Scientific American Mind March April 2013
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TIPS TO RESIST YOUR TEMPTATIONS page 45 Stress and the City BEHAVIOR • BRAIN SCIENCE • INSIGHTS page 58 MMarch/April 2013I ND www.ScientificAmerican.com/Mind Sharpen your HowFocus the science of mindfulness can improve attention and lift your mood PLUS Giving Addicts the Power to Quit Learn to Master Your Brain Waves Why Placebos Work So Well © 2013 Scientific American Scientific Secrets for a Powerful Memory Taught by Professor Peter M. Vishton IM & ED T E O IT FF E IM R L 1 Your Amazing Prehistoric Memory FREE 2 Encoding Information with Images SHIPPING 3 Maximizing Short- and O 0 Long-Term Memory R 3 DE IL 4 Why and When We Forget R BY APR 5 Keeping Your Whole Brain in Peak Condition 6 Human Memory Is Reconstruction, Not Replay Unlock Your Memory’s Untapped Potential While all of us have an amazing capacity for memory, there are Scientific Secrets for a Powerful Memory Course no. 1965 | 6 lectures (30 minutes/lecture) plenty of times when it seems to fail us. Why does this happen? 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Each of our more than 400 courses is an intellectually engaging experience that will 1-800-832-2412 change how you think about the world. Since ../5 1990, over 10 million courses have been sold. (from the editor) ™ MBEHAVIOR • BRAININD SCIENCE • I N S I G H T S SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT AND EDITOR IN CHIEF: Mariette DiChristina MANAGING EDITOR: Sandra Upson EDITOR: Ingrid Wickelgren ART DIRECTOR: Patricia Nemoto ASSISTANT PHOTO EDITOR: Ann Chin COPY DIRECTOR: Maria-Christina Keller SENIOR COPY EDITOR: Daniel C. Schlenoff COPY EDITOR: Aaron Shattuck EDITORIAL ADMINISTRATOR: Avonelle Wing SENIOR SECRETARY: Maya Harty CONTRIBUTING EDITORS: Gareth Cook, David Dobbs, Robert Epstein, Emily Laber- Warren, Karen Schrock Simring, Victoria Stern MANAGING PRODUCTION EDITOR: Richard Hunt SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR: Michelle Wright BOARD OF ADVISERS: HAL ARKOWITZ: Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Arizona STEPHEN J. CECI: Professor of Developmental Psychology, Cornell University R. DOUGLAS FIELDS: Chief, Nervous System Development and Plasticity Section, National Powers of Attention Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Jon Kabat-Zinn, a tireless advocate of mindfulness meditation, sees parallels be- S. ALEXANDER HASLAM: Professor tween the mind and the Pacific Ocean. Waves of emotion may roil the surface, but of Social and Organizational Psychology, 30 feet down, all is peaceful. By tuning in to every breath as it travels through your University of Queensland CHRISTOF KOCH: Chief Scientific Officer, body, you can dive into that basal oasis. Allen Institute for Brain Science, and Mindfulness, or being keenly aware of the present moment without judging what Professor of Cognitive and Behavioral Biology, California Institute of Technology is happening, can lift moods, hone focus and improve health. As psychologist Ami- SCOTT O. LILIENFELD: Professor of Psychology, shi P. Jha writes in her cover story, “Being in the Now,” on page 26, this cognitive Emory University cure-all may work by strengthening the brain’s attention mechanisms. STEPHEN L. MACKNIK, Director, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuropsychology, Living in the present, of course, is not the same as ignoring the future. Yet that is Barrow Neurological Institute what we do when we cave in to a fast-food hamburger or bust our budgets with a shop- SUSANA MARTINEZ-CONDE, Director, Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, ping spree. In “Time-Warping Temptations,” journalist David H. Freedman explores Barrow Neurological Institute why we overrate the treats of today and cheat our future selves. Turn to page 45. JOHN H. MORRISON: Chairman, Department It’s easy to lose our cool, especially in a metropolis, with the stress of congested of Neuroscience, and Director, Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, Mount Sinai School streets, crowded sidewalks and the loneliness that can emerge amid thousands of of Medicine strangers. Urban living can harm the brain—notably by increasing the risk of devel- VILAYANUR S. RAMACHANDRAN: Director, Center for the Brain and Cognition, University oping schizophrenia. Psychiatrist Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg explains why in “Big of California, San Diego, and Adjunct Professor, City Blues,” on page 58. Fortunately, emerging therapies for schizophrenia are help- Salk Institute for Biological Studies ing patients overcome the disorder’s often ignored social and cognitive deficits, which DIANE ROGERS-RAMACHANDRAN: Research Associate, Center for the Brain and Cognition, make building friendships and living independently so tough. See “A Social Salve for University of California, San Diego Schizophrenia,” by psychologist Matthew M. Kurtz, on page 62. STEPHEN D. REICHER: Professor of Psychology, University of St. Andrews But first, take a look at the lively design we’re unveiling for Head Lines. We’ve Some of the articles in Scientific American Mind packed it with fresh features. In a new column, How to Be a Better…, we share tips for are adapted from articles originally upping your performance; this issue focuses on driving skills. And the first installment appearing in Gehirn & Geist. SENIOR PRODUCTION MANAGER: of Pharma Watch, which highlights trends in drug research, looks at old medications Christina Hippeli that are finding new life as brain treatments. Check out the ticker along the bottom, ADVERTISING PRODUCTION MANAGER: Carl Cherebin too, to pick up some fascinating facts. We hope you love what you find. PREPRESS AND QUALITY MANAGER: Silvia De Santis CUSTOM PUBLISHING MANAGER: Sandra Upson Madelyn Keyes-Milch Managing Editor PRODUCTION COORDINATOR: COVER IMAGE BY AARON GOODMAN; GOODMAN; AARON BY IMAGE COVER PERMISSION WITH USED INC., AMERICAN, SCIENTIFIC OF TRADEMARK A IS MIND AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC Lisa Headley [email protected] www.ScientificAmerican.com/Mind SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MIND 1 © 2013 Scientific American (contents) Volume 24, Number 1, March/April 2013MIND 26 FEATURES COVER STORY 50 >> A Transparent, Trainable Brain New imaging methods allow people to observe >> their brain’s performance in real time. This 26 Being in the Now technology has the potential to help combat A focus on the present, dubbed mindfulness, brain-based disorders and improve learning. can make you happier and healthier. BY HEATHER CHAPIN AND SEAN MACKEY BY AMISHI J. JHA >> 58 >> Big City Blues 34 When Pretending Mounting evidence shows how city living Is the Remedy can harm our mental health. Scientists are dissecting the placebo effect BY ANDREAS MEYER-LINDENBERG in hopes of deploying its active ingredients as treatments. >> BY TRISHA GURA 62 A Social Salve for Schizophrenia >> Treating the less 40 A Lifeline for Addicts well-recognized Restoring the brain’s flexibility may help addicts social aspects of act on their desire to quit. schizophrenia could BY MICHELE SOLIS help patients lead fuller, more 45 >> Time-Warping Temptations productive lives. Impulsivity arises from a tendency to want small BY MATTHEW M. imminent rewards more than big future benefits. KURTZ How can we correct our skewed values to care Also: “Evolution of for our future selves? Schizophrenia,” BY DAVID H. FREEDMAN by Daisy Yuhas 2 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MIND March/April 2013 © 2013 Scientific American © 2013 Scientific American DEPARTMENTS 1 >> From the Editor 68 >> Facts and Fictions in Mental Health 4 >> Letters Although divorce may be painful for children, most kids adjust well over time. 7 >> Head Lines BY HAL ARKOWITZ AND SCOTT O. LILIENFELD >> Nice people feel less pain. >> Reviews and >> Touching velvet improves well-being. 70 >> Today’s drugs, tomorrow’s cures. Recommendations The frontiers of neuroscience. >> New insights into troubled sleep. Think like Sherlock Holmes. >> Treating pain with magnets. Love rules everything we are. >> Rational thought overrides generosity. Why humans like to cry. >> Cocoa’s effects on cognition. Also: Help for improving >> Chromosome caps reveal true age. your outlook on life. 17 19 68 19 >> Illusions 72 >> Ask the Brains Trompe l’oeil illusions challenge Can we control our thoughts? Can training to your perception. become ambidextrous improve brain function? BY SUSANA MARTINEZ-CONDE AND STEPHEN L. MACKNIK 73 >> Head Games Match wits with 22 >> Perspectives the Mensa To Drink or Not to Drink puzzlers. For pregnant women, is that still a question? BY MELINDA WENNER MOYER 76 >> Mind in Pictures 24 >> Consciousness Redux Of Two Minds. An electromagnetic gadget to measure BY DWAYNE the level of consciousness. GODWIN AND BY CHRISTOF KOCH JORGE CHAM Scientific American Mind (ISSN 1555-2284), Volume 24, Number 1, March/April 2013, published bimonthly by Scientific American, a trading name of Nature America, Inc., 75 Varick Street, 9th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10013-1917. Periodicals postage paid at New York, N.Y., and additional mailing offices. Canada Post International Publications Mail (Canadian Distribution) Sales Agreement No. 40012504. Canadian BN No. 127387652RT; TVQ1218059275 TQ0001. Publication Mail Agreement #40012504. 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