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Honey Farming by ROB Manley
HONEY FARMING by R. O. B. MANLEY FABER AND FABER LTD 24 Russell Square London First published in mcmxlvi by Faber and Faber Limited 24 Russell Square London W.C. 1 Second Impression September mcmxlvi Third impression September mcmxlviii Printed in Great Britain by Latimer Trend & Co Ltd Plymouth All rights reserved PREFACE he writing of this little book about bee-farming and honey Tproduction was suggested by the many letters I have received during the past ten years, since the book Honey Production in the British Isles was published. I have tried to make it as useful and interesting as I can, but I am very well aware of its imperfections. To write an interesting account of technical operations and methods of working is not always easy. Honey Farming is not written for the novice, and in writing it I have assumed some considerable experience on the part of the reader; but I am now working on another book intended expressly for the beginner who wishes to take up the business of beekeeping as distinct from making a hobby of it, a rather difficult thing to do. I have to thank those friends who have assisted me with the photographs used in this book, especially Mr. C. P. Abbott who did most of them. The drawings were made by Mr. R. W. Ford of Reading. R. O. B. MANLEY CONTENTS Preface page 5 I. Retrospect 11 II. Essentials 28 III. Climate, Pasturage, and Apiaries 42 IV. Apiary Equipment 57 V. Breeding Bees 83 VI. The Passing Seasons 124 VII. -
National Bee Unit Hive Cleaning and Sterilisation
National Bee Unit Hive Cleaning and Sterilisation Honey bee colonies are subject to infection or infestation by a range of pests and diseases. These include insects, mites, fungi, viruses, and bacteria, such as the microbes that cause American or European foulbrood (AFB and EFB) (Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius). Honey bees are social insects and are at risk of epidemics, so it is essential that beekeepers not only recognise the signs of such pests and diseases, but also know how to reduce their impact in colonies, apiaries and the locality. A key factor in preventing the spread of infection is good hygiene. The following Fact Sheet provides some advice about when and how you should be cleaning your hives and your equipment. Figure 1, clean apiary storage A few notes to the reader Be aware that to clean and sterilise your hives and equipment properly can be hard physical work. You need to make sure that you have all the necessary tools and equipment ready for the task before you get started. You also need to have appropriate National Bee Unit APHA, National Agri-Food Innovation Campus Sand Hutton, York. YO41 1LZ Telephone 03003030094 email [email protected] NBU Web site: www.nationalbeeunit.com March 2018 ©Crown copyright. This sheet, excluding the logo, may be reproduced free of charge providing that it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading way. The material must be acknowledged protective clothing, including eye protection, strong waterproof gloves, steel capped boots etc. If possible, arrange for someone to help you on the day. -
Honey Bee Colony Assessment Workshop Colony Strength Evaluation
Honey Bee Colony Assessment Workshop Colony Strength Evaluation Shannon Mueller, Ph.D. Agronomy Farm Advisor UC Cooperative Extension Fresno County Learning Objectives Following this presentation, you will be able to: • Understand how the pollination contract relates to the colony strength inspection. • Understand how to evaluate the elements that contribute to colony strength. • Worker Population • Brood • Queen • Understand both methods of colony strength evaluation. • Frame Inspection • Cluster Count Colony Strength Evaluation Pollination success is dependent upon a number of factors, but in terms of the pollinator, it is a function of both the number of colonies and the average strength of the individual colonies. – Strength of a colony is evaluated by estimating the adult honey bee population and, in some cases, the amount of brood in a hive. – Colony strength can vary with time of the year and management by the beekeeper. Colony Strength Evaluation When colony strength is important, the grower and the beekeeper agree on the strength of the colonies to be delivered. A signed contract spells out each person’s expectations, which may help avoid misunderstandings and possible legal action later. Independent confirmation that bees are present in the number and strength promised is frequently desired. Colony Strength Evaluation Conducted at the request of the grower or the beekeeper. The person requesting the certification typically pays for the inspection. Apiary inspectors - independent contractors - work for bee brokers - employed by County Ag Commissioners Using consistent procedures and definitions for inspection criteria helps insure consistency. Colony Strength Evaluation Make every attempt to notify the beekeeper of the inspection and he or she can observe the process or assist in handling the hives if the inspector desires. -
Introduction to Honey Bees and Beekeeping What Aren’T Honey Bees
Introduction to Honey Bees and Beekeeping What aren’t Honey Bees Honey Bee Bumble Bee Not Honey Bee Nests Bald Face Hornet Wasp (yellow jacket) The Honey Bee Apis mellifera Anatomy and Biology Compound Eye Thousands of individual lenses (3000 – 9000) Hairs tell wind direction, flight speed, collect pollen Excellent motion detection – high flicker threshold - move slowly! Comparison of light wavelengths visible to humans and bees ▬ Don’t see red, no photoreceptor for it ▬ Can see ultraviolet light (needed to find nectar) ▬ Detects polarized light (navigation) Nectar guide = UV-absorbing area of a flower Antennae - majority of bees' sensory organs are located in the antennae - 170 odor receptors (chemoreceptors), O2, CO2, moisture - locates pollen-rich flowers and hive pheromones - used for communication by touching Mandibles (jaws) • eat pollen for food; • cut and shape wax; • feed larvae and queen; • clean the hive; • groom themselves; • fighting. Thorax • Point of Attachment for – Six Legs – Two Pairs of Wings • Wings held together by hooks Pollen Baskets Honey Bee Stinger Removing Bee Stingers http://www.dave-cushman.net/bee/beestings.html Use your hive tool Worker, Drone, & Queen The Population of a Colony Depends on: - the egg laying ability of the queen, - the space available in the hive, - the incoming food supply. MikeHaberland Complete Metamorphosis 1) Queen lays egg In brood cell Egg 2) Worker feeds hatched larva Larvae 3) Larva reaches full growth 4) Worker caps cell 5) Larva spins cocoon and Pupa becomes pupa 6) Adult bee leaves cell Adult https://forum.teksyndicate.com/t/bee-syndicate-s1-e3-8-17-2015-how-brood-you-do/86119 Honey Bee Development Days after egg is laid Cell Adult emerges Start of Larvae hatches Larva Pupa capped from cell Fertility Queen 3 5 ½ 7 ½ - 8 8 16 Approx. -
Aberdeen and District Beekeepers' Association
www.aberdeenbeekeepers.net Page 1 of 4 ADBKA Newsletter Newsletter Aberdeen and District December 2014 Beekeepers’ Association (SCIO) - promoting the study and development of apiculture, and advancing the heritage, culture and science of beekeeping amongst its membership and throughout the wider community Established 1910 President: Scottish Charity Number SC031754 Mr R Wood Merry Cothal Lodge Don’t forget to get your Cothal 2015 membership Dyce subscription form in as Christmas! soon as possible. It’s Chair: especially important this Graham Torrie year as we manage the Hillcrest transition from the old Craigmyle Road ADBKA to our new Torphins , AB31 4HN SMALL HIVE BEETLE Tel. 013398 82038 SBA CALLS FOR BAN ON incorporated charity. e-mail: BEE IMPORTS adbkanewsletter@ btinternet.com The Executive Committee of the Scottish Beekeepers’ Association has written to Hon. Secretary: the Scottish Government urging them to take the strongest possible action to halt Rosie Crighton the spread into this country of the Small 29 Marcus Cres. Hive Beetle, Aethina tumida. Blackburn, AB21 0SZ Tel. 01224 791181 The SBA ‘urges that all possible measures are taken to prevent the e-mail: aberdeenbeekeepers introduction of small hive beetle into the @gmail.com UK. These should include a cessation of trade in live bees from the rest of Europe Hon. Treasurer: for 2015 until the true spread of the pest is better known.' Louise Forbes 56 Morningfield Rd Meanwhile, ADBKA members have This year’s Honey Show trophy winners, snapped looking Aberdeen, AB15 4AQ spotted a couple of on-line petitions happy at our end of year social gathering last month. -
Preparation, Care and Use of Polystyrene Hives Introduction
PREPARATION, CARE AND USE OF POLYSTYRENE HIVES INTRODUCTION Plastic beehives have been used in Europe for at least 30 years, where they have proved both durable and effective, so much so that today in Denmark virtually 99% of all new hives sold are made of plastic, either expanded polystyrene or polyurethane. The position is similar in many other Northern European countries, particularly Germany and the other Scandinavian countries. In total there are over half a million plastic hives in use in Europe today, which is testament to their effectiveness and durability. The plastic hives we sell are made from high density expanded polystyrene. Although this is chemically identical to the polystyrene foam used in packaging, it has a much harder surface and is substantially stronger. PAINTING THE HIVE Before being taken into use it is essential the hive components are painted. This prevents the growth of algae on the outside of the hive, deterioration by UV and in the case of the feeder is required for sealing and ease of cleaning. We recommend the floor and roof are fully painted on all surfaces but the brood chamber and supers need only be painted on the outside. Ideally two coats of paint should be applied, though one will suffice. The feeder requires additional painting on the inside, where the syrup sits. At least 3 coats are required otherwise the syrup will soak into the feeder and mould etc., will continue to grow even after you have washed it out. The interior "walk-way" the bees climb up through does not need painting but the surface the bees walk down to reach the syrup benefits from a light roughening with fine sandpaper to help the bees grip. -
Harvesting Honey by Wally Shaw
Harvesting Honey by Wally Shaw Published and funded by the Welsh Beekeepers’ Association www.wbka.com Contents Introduction 3 What is honey? 3 What else does honey contain? 4 Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) 5 Heating Honey 6 Honey Foraging 7 Harvesting Honey 7 Taking Advantage of Different Honeys 7 Which combs can I take? 9 Getting honey off the Hive 10 A warning about the use of clearer boards 11 Essential Precautions when Harvesting Honey 11 Other tips about harvesting honey 12 A Final Warning before Extraction 12 Equipment for the Processing of Honey 13 Uncapping Combs 13 Uncapping Tray 14 Extractors 15 Heather Honey 17 Preliminary Filtering of the Honey 17 What to do with Wet Supers 18 Preparing the honey for bottling 18 Creamed or Soft-set Honey 20 Marketing Clear Honey 20 The Honey Ripener and Bottling 21 Batch Numbers and Best Before Dates 22 How to be Kind to Your Honey 22 In Conclusion 24 List of figures 24 2 Harvesting Honey Introduction The aim of this booklet is to help beekeepers to better understand honey itself and to harvest and prepare it for home use or sale retaining as much of its essential properties as possible. What exactly is honey, for it is certainly a lot more than a solution of various sugars in water? If we are to produce good honey it is important to understand how it should be handled in all stages between the hive and jar because in reality it is quite a delicate product. Stories about finding four thousand year old honey in Egyptian tombs and “and it was just as good as the day it was put there” are just that – stories. -
The Effect of Drone Comb on a Honey Bee Colony's Production of Honey
The effect of drone comb on a honey bee colony’s production of honey Thomas Seeley To cite this version: Thomas Seeley. The effect of drone comb on a honey bee colony’s production of honey. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2002, 33 (1), pp.75-86. 10.1051/apido:2001008. hal-00891902 HAL Id: hal-00891902 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00891902 Submitted on 1 Jan 2002 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie 33 (2002) 75–86 DOI: 10.1051/apido: 2001008 75 Original article The effect of drone comb on a honey bee colony’s production of honey* Thomas D. SEELEY** Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA (Received 15 May 2001; revised 28 August 2001; accepted 16 November 2001) Abstract – This study examined the impact on a colony’s honey production of providing it with a nat- ural amount (20%) of drone comb. Over 3 summers, for the period mid May to late August, I mea- sured the weight gains of 10 colonies, 5 with drone comb and 5 without it. Colonies with drone comb gained only 25.2 ± 16.0 kg whereas those without drone comb gained 48.8 ± 14.8 kg. -
Essential Equipment
ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT © Brian P. Dennis. 2004. Plan for two colonies of bees - if one dies, the other will hopefully survive. However, try to cater eventually for more, for more there will be when the 'bug bites', especially when your bees swarm! Starting in a small way enables you to assess the suitability of your area, locate sites for out-apiaries and build up experience and equipment. If possible, decide on one type of hive so that your equipment is interchangeable - unfortunately, perhaps, there is no standard hive. There are several commercially available designs of hives in this country: the WBC, Modified National, Smith, Modified Commercial, Langstroth and Modified Dadant (it is interesting that designs have to be "modified"), the Langstroth hive being the most widely used hive in the world - but not in this country! The WBC is a double-walled hive, whilst all the others are single-walled. There is no evidence that a double-walled hive has any advantage over a single-walled hive. Bees can be kept successfully in any type of hive that provides sufficient space and protection from the weather. The most popular hive in this country is the Modified National. The earlier WBC hive (named after the designer, William Broughton Carr), is the type often associated with beekeeping and depicted in cottage garden pictures. It still has its adherents, but it is more costly and cumbersome in use, especially if you want to move your hives. There is no agreed Best Buy. More detailed information is to be found in Len Heath's book A Case of Hives. -
Beekeeping Glossary of Terms
Office of Continuing Professional Education www.cpe.rutgers.edu New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station [email protected] Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 102 Ryders Lane 848-932-9271 New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8519 Fax: 732-932-1187 Bee-ginner’s Beekeeping: Glossary of Terms This "Glossary of Terms” is available for your review so that you can familiarize yourself with beekeeping terminology before the start of class. Visit www.cpe.rutgers.edu/bees to learn more about our Beekeeping programs. A • Abdomen - the posterior or third region of the body of a bee enclosing the honey stomach, true stomach, intestine, sting, and reproductive organs. • Absconding swarm - an entire colony of bees that abandons the hive because of disease, wax moth, or other maladies. • Adulterated honey - any product labeled “Honey” or “Pure Honey” that contains ingredients other than honey but does not show these on the label. (Suspected mislabeling should be reported to the Food and Drug Administration.) • After swarm - a small swarm, usually headed by a virgin queen, which may leave the hive after the first or prime swarm has departed. • Alighting board - a small projection or platform at the entrance of the hive. • American foulbrood - a brood disease of honey bees caused by the spore-forming bacterium, Bacillus larvae. • Anaphylactic shock - constriction of the muscles surrounding the bronchial tubes of a human, caused by hypersensitivity to venom and resulting in sudden death unless immediate medical attention is received. • Apiary - colonies, hives, and other equipment assembled in one location for beekeeping operations; bee yard. • Apiculture - the science and art of raising honey bees. -
Working the Hive
The Gold Coast Regional Beekeepers Inc. Working the Hive 1 *What *When *How What to do Everyone who own or manages a hive must be able to: Open and close the hive. Remove and/or replace frames in the hive. Inspect the frames for eggs, larvae or Pupa. Find the Queen. Detect a range of diseases such as Small Hive Beetle (SHB), American Foul Brood (AFB), European Foul Brood (EFB), Chalkbrood and other diseases. Carry out general maintenance to the hive 2 Opening & Closing the hive Approach the hive from the rear or side Stand at the side and give a few gentle puff of smoke 3 Using your hive tool, gently ease the flat surface between the bottom of the lid and the top of the super box to prise them apart Once the seal has been broken remove the lid and place to the side upside down, while gently smoking the hive if necessary 4 Checking for Small Hive Beetle Small Hive Beetle The Velcro like backing on vinyl floor sheeting catches their legs then the bees attack and kill them. 5 Removing a Small Hive Beetle trap SHB in the oil filled trap 6 Carefully Remove the frame Using the hive tool carefully break the propolis seal between frames then gently lift the frame 7 Propolis Propolis, a bee glue made from gummy, resinous substances gathered by the bees from various plants, mixed with wax and saliva and used to seal cracks and as an anti-bacterial agent in the hive. Sought by people for its health benefits 8 A fully capped frame of honey Small Hive Beetle 9 Removing the super and queen excluder Super Queen excluder Brood box Bottom board Removing the super to check the brood and queen beneath the queen excluder. -
Siting the Bee Hive the Main Considerations When Siting a Hive Are • Easy Access for the Beekeeper
Pembrokeshire Beekeeper’s Association Introduction to Keeping Bees Keeping Honey Bees Keeping honey bees is a commitment to regular inspections of the hive and a programme of action throughout the year. It is not like keeping fish in a pond that require little more than regular feeding. Incorrectly managed honey bees will inevitable die and before they do are likely to cause problems for neighbours by swarming. Opening a beehive, inspecting the frames of bees and making the correct decision on what you see is a balance between knowledge and experience. For the novice, nothing can replace practical tuition from an experienced and competent beekeeper. Before obtaining a colony of bees we suggest joining your local Beekeepers Association, learning about the theory by reading recommended works and gaining practical experience with theory and practical beekeeping courses. Time taken over the early stages and making sure beekeeping is for you will be invaluable later. Can I keep Bees? Anyone who has the interest and temperament can keep bees, except a tiny minority who are allergic to bee stings and for whom it could be fatal. A garden or small holding is not essential, some beekeepers in cities keep bees successfully on the roofs of buildings, garage roofs, and lofts. However beekeepers have a responsibility to ensure that their bees do not cause alarm or inconvenience to neighbours and these locations wouldn’t be recommended for the beginner. Siting the Bee Hive The main considerations when siting a hive are • Easy access for the beekeeper. • A flight path that will not annoy or concern neighbours or other members of the public.