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AFRICA YEARBOOK AFRICA YEARBOOK Volume 4 Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2007 EDITED BY ANDREAS MEHLER HENNING MELBER KLAAS VAN WALRAVEN SUB-EDITOR AMIN KAMETE LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 This book is printed on acid-free paper. ISSN 1871-2525 ISBN 978 90 04 16805 3 Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS Contents i. Preface ........................................................................................................... vii ii. List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................... ix iii. Factual Overview ........................................................................................... xiii I. Sub-Saharan Africa (Andreas Mehler, Henning Melber & Klaas van Walraven) ................................................................................................ 1 II. United Nations and Sub-Saharan Africa (Linnea Bergholm) ......................... 15 III. African-European Relations (Sven Grimm) ................................................... 27 IV. West Africa (Klaas van Walraven) ................................................................. 39 Benin (Laurens Nijzink) ................................................................................. 53 Burkina Faso (Alexander Stroh) ..................................................................... 61 Cape Verde (Gerhard Seibert) ........................................................................ 71 Côte d’Ivoire (Bruno Losch) .......................................................................... 77 Gambia (Abdoulaye Saine) ............................................................................ 87 Ghana (Paul Nugent) ..................................................................................... 93 Guinea (Mike McGovern) .............................................................................. 103 Guinea-Bissau (Christoph Kohl) .................................................................... 111 Liberia (Stephen Ellis) ................................................................................... 117 Mali (Martin van Vliet) .................................................................................. 125 Mauritania (Claes Olsson & Helena Olsson) ................................................. 133 Niger (Klaas van Walraven) ........................................................................... 141 Nigeria (Heinrich Bergstresser) ..................................................................... 151 Senegal (Gerti Hesseling) .............................................................................. 167 Sierra Leone (Krijn Peters) ............................................................................ 177 Togo (Dirk Kohnert) ...................................................................................... 187 V. Central Africa (Andreas Mehler) ................................................................... 195 Cameroon (Piet Konings) .............................................................................. 205 Central African Republic (Andreas Mehler) .................................................. 215 vi • Contents Chad (Mirjam de Bruijn & Han van Dijk) .................................................... 223 Congo (Rémy Bazenguissa-Ganga) .............................................................. 231 Democratic Republic of Congo (Denis M. Tull) ........................................... 239 Equatorial Guinea (Cord Jakobeit) ............................................................... 255 Gabon (Douglas Yates) ................................................................................. 261 São Tomé and Príncipe (Gerhard Seibert) .................................................... 269 VI. Eastern Africa (Rolf Hofmeier) ..................................................................... 275 Burundi (Friederike Fuhlrott & Rolf Hofmeier) ........................................... 289 Comoros (Rolf Hofmeier) ............................................................................. 299 Djibouti (Rolf Hofmeier) .............................................................................. 305 Eritrea (Nicole Hirt) ..................................................................................... 313 Ethiopia (Jon Abbink) ................................................................................... 323 Kenya (Marcel Rutten) ................................................................................. 335 Rwanda (Jonas Ewald) ................................................................................. 347 Seychelles (Rolf Hofmeier) .......................................................................... 359 Somalia (Jon Abbink) ................................................................................... 365 Sudan (Anders Bjørkelo) .............................................................................. 375 Tanzania (Kurt Hirschler & Rolf Hofmeier) ................................................. 387 Uganda (Volker Weyel) ................................................................................. 401 VII. Southern Africa (Henning Melber) ............................................................... 411 Angola (Steve Kibble) .................................................................................. 421 Botswana (Matthias Basedau & Christian von Soest) ................................. 433 Lesotho (Roger Southall) ............................................................................. 439 Madagascar (Richard R. Marcus) ................................................................. 445 Malawi (Lewis B. Dzimbiri) ......................................................................... 453 Mauritius (Klaus-Peter Treydte) ................................................................... 461 Mozambique (Joseph Hanlon) ..................................................................... 469 Namibia (Henning Melber) .......................................................................... 477 South Africa (Ineke van Kessel) ................................................................... 487 Swaziland (John Daniel & Marisha Ramdeen) ............................................ 503 Zambia (Gero Erdmann) .............................................................................. 509 Zimbabwe (Amin Y. Kamete) ........................................................................ 519 List of Authors ....................................................................................................... 531 Preface In May 2003, the Africa-Europe Group of Interdisciplinary Studies (AEGIS) encouraged some of its member institutions to publish an Africa Yearbook with a wider international appeal. As a joint undertaking, the African Studies Centre in Leiden (ASC), the Institute of African Affairs in Hamburg (IAA) and the Nordic Africa Institute in Uppsala (NAI) – all very active AEGIS centres sharing similar profi les – accepted this challenge and their joint efforts fi rst bore fruit in the initial volume of the series in 2004. In 2007 the Dag Ham- marskjöld Foundation in Uppsala (DHF) became the fourth institutional partner in this international project and Amin Kamete joined the three existing editors as a sub-editor on behalf of NAI, assuming responsibility for the Eastern Africa section. The basic format has remained the same from year to year, although an overview chapter dealing separately with the United Nations and Africa was subsequently added. The country-specifi c articles cover domestic politics, foreign affairs and socioeconomic developments in the states of sub-Saharan Africa during the calendar year under review. While we recognise the impossibility of fi nding fully objective indicators for the relative importance of each of these states, the length of the country-specifi c articles aims to refl ect the approximate weight of each country. The four sub-regions are also introduced by means of an overview article. Further overviews summarise general continental developments, European-African relations and the United Nations and Africa. The Yearbook is based on scholarly work, but oriented towards a wider target readership, including students, politicians, diplomats, administrators, journalists, teachers, practitio- ners in the sphere of development cooperation as well as business people. Thanks to the support of the four partner institutions, the volume can be offered at a price attractive to this broad readership. Without forcing the individual contributions too much into a straight jacket, the volume is primarily concerned with providing factual (though not necessarily neutral) information. Each issue, in focusing almost exclusively on developments during the particular calendar year, provides a completely fresh annual overview
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