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Agriculture Science AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE FOR YEAR 12 Page | 1 The Ministry of Education owns the copyright to this text book, Agricultural Science for Schools may reproduce this in part or in full for classroom purposes only. Acknowledgement of the Technology and Employment Skills Training Section of the Ministry of Education copyright must be included in any reproduction. Any other use of this book must be referred to the Permanent Secretary for Education through the Director Technology and Employment Skills Training. Issued free to schools by the Ministry of Education Trial version 2017 Year 12, which is based on the Year 12 Agricultural Science Syllabus, 2017. © Ministry of Education, Fiji, 2017 Published by Technology and Employment Skills Training Section Ministry of Education Level 1, Harbour Front Building Rodwell Road Private Mail Bag Suva Fiji Phone 3306077 Email: www.education.gov.fj : [email protected] AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE FOR YEAR 12 Page | 2 PREFACE Welcome to Agriculture for Year 12. This book was designed to complement lessons prepared by teachers for the learning and teaching of the Year 12 Agricultural Science Syllabus implemented in 2017. Teachers are encouraged to use other resource materials to reinforce lesson content. Ministry of Education Suva 20th October 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This text book has been produced by Seforosa Savena, the Senior Education Officer, Agriculture Education, for the Technology and Employment Skills Training Section of the Ministry of Education. Appreciation is extended to: 1. the following teachers who participated in the research of various strands: (i) Mr. Cabemaiwai Turagasau of Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna Memorial School, (ii) Mrs. Salote Matameli of Assemblies of God High School, (iii) Mrs. Elesi Gade of Adi Cakobau School, (iv) Mrs. Salome Vakabuto of Christian Mission Fellowship Secondary School. 2. the teachers of Agricultural Science from schools around Fiji who made constructive suggestions while evaluating the Years 9 and 10 syllabi and text books in September of 2015. 3. Mr. Kevin Savena and Ms. Helen Savena, who conducted research, vetted and verified the book’s content and layout. 4. staff of the TEST Section of the Ministry of Education, Fiji, for their patience and support in vetting and publishing this book. Acknowledgement is also extended to Google International for the availability of images used to illustrate concepts presented in this book. While every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright, the Ministry of Education apologises for any accidental infringement. AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE FOR YEAR 12 Page | 3 TABLE OF CONTENT STRAND SUB-STRANDSTRAND PAGE AS 12.1 AGRICULTURAL AS 12.1.1 Current Agricultural Issues CONCEPTS AS 12.1.1.1 Environmental issues 8 AS 12.1.1.2 Modern practices 12 AS 12.1.1.3 Production issues 15 AS12.1.2 Careers 19 AS 12 .2 FARM AS 12.2.1 Physical Capital MANAGEMENT AS 12.2.1.1 Small farm machines 22 AS 12.2.2. Financial Capital AS 12.2.2.1 Management tools 32 used for farm planning AS 12.3 AGRONOMY AS 12.3.1 Soils AS 12.3.1.1 Soil biology 44 AS 12.3.2 Horticulture AS12.3.2.1 Plant improvement 49 AS 12.3.2.2 Forestry and Agroforestry 53 AS 12.3.2.3 Ornamental horticulture 65 AS 12.3.2.4 Tree crops 94 AS 12.4. LIVESTOCK AS 12.4.1 Apiculture 113 PRODUCTION AS 12.4.2 Cattle 140 REFERENCE 174 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE FOR YEAR 12 Page | 4 ABOUT THIS BOOK INTRODUCTION This is a guide to the way in which the rest of the book is set up. It also contains suggestions on how the book is to be used. The content of this book is based on the Year 12 Agricultural Science Syllabus prepared by the Technology and Employment Skills Training [TEST] Section of the Ministry of Education and implemented in 2017. As a subject of the Technology Key Learning Area, this book contains concepts and skills which relate to real life situations. As such practical work is encouraged to ensure learning of these lifelong skills. Like the respective syllabus, this book is divided into four strands and six sub-strands, details of which are: STRAND SUB-STRAND AS 12.1 AGRICULTURAL AS 12.1.1 Current Agricultural Issues CONCEPTS AS 12.1.1.1 Environmental issues AS 12.1.1.2 Modern practices AS 12.1.1.3 Production AS 12.1.2 Careers AS 12 .2 FARM AS 12.2.1 Physical Capital MANAGEMENT AS 12.2.1.1 Small farming machines AS 12.2.2. Financial Capital AS 12.2.2.1 Management tools used for farm planning AS 12.3 AGRONOMY AS 12.3.1 Soils AS 12.3.1.1 Soil biology AS 12.3.2 Horticulture AS12.3.2.1 Plant improvement AS 12.3.2.2 Forestry and Agroforestry AS 12.3.2.3 Ornamental Horticulture AS 12.3.2.4 Tree crops AS 12.4. LIVESTOCK AS 12.4.1 Apiculture AS 12.4.2 Cattle AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE FOR YEAR 12 Page | 5 The Content Learning Outcomes for each Sub-strand have been unpacked and presented as Lessons. Lessons follow the format below: LESSON and Relate the content of the lesson to the Year 12 Agricultural Science LESSON OUTCOME Syllabus, 2017 Lists and defines new words or jargon pertinent to the content of the lesson. To incorporate the words into their vocabulary, students and teachers are encouraged to use the words in sentences, activities, games, discussions and assessment. Highlights and provides background information on the main points. Teachers are advised to use student centred learning and teaching methods to assist the students to understand the concepts and in doing so simplify and summarise these notes. Students should not be required to copy these sections word for word into their note books. Teachers are encouraged to prepare their own learning and teaching strategies so students can put into practise and demonstrate what they have learnt during the lesson. Some suggested activities are included for each lesson. A brief summary of the main points of the lesson is provided. Students and teachers may extend the summary if they feel it is warranted. These are extra activities which students can use to gauge what they have learnt from the lesson. It also contains suggestions for practical work which will assist the students in learning and practising concepts for use in real life situations. AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE FOR YEAR 12 Page | 6 STRAND AS 12.1 AGRICULTURAL CONCEPTS CLO 12.1.1.1 AGRICULTURAL SUB-STRAND ISSUES 12.1.1 GENERAL CLO 12.1.2.1 AGRICULTURE CAREERS Introduction Destruction to farm after TC Winston in 2016 This strand will facilitate the exploration of some current environmental issues, modern practices, production issues and careers relating to agriculture. Students will be introduced to general http://animalsindisasters.typepad.com concepts relating to pollution, climate change, genetically modified organisms, Organic rice farm in Navua agricultural biotechnology, food security and zoonoses. Students will be encouraged to research career opportunities in agricultural fields associated with the content of this syllabus. http://www.farmlandgrab.org AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE FOR YEAR 12 Page | 7 SUBSTRAND AS 12.1.1 GENERAL AGRICULTURE CONTENT LEARNING OUTCOME AS 12.4.1.1 Recognise and study current agricultural issues by relating associated advantages and disadvantages to the response of the agricultural community. LESSON 1: OVERVIEW OF CURRENT ISSUES THAT RELATE TO AGRICULTURE LESSON OUTCOME: At the end of this lesson the student will identify some current issues that relate to agriculture. ‘Since 1960, the world population has more than doubled, from approximately 2.9 billion in 1960 to more than 6.7 billion today. The demands placed on global agricultural production arising out of population and income growth almost tripled. Global agriculture has been successful in meeting this increase in demand. Steady growth in agricultural output and a long-term decline in real commodity prices attest to this success. While the 820 million undernourished people in developing countries must not be forgotten, it should also be recognized that the proportion of people suffering from hunger has fallen by half since the 1960s, from more than one-in-three to one-in-six, even as the world’s population has doubled. Progress is possible. Agricultural growth contributes directly to food security, supports poverty reduction and acts as an engine of overall economic growth in much of the developing world” Source: htt://www. live.worldbank.org/world-development-report-2008 23/6/2016 Agriculture is an essential component of Fiji’s economy. It affects and is affected by many sectors and issues in the country. In this sub-strand, the following will be discussed: i) environmental issues –pollution and climate change ii) modern practices –genetically modified organisms and agricultural biotechnology iii) production concerns –food security and zoonosis LESSON 2: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES LESSON OUTCOME: At the end of this lesson the student will discuss pollution and climate change. Albedo - the reflecting power of a surface. POLLUTION Pollution is the contamination of air, water or soil by substances that are harmful to living organisms. Agricultural practices contribute to and are affected by various forms of pollution. Effects of pollution include: i) visible markings on the foliage or skin ii) reduced growth and yield iii) premature death iv) siltation v) eutrophication vi) increased salinity and acidity of soil and water vii) development of diseases viii) spread of pathogens and pests ix) new species The development and severity of the injury or effect of pollution depends on: i) concentration of the particular pollutant ii) the length of exposure to the pollutant iii) the species and its stage of development iv) the environmental factors conducive to a build-up of the pollutant v) preconditioning of the species, which makes it either susceptible http://vobmapping.vn or resistant to injury AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE FOR YEAR 12 Page | 8 i) Air pollution – includes temperature, water vapour, movement [wind], oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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