral bands NOS. Since then, satellites have been trending toward higher in the VNIR region, with the additional bands being much and higher resolutions. DigitalGlobe currently operates some narrower in width (40 to 50 nm) as compared to 100 nm or of the highest spatial resolution commercial satellites with broader in typical VNIR bands. Figure 3 illustrates the “walk- resolutions up to .41 cm. In the coming years, several com- through” from the longest to the shortest wavelengths, of the mercial providers expect to launch satellites with 1 m resolu- eight spectral bands of WorldView-2 over a coastal region. tion or better. For example, the Indian Cartosat-3 is planned Figure 3 (a) shows the scene in true color. As displayed, dif- to collect imagery at 25 cm resolution. Figure 2 illustrates the ferent features appear with different band combinations. For refinement in spatial accuracy using platforms with 1 m, 50 example, wave refraction patterns and submerged aquatic cm, and 30 cm resolution. For example, cars can be detected vegetation appear clear with combinations of the NIR bands, with some level of uncertainty (depending on their size) with whereas structural features are visible using shorter wave vis- 1 m resolution imagery, whereas 50 cm resolution allows for ible bands, such as coastal and blue channels.

50 cm 30 cm

100 cm

FIGURE 2. Increasing spatial resolution in optical satellite imaging.

58 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

FIGURE 3. Spectral information in various spectral bands on WorldView-2.

Radiometric resolution refers to the bits of informa- ing high off-nadir images that can be used to measure tion in the imagery. Radiometric capabilities have greatly heights of objects such as buildings or oil tanks. Multiple increasing in recent years, with sensors evolving from images over an area of interest, collected either in one pass 8-bit, to 11-bit, to 14-bit. These increased capabilities or multiple passes, can be used to create accurate 3D mod- determine the quality of the images and, subsequently, els of cities as well as highly accuracy elevation models. the ability to extract information from them accurately Figure 5 illustrates the process of automatically generating and in automated fashion. a realistic 3D model, from the planning of the collection Temporal resolution refers to the frequency that a satel- as shown in (a), to the extraction of 2 m resolution Digital lite, or constellation of satellites, can collect imagery over a Surface Model (DSM) and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) given area of interest. With the increased agility provided by illustrated in (b), to the final city model as shown in (c). technologies such as controlled moment gyros, today’s satellites can take images further from nadir, greatly improving 2. POSITIONAL ACCURACY AND PRECISION collection efficiency and allowing rapid collection of point As location-based systems become an integral part of life, targets. Improved temporal resolution all serves to increase high accuracy and precision are two aspects needed to area collection capability, due in part to technologies that ensure that imagery and derived information can be used permit forward and backward scanning. Fig- ure 4 illustrates the agility of the five Digital- QuickBird WorldView-1 WorldView-2 IKONOS GeoEye-1 Globe satellites constellation. DigitalGlobe’s constellation has intra-day revisit anywhere across the globe and it is capable of collecting over 3 million square kilometers of imagery every day. The company’s archive has complete coverage of most nations and urban areas have imagery as fresh as three months old. 30 s 7 s 7 s 18 s 20 s Angular resolution refers to the agility of a Target 1200 km Target 2 satellite system to collect off-nadir as well as stereo imagery. Satellites are capable of shoot- FIGURE 4. Satellite agility of the DigitalGlobe`s constellation.

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 59

Pass A A1 Pass B B1

A2 B2

A3 B3 Target AOI

A4 B4

A5 B5 Two Separate Pass Groundtracks (a) (b)

(c)

FIGURE 5. Urban 3D model extracted from multiple images.

for actionable intelligence. Imagery’s positional accu- generation ortho” where a new image is registered to a racy has been steadily improving with errors around 23 base map that is, in turn, used for maintenance and up- m in the early 2000s to 3 m today. Increased accuracy is dates of geospatial databases aligned to the base map. primarily due to more stable orbits and innovative post The coming years will see accuracies getting better with processing techniques that reduce the error margins. increased spectral resolution. Precision, on the other There are several technologies that enable efficient reg- hand, refers to relative accuracy of images collected over istration of data to a base map, both imagery as well as time. This is an important aspect to consider when cre- vector base layers. This practice is referred to as “second ating and maintaining multi-year geospatial databases.

60 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

Platform Accuracy Levels

23 m CE90 or Better QuickBird r r Quick Production

r 4.0 m CE90 or Better WorldView-1 r Broad Coverage with High WorldView-2 Accuracy for Mapping and Feature Extraction

r 2.6 m CE90

Precision Aerial r United States and Increasing Accuracy Western Europe

Increasing Precision

FIGURE 6. Increasing spatial accuracy of satellite imagery.

Figure 6 illustrates the concepts of accuracy and precision. before. For example, DigitalGlobe uses a combination As shown, newer platforms such as the WorldView series of automated tools for generating derived products over of satellites have an average accuracy of 4 m which can be large areas using various analysis techniques. Informa- compared to the performance of precision aerial imagery. tion layers created through these analyses leverage imagery’s rich spectral, spatial, and angular information to 4. SPEED create derived-information that is complete and ready to Following events such as natural disasters, imagery itself fulfill the user needs in many domains. can be made available to end users within hours of acqui- With the growing acceptance of “crowdsourcing” the geo- sition. DigitalGlobe has invested in a network of ground spatial industry is now able to leverage almost any person to terminals distributed across the globe that allow imag- help rapidly add information to pixels. For example, as torna- ery to be captured, processed, and distributed to the final dos touched down in Oklahoma in May 2013, DigitalGlobe users within minutes from collection. tasked its satellite constellation to capture imagery of the Speed can also be assessed as a function of time rela- area. Upon collection, DigitalGlobe launched its recently tive to the mapping of large areas. Using traditional map- acquired Tomnod Crowdsourcing System (TCS) to help ping techniques, cartographers typically take four to five extract information from the image. The crowd was able to years to create authoritative maps. These timelines are no quickly and efficiently locate affected areas in order to help longer acceptable for today’s geospatial needs. The remote with the delivery of aid and support. DigitalGlobe’s TCS sensing industry has started leveraging high performance approach is most powerful in situations where rapid insight computing (HPC) and cloud computing to make these is required in order to enable fast decision making. In support tasks faster and more efficient than ever. Figure 7 illus- of the Oklahoma crisis, announcements were sent out to the trates three years’ worth of cloud-free imagery available over Mexico from the DigitalGlobe archive, and the corresponding orthomosaic of Northern Mexico at 50 cm resolution created by DigitalGlobe in less than three days.

5. ANALYSIS Today, DigitalGlobe’s archive has more than 4.5 billion square kilometers of imagery. As users have started mapping and monitoring the world at unprecedented rates, there is a growing need for information suited for “actionable intelligence” and decision making. This need is lead- FIGURE 7. Three years’ worth of cloud-free imagery over Mexico ing the geospatial industry toward sophisticated infor- and the corresponding orthomosaic of Northern Mexico at 50 cm mation extraction techniques that were never possible resolution created in less than three days.

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 61

crowd on Facebook and Twitter, and to dedicated groups, such as CrisisMappers. Users were given a short tutorial and then asked to view the imagery and identify destroyed buildings, tarped roofs, and fallen trees. Within 60 minutes, over 15,000 points of interest were collected by the crowd and the crowdsourced damage map was immediately published online. The damage map in Figure 8 highlights the trail left by the tornado of destroyed buildings (in orange) as identified by members of the TCS crowd. Just off of the main path of the tornado, it is FIGURE 8. DigitalGlobe’s TCS crowd sourcing based assessment of the tornado damage on the ground, in Moore Okla., USA. possible to see the tarped roofs that had been identified (in blue) where buildings were partially damaged by high winds or flying debris.

True Color 6. WORLDVIEW-3 The latest trends in the geospatial industry have influ- enced the design of DigitalGlobe’s newest satellite. World- Cloud View-3, to be launched in 2014, is expected to be the first very high spatial resolution, multi-payload, super-spectral commercial satellite. Operating at an expected altitude of 617 km, WorldView-3 will be capable of collecting 31 cm panchromatic, 1.24 m visible and near infrared, and 3.7 m short-wave infrared imagery (up to 680,000 square km per day), with an average revisit time of less than one day and positional accuracy of 3.5 m CE90 (or better) without ground control points. It is expected that WorldView-3’s new Smoke SWIR bands will significantly impact surface compositional modeling, and mapping of rock and soil exposures worldwide. Potential applications include: improved geologic (a) mapping, environmental and disaster monitoring, exploration for petroleum, minerals, and geothermal resources, as SWIR (2,215 nm) well as other non-renewable resource assessments. The placement of SWIR bands is determined by water molecules absorbing light at specific SWIR wavelengths, Cloud rendering the atmosphere nearly opaque in these ranges. Remotely sensed data must, therefore, be collected in atmospheric windows between these water absorption wavelengths. There are three atmospheric windows in which WorldView-3 has SWIR bands. The first window is centered near 1,250 nm. Bands here are useful for bracketing iron absorption features at shorter wavelengths. Vegetation indices that are sensitive to leaf moisture content, such as NDWI, also use bands within this 1,250 nm window. The Active second SWIR window is between about 1,500–1,750 nm. Fire Man-made materials and chemicals have multiple absorption features in this range; examples include plastics, fiber- (b) glass, and petroleum. Snow and ice can also be differentiated from clouds in this window. The third atmospheric window FIGURE 9. Imagery of a forest fire near Los Angeles, CA, on Sep- lies between about 2,000–2,400 nm. Mineral absorption tember 3, 2009: (a) true color (RGB) composite, (b) SWIR band at features are the focal point in this range. With sufficient sen- 2,215 nm. Note that while smoke is nearly transparent in the SWIR sor radiometric resolution, unique mineral identifications image, water vapor clouds remain opaque. and chemical measurements can be made.

62 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

405–420 Desert Clouds Coastal 400–452 nm 459–479 Blue Aerosol 1 Blue 448–510 nm 500 Green 518–586 nm 525–585 Green Visible to

Yellow 590–630 nm 400–700 nm the Human Eye Red 632–692 nm 635–685 Red Aerosol-2 Red-edge 706–746 nm 750 NIR1 772–890 nm

WorldVew-3 VNIR Bands 845–885 Water-1

NIR2 866–954 nm 897–927 Water-2 930–965 Water-3 1000

SWIR-1 1,195–1,225 nm 1,220–1,252 Aerosol NDVI 1250

1,370–1410 Cirrus WorldView-3 CAVIS Bands Wavelength (nm) 1500 SWIR-2 1,550–1,590 nm

SWIR-3 1,640–1,680 nm 1,620–1,680 Snow/Cloud

SWIR-4 1,710–1,750 nm 1750 WorldView-3 SWIR Bands 2000

SWIR-5 2,145–2,185 nm 2,105–2,245 Aerosol-3 SWIR-6 2,185–2,225 nm

SWIR-7 2,235–2,285 nm 2250 SWIR-8 2,295–2,365 nm 2500

FIGURE 10. WorldView-3 spectral bands.

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 63

regardless of different atmospheric conditions, improves the performance of data analysis for land cover and change detection applications, facilitates multi-temporal and cross-sensor comparison, and enables the extraction of information using physical quantities. Figure 11 illustrates the effects of image normalization using the information derived from the (a) (b) CAVIS data.

FIGURE 11. Effect of image normalization using the information derived from the CAVIS data. ABOUT DIGITALGLOBE, INC. DigitalGlobe is a leading global Collecting satellite imagery in both VNIR and SWIR provider of commercial very high spatial resolution earth wavelengths has unique benefits, including improved imagery products and services. Sourced from our own atmospheric transparency and material identification. advanced satellite constellation, our imagery solutions Because of their chemistries, many materials and sub- support a wide variety of uses within defense and intel- stances have specific reflectance and absorption features ligence, civil agencies, mapping and analysis, environ- in the VNIR and SWIR allowing for their characterization mental monitoring, oil and gas exploration, infrastructure from space. Examples include: vegetation; minerals used management, internet portals and navigation technology. in economic mineral exploration; urban features such as DigitalGlobe was founded in 1992, and was the first roofing and construction materials (and their weather- company to be awarded a license by the US Department ing); petroleum (e.g. spilled); and a variety of other man- of Commerce allowing a private enterprise to build and made chemical compounds. Snow and ice show distinc- operate a satellite system to gather high resolution earth tive variations in some SWIR bands and, because of the imagery for commercial sale. In addition, DigitalGlobe was wavelengths, SWIR bands can even penetrate some types the first company to offer visually sharp sub-meter resolu- of smoke, such as from a forest fire as shown in Figure 9. tion imagery when it launched QuickBird in 2001, which In addition to the 17 bands comprising VNIR and is still operational today. In 2007, DigitalGlobe launched SWIR, WorldView-3 will carry a separate instrument, a second satellite, WorldView-1, to begin delivering on named CAVIS, specifically designed to measure the atmo- expanded agreements with the U.S. Government. More spheric components necessary to improve the consistency recently DigitalGlobe successfully launched its third satel- of image quality and create accurate metadata on clouds lite, WorldView-2 in 2009, which extended its technologi- and snow/ice. CAVIS, which stand for Clouds, Aerosols, cal leadership through the first incorporation of 8-band water Vapor, Ice and Snow, is composed of 12 additional technology, providing an unparalled level of on-the-ground bands of 30 m resolution in the VNIR and SWIR part of the detail that enables faster and better decisions. In January spectra, with two bands having stereoscopic characteristics 2013, DigitalGlobe and GeoEye finalized their combination to allow the extraction of 3D features at each overpass. The into one company, creating a constellation of five sub-meter bands of WorldView-3 are illustrated in Figure 10. resolution satellites. Finally, DigitalGlobe plans to launch CAVIS is expected to greatly improve imagery yield, WorldView-3 in 2014, which will further bolster its ability particularly in hazy areas. The consistency of image values, to deliver more imagery and analysis services.

OGP to Drive Earth Observation Uptake in the Industry

he International Association of Oil and Gas Producers key tool that will improve emergency response and also Thas set up a new body with the goal of increasing the make exploration and production more efficient. industry’s use of Earth satellite and airborne imagery, a Satellite and airborne imaging of the surface of the Earth—often referred to as Earth Observation (EO) and

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2289872 also known technically as Remote Sensing (RS)—involves Date of publication: 2 January 2014 using earth-orbiting satellites or dedicated survey aircrafts

64 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

industry projects aimed at improving emergency response” said Palle Jensen, Geomatics Committee Chair. “It is part of OGP’s comprehensive effort to improve prevention and enhance preparedness” he added. Satellite imaging is regularly used throughout oil & gas OKIOC activities, from the initial exploration, to development and production until decommissioning. Use of EO data can save time and money and reduce risks to personnel and assets. OKIOC The subcommittee will initially focus on the use of EO data to monitor sea ice, for environmental baseline mapping and monitoring as well as improving the mapping and modelling of meteorological and oceanographic (metocean) LUKOIL parameters. It will actively support the Oil Spill Response Joint Industry Project (OSR JIP) led collaboratively by IPIECA and OGP, and other OGP-managed projects where

© ASAR (ESA) AND MODIS (NASA) DATA PROCESSED BY EOSPHERE, 2012. BY PROCESSED DATA AND MODIS (NASA) (ESA) ASAR © Remote Sensing plays a major role. It will cooperate with FIGURE 1. A fused ASAR (ESA) and MODIS (NASA) composite of the OGP’s Environment and Metocean Committees. ice-covered NE Caspian Sea, with oil concession regions highlighted. The group will also work in close contact with the The ASAR and MODIS imagery provide complementary informa- European Space Agency (ESA) and with European Asso- tion on the ice conditions. The MODIS imagery picks out the young ciation of Remote Sensing Companies (EARSC). It will ice being advected from the east by winds, while the ASAR imagery assist with ESA and EARSC efforts to promote industry- shows open water in leads and the fast ice. wide awareness and rapid implementation of new Earth Observation technologies, to utilise new opportunities and to maximise its benefits for the oil and gas industry.

OGP’s members include most of the world’s leading publicly-traded, private and state-owned oil & gas companies, oil & gas associations and major upstream service companies. OGP members produce more than half the world’s oil and about one third of its gas. OGP represents the upstream oil and gas industry before international reg- ulators and legislators. From its headquarters in London, OGP represents the industry in such UN bodies as the International Maritime Organization and the Commission for Sustainable Development. OGP also works with the World Bank and with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It is also accredited to a range of regional bodies that include OSPAR, the Helsinki Commission and the Barcelona Convention. FIGURE 2. A true color composite of an EnviSat-MERIS (ESA) image OGP Brussels provides an essential conduit for advocacy and debate of the NE Caspian Sea, captured in March 2007 and showing the ice between the upstream industry and the European Union (EU). This involves MERIS DATA PROCESSED BY EOMAP GMBH © 2013 ESA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ESA, EOMAP GMBH © 2013 BY PROCESSED MERIS DATA covered areas along the shore line of the Caspian Sea as well as some regular contact with the European Commission and the European Parliament. ice sheets breaking off. The open water is visible in the blue / green OGP also helps members achieve continuous improvements in safety, colors, the land in brown and the ice covered areas in white and shades health and environmental performance and in the engineering and operation of of grey. Mapping the extent of the ice and the forecasting of the move- upstream ventures. OGP’s extensive international membership brings with it a ments is important to assist with keeping operational activities safe and wealth of know-how, data and experience. OGP committees and task forces production from being interrupted. manage the exchange and dissemination of this knowledge through publications and events around the world. to obtain information regarding the status of the surface of For further information contact [email protected].______the Earth and its Atmosphere. “OGP decided to set up the Earth Observation Sub- committee within the Geomatics Committee to support GRS

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 65

CALENDAR

See also HTTP://WWW.IEEE.ORG/CONFERENCES_EVENTS/INDEX.HTML______or HTTP://WWW.TECHEXPO.COM/EVENTS______

2013 2014 JULY MAY INTERNATIONAL GOESCIENCE DECEMBER AND REMOTE SENSING IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE: FROM SYMPOSIUM (IGARSS 2014) 9TH INTERNATIONAL SENSING TO INFORMATION CONFERENCE ON July 13–18, 2014 May 19–23, 2014 MICROWAVES, ANTENNA, Québec City, Canada Cincinnati, Ohio, USA PROPAGATION & Contact: [email protected] REMOTE SENSING http://www.radarcon2014.org http://igarss2014.com/ (ICMARS 2013) JUNE December 11–14, 2013 10TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE 35TH CANADIAN SYMPOSIUM Jodhpur, India ON SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR ON REMOTE SENSING (CSRS) http://www.icmars2013.org June 3–5, 2014 July 13–18, 2014 Québec City, Canada Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2289900 Berlin, Germany Date of publication: 2 January 2014 www.eusar.de GRS

Call for Papers 2014 IEEE Radar Conference: From Sensing to Information 19-23 May 2014 Cincinnati, Ohio (USA) 10th European Conference on Cincinnati Marriott at RiverCenter Synthetic Aperture Radar 03-05 June 2014 - Berlin, Germany Tutorials: 02 June 2014 EUSAR is Europe's leading forum dedicated to SAR General Chair: techniques, technology and applications related technologies Prof. Brian Rigling – Wright State University with an international audience. We invite you to participate Technical Chair: in this world-class scientific event by submitting a paper. Dr. Muralidhar Rangaswamy – US Air Force Research Lab This will be a unique opportunity for you to present your research results, innovations and technologies to the world. GRSS Liaison: Prof. Joel Johnson – The Ohio State University Draft Paper Submission Deadline: October 31, 2014 Abstract submission: 18 October 2013 (Up to 4 pages with figures) Call for Exhibition and Sponsoring: Author notification: 20 January 2014 Please refer to www.eusar.de for details. Final papers: 21 February 2014 EUSAR 2014 General Chair: Manfred Zink, DLR (Up to 6 pages with figures) EUSAR 2014 Technical Chair: Gerhard Krieger, DLR Web Address: http://www.radarcon2014.org

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2291176 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2291177

66 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

AD INDEX

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Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2263995

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 67

2013 Index IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine Vol. 1

This index covers all technical items — papers, correspondence, reviews, etc. Hallikainen, M., and Wiesbeck, W., IGARSS in Melbourne July 21-26, 2013: — that appeared in this periodical during 2013, and items from previous years GRSS Major Awards and Fellow Recognitions at the Plenary Session [Con- that were commented upon or corrected in 2013. Departments and other items ference Reports]; GRSM Sept. 2013 48-58 may also be covered if they have been judged to have archival value. Hallikainen, M., and Wiesbeck, W., GRSS Publications Awards Presented at The Author Index contains the primary entry for each item, listed under the IGARSS 2013 Banquet [Conference Reports]; GRSM Dec. 2013 32-43 ¿rst author’s name. The primary entry includes the coauthors’ names, the title of the paper or other item, and its location, speci¿ed by the publication abbreviation, year, month, and inclusive pagination. The Subject Index contains entries K describing the item under all appropriate subject headings, plus the ¿rst author’s name, the publication abbreviation, month, and year, and inclusive pages. Note Kerekes, J., and Messinger, D., Guest Feature: Remote Sensing Research and that the item title is found only under the primary entry in the Author Index. Education at Rochester Institute of Technology [Education]; GRSM Dec. 2013 24-30 Krieger, G., see Moreira, A., GRSM March 2013 6-43 AUTHOR INDEX

L A Lapini, A., see Argenti, F., GRSM Sept. 2013 6-35 Abbott, M., see Muller-Karger, F., GRSM Dec. 2013 8-18 Le Moigne, J., Grubb, T.G., and Milner, B.C., IMAGESEER: NASA IMAGEs Alparone, L., see Argenti, F., GRSM Sept. 2013 6-35 for Science, Education, Experimentation and Research; GRSM March 2013 Argenti, F., Lapini, A., Bianchi, T., and Alparone, L., A Tutorial on Speckle 44-58 Reduction in Synthetic Aperture Radar Images; GRSM Sept. 2013 6-35 Leben, R., see Muller-Karger, F., GRSM Dec. 2013 8-18 Lyons, A., see Ruf, C., GRSM June 2013 52-67

B M Baugh, B., see Navulur, K., GRSM Dec. 2013 57-64 Bianchi, T., see Argenti, F., GRSM Sept. 2013 6-35 Messinger, D., see Kerekes, J., GRSM Dec. 2013 24-30 Bioucas-Dias, J., Plaza, A., Camps-Valls, G., Scheunders, P., Nasrabadi, N., Milner, B.C., see Le Moigne, J., GRSM March 2013 44-58 and Chanussot, J., Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data Analysis and Future Moreira, A., Prats-Iraola, P., Younis, M., Krieger, G., Hajnsek, I., and Pap- Challenges; GRSM June 2013 6-36 athanassiou, K.P., A tutorial on synthetic aperture radar; GRSM March Boschetti, M., see Pompilio, L., GRSM June 2013 37-51 2013 6-43 Bruzzone, L., [From the Editor]; GRSM March 2013 3-61 Muller-Karger, F., Roffer, M., Walker, N., Oliver, M., Scho¿eld, O., Abbott, Bruzzone, L., [From the Editor]; GRSM Sept. 2013 3-4 M., Graber, H., Leben, R., and Goni, G., Satellite Remote Sensing in Sup- Bruzzone, L., [From the Editor]; GRSM June 2013 3-4 port of an Integrated Ocean Observing System; GRSM Dec. 2013 8-18 Bruzzone, L., [From the Editor]; GRSM Dec. 2013 4-5 N C Nasrabadi, N., see Bioucas-Dias, J., GRSM June 2013 6-36 Camps-Valls, G., see Bioucas-Dias, J., GRSM June 2013 6-36 Navulur, K., Paci¿ci, F., and Baugh, B., Trends in Optical Commercial Remote Chanussot, J., see Bioucas-Dias, J., GRSM June 2013 6-36 Sensing Industry [Industrial Pro¿les]; GRSM Dec. 2013 57-64 Crawford, M., [President’s Message]; GRSM Sept. 2013 5 Crawford, M., [President’s Message]; GRSM June 2013 5 O Crawford, M., [President’s Message]; GRSM March 2013 4 Crawford, M., Remote Sensing and Geospatial Science at Purdue University: 1960s into the 21st Century [Education]; GRSM March 2013 67-71 Oliver, M., see Muller-Karger, F., GRSM Dec. 2013 8-18 Crawford, M., [President’s Message]; GRSM Dec. 2013 6 P D Paci¿ci, F., see Navulur, K., GRSM Dec. 2013 57-64 Dickinson, J., see Ruf, C., GRSM June 2013 52-67 Papathanassiou, K.P., see Moreira, A., GRSM March 2013 6-43 Pepe, M., see Pompilio, L., GRSM June 2013 37-51 Plaza, A., see Bioucas-Dias, J., GRSM June 2013 6-36 G Pompilio, L., Villa, P., Boschetti, M., and Pepe, M., Spectroradiometric Field Surveys in Remote Sensing Practice: A WorkÀow Proposal, from Planning to Analysis; GRSM June 2013 37-51 Goni, G., see Muller-Karger, F., GRSM Dec. 2013 8-18 Prats-Iraola, P., see Moreira, A., GRSM March 2013 6-43 Graber, H., see Muller-Karger, F., GRSM Dec. 2013 8-18 Grubb, T.G., see Le Moigne, J., GRSM March 2013 44-58 R

H Roffer, M., see Muller-Karger, F., GRSM Dec. 2013 8-18 Rose, D., see Ruf, C., GRSM June 2013 52-67 Hajnsek, I., see Moreira, A., GRSM March 2013 6-43 Rose, R., see Ruf, C., GRSM June 2013 52-67

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2292016 Date of publication: 2 January 2014

68 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

Ruf, C., Unwin, M., Dickinson, J., Rose, R., Rose, D., Vincent, M., and Lyons, C A., CYGNSS: Enabling the Future of Hurricane Prediction [Remote Sensing Satellites]; GRSM June 2013 52-67 Cloud computing IMAGESEER: NASA IMAGEs for Science, Education, Experimentation and Research. Le Moigne, J., +, GRSM March 2013 44-58 S Commercialization Trends in Optical Commercial Remote Sensing Industry [Industrial Pro- Scheunders, P., see Bioucas-Dias, J., GRSM June 2013 6-36 ¿les]. Navulur, K., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 57-64 Scho¿eld, O., see Muller-Karger, F., GRSM Dec. 2013 8-18

D U Data acquisition Unwin, M., see Ruf, C., GRSM June 2013 52-67 Spectroradiometric Field Surveys in Remote Sensing Practice: A WorkÀow Proposal, from Planning to Analysis. Pompilio, L., +, GRSM June 2013 37-51 V Data analysis Spectroradiometric Field Surveys in Remote Sensing Practice: A WorkÀow Proposal, from Planning to Analysis. Pompilio, L., +, GRSM June 2013 Villa, P., see Pompilio, L., GRSM June 2013 37-51 37-51 Vincent, M., see Ruf, C., GRSM June 2013 52-67 Data models Guest Feature: Remote Sensing Research and Education at Rochester Insti- tute of Technology [Education]. Kerekes, J., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 24-30 W

Walker, N., see Muller-Karger, F., GRSM Dec. 2013 8-18 E Wiesbeck, W., see Hallikainen, M., GRSM Sept. 2013 48-58 Wiesbeck, W., see Hallikainen, M., GRSM Dec. 2013 32-43 Environmental management Spectroradiometric Field Surveys in Remote Sensing Practice: A WorkÀow Proposal, from Planning to Analysis. Pompilio, L., +, GRSM June 2013 Y 37-51 Estimation theory Younis, M., see Moreira, A., GRSM March 2013 6-43 A Tutorial on Speckle Reduction in Synthetic Aperture Radar Images. Ar- genti, F., +, GRSM Sept. 2013 6-35

SUBJECT INDEX F

A Filtering theory A Tutorial on Speckle Reduction in Synthetic Aperture Radar Images. Ar- genti, F., +, GRSM Sept. 2013 6-35 Agriculture Remote Sensing and Geospatial Science at Purdue University: 1960s into the 21st Century [Education]. Crawford, M., +, GRSM March 2013 67-71 Atmospheric measurements G Satellite Remote Sensing in Support of an Integrated Ocean Observing System. Muller-Karger, F., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 8-18 Geophysical image processing Atmospheric modeling Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data Analysis and Future Challenges. Bi- Satellite Remote Sensing in Support of an Integrated Ocean Observing oucas-Dias, J., +, GRSM June 2013 6-36 System. Muller-Karger, F., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 8-18 IMAGESEER: NASA IMAGEs for Science, Education, Experimentation Atmospheric precipitation and Research. Le Moigne, J., +, GRSM March 2013 44-58 CYGNSS: Enabling the Future of Hurricane Prediction [Remote Sensing Geophysical techniques Satellites]. Ruf, C., +, GRSM June 2013 52-67 A tutorial on synthetic aperture radar. Moreira, A., +, GRSM March 2013 Atmospheric techniques 6-43 CYGNSS: Enabling the Future of Hurricane Prediction [Remote Sensing Geospatial analysis Satellites]. Ruf, C., +, GRSM June 2013 52-67 Trends in Optical Commercial Remote Sensing Industry [Industrial Pro- Remote Sensing and Geospatial Science at Purdue University: 1960s into ¿les]. Navulur, K., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 57-64 the 21st Century [Education]. Crawford, M., +, GRSM March 2013 67-71 Global Earth Observation System of Systems Awards Satellite Remote Sensing in Support of an Integrated Ocean Observing GRSS Members Elevated to the Grade of Senior Member in the Period System. Muller-Karger, F., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 8-18 March-June 2013 [GRSS Member Highlights]. GRSM Sept. 2013 62 Global Positioning System GRSS Publications Awards Presented at IGARSS 2013 Banquet [Confer- CYGNSS: Enabling the Future of Hurricane Prediction [Remote Sensing ence Reports]. Hallikainen, M., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 32-43 Satellites]. Ruf, C., +, GRSM June 2013 52-67 IGARSS in Melbourne July 21-26, 2013: GRSS Major Awards and Fellow Graphical user interfaces Recognitions at the Plenary Session [Conference Reports]. Hallikainen, M., IMAGESEER: NASA IMAGEs for Science, Education, Experimentation +, GRSM Sept. 2013 48-58 and Research. Le Moigne, J., +, GRSM March 2013 44-58

B H

Bayes methods Hyperspectral imaging A Tutorial on Speckle Reduction in Synthetic Aperture Radar Images. Ar- Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data Analysis and Future Challenges. Bi- genti, F., +, GRSM Sept. 2013 6-35 oucas-Dias, J., +, GRSM June 2013 6-36

+ Check author entry for coauthors

DECEMBER 2013 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE 69

I Remote sensing by laser beam Remote Sensing and Geospatial Science at Purdue University: 1960s into Image classi¿cation the 21st Century [Education]. Crawford, M., +, GRSM March 2013 67-71 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data Analysis and Future Challenges. Bi- Remote sensing by radar oucas-Dias, J., +, GRSM June 2013 6-36 A tutorial on synthetic aperture radar. Moreira, A., +, GRSM March 2013 IMAGESEER: NASA IMAGEs for Science, Education, Experimentation 6-43 and Research. Le Moigne, J., +, GRSM March 2013 44-58 Remote Sensing and Geospatial Science at Purdue University: 1960s into Image processing the 21st Century [Education]. Crawford, M., +, GRSM March 2013 67-71 Guest Feature: Remote Sensing Research and Education at Rochester Insti- Research and development tute of Technology [Education]. Kerekes, J., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 24-30 Guest Feature: Remote Sensing Research and Education at Rochester Insti- Image registration tute of Technology [Education]. Kerekes, J., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 24-30 IMAGESEER: NASA IMAGEs for Science, Education, Experimentation and Research. Le Moigne, J., +, GRSM March 2013 44-58 Information retrieval systems S IMAGESEER: NASA IMAGEs for Science, Education, Experimentation and Research. Le Moigne, J., +, GRSM March 2013 44-58 Satellite broadcasting Trends in Optical Commercial Remote Sensing Industry [Industrial Pro- L ¿les]. Navulur, K., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 57-64 Satellite communication Satellite Remote Sensing in Support of an Integrated Ocean Observing Laboratories System. Muller-Karger, F., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 8-18 Guest Feature: Remote Sensing Research and Education at Rochester Insti- Trends in Optical Commercial Remote Sensing Industry [Industrial Pro- tute of Technology [Education]. Kerekes, J., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 24-30 ¿les]. Navulur, K., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 57-64 Satellite navigation M Remote Sensing and Geospatial Science at Purdue University: 1960s into the 21st Century [Education]. Crawford, M., +, GRSM March 2013 67-71 Sea measurements Meteorological radar Satellite Remote Sensing in Support of an Integrated Ocean Observing CYGNSS: Enabling the Future of Hurricane Prediction [Remote Sensing System. Muller-Karger, F., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 8-18 Satellites]. Ruf, C., +, GRSM June 2013 52-67 Sensor fusion Meteorology Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data Analysis and Future Challenges. Bi- Satellite Remote Sensing in Support of an Integrated Ocean Observing oucas-Dias, J., +, GRSM June 2013 6-36 System. Muller-Karger, F., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 8-18 Spatial resolution Trends in Optical Commercial Remote Sensing Industry [Industrial Pro- O ¿les]. Navulur, K., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 57-64 Speckle A Tutorial on Speckle Reduction in Synthetic Aperture Radar Images. Ar- Object detection genti, F., +, GRSM Sept. 2013 6-35 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data Analysis and Future Challenges. Bi- Storms oucas-Dias, J., +, GRSM June 2013 6-36 CYGNSS: Enabling the Future of Hurricane Prediction [Remote Sensing Ocean temperature Satellites]. Ruf, C., +, GRSM June 2013 52-67 Satellite Remote Sensing in Support of an Integrated Ocean Observing Synthetic aperture radar System. Muller-Karger, F., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 8-18 A Tutorial on Speckle Reduction in Synthetic Aperture Radar Images. Ar- Optical remote sensing genti, F., +, GRSM Sept. 2013 6-35 Trends in Optical Commercial Remote Sensing Industry [Industrial Pro- A tutorial on synthetic aperture radar. Moreira, A., +, GRSM March 2013 ¿les]. Navulur, K., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 57-64 6-43

R T Radar imaging A Tutorial on Speckle Reduction in Synthetic Aperture Radar Images. Ar- Terrain mapping genti, F., +, GRSM Sept. 2013 6-35 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data Analysis and Future Challenges. Bi- Radar interferometry oucas-Dias, J., +, GRSM June 2013 6-36 A tutorial on synthetic aperture radar. Moreira, A., +, GRSM March 2013 6-43 Radar polarimetry W A tutorial on synthetic aperture radar. Moreira, A., +, GRSM March 2013 6-43 Radiometry Wavelet transforms Spectroradiometric Field Surveys in Remote Sensing Practice: A WorkÀow A Tutorial on Speckle Reduction in Synthetic Aperture Radar Images. Ar- Proposal, from Planning to Analysis. Pompilio, L., +, GRSM June 2013 genti, F., +, GRSM Sept. 2013 6-35 37-51 Weather forecasting Remote sensing CYGNSS: Enabling the Future of Hurricane Prediction [Remote Sensing Guest Feature: Remote Sensing Research and Education at Rochester Insti- Satellites]. Ruf, C., +, GRSM June 2013 52-67 tute of Technology [Education]. Kerekes, J., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 24-30 Web sites Satellite Remote Sensing in Support of an Integrated Ocean Observing IMAGESEER: NASA IMAGEs for Science, Education, Experimentation System. Muller-Karger, F., +, GRSM Dec. 2013 8-18 and Research. Le Moigne, J., +, GRSM March 2013 44-58 Spectroradiometric Field Surveys in Remote Sensing Practice: A WorkÀow Wind Proposal, from Planning to Analysis. Pompilio, L., +, GRSM June 2013 CYGNSS: Enabling the Future of Hurricane Prediction [Remote Sensing 37-51 Satellites]. Ruf, C., +, GRSM June 2013 52-67

+ Check author entry for coauthors

70 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2013

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