Plans for Making Various Hives and Equipment Are Included Inthe Lesson Plans

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 241 781 CE. 038 585 AUTHOR Sammataro, Diana TITLE Lesson Plans for Beekeeping in the Philippines. Appropriate Technologies for Development. Reprint R-32. INSTITUTION Peace Corps, Washington, DC. Information Collection and Exchange Div. PUB DATE Sep 81 NOTE 69p.; Light type may not reproduce well. Prepared for Bee Training Seminar at National Rural Lift Center, (Palapala, Cavite, Philippines, April 1978). PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Guides (For Teachers) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Agricultural Education; *Agricultural Production; *Agricultural Skills; Agricultural Supplies; Agriculture; Entomology; Guidelines; *Learning Activities; Lesson Plans; Marketing; Postsecondary Education; Vocational Education; Voluntary Agencies; Volunteers; Volunteer Training IDENTIFIERS *Beekeeping; Bees; Philippines ABSTRACT This set of lesson plans, prepared for use by Peace Corps volunteers in the Philippines, has been designed as a step-by-step guide to teaching beekeeping. Each of the eight lesson plans contained in the manual consists of an objective, time requirements, materials needed, and information about various aspects of beekeeping. Lessons are illustrated with line drawings. The lesson plans cover the following topics: construction of equipment necessary for beekeeping, requirements for obtaining bees, handling bees, colony management and seasonal manipulations, the bee colony and races of bees, problems in Philippine beekeeping, selection and rearing of queens for stock improvement, and marketing hive products. Plans for making various hives and equipment are included inthe lesson plans. (KC)

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Peace Corps 3 LESSON PLANS FOR BEEKEEPING IN TUBPUILIpPINES

by.

Diana Sammataro

Prepared for Bee TrainingSeminar at National Rural Life Center Palapala, Cavite Philippines Director: Mr. Dick Fagan April, 1978

Peace Corps Information Collection andExchange Reprint R-32 September 1981

4 LESSON PLAN # 1

CONSTRUCTION OF ECM :WENT NECESSARY FORBEEKEEPING re Time: 1 »l hours

Objectives: To show people interested inbeekeeping how to make houses for bees.This is divided into two parts (1) simple hives frominexpensive parts and.712 wooden or too-typepermanent dwellings.

Materials For wooden hives only

lumber wood chisel nails latex paint and brushes hammer T-square sews plane

I. Requirsments for a good. beehive:

1. easy to remove surplus honey. 2. easy for bees to store honey,especially after the surplus bas been collected. 3. hive should last manyseasons, 4. hive should be roomy enough, orexpandable to accommodate growing bee populations and food storm. 5. the entrance should be largeenough to allow easy passage of bees but smallenough for the bees to defend, their hive against pests. 6. hive should be durale enough to protectbees against hot, ool4 'rainy or dry weather. 7. hives should be:oonvenient andcomfortable for the beekeeper to work. 8. hives should be within the financial, meansof the beekeeper to work. 9. one hive shadd be on a scale andhave a glass side to gauge the progress of,all the hives IdObliout opening them up.

Simple Hives: 1. Hives without fames clay pots (flower pots) or mud jars log hives (sections of tree trunks with a natural hive inside) or hollowed out tree trunks

96 r

L.P. #1 .- 2 - .

- mud-slavtored wicker aloe' type hives hives i i.earthen embankments - straw boiled basket-type(skops), circular demos or squares hdlow blocks - old taxes

2. Hives with flaws - bamboo or wicker work hives styrofoam boxes - oil cans or drums - kerosene can - wooden ozates I - cardboard boxes. - wooden boxhivesor 'standardhives'

Advantages: materisas ba sically. free A

Disadvantages: cumbersceic hives if used without trams

III. Standard-Type Hives

Sp. Standardizing the wooden beethivehas several advantages -easy to work and see bees -oldest knowfi modern beehive -standard sizes allow for easy expansion and co:change (sale) of equipmant

2. Disadvantaged t' expensive for rural farmers -requires equipment to construct

A -requires assembly time

3. Important Considerations for MakingNoboden Hive

A. The Bee Space -bees nature-137 1=11d wax cells (comb) to fit their body size. The imported bee bpace is 5 cells / inch or *0 or (6.3 inn) the native bee is 6 cells / inch.

'tf the space between frames, frames and wails, frames and tops or' bottoms is smaller than the bee space, bees win Unit with bee glue or propolis.

-4-f thd epace i0 larger than the bee probe, the bees will fill it. with W3X.. . . L.P. #1 -

B. Bee spaca in the simple hives is not important sine the bees will fill in all the spaces naturallylno work by the ,beekeeper is required.

C. Bee space in the wooden hives requires that the beekeeper make the equipment accu- rately, and space the frames'proPerIY within the hives.Otherwise, bees will fill up space wither and beekeeper might have to cut frames out, injuring brood and losing honey. 4

IV. Other Equipment

14 The Smoker

- Smoke, used in moderate amounts, will cause' the bees to eat honey; after they consume it, it is difficult for them to sting you on a full stomach. Some sort of smoking pot should be used, not a blazing torch of straw 'or bark; hot ash .43.1 burn bees, making them angry and the ash will dirty the honey.

A can with a metal blow'tube on the top or bottom, or a can with a small bellows attached'make go6d'andiceraiUse'cotton or jute rags, rotten wood, wood shaving, dung or drwleavesplace d small bit of green grass on' top to 'cool' the smoke and vetch any ashes.

2. Veil and Hat

Bees instinctively an for eyes when angry, so some sort of veil Mould protect your face and neck. The simplest veil can be a piece of mosquito netting sewn into a wide-brimmed hat. 7.a netting should have some strings attached to the bottom to allow the loose ends to be tightened and tied. L.P. #1 4

A veil is generally not, needed on weak or small hives* but it gives oonfidence to beginning beekeepers and keeps you from becoming distracted.

3. HivSs Tool

This is a metal paint scraper that can be purchased or made from an old'truck 'leaf- springs; cut to 8 to 10 inches long. A sharp edge is maintained to help scrape away wax and bee glue or propolis from inside the hive.

4. Gloves:

Generally not needed unless you are moving a colony from a tree or houses gloves are worn by beginners for Confidence.Actna1ly, you will probably get stung more with gloves since overconfidence -tends to make'one clumsy and therefore you kW. more bees, making them sting you.

Canvass or leather gIoves are used and have long sleeves of cotton sewn on to the glove top to protect arms toe:

5. MiscellaneousEquiment

-queen cages. -solar wax melter -honey extracting equipment -comb foundation -stall -clothing (bee suit) -observation hive -uncapping knife (to cuthoney) -bee escape -bee brush

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490i - 11

TESSON PLAN #

REQVUM24thTS: FOR AND OBTAIN= SEES

Time: 1-li hours

Materials: (slides)

Objectives: To help people who are interested in starting with bees to determine how much it will lost to obtain them, and where they can find bees; where they can locate the bees to take advantage of the honey potential and what bees require.

1. Requirements for havilvbeehives 1. Selecting a site to put yodr beet; (apttary) -near fresh water supAY not contaminated water. casy for beekeeper to reach and work -near food sources for tees need flowerint plants for nectar (honey), too glue, and pollen (protein). -on the top of shin or high ground so water and air 14.11 drain away from hived.' -not on wet, swampy, lowland er in deep, humid woodat honey will not cure properly and bees could be subject to fungal diseases. -facing east, south-east to catch early warmth of sun; entrances Mould be pointed away from monsoon winds.. -provideamdndpbreak to keep htvee from being blown over in high winds and noontime shade daring the dry hot seasons. -away from floods and open fires. -keep brush, vines, and weeds cleared away frOmfilvea; hives should be placed on a star4 (not directly on the gtound) to keep outants and other pasts. -nearby the beekeeper's house to discourage misohief-makers. -away from:areas heavily sprayedwith ineecti- aides. -away fry people, animals, etc.

. I 12 L.P. # 2

II. Requirements for bees

1. What bees need to live ....Wit% supply both nectar and pollen for bees. Nectar is a liquid sugar solution that flowers' manufactory. Since it contains mostly irraten the bees must evaporate it to map honoy Which has about 18% water in it. The different flavors and colors of honey depend on the types of flowers the bees 0611ected the nectar from.Honey is stored in the boewax cell.

Pollen camas from the male part of the flower; it is a powdery dust which comes off when rubbed by the bees.This pollen fertilisos the female partof the flower and produces the fruit, seed drvegetable. Boos collect this pollen by means of special hairs on its body, and return to the hive with it.

Pollen is packed into a wax cell, and then it is topped with honey, to preserve it; this is called bmbread,.It is very in- port: tr+ Law be bread in the hiTlei for it :sans that the yohng bees and brood will have something to eat.A colony can use up to 100'pounds (50 kg.) of pollen in one season,

--Bed is secreted by the young worker bees to make the honeycomb.All their honey, pollen, and brood (immature bees) are stored inside the wax comb cells. In order for bees to make wax, they need to eat large Amounts of limey or sugar syrup and pollen.Some beekeepers gace a sheet of beewax called foundation, in a frame, to help guide the bees as they build the cells.

Nalezis important to bees. In hot, dry 'Heather the interior of the hive could biome overheated. If this occured, the brood could 'cook, and the wax could begin to melt. Bees prevent this; they collect'mater and place it in the comb then fan it with their wings to evaporate the water.

16 13

L.P. # 2

This tair-oonditioning cools the hive:d6Wn. In very hot climates, the hives should be placed so they get noontime shade; painUing the hives white will alga .help reflect sunlight.

-Bees use the Sticky' sap from trees and flower buds to make "bee glue' or pis,. This gumly material is collected to seal crUks and holes, and to water-proof the hive, it also kills micro-organisasthat would otherwise invade and live in small cracks.

III. Obtaining Bees

1. Where to get bees MAW is a colony of bees clustered in the opening, not inside a hive box.' They are looldng for a new home. Tho Beekeeper can capture the swarm by placing it into a temporary or permanent hive.

Advantages: Disadvantages: -free -could be diseased or in- -common Tested with pests -plentiful ...could be in hard to get places -could be of inferior stock

Coot! Free

-COLONIES IN TREMOR HOUSES, even earth embankments, are also free but are generally very hard for a beginner beekeeper to get intact. It involves depf- troying the house where the colony lives, or cutting down the tree, cutting the comb, and tying it to a frame and then getting the bees to stay inside the bops. This shoUId'be attempted by someone already experienoed in working with bees.You can alsomakebees swarm out of a trees or house by smoking and hitting the tree with a hammer Gontinously until the bees leave and cluster *outside. 14 L.P. # 2

After thoy leave, theycan be installed as aswarm.

Advantages: Disadvantages: -free «ootaigetimmiy stings e-plontiful -difficult.to get it in- -extra wax and honey taot 0.queon could be killed -bees could leave later

Cost! Free

-TRAPS Gan 'be placed to attract swarming colonies. The 'trap can be 'a frame of wax that is placed in a hollowed tree trunk, or in an empty hive, or in an earthen embankment hole. The frames should not contain any honey as this will attract ants and Mc moths, and discourage bcot.

Cost: Fron

7SUYING boos from a book eeper 13 another way to got startod. Doekeepers can either sell you a full hive and all its eqiiipment, or a nub-lens hive with a small population of bees, and a laying queen, or a swarm (you provide the equipment) or a laying queen only.

Advantages: Disadvantages; - cared' for by an experionce -could have odd and old beekeeper equipment that will need -all ages of bees and to be replaced brood can be obtained -queen could be old or of .easy to inquire from poor quality owner if there are any -wax comb could have di- problems seases or pests not at first evident.

-BUYING D2ORTED BM as packages is another may to obtain bees.These bees are very expensive both to buy and to maintain and, while the returns might be higher, they will not perfokm well unless properly cared for.

18 15

L.P.# 2'

Advantages: Disadvantages: could produce more honey .subject to diseases and gentle and mangeable .pests hero .do not swarm excessively requires more time, care and feeding Nx could_die from neglect

19 L.P.# 3 HANDLING ES

Time: hours baterials: Demonstration -smoker, bee suit, veil, gloves, etc.

Objectives: To demonstrato and inform beginner beekeepers how to handle bees and what to look for in a hive when examining bees.

I. Handling Bees

I. How tc minimize Stings -work on days when bees are flying well since half of the foraging bees- will normally be out; do not work then it is too windy, rainy or cold since all the bees will beat home.

-wear light-oolored protective clothing and a veil.Hake sure that ankles and are closed in case bees start to crawl up. Beginning beekeepers will want to wear gloves for confidence; but gloves shoed not be used all the time. The best time to wear them is when transferring bees from a-ictld hive to a framed hive. Bee stings leave a scent on the gloves, so be sure to wash gloves periodically.

-use smoke lightly; this makes bees eat honey and they will be eating honey instead of stinging you.

-when working bees, use gentle, slow movement io the bees will not be alarmed.

20 L.P. # 3

Crushed bees cause alarm in the hive so move frames slowly.

-remain calm' and work slowly, if you are nervous, or have an'odor that alarms bees (hair tonic, horse smile) the bees will bemore likely to sting you.

-if stung, scrape away sting barb;* do not pull it out as this will inject you with more venom* Saoke the sting area as the venom loaves, an odor nags' which will excite other bees to sting you*

What to look for:

1. The Queen ...when you find her, be careful, that she does not become crushed or drop on the ground. The queen is generally found around, the warm IroadneSt or nearest the eggsand uncapped larvae.

2. Eggs -when you look at a frame of uncapped larvae, check the frame carefully, and you Wright see eggs* If the hive' has no eggss'or you cannot see brood, or the queen, you may consider the hive to be queenless* Requeen it by either giiing it a queen celll a new queen, or joining it to a queen- righto hive.

3. Starvation -when theft is no honey or pollen in the hive: the bees may be more aggressive, and stop producing wax.when you do not see any. Stored honey or 4 pollen in your hive, feed your bees white sugar and pollen substitute. If ycmCaxe using the hive to make queens, feed the bees sugar syrup.

4. Good Brood Pattern /'Weak Hives

=ewhen the queen lays eggs in v...A5m44 NN

21 18

L.P. # 3

empty oell so that the mature bees (larvae) fill, up the comb, this is said to be a good' laying queen showing a good brood pattern. Spotty eggrlaying pattern,many drones (male bees) or a norn-vigorous (slow) queen should be replaced. Weaker hives cannot defehd them selvesAagainst pests (cockroaches, wax moths), or other robbing bees.

5. Swarm Preperation -when tho bees form numerous peanut shaped wax cells, which contain immature queens, and the hiv6 is quite populous (and may be crowded), the bees are probably starting warm preparations. SWarming is a natural instioWit divides the colony in half, and the oad'queen leaves the hive with half of the bees.The young queen meanwhile hatches, mates, and starts laying in the original hive.Unless you want to lose half your bees and honey these swarming preparations should be stopped.

6. Arrangement of Brood Nestand Honey Stores -td.optimime the proper temperature of the broodnest(97F) and in order to incubate the eggs, the broodnest (eggs, larvae) should be compact and not spread out. Frames of brood should be placed together, in.one area of the hive. If the hive is populous, the honey will naturally be stored in the upper portions of the comb and of the broodnest. A frame of honey between frames of brood could prevent the queen from expanding the broodnest properly.

7. Surplus Honey -bees instinotively.store honey to eat during times of hardship or scaresness of food. Beekeepers try to make bees store more honey than they need and this surplus is what is harvested.To keep the queen from laying in the honey combs, surplts honey is usually found above the' brood, in the upper portions of the hive. Some hawk should be left on the hive at all times.

22 Q

L.P. # 3

Otherase, bees will starve during dearth times, or leave the hive. If beet are starving and no food is available, white sugar :Imp must be fed to keep bees from leaving:

8. Aggressiveness -some hives are naturally more aggressive than other_ s. This can be controlled. by selection of the queens that are more gentle and requeening the aggressive hives with them. Hives that are too aggre- sive will sting often and may even swarm out while being worked.Aggressiveness may also be due to queenlessness, disease, or pest harrassmeni.

9. Distress of Pests or Location -if bees are placed in a damp, humid place, the honeywinalways be watery and could never 'cure' or ripen properly: Un- ripened honey w31,1 ferment eventually. On the other hand, hives that are in too hot a situation will be so busy bringing in water to (tool the hive that no honey will ever be produced: Such stresses on the hive wilaweaken it and the colony may die, or leave. Weakened hives are subject to attack by such pests as mites and wax moths.

1.0. CNoen3essness -if yeu cannot find eggs, larvae, or capped brood or the queen and the hive is usually aggresSivi5 and restless, the hive may be queeniess. moonless conditionscan be remedied by:

--providing new queens (virgin or laying) --providing nature queen cells - -providng a frame of eggs - -joining it to a queenxight hive

23 1,.% I rn

LESSON PLAN # 4

COLONY MANAGLIF4T/SEASONAL MANIPULATIONS

Time: 1 hour I Material: slides Objectives: To help beginning and.experienced beekeepers to recognize a hone - flow and a dearth period in their area And to keep records by their hives.

I. Before the Honeyfitivr-Requirementp of the Hive

14 The following conditions will help ensure a good crop of honey for the beekeeper.' -populeue hive with many young bees, espe- eially during the'peried just prior to the honeyflow (40,000 to 80,00 bees) -hive should be free from pests and diteasee -eolony should not be preparing to swarm -hive should have ample room to store surplus honey -weak hives Gan be helped by giving them frames, of Young bees, capped brood or a new quecci, or all of these. Keep all hives of equal strength, otherwise they will rob each ether -do not =Ix up the natural order of the frames in the broodnest; frames of honey oah aot as a barrier to the queen and if placed in the ;Addle of the broodnest, oeuld restrict the queen's laying activity,.

2. Frames of pollen and honey should be kept above or on the. sides of the broodnest; empty frames can be placed on the end of the breednest to allow for growth. Frames of brood and pollen should not be placed in the honey supers as bees will fill up the empty-cells with both honey and pollen and brood. You want the bees to fill up only honey in the honeysupers.

24 i

L.P. # 4

3. Record Keeping -beekeepers should keep accurate records on each hive or groups ofhives in their apiary; especially noted are the Wives that'are significantly productiveor -weak. A note of when certain plants are bloatrdng that coincide with the honeynow will also help you to keep.tract ofthe major honey plants in your area. Paper tacked' inSida the cover,orwrittin-on thehivebody not top) can be used. Per- manent book-or ti.ary records are more trUstwerthy Some things to record are: ...date- worked ...age ofqueen 1--colony strengthandgrowth rate ....timely manipulations (swarm prevention) ...characteristics a-hive (aggressive, 'e3nt7.?, productive, poor)" swarming record-how often, when, why cash flow (how much money spent or earned)' < honey (how much (weight) takenoff, . perhive) . . hives lost (stolen,snrmed, waxmoth, dineases) 0 II. DI.,iring the Honeyflow

1. At certainIbimos ofthe year, when most of the flowers from' fruits', vegetables and weeds are blowing, bees will often start bringing . in a surplusofhoney. This is called the honeys -flow period and can be recognized by: -lots of waxproduction (white new wax) -populous hives, working very hard -honey being stored (uncapped and capped) -honey with many estatetops appearing .in the comb

2. Swarming behavior usually comes beforetlie honeyflow period so, if youdo not wish to lose a lot ofhoney (through the lackOfbees because they left with the swarm), discourage swarm preparations by: -out out queen cells (if, they are numerous and, hive is populous with a laying queen) 25

-...,.. 5

# 4

- supply more space to the hive; either adding frames or An extra'hive body (super) wlnspeot the hive periodically (once /week)e to ascertain swarming preparations. .make sure hive is not overheated (keep in shady' but breezy spot) -provide a young queen

3. During the honeyfltmr, the hive should nit be disturbed"too much If you gq through the broodnest, the organizationalt structure of the delogy-oan be destroyed. lihen"bees are disorganized, they will probablynot bring in as nuoh honey as.theywould' have normally for that day. The only irispeo- tion you should be making during the.honey- flowis whether or not the tees have enough room to store honey, (this does, not apply of course, temak or diseased hives)

4 Famine thehone_y frames before removing them from the hive, Most of the honey shoUld be sealed with a wax top or*gdappine. If the honey has not been properly cured call the water evaporated) it will begin to fer.. ment and spoil

5. Remove the honey frames early in the morning before the bees start bringing in now nectar. Take off the Sealed honey frames and cut the comb. The floss should be over 75%'eapped honey. Cut the ooMb or scrape off the honey to the midpirib (bottom)ofthe cell and leave arfoundationa for them o rebuild.If a hot spoon or knife ia Aped, the honey Mill

come off much easier. /

During the Dearth or Starvation Periods

1. Dearth periods are tines when no honey or pollen is being brOught into the hive. The signs of dearth' wnich could lead to starvation if,all the honey was removed, are: ...no honey in cells -no palm stored or brought in -wax production cut off, foundation chewed

26 L.P. # 4

.-ao brood, or brood rearing limited --all stages of drones (brood and adults) are, pulled out and dumped out of the hive during severe dearth -robbing activity increased, hives aggressive -honey stored in'brood *.tells since there is no new brood, once a small honey flow starts* t 2. Dearth times are seasonalt'after the major flowering peiiod is over, during rainy, cold, dry-or hot seasons; the beekeeper should; -make sure bees have enough food (honey/ pollen) at all times; take ofonly a SURPLUS of honey; leave 20-60 lbs. de-

. pending on the hive strength and duration

of the dearth time* . -make periodic inspections so that'hives will not get too weak -feed bead if they are starving with sugar (White).or white sugar sYrup. --remove excess frames (that hives will not get too weak 1-feed bees if they are starving with sugar (white) or white sugar syrup. remove etcess fraMes (that are e.L.L.,4) and supers;.otherwise, too Much heat could be lost from the bkoodnest, or the wax moth and other pests, could invade the empty spaces*

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IESSON PLAN # 5 THE PEE COLONY AND RACES OF BEES

Time: :L hours

Material^ slide, charts, pictures.

Objectives: To help' beekeepers understand the roles that the individual members of a colony have on the colony as a whole, and to inform them of the various kinds of bees.

1. The.Colony

1. A colony of honey bees will have a fertile female or ammti roomy male bees (or drones) and many thousand infertile females or porkers.Those classes of bees together form a unit or collection of individuals which, if separat6d from the colony unit Would shortly die.

2. The Queen- there is only one queen to a colony,.and her sole duty is to lay eggs.She resembles a Worker birt with a much longer abdomen and a dark shiny thorax or:baek. The queen is fed almost entirely on a food secreted by the young walker bees-called ivva.1, leilt which is rich in'proteins.The number of eggs she lays, therefore, will depend on:the amount and kind of food she is fed, the number of young workers to in- -cut:eta the7eggs and the environmental conditions.She lays eggs that may hatch into drones (infertile eggs), workers or newrqueeni (fertile eggs).

The ( Eurdtean) queen hatches Eros a special peanut-etiapod cell in 16 days. After emerges ing, thequeen tattake' her mating flight 5-10 daqtilater, where she will mate with several, drones. If a virgin queen does not mate alter'twoweeks,she will probably be a poor, dronei-laying queen. Qppens can live several years.

29 - 26 -

L.P. # 5

The queen has a special odor or substances which keeps the colony unit together.If the queen is re. moved, the worker bees will start to make preparations to make a new' queen.Queenlesi hives lack organi- zation and mild be more aggressive than queen right hives.

3. The Drone -The droneisa larger and heavy looking tee, with Very large eyes and ehunkfadomen.His sole function is to mate with new queens; he does no work and cannot sting. Normally, high drone populations are only tolerated when ample food is coming into the hive; when the honey season is over, drones are evicted from the hive. to'die.

______Auropean-drones take the longest to emerge, up to 24 days. If you are using the imported bee (European). drone production should be encouraged. sirce thoro would be few drones available to nate with virgin queens. .When using the native bee, drone production should be

4. The Worker -There are anywhere from 5,000 to 75,000 workers in one colony.They are called workers because they do the house and foraging work required for colony survival. The task of the workers, includes feeding larvae (undeveloped bees), tending brood (tmmature toes),feeding'and tending the queen, guarding the hive, evaporating nectar to make honey. packing pollen,"and main- taining broodnest temperatures.As the workers age (3 weeks or so) they begin to leave the hive to forage for food. ()floe a scouting forager locates a food source, the distance and direction of the food 3.3 commu- nicated by'a combination of dancing, scent and sounds. They are foragers only for about another 3 weeks before they die. It takos 21 dears for a (European) worker to emerge. They have special legs equipped to pack the loose pollen grains* and have spe.:. cial glands to secrete wax. stinging venom, and rakalicllyc- W6rkere collect nectar, pollen. water and propolis or glue. returning .to their hive with it. See attached diagram. 0 L.P. 5

Races of bees arid bed rolativos. 1. Wasps (V0s4App)

. . -wasps aro not bees but are often mis- taken for boos by many people.Wasps make their honies with paper-like material or mud. While some do sting aggressively, wasps are beneficial' pollinators and insect controllers, being parasitic and prodatioils on many insect pests. Unfortunately, some wasps also prey on honey bees.

2. Bumble Beee.and Carpenter Bee (Bombidae and 44029WAg) ...these are large, hairy bees varying in . . color froaa blue-black to black and yellow stripes. They live in the ground, grass hatch or dry mood. Although they do hot produce a significant amount of honey, they'axe valuable as pollinators of many fruits, seeds or vegetable crops.

3. Stingless Boca (etc.) -There are ma v races of other social, bees, (living in hives) and .224.L3 .1% bees, (living alone) that are important pollinators. The stingless bees (lagala and 1104sona) will store honey in nests, but it is generally too little to attract most beekeepers. Silco they are beneficial., colonies should not he destroyed.

4. Honey Deo (Ar6.0 a) The Rook or Giant Bee (Alaajus14190 Rock bees are nomadic, rarely staying long in one place. When they fly, farmers in the field report they sound like a passing airplane. The colony oonehts of a single comb hanging from, a branch'of a tree, roof or abandoned ceilings. The worker is light brown tibiae the queen is darker and longer;

the drone I black and about the size of a worker.

Rock bees produce good honey and wax. W4eAing longer hours sometimes than miler honey bees. Honney can be hers- vested without destroying the hive,

31 - 28 -

L.P. # 5

two -o three tames a year when smoke and proper precautions are taken.Yieldsof up to 35 kg. during a year haw boon recorded. Smoke somas to control their volatilo temper and whi3.0 theyWill not live inside a hive box, groupsofcolonios canbe raised together.

b) 1116 Little Doe,14,11p_L_./lorea These beei are smallest of-the honey bees, and are also nomadic. They make SMS2.1. 'hand sized contbs in tree tiranehes, eaves, bushes, emptybozos, or ceilings. The workers are orange with blaek and white stripes. The queen is golden brown and the drones black with grey heir.Again, they do not p.roduce much honey (0.5 to 3. kg.) but oeuntriessomthem. are findingthe a gentle, zuid manageable honeybee.

c) The Indian.L'430 (mssindica,cfmana) This bee is used in India and other countries as the main Asian Honey Bee. Itit)easily housed in boxes, tins, jars and wall recesses: While there are -regional varieties, the potential for this bee in thePhilippinesis just beginning toberealized. The wilder, swarm-prone strains can be bred for more domestic qualities.-

Untho' average, colonies can yield 3-5 kg., although improved strains ; have been reported to produce 18 kg; or more,It on be. a good producet, gentle and relatively non-swarnting, i but are 1035 predi$ble, can steal food fret). vseker hives aggressively, i and seem to have little defense against wax-moth-and other pests that enter Ithe hive; Mey use little propolis or bee glues -which might account for these inv-ations.

d) The European.'Hee(Ail-auxiang This bee, originally front Europe, has been naturalized in many parts of the world, including North and South Ame- rim. It is a verygood honey producer, 32 29 -

L.P. # 5

averaging 45 to 1.80 kg. in good honer- yielding areas. It is similar to the Indian bee in it habits, making its home in enclosures like hollow trees, caves, and bOxes. It is well adapted to life in moveable frames hives. portation of the European bee should be restricted. to wellequipped, respon- sible'agencies with quarantine arrange- ments.To avoid the impo$tion of dis- spases'and posts common in the U.S. and Europe, whioh could be passed to native bees, private beekeepers should consider improving native bees first.

33 0 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF A WORKERHONEY BEE

fore wing-

wing.

wing hooks-

body hair

simpleeye- compound eye antenna- -spiracle

Lebrun (upper 11 .stingr Mandible (3ew

Maxillae tibia -poll en press

Proboscis `*"Corblcula (pollen basket) (tongue) Dial Spine Adtenne Glossa Cleaner tarsus 6431alt d savom HUD THORAX ARMEN 34 34 A 31

LESSON PLAN # 6

PROBLEMS IN PHILIPPINE BEEKEEPING

Timo: 1.-hour

demonstration . Materials: Colleotion,

Objectives: To aovaintbeekeeperd or beginners with the problems thaVexist in.the

Philippine and how to control them . or minitize damage causedby them.

Pests

1. Ants: can invade hives,eating brood, honey, pollen and bees; eventually the hive will either be so weakened or aggre ssive, that they will, abscond (or leave) control: grease hive stands with auto grease'and lime ground at base or stands. Never set hives directly on the groUnd.

2. Wasps and other_predations insects: will catch bees on the wing and take them away to be eaten.They are not a real threat except to weak hives. Traps ean be devised to catch the black wasps as they hover in front of the hives;

control: maintain a strong hive or ,hire someone to .catch the wasps as they hover

3. Lizards and Toads: will alsoeat bees but .generallb if the hives are on a stand, the loss is minimal.

4. Beetles and Oookroaches: caninfest a hive, especially when being fed pollen supplement or substitute. Astrong hive,will evict these intrudersother~ wise remove debris in hive bottom that they might be living in, and keep en trance mall (esp. true for the native bee).

5. Wax moth: This is a moth which lap eggs in the comb and upon hatching, the larliae can cause much damage, to the comb and brood,

35 s.32 -

L.P. #6

torborrowine4 spinning silk tunnels,

' and damaging wax,,

control: strong hives can usually combat this pest but when it starts taking hold, removal of the infested comb and eoeclis is imperative, othii. wise the bees will leave the hive, Comb.ean be stored in gemegiale.m.- km= (moth ball) crystals, it kept in a plastic bag or other enclosure, and aired out a day before returning! treated et:1mb to bees. Lambs can also be put in freezing temperature for

. several hours, especially if.wax contains honey and pollen.

6. Birds: eometimes, droves of swifts have been reported (ChaetureAgbia - Spine-tailed swift) to eat 100 bees each in one day.

.-control.: about the may methods of con. trol seems to be netting the birds or moving hives to other location.

7. Mites: two types of external mites are of vital importance to beekeeping; here. The twit) jaggigga and =a- ..7.77r1 are sericua4ests that can destroy a hive. Dtones and workers with deformed wings, dead pupae in the cells and the mites on bees 'should be, checked. It is be- lieved that all species of Bees have mites here.

-control: is especially important for the European bees, and perhaps for native. bees too. Colony strength appears to be a factor, the stronger hives maybe better able to control this pest.Other chemical contras are also available, at great cast, since many have to be imported. Here are tome:

-Mbenothiazine 112-(worming tablets) 5% dissolved in 95% pure alcohol, applied onto cardboakd strips and burned in the smoker, or placed under the hive sprinkled an a cardboard 36

Mk. 33

L.P. # 6

-bottce4 at night, left for 2 days.

:Pabst strips proper& paper strips can be purchased, burning 2-3 stripe per colony.

:Sineaear (from Romania) is a powder, sprinkled on bees once per week for three weeks.

II. Other Problem:: 1. Drones: if imported bees am used, thee leek of drones from those bees will make it hard to mato virgin queens. Hives that are strong, well fed, With a dronemaaying or a fertile queen, will imply the best drones to supply your yard.Drones of the native bee have been reported to fly with the virgin imported queens, but is not a fertile dross.

2. Robbingt.vieskhives are subject to attack by robber bees from other hives (imported And native) as well as other ineeets.Where at all possiblek'hives should be kept oF equal strength, and races of bees should be kept separate. Mites could be carried by robbing bees.

3. Insoctioides: there seems be indis- criminate use of harsh insectioidos by farmers here. Since bees are sus- ceptible to most of these,efforts should be made to educate farmers that bees are-mt injuring their plants, but in fact will increase their yields if they let the bees work them.

If insecticides are used, spraying shouli be done in late afternoon to evening boors, to minimize bee losses. Hives should be covered or moved away if spraying is closer than two miles. Less tazic chemicals (see attached list) should be used whenever possible.

4. Feeding bees During dearth tires if bees are robbed of all their, Aioney, both a pollen and nectar imbstilute should be supplied

37 # 6 RJ if the hives are to remain strong 'and not abscond.The most refined sugar Or sugar etrup should be used, althoucll experiments are lacking on the effects of feedingsecond class Emegtr in the tropic5. Melasees should never be fed, however, as 'this will 14.ve the bees dysentery.

Miter sugarysubstances can be tried, buko' gd.lk, or cane syrup. Pollen is also important:for brood rearing.Imported, brewers yeast and ow flour is the usual pollen substitute,'

38 d ss

RELATIVE TOXICITY OP PESTICIDES TO HOVEY SEES ASDETESMINED ST tABOIATOBT AND FIELD TESTS IN CALIPORNLA (1950 - I975)

CROUP I - IICELY =Mt Severe losses may be expected if rhea. pesticides are used when bees are present at treatment tUse or within a day thereafter, excupt as indicated by footnotes.

, 2/ 5/ Afugan gofratophoa) DOWa- (dichlervoa) Peraden - Nesurol- (mathiocarb) Sumithice 2/ 402/ V (carbofuran) 1/ 2/ (tenittothlos) mldrin plibros Methyl parathion- (Wed) C I/ 2/ 1/ 2/ 0 2/ Cardona - - 0 2/ Supracidt? a/ arsenicals- De-Pend - (rerrechlorvIsphoa) (ucthidettplon) 1/ 2/ (dImathoate) (licerhembloglios). AzodrIn I/ 2/ 2/ 2/ Guthiot -- Tasman (moeocrotephot diatinon- Demmer e (phenamiphoa) (iteCbssidaphos) 2/ (Spectracide) (azinphoeumerhyl) r) uOrt 31 2/ (lathOmli) 1/ 2/ 1/ ?I Una* 1/tr heptachlori/ 3/ 2/ dleldrin - to Motor - (fearhion) 2/ Or these - (acrOhate) (eldicarh) /midst' - 2/ Dimecron. 3/ I/V 0.'2/ 3/ SEC 2/ 5/ parathion - tepp. (phoaphamidon) tonsure- 2/ lo2/ 1-/ 2/3/ Bidrin - 0 V (aethomyl) Phoedrin Vaposa.- Dursban (dicrotopho) (0evtaphoe) (dichlouvos) (chlorpytifolt) 'indent1/ 2/ 7/ 2/ (dimerSoate) 1/ 2/ 21 phosphsaldo- Zectran- CYrom- EPN Loreban la 2/ (setacerbate) Cythion-- (chlorpyrifoe) reemetbrin Ethyl Gsthios* (eilarbion) 2/4/ 0 2/ (aCzphos-ethyl) celethion Sevin-(carbaryl) 5/ 40 2/ Desanit Yamophos6 (fsephur) Memel?' (esiclocarb) Sperecide - (fensulforhion)

GROUP II - MODERATELY, TOXI4: Those can be usedaround beesif dosage, dating, and sethod of applicationare torrect. but should not be applied directly on bees in the field orat the colonies. 2/ 21 Abate - (temophos) Clodrie* andrin 1/ Perth/one. Trithion (crotoxyphoe) (carbophenothion) agxitox Korise (roma) Pyrasse . ai (triad:nal:rite) Counters 2/ 40 1/ 2/ , Vydet a Matasystox as.- Systoit oleseton) DOTI/ 2i 101 (mewl) Semi* (Rade/isolate) - (oxydemertowwithyl) * I/ 2/ 6/ Moot- - - tolow:* (phoeolono) Carsole 3/ Dechlormal (sires) mires (Dechlorane) (pharaba) I/ 6/ ' (Cersetenste) Di-Spawn- - *caps (ethoprop) .Igoe 3/ chlordanea/. (distelforte) (endoeulfan)

BEST COPY AUILAPitE imtaingat i 39 1

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(11001 111 - 11.11.NTIVILT nlee11144* con be used stoma boss tuts s sistios of tt4sty.

liteinACIDE4 Dizap lotosal /intim » (OW *awoke. Morosocoe (toms) -DIfolotan (coptaio1) (441s011"11) nlIssore Blaine(cyssasisa) (ntsfsonao) (thlogobsostista) sconce V(dthumi.team D-14 (sot* *dove (bloisoi) silstbri Ithlorpsopsos) Dithasa 11-21 (mob) osconytts sa e altoOt looms. ,Cipotsi-(nirolsolgro* /masa* Dttneas 1&41 (Toopropolla) isathoptess) awig% (nosoosoD) Csoaros paempet kwiltssi thedringioruziaWt. impunity* MMus* 2411 WW1) (ntottIorbestl) (Maostoo, Ilotrar M aw rie tIsoOsisli (14tialIW. *IW, Itsetiglielli foirrie Ds-Ter (Ol oolysoleme moms% (Moss). . Stamm rtsaigai5 (foonis 114) ammo -(astIasiso) emelt, breteral (okioniinkso.) pyrethrum (sexed) alsossoatos) (ibomoditgo) ChIonopossad, nrska (thionsliks* rftebsomI, E4-10. Primers obasoisi) (ohlerbossIno) tarp= Medd 11 Posonsta. -011114) Probe (ootnosolo) taloa sikkddilla Zw. Wipe Rism (pooneeblar) Mow. Calosotidas) 00:0161 ($176100) SNOW(ussom) 1,44411 Imminoe MAO boobs ' (dioonstas) Railibam telmOce0 (tsusinias) 104-10 Dosotore (ediasos) 'time Wiest (dais's) (ilabiorpop) tat= imbue (iiirillPIN70) mow Tams, (41:11loss) KO V ogee. V Terse Intslifor) V WV Mono (eotribsols) Maa ntepat 1J -(etiddixtvo cosspbssa 41114% (2.4.54t) (osromorbesti) mow2/ sews& (ammo fume10280 Palms (astriag) idialustoTTIOT.1/1) slaw (tostoall) sehti(ochspho9 Amnia(ibtroa) foliosV nanotla.14. (akiothstl) (rosslIa) krodow Isslete (&ansayk) Sloss= (corbosia) Was (ine) Sum tustyloun (shisotbtasoa) tordosox alum' V Twist* (afros) Polar 2.4,5 -T Ihildelo bravo MMus (110) !doe (soososs) (di)saticatont) (sblototbslosit) DINDICENI, 11201141111 & ettIOCSIN Wrote (bsosiel1) Tomas GRUCtell. (abtorinstos) (ohlatensoiore) Stein (stasis.) Tssas (tothstoTo) coffer osychlasids Tee (sterotos) aolioniiiopar-. Ma me (soptIon) Ire (pcsDos) luidiewsi rims wUea Tornoo (pialorso) dime (shIssiatia) Tome (Mama Wane (Maoist)conor S-emioolissto coxes oulfsgs osttrol note (pivsoins) itrinaratla) Owe* (olatottacosol atera tasookoloebtoT) ?noble V eathoopoblot Mosso (dtiossoquot) 0,1.1414 04401sell, Lou? (Ilmoss) arms sagas Salmi' Moen* Tsgelose MOO 11enotor Poloise 40 (osslilaissIsos) ejipsee (doinao) koosie (Mambo) wasisteginvi) Vocasids* OolsoseT71)Dalai? (Itothiostos) Istast (p&mostivIrm) BEST*COPY sv

Relative Taxicity of Pesticides In Honey Bees as Determined By Laboratory And Field Tests In California (1950- 1979)' (Continued from page 36)

Califoreis eters regulation results. yards" fat most ease of thaw sieeicalet also fat 2,.D and 2,444 as weed ate AtmGate but Mkt 4$ home* ems ea nitres. -1/ Um chemicals have boos laboratorytested aid field bested stalely as Wolfe. titres, cottee..ladtee clever, silo eel met tom ell others Sia laboratory tested wily. Ap- ifDam IMamalrie eel tepp have seat short resides/ activity that they kill veil bees .started at Iniabbit airs es *way thereafter. Theeetheoteels men, ate wife to nee elm Me are mot Is flight; thief ire slit sat tem mead ceississ. - 01 *Whim his %see teedea Mamie of ems sf bleeds, elfelfeuitbsetseriesi lees et bees. Memir, emelseal ism lessee have matted, amittelarly eater high seesretere mediates.. It applied to alfalie In blots, it should be tali as a array, tad stem= eivoilei I. aids derSeg the sight or early St the'lersimg *sea bees are tot foreleg is the field. %Meted tetheical eslashiee may shoal sot be weed atOolnd lees.

Ileseteeillm. /I St -ets tote eel vest Montt Oftaltida$10003 GB seed treatemste have sot asset& bee Isms. 2fTame, eltheogb highly torte to bees es a mums palm, is mg eel, is psalm femme' enemies 11424.60Sgs bas eft 4MOSOA boo lessee. ifefelLest Ileadasent JIM inbee brut steamily vishdtme has ewe um last the11413; legitteanal trade we...

BEST COMMOM

fe? 4 38

LESSON PLAN # 7

SELECTION AND MEM OF WEEMS-MR STOCK IMPROVEMENT

Timo: 1-hour

Materials: Demonstratim

Objective: To help beekeepers improve their honeyyielas, byselecting high. produdng low swarming queens.

I. Primary Selection Objectives

1. Fertility of Qaeen: -queen should exhibit good egg- laying oapabilitiea, at the time of year when workers and needed,' when there is available food, 'not during dearth times.

2. Industry. and Productivity -workers should bring in the best honey coop possible, they should have large honey crops and strong legs to biging back large baskets

of pollen, .

3. Disease or Pest. Resistance -those bees better able to fend off peate and disease should be selected.

4. Lowered Swarming Instinct 4--colonies that swarm or abscond fre- quently, should not be used to rear queens.

5. Good temper; gentle '-propogate those queens from calm, gentle hives, where the bees will

, not leave the hive due to disturb- ances by beekeepers or others.

II.Secondary Selection Objectives

1. Long life of -queen and worker

2. Long Foraging.rango: -worlors should Ay greater distances to gather nectar in difficult areas; also those working earlier in the morning and later in the evening, putting on more honey Should be seleotedasbreeders. 42 39

L.P. # 7

3. Del'eneive attitude against 'pests;

keep !Mee able to keep ants, . lexmoth; meekroaches, etc. lout, of hive.

4. Hardiness:. .-ibhose hives that come through dry, cold, wet yr dearth seaeons with' populous oolonies should be used.

5. Good growth -W/O that tear brood well even .without feeding should be selected, (nurse bees tend larvae wen). 6. Comb Buqdbli veadinees to build. comb and build it in frames should be selected.

7. Good orientation -.bees that are able to And their worts& to the hive without driftineto other hive!, should be selected.

8. Cleanliness. hives that keep debris off the bottom board are desireable

111. Nearing Queens

Factors for queen well production

1. Young larvae, less than two days oldi all larvae receive royal jelly until they are two dgYs old; those larvae that are to become markers, arep4, .1"Pd royal 1301 but are fed'a mixture of pollen and nectar. Only larvae that are to be queens receive"tbe royal jelly as their sole diet.

2. Strong,. populous hives with many young bees that may lz/e ready to wars provide conditions that are optimum for reaming queens. Foodi both pollen and nectar, must be abundant; if not, supplemental food shoulc: be fed to the bees in the tons of white sugar syrup and pollen aupplement.

43 00, L.P. # 7

3. Drones Are produced during thew conditions as well; and it is important that the food and populous conditions are maintained if the drone populations is to be encouraged.Drones mate with the virgin queens.

B. Natural Rearing of. Queens: Queen cells are made by worker bees under the following conditions

in the hive:: . a) ;12.-all: When the hive is crowded and the bees are getting ready to swarm; they make' queen cellsb- Select these queen cells carefullnl ao that the swarming instinct is not bred into the new queens.

b) gamed= cells: When the hive replace; the ad queen by making new_ queen cella. Con.6 ditions. for replacing' the old queen are when the-queen is old; failing; diaeased or poor2y-ated.If hive is populous; these'oells ate be used.Queena from these cells; however; can be inferior. gyegapjujir emerkenor eonditionkt When the hive has to make a new'queen because the original queen is gone. If the.hive is agaiii strong and well-ded; these queenPcan be used, To make the hive build, queen cells; you can 1) remove or kill original queen 2) split hive equally; giving each half pollen; honey and bees. Give one half the queen while' the other half is given frame_ s of eggs and young larvae. Bees will make a new queen.

C. Controlled Queen Rearing; The'easiest way to'rear queens is to-move the queen from a strong, populous hive during a time When'there is plenty of food coming into the hive; and provide the hive with a tictme of eggs from a selected colony. You may have to remove all unearned brood from this hive in order for the bees to make queen - cells from the frame you supply them with; other. wise the bees Ian make queens from any available larvae.

44 41

L.P. # 7

You can have this hive conbinously roar queen cells (called a Cell Thrildor) by removing mature, capped queen cells, adding frames of capped brood and feeding this hive. 'After you remove the mature queen mils, add. a new frame of *elected eggs.

Disadvantages:

-time consuming (cutting cells, adding brood) -bees could select the bees desireable larvae -bees could :sake poor queens

There. are many other methods of 4tleen rearing. They are muoh more complioated'for beginner boekceprs or boo breeders. Those methods aaro described in'a book called QUUEN NEARING by H. M. Iaida**4 Jr. and J. E. Eckerbi'Univer.i. sity of California Press, Berkeley, Cal., 1974.

D. biller factors in Rearing Queens

1. Queen Mating Yard:Once the mature goon oolls.are removed, they can be .put into a amen nucleus hive con- sisting:of young bees, comb and plenty of toed. These mating nucs should be paacod in an area Where there are many drones, drones from hives of good charaoteristics.

2. Starting Nucleus: Once the ,queen has emerged tram the cell and starts to lay:.in the mating hive, she can be removed to a=auhive, consistingof two to four frames of young bees and food. Onoe she starts to lay in this nuc, her performance and other desire-, able Characteristics can be assessed b'e1oreshe is'used to start a new hive.

45 42

LESSON PLAN i

HARMING HIVE PRODUCTS

Time: 1 hours

Materials: Demonstration,' Display

Objectives: Help beekeepers to sell bee products, and form cooperatives.

I. Honey 1. Harvesting -honey is flonerally taken off when over 3/4piths of the comb is capped; uncapped honey tends to ferment since it is 'un-. ripened, (ie. not en6Ugh water has been evaporated off).

.combs oan be cut outiand ;tressed to ex. tract honey ana putntO a screen or cloth bag, or scraped off to the midrib, leaving a foundation in the frame for the bees to start building again, or the wax to oan be cut off with a hot knife and tho f%amo put into an extractor which will sPia the honey off, leaving the comb intact,If cutting out comb, leave a 1 inch strip for bees to start on.

-once honey has been'remeved4 strain'the honey again through 4 finer cloth; to remcvod any particles, bees, debris, and dirt, Ociaibs with brood should not be harvested.

-store honey in a shady but dry plade, froe fro:Lents and other predators.Do not spray honey with insecticides.' Bottle honey in any clear glass container, and label eadft bottle with quantitn'usually bywaLght4 and name of youtyard.Honey -4. is ustualy graded by color, the lighter the color the higher the grade. Some couatries'prefer darker honey and may be willingtopar More for it.Honey stored in the.stri-or in humid places will be ruin.e4

-honey in the wax comb can also be sold, either wrapped in plastic clear wrap, or bottled with honey rAs

46 43

L.P. If 8

-if honey is too liquids it will foam and former t on the top. Such honey will spoil. Thick, Clean honeyi properly cured and stored (not in a damp place) will last many years. In time all honey will 'set up' or crystallize. This is not the same as spoiling and in fact many countries prefer this crystallized form.

2. Marketing -all honey should be carefully labeled.Here is an example of a honey. fable.

*04041,0440410000WWWWWWOHNNWINHONN!

*1014140610111410444.01404000414401410444041414141040114141400 ERIC =ARIES

net: 450 Grams

Palapalas Dasmarifiass Cavite March, 1978

-stores, stands, inaiiidUilis conmeraLarcenters, balctng industries, health foods stores, etc. are interested in selling honey.Individual contacts can be made or through a buyers especially in the larger towns andities.

II. Wax . 1. How to process 'and harvest beeswax should be kept, scrapings from the hive, left over from wax moth infestations and that is harvested with the honey. Waxln may countries is more valuable than honey.Here's

417 44

how to harvest beetrwax:

:Place wax in-tub or not and cover with water. The pot should be sturdy- and not likely to bronk when put over the fire. Water should not boil over, as max is very flammable and could burn easily. The =exalt-Esc-to the top andonce melted, strain it through a 'wire screen or jute sack cloth. The pail theism% is cooled in should have a larger top than.bottom for easy removal of wax:cake. Scrape away debris on bottom onoe cake is hard.

A solar wax molter can be constructed using a heavy wooden box with a heavy glass top. Plao3 in the sun; 'the wax inside will melt. 'quickly. If a tin tray is made with.a collecting spout, sand a oaa placed under the spout, the melted wax win melt anibo in a convenient cake in ono step.

2. Narkaing wax -Wax can to usod it the following ways: :ecismoties :machine tooling outtits :leather processing :wood polish :candles

-attached are copier, of umterproofing, leather preparation and wax polish you can make and se17, as well as how to make wax candles.

III. Pollination/ selling bees 1. Leasing hives -soon, powers in this country will see the value of having bees pollinate their fruits and vegetables. While experi- mental-still in this country, growers will be willing to rent hives for beekeepers to move in while the crop is bloating and remove after flowering is done/. or the grower has to spray insecticides. - 45 -

L.P. # 8

2. Soiling bees and equipment The fo3.lowing things can be sold to 4 beginners and advanced beekeepers alike: ogoodon.'parts (frames, boxes, tops, bottom, etc.) swarms :improved queens :wax oomb or foOndation :smokers, veils, hive tool :wax melters :beeswax candle.hits

IV. Beekeeping Cooperatives 1. Beekeeping cooperatives could be helpful for small time beekeepers in the folio- wing ways: -able to sell more honeyo'combining resources to male labels, bottle honey, etc. -organize leasing of hives through uowers known in the area

- making equipment and selling it cooperatively -exchanging information and sending representatives'to'periodie work- shops, seminars, or courses

-able to combine resources to buy and share books periodicals or other literature

2. Ways that cooperatives can raise money are: -membership duos -service charge for any seminars held by 000p -selling equipment, honey, wax etc. -renting fees for pollination services -commercial apiaries or university (or other private) contributions -sale of goodb made with honey etc. (baked goods, honey wine candles).

3. Eventually, some goals that can be realized by cooperative are: -improving strains of bees (native) -standardizes equipment built and used (sold) 49

1 .

L.P. # 8 ti

-develop individual technology and style for locality - keep reoords of honey/pollen plants in area, for honey flow data - become a service center for beekeeprs in large area, providing equipment,

V foundation_milIs, extracting equi ments bottlesarialabellng ffeeds.

Beeswax Recipes

LEATHER PREPARATION

1 part tallow

1 part neatsfoot oil (or other oil)

1 part beeswax

Melt oil over hot water, add clarlfied melted tallow and clarified waX cake: mix and cool. Cover tightly.

13SESWAlc POLISH

Melt1 pound (ticg.) of- beeswax and stir in 2* of turpentine (mineral oil can also be added) until wax cools.Use as wood polish.

WATERPROOFING

4 oz. wax 4 oz.resin 1 pint linseed oil

pint turpentine

Melt wax and resin, stir in oil and cool while Bidding turpentine.Rub into leather.

50 SO

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The center section is made yi/ of plastic window screen and the .topandbottei sections of mosquito netting cut to the pattern shown. (Tow ease,draw full-size pattern.) Sew together in back. Stitch the hat bandsection around a rubber bandoraC41lof several

. strands of elastic cord so that thetop section fits tightly around a straw hat. The lower as should be made wideenough to take a 1/80 diameter cord about 8, long. Cord should. be crossed across your*heftsthe ends brought around your back and tied in front. Make sure there are no spaces/large C3E'D enough for bees to get inside! /

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lc 4. ; rALE-174:1-E2.,E-2.M. mew IRO 910 61114Sht. NO aftale . rora.ot1=TAD =1011 BEST PY AVAILABLE 67. 62 ER1OS UN)

1, Apiculture 3.4cgAilsS*Trak. ed. E. Cranes I.B.R.A., London, Great Britain, 197

2. The Beekeeper's Handitaro D. Sanimataro and A. Avitabile.Peaoh Press, Dexter, Mich. 978.

3. WIttaz. P. Vernon;Hodder and Stoughton. Aylesbury's Bucks. Great Britain, .1976.

4, A Beekeeping .H.H Attlield VITA, Tech. Bull. $9, Bucks, Rainer, Mrd.. 20822, U.S.A.

5. 13.221222ingin the es, RA4 Hbress'and F.M. Laigo. Farm Bulr letin #27. Un. ca114.1.144inclis Los Banos* 1968.

6. ze.anCIELap3124agAel P.G Smith: Western Printing Services, Ltd. Bristol, Great Britain, 1960.

7. Co t Bee Researc WALcA Technical Bulletins. 3 Isla Roads Vile Panic Bombay, India. 400056.

8. re Rive and the Honeijm, ed. Dadant & Sonss Haudltons Illinois, 1975.

9, Iscetl....194Batelstigtapplautat. SE. McGregor. Jig. Hand book D.C. 1976.

10. practical Beekeenknu .rompkins and Griffith. Garden Way Pdbl. Charlottes Vt. 05445, 1977.

Bice C.P. Abbott. Bee Crafts: Bracken Dene. Manor Ways Petts Woods Kent. Great Britain, 1951.

12, Queen Rearing. H. Laidlemrs and J.E. Eckert. Un. of California Press Berke?: 4 1962.

note: most of the drawings in the Lesson Plans were from 412= 1422Viirattbt

66 . / :`,;;At13, .0*

Since 1961 when the Peace Corps was created, more than 80,000 U.S. citizen. have served' as Volunteers in developing countries, Living and working among the people of the third 'World as colleagues and co- workers. Today 6000 PCVs are involved in prograis dealgned- to help strengthen local capacity to address such fundamental concerns as food ,production, water supply, energy development, nutrition and health education and reforestation.

Loret Miller Ruppe, Director Everett Alrez, Jr. Deputy Director Richard B. 16411. Director, Office of Programming end Training Coordination.

Peace Corps overseas offices:

BELIZE Pia MALAYSIA SEYCHELLES P.O. Box 4B7 P.O. Box094 / 177 Jelin Raja Muda Box 564 Belize City Suva' Kuala Lumpur 'Victoria

BENIN GABON MALI SIERRA LEONE 1T-Th BP 209$ BP 85 Private Mail kg COt000u Libreville Bamako Freetown

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P.O. Box 93 P.C15ox82 BP 222 4 P.O. Box 547 Gaborone Banjul Nouakchott Honiara

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Santiago C-51 i Kathmandu Petchburi Road ; legarlgalpa Bangkok 4

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