1950 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-SENATE 3187 Ray W. Seiwert Cliffiord L. Stewart Lester A. Van Rooy Carl F. Wlesendanger Roy C. Sell, Jr. "J" "T" Usey, Jr. Lloyd E. Sellman Ernest L. Stewart Vie J. Vaughan James R. Wiggins William H. Sigman Hoyt C. Watkins Lyle H. Sette William S. Stewart Patrick A. C. Verdon Jqseph H. Wilberding Donald G. Silvis Malcolm S. Weir Andrew R. Setzer III · Joseph W. Vessella Lawrence A. Wilder Donald J. Sirdevan Bradford Wells Glenn M. Shaffer Howard H. Stine Anthony L. Vincelett: Tracy H. Wilder, Jr. Gerald L. Smith John B. Wells William C. Shalag Morris E. Stith Vinton C. Vint Johnnie J. Wilkes Hugh J. Smith Harold J. Werst, Jr. Edward J. Shanley Mason L. Stitt Clinton J. Violette Harlan D. Williams Raymond J. Smith James E. Westfall Harry M. Sharp William A. Stone Wayne F. Vollmer Henry J. W1lliams Luther Stephenson Robert B. Williama, Joseph· E. Shaw Graydon T. Stout Victor M. Vissering, Jr.Joe Williams, Jr. George T; Strong Jr. John Shea Lawrence B. Streiff Kenneth W. Wade Paul H. Williams Harry W. Summers Berry D. Willis, Jr. Albert J. Shearn William W. Strong Adrian D. Wagner Robert B. Williams Henry F. Surles, Jr. Joseph H. Wilson, Jr. Doniphan B. Shelton John 0. Stull Theodore_ A. Wagner, Robert E. Williams Cecil 0. Taylor Edgar Wrenn, Jr. Alan B. Shepard, Jr. James L. Sturgeon Jr. Richard E. Williamson Ellsworth Thiem John J. Wright William B. Shepard, James W. Sturgis John F. Walker William T. Wilroy Allen L. Trecartin Leonidas R. Wright Jr. Tom E. Bulick John R. D. Walker Daniel G. Wilshin, Jr. Lawrence F. Twoomey Ronald Sherfy James M. Sullenger Marvin J. Walker Dick G. Wilson Grady w. Sherley Harold H. Sullivan Luther B. Wallace Embree D. Wilson, Jr. Robert O. Sherman John L. Sullivan, Jr. William J. Walsh Frederick G. Wilson Charles Sh·erwood Joseph W. Sullivan Clifford c. Walstrom Gerald H. Wilson Harold L. Shipley, Jr. Will R. Sutherland Joseph F. Walters Harry A. Wilson, Jr. SENATE Richard M. Shively, Jr. Gustaf Swainson, Jr. Marshall D. Ward Herbert B. Wilson Clayton H. Shoemaker Chandler E. Swallow, Leslie B. Ware Irving G. Wilson' MONDAY, MARCH 13, 1950 Alvin L. Short Jr. Robert L. Warner Jenning B. Wilson, Jr. William L. Shull John A. Swank Robert D. Warren Oscar M. Wilson, Jr. United States were communicated Franklyn :..-t. Sperberg Jr. . George A. Belleau Charles R. Knutson to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his Morris K. Spiess William J. Traynor George B. Bird, Jr. Gerald J. Krueger secretaries, and he announced that the Richard H. Spindler Mark G. Tremaine Charles H. Brennan, Jr.Bonar D. Law President had approved and signed the Curtiss Sprague, Jr. Alfred G. Tn:be, Jr. Frank P. Bradburn Alba E. Leno, Jr. following acts: Dean H. Stafford Roger D. Trumbo Leo M. Broha John C. Leslie Hugh K. Staiger Louis Turansky Frederick M. Brown, Jr.Edwin M. Logan On March 10, 1950: Robert F. Stanton James P. Turman "T" "B" Bundy Peter E. Lunaas S. 1394. An act for the relief of Monroe Herman J. Stansell, Jr. Charles A. Turner Milford C. Button Ralph E. Lyford, Jr. Kelly, rear admiral, United States Navy, re Charles E. Starns, Jr. Milton J. Turner Raymond P. Calcagne ·James W. Maddox tired; Beverly D. Staser William w. Turner W1lliam D. Carlson Wilfred J. Monk S. 1447. An act for the relief of John M. George P. Steele II Jack L. Twedell Hugo Carozza . Donald L. Mullin Hart; Robert D. Steele Murrel D. Twibell James P. Cawley Floyd L. Mullinix S. 2364. An act to provide for the ut1llza Roy M. Steele Ellery E. Tyler Thomas M. Clark Francis P. McElroy tion as a national cemetery of surplus Army Lucius E. Steere III Robert E. Tyler William A. Clement John J. McGarvey Department-owned military real property at Ralph W. Stell, Jr. John H. Underwood, Kenneth M. Crider Jack D. McQuaig Fort Logan, Colo.; William E. Cross Raymond J. Petrash Albert A. Steinbeck Jr. S. 2436. An act to amend the act entitled Leonard D. Stephens Richard L. Underwood James A. C'usick Marion F. Pierceall Lee S. Dolson, Jr. John W. Reagan "An act to authorize the construction, pro Theodore B. Stephens John E. Unger, Jr. tection, operation, and maintenance of pub Cameron N. Stephen- John Urquhart Roy B. Duck Julian B. Rhodes Richard F. Forbes William T. Riordan lic airports in the Territory of Alaska"; and son Howard J. Ursettie S. 2541. An act to amend the act entitled Cl:~~nce B. Stephen- Thomas F. Utegaard Paul E. Geyer Frank R. Romeka. George J. Haluska. Ivan W. Rowley "An act io establish a Department of Medi· William v. Steute- Charles J. Van Brunt Merle V. Halverson Todd D. Rudd cine and Surgery in the Veterans' Adminis· ville Arthur J. Vanek Thomas E. Hand Lowell w. Rund tration," approved January 8, 1946, as William W. Stevens f .rthur J. Vanek Paul M. Harbaugh Anthony Ruoti amended, to extend the period for which em Robert J. Stevenson, Merton D . .Vanorden Orval H. Hancock George H. Ryari ployees may be detailed for training and re Jr. Willis B. Vanoss Samuel C. Holladay Rohert B. Schoonard search, and for other purposes. 3188 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 13 On March 11, 1950: Committee on Labor and Public Welfare throughout the Middle West. Now, un S. 1413. An act for the relief of Maria Mar was authorized to sit this afternoon dur fortunately, Congress has passed this un garete Otto. ing the session of the Senate. sound oleo legislation in spite of our MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE-ENROLLED On request of Mr. DONNELL, and by warnings, BILLS SIGNED unanimous consent, the Immigration In January 1950 Wisconsin produced A message from the House of Repre Subcommittee of the Judiciary Commit 12,000,000 pounds of butter-ranking sentatives, by Mr. Maurer, one of its read tee was authorized to meet this after third in the Nation. Minnesota pro ing clerks, announced that the Speaker noon during the session of the Senate. duced 21,000 ,000 poands, Iowa, 14,000,000 had affixed his signature to the following Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I ask pounds. No man can foretell how se enrolled bills, and they were signed by the unanimous consent that a subcommittee verely butter production wi!l decline once Vice President: of the Committee on Foreign Relations the oleo legislation effects begin to be S. 493. An act to extend ·i;he benefits of the be permitted to sit this afternoon dur felt. Vocat ional Education Act of 1946 to the Vir ing the session of the Senate. These facts, I believe, emphasize the gin Islands; Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I will importance of adequate farm credit par S. 1283. An act to authorize the Secretary have to object to that request at the mo ticularly in this period of declining of the Interior to acquire, construct, operate, ment, and ask that the request be re dairying prices. At the recent State and maintain public airports in, or in close newed later. I have just received word wide convention of the Wisconsin State proximity to, national parks, monuments, and from the Senator frcm Wisconsin LM:r. Farmers' Union, a resolution was recreation areas, and for other purposes; and adopted on this subject. In turn, this S. 3159. An act granting the consent and McCARTHY], who would like to be on the floor of the Senate when the request is resolution was endorsed by a recent approval of Congress to a compact entered quarterly convention of Douglas County into by the St ates of Idaho a~1d Wyoming made. If the Senator from Illinois will relating to the waters of the Snake River. be good enough to agree to renew the re Farmers Union. I have received this morning a message from Mr. Wesley CORR~CTION quest later, we shall endeavor to secure the attendance of the Senator from Wis Thompson, of Foxboro, Wis., conveying Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, on consin on the floor, at which time the this resolution. As in previous instances, January 18th, during extemporaneous Senator from Illinois can make the when I have brought Farm Union resolu debates in referring to the directors and tions and expressions from 0ther farm sponsors of the Public Affairs Institute, request. Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I should organizations in my State to the atten I stated that Mr. HUGH B. MITCHELL, our tion of the Senate I shculd like at this former colleague, and who is now a like to make the request as soon as pos sible; therefore, I suggest that the mi time to ask unanimous consent that the Member of the House of Representa text of Mr. Thompson's letter with the tives, had been upon the pay roll of the nority leader endeavor to secure the at resolution i:lcluded, be printed at this Government during the 2-year period tendance of the Senator from Wisconsin, point in the body of the CONGRESSIONAL between the time he was a Member of so that he can make whatever objection he desires. RECORD, the Senate and his reelection to the There being no objection, the letter, ·House. LEA VE OF ABSENCE embodying the resolution, was ordered Later my attention was called to the On request of Mr. WHERRY, and by to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: fact that this was not accurate, as he had unanimous consent, Mr. YOUNG was ex FOXBORO, WIS., March 8, 1950. not been upon the pay roll during those cused from attendance on the sessions Hon. ALEXANDER WILEY 2 years, but he had been upon the pay of the Senate beginning today and con Senate Office Building, roll prior to the time he came to the tinuing through Thursday of this week. Washington, D. C. United States Senate. DEAR MR. WILEY: At the quarterly conven It gives me an unusual amount of FARMERS UNION RESOLUTION ON FARM tion of the Douglas County Farmers Union HOME ADMINISTRATION FUNDS held recently the following resolution was pleasure to make this correction, because adopted by unanimous vote. This same one Mr. MITCHELL has not asked me to do so. Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, everyone was adopted by the State convention of our On the contrary, he assured me that dur familiar with the problems of American union last February. ing his experience in the Senate he real agriculture realizes that the problem of Money is lacking among so many farm ized that in extemporaneous debate every agricultural credit has always been one operators which could be easily loaned by the Senator simply stated the facts as he be FHA if it would have more than a pittance of the most important issues facing the in the way of appropriations. It does not lieved them to be. All of us are ac farmer. For a long time; throt.ghout quainted with the distinguished services make sense .to us, when so much hardship American history, the farmer was denied and deprivation could be avoided among that have been rendered by our former suffiCient credit to buy necessary ma thousands of deserving applicants, that they colleague, who is beloved by the people chinery, repair his home, his barns and are compelled to wait and wait some more for of his congressional district, as is evi all his other buildings and mee: other some financial help. Does not the past record denced by the fact that after he had been needs requiring cash before he harvested of repayment of FHA ,loans justify keeping defeated for the Senate he was sent back the money once granted FHA in the program his crops. at reasonable interest to our Government? to Congress. During his stay with us he Fortunately, impressed everyone with his honesty and in recent years, Congress "Where.as the Farmers Union is basically has taken steps to supplement existing concerned with the welfare of all farmers, es sincerity of purpose,' which is so well typi credit facilities, where necessary, by pecially those operating family sized farms, fied now by his not even asking me to loans through Farmers' home loans. I and who need fi nancial assistan ce, and farm make this correction. have been glad to hear from many Wis and home-management guidance; and On January 17 I stated: consin farmers who have indicated their "Whereas, many farmers in Douglas County I think it will be found, if the resolution both veteran and nonveteran with good agri· be adopted, that Walter White was one of excellent extJeriences with the FHA cultural background and experience lack the the men who at that very time was upon which incidentally, administers the new necessary land, livestock, and equipment to the pay roll of the Democratic Party, be program ~or building repairs established be successful as farmers; and cause he had a Federal job. under the housing legislation which we "Whereas the Farmers Home Administra enacted in the previous Congress. tion as an agency in the USDA has for many It will be noted that I said, "I think it Farm credit is particularly essential years demonstrat ed its ability to give such will be found." However, I have since financial aid, farm and home mana;;:ement been informed by Mr. White that he has these days because, as I have pointed out guidance to needy veterans and other farm at no time been upon the pay roll of the on the Senate floor, the income amon~ ers through its supervised credit program; Democratic Party, and I am glad to make Wisconsin farmers has gone into a tail and this correction. spin with an over-all loss of 18 percent "Whereas, this agency does not compete in 1949 as against 1948 income. This is with any other agency by m aking loans only COMMITTEE MEETINGS DURING SENATE an 8 percent more severe decline in farm to worthy and qualified farmers, who are un SESSION income than the national average in loss able to get money through banks or through On request of Mr. LucAs, and by unani of farm income throughout the Nation. other loaning institutions, and gives guid ance not provided by other loaning sources; mous consent, the Committee on Fi Throughout the debate on the oleomar and · • nance was authorized to sit this after garine bill, I pointed out that if Congress "Whereas, the funds annually appropriated noon during the session of the Senate. passed the legislation without safeguards for the use of the agency are ent ir ely inade On request of Mr. LUCAS, and by unani to American dairying there would be fur quate to meet the needs of eligible farm fam mous consent, a subcommittee of the ther disastrous losses in dairying incom~ ilies; and 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 3189 "Whereas the need of eligible nonveteran The Senator from Indiana [Mr. CAPE Mr. President, the granting of a Fed farmers is particularly apparent at this time HART] and the Senator from Nevada [Mr. eral charter is a very serious responsibil to be as great or greater than veterans, be cause, m any veterans have received the ex MALONE] are absent on official business. ity, in my judgment, upon the part of cellent service rendered by the FHA in recent The Senator from Ohio [Mr. TAFT] the United States Senate. Charter.3 of years; an d and the Senator from Michigan [Mr. this kind are granted as a mark of dis "Whereas prices of farm products, especial VANDENBERG] are necessarily absent. tinction to organizations whose public ly poult ry and dairy products have dropped The VICE PRESIDENT. A quorum is service has been very unique in scope and sharply this past year and continue down present. in value. I believe this charter should ward with practically no reduction in items INCORPORATION OF THE GIRL SCOUTS be granted because of the fact that the farmers buy; and Girl Scouts of America, composed of "Whereas the currently drastic drop in OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA farm income has been accom panied by a many thousands of the girls of America, Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, there is a have done some most unusual work in be very pronounced tightening of local agricul bill on the calendar, Order of Business tural credit: Therefore be it half of hospitals, day nurseries, libraries, "Resolved, That the members of the Doug 1328, House bill 6670, to incorporate the museums, and welfare organizations las Cou nty Farmers Union in quarterly con Girl Scouts of the United States of throughout the country. The Girl ven t ion go on record to ask for an appropria America, and for other purposes. I ask Scouts of America is a nonpolitical, tion by Con gress to the Farmers Home Ad unanimous consent that the unfinished nonsectarian organization, and ·mem ministration program which more nearly business be temporarily laid aside and bership in it is open to all girls between meets the requirements of this agency: Be it that the Senate proceed to the consider the ages of 7 and 17. further ation of this bill. " Resolved, That copies of this resolution be I am very happy to be able to IJring sent to Senators WILEY and McCARTHY and Mr. CORDON. Mr. President, I this bill to the attention of the Senate to Congressman O'KoNSKI." should like to ask the Senator from Illi upon the birthday of the Girl Scout WESLEY THOMPSON, nois whether Senators will have an op Organization, this being the thirty County Secretary, portunity to present routine matters and eighth year this organization has been Douglas County Farmers Union. to make insertions in the RECORD. in existence. CALL OF THE ROLL Mr. LUCAS. Oh, yes; I merely wanted Mr. President, that is all I care to say to get the bill before the Senate. I in about this organization at this time. Mr. LUCAS. I suggest the absence of tend to make a request that routine busi a quorum. However, I am certain that in granting ness be transacted. to the Girl Scouts the honor of a con The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secre The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob tary will call the roll. gressional charter we are taking action jection to the request of the Senator which means much to them and to their The roll was called, and the following from Illinois? Senators answered to their names: activities throughout the Nation and There being no objection, the Senate throughout the world. Aiken Gurney McMahon proceeded to consider the bill New York [Mr. of the organization. I think it would be Ellender Langer Stennis LEHMAN] does. Ferguson Lehman Taylor fitting that all of page 2 of the report Flanders Lodge Thomas, Okla. Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, I on the bill, which is not long, be printed Frear Long Thye should like to state that friends of the in the RECORD. rt gives some of the Fulbright Lucas Tydings George McCarthy Watkins Girl Scouts Organization in my State other high lights of the organization and Gillette McClellan Wherry have urged and requested their Senators, its history, and I think it would be of Graham McFarland Wiley as I am sure those in other States have interest to everyone who reads the CON Green McKellar Williams done, that H. R. 6670 be passed in some GRESSIONAL RECORD. Therefore, Mr. Mr. LUCAS. I announce. that the close approximation to Girl Scouts Day, President, in order to expedite the pas Senators from Kentucky [Mr. CHAPMAN March 12, the anniversary of the found sage of the measure and in the interest and Mr. WITHERS], the Senator from ing of the Girl Scouts in Savannah, Ga., of saving time, I ask unanimous consent Missis~ippi [Mr. EASTLAND], the Senator 38 years ago yesterday. I very much that page 2 of the report, beginning with from West Virginia [Mi·. KILGORE], the hope that the bill will be promptly the words "Girl Scouts of the United Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. MYERS], passed. States of America is a character-building the Senator from Florida [Mr. PEPPER], Mr. O'CONOR. Mr. President, I organization,'' be printed at this point and the Senator from Alabama [Mr. should like to associate myself with the in the RECORD, as a part of my remarks. SPARKMAN] are absent on public business. statement of the junior Senator from There being no objection, page 2 of The Senator from California [Mr. New York [Mr. LEHMAN] in urging fa the Report No. 1321 was ordered to be DOWNEY] and the Senator from Minne vorable consideration of the bill for the printed in the RECORD, as follows: sota [Mr. HUMPHREY] are necessarily granting of a charter to the Girl Scouts Girl Scouts of the United States of America absent. of America, that bill having been brought is a character-building organizat ion whjch The Senator from Rhode Island [M!·. before this body by the senior Senator has provided training for citizenship, com LEAHY] is absent because of illness. from Illinois [Mr. LucAsl. The Judi munity service, and homemaking for mil The Senator from Nevada [Mr. Mc ciary Committee has been unanimous on lions of American girls since it was founded nearly 38 years ago. Today Girl Scouting CARRAN] and the Senator from Utah [Mr. this ·subject, and we feel that the good is serving the largest membership in its his THOMAS] are absent by leave of the record of the Girl Scouts of America de tory-more than a million girl members in Senate. serves this recognition. every State, Territory, and possession of the Mr. SALTONSTALL. I announce that Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I desire United States. The emphasis upon demo the Senator from Kansas [Mr. DARBY], to say just a word or two in respect to cratic methods and procedures and the ideals the Senator from Oregon [Mr. MORSE], this measure. This bill is being spon of loyalty and service to God and country, the Senator from New Hampshire [Mr. sored by Mrs. Harry S. Truman, of Inde which it inculcates, makes Girl Scouting one TOBEY], and the Senator from North pendence, Mo.; Mrs. Woodrow Wilson, of of the bulwarks of the American way of life. The Girl Scout organization is nonpolitical, Dakota [Mr. YOUNG] are absent by leave Washington, D. C., Mrs. Calvin Coolidge, nonsectarian, and is open to all girls from of the Senate. of Northampton, Mass.; Mrs. Franklin D. 7 through 17 years old who subscribe to the The Senator from Indiana [Mr. JEN Roosevelt, of Hyde Park, N. Y.; and many promise and laws (attached) regardless of NER] is absent ber:-ause of illness in his other very distinguished and notable economic st at us, race, or creed. Girl Scout family. women throughout the United States. ing exists in all types of communities-urban, 3190 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE MARCH 13 suburban, and rural. Girl Scouts of the The VICE PRESIDENT. If there are "Senate Concurrent Resolution 13 United States of America is the largest or no amendments to be proposed, the "Whereas on March 2, 1836, the people of ganization of its kind in the world and has Texas declared their independence from Mex been frequently commended for its work question is on the third reading of the bill. . ico, and thereafter by force of arms firmly by leaders of our own and of other nations. established their independence and exclusive In their troops Girl Scouts learn skills in The bill was ordered to a third read sovereignty over the land and territory in homemaking arts and crafts, health and ing, and was read the third time. cluded within the boundaries of the Republic safety, and out-of-door living. Each troop The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill hav of Texas, which were fixed by the First Texas is self-governing. Girl Scouting provides the ing been read the third time, the ques Congress on December 19, 1836, as follows: women of tomorrow with practical experience tion is, Shall it pass? " 'Beginning at the mouth of the Sabine in making democracy work. · The bill (H. R. 6670) was passed. River, and running west along the Gulf of Girl Scouts work as aides in hospitals, day Mexico three leagues from land, to tho mouth nurseries, libraries, and museums. They as TRANSACTION OF ROUTINE BUSINESS of the Rio Grande; thence up the principal sist other welfare organizations, such as the Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I now ask stream of said river to its source; thence due community chests, Red Cross, National unanimous co.isent that Senators be per- · north to the forty-second degree of north Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, National latitude; thence along the boundary line as Tuberculosis Association, and similar groups. mitted to submit petitions and memo defined in the treaty between the United The services of the individuals and troops to rials, introduce bills and joint resolu States and Spain, to the beginning'; and civic, welfare, and other community enter tions, and present routine matte.rs for "Whereas with full knowledge of such prises totals millions of hours every year. the RECORD, without debate. boundaries the Republic of Texas was duly Increasing programs of conservation are The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob recognized as an independent nation by the being undertaken in Girl S:!out camps and jection, it is so ordered. United States, France, England, and other more and more of the camps themselves are major nations of the world; and being set aside as wildlife sanctuaries. The PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS ''"Whereas in accordance with that portion Girl Scouts are developing Lou Henry Hoover Petitior.s, etc., were laid b::fore the of the Spanish and Mexican law adopted by Scouts are developing Lou Henry Hoover Texas, the title to all of the mines and min memorial forests as extensive and intensive Senate, or presented, and referred as erals within the ab:::ive-desc:·ibed territory, as conservation projects. indicated: well as to all lands therein not theretofore Girl Scouts of the United States of Amer By Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina: owned by other persons, was vested in the ica, a~ an organization, is a member of the A resolution of the House of Representa Republic of Texas; and World Association of Girl Guides and Girl tives of the State of South Carolina, favoring "W:t.creas the Republic of Texas offered all Scouts to which similar democratic y01,2th the adoption of the report of the Commission of its lands, mines, minerals, and territory to movements for girls in 28 countries belong. on Reorganization of the Executive Branch the United States by treaty in 1844 if the World friendship activities are receiving in'- . of the Government; to the Committee on United States would assume the debts of the creasing stress each year in Girl Scout troops Expenditures in the Executive Departments: Republic after annexation; but said treaty as well as in the national activities of the "Resolution memorializing Congress to adopt was rejected by the United States Senate, and organization as a whole. For. example, a the report of the Commission on Reorgani a counterproposal was made by the United growing program of interchange of personnel zation of the Executive Branch of the Gov States Congress whereby Texas might become has been developzd; international meetings ernment a State in the Union if it lrnpt its property of girls and of their leaders are held each "Whereas it has for many years been com and paid its own debts; and year. An important phase of the interna mon knowledge that the exe.::utive branch of "Whereas this proposal for annexation was tional work is the development of under the Federal Government is hampered by an accepted by the Texas Congress, and the Re standing and friendship among the girls of antiqua~ed structure consisting of overlap public of Texas entered the Union under the the Western Hemisphere. Adult advisers in ping, duplicating, and contradictory estab solemn agreement with the United States Girl Scouting have been loaned to the World lishments of the executive department, this whereby Texas transferred no minerals or Association to help develop truly democratic fact havin6 been recognized oy Presidents lands beneath navigable waters to the Na youth organizations in Korea, Japan, and Truman and Roosevelt, as well as by previous tion, but retained title to such properties in Germany, working in these countries with Presidents and many other governmental of the State in trust for the people of Texas; the cooperation of the American military ficials; and and governments. "Whereas Congress in 1947 authorized a '.'Whereas for over 100 years Texas has had During WorM War II the Girl Scouts gave bipartisan Commission on Organization of peaceable possession and use of the lands and more than 15,000,000 hours of service to their the Executive Branch of the Government for minerals beneath navigable waters within its communities· and country. Since the war the purpose of making a study and submit original boundaries, with acknowledgment of they have carried on a variety of projects to ting recommendations for reorganization and ownership from all courts and executive help relieve the suffering of children abroad. ex-President Herbert Hoover was selected to agencies of the Federal Government, and the In 1948-49, fqr example, the Girl Scouts col head the Commission; and revenue from such property has been dedi lected, repaired, and assembled more than "Whereas the said Commission, commonly cated exclusively to the Texas permanent 125,000 complete wardrobes for children in known as the Hoover Commission, has made school fund and now constitutes an irre Europe and the Orient. This year [ 1950) an exhaustive study and has submitted its placeable source of funds for public educa they are shipping school supplies to the report and recommendations to Congress, tion in this state; and children of 28 countries. which recommendations, if adopted would "Whereas Texas' management of the min eral resources in these lands has been far Because congressional charters are granted result in c;reat savings of expenditures to the Americar1 people: Now, therefore, be it superior to Federal management of similar as marks of · distinction to organizations property, State mineral leases bringing an whose public service is unique in scope and "Resolved by the house of representatives: "l. That the Congress of the United States average of 800 percent higher bonuses and value, the friends of Girl Scouting believe 100 percent higher rentals than similar Fed that the deserved prestige of such a charter be, and it hereby is memorialized and urged to adopt the recommendations of the Com eral leases; and such management has never should be conferred on the Girl Scouts of the interfered with, but has actually aided, the United States of America. As the world's mission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government: Prov.ided, how exercise of Federal powers of national defense largest democratic youth movement for girls, and navigation; and the Girl Scout organization has proved its ever, That the recommendations of the said Commission relating to veterans' affairs are "Whereas the United States Congress has value to the community and to the Nation always ncognized and never denied Texas' through nearly 38 years of ever-increasing excepted from the terms of this resolution. "2. That the clerk of the house be, and he title to this ·property, but officers of the service. Founded on March 12, 1912, with 1 executive branch of the Federal Government troop of 11 girls, the movement has expand hereby is, directed to transmit a copy of this resolution to the clerl>: of the Senate of the have recently asserted Federal claims there ed every year since until today almost 350,- United States of America, to the Clerk of the to and have sued Texas for the property and 000 adult volunteers are helping more than a revenues in the Supreme Court of the United million girl members participate in current House of Representatives, and to each Sen ator and Representative in the United States States, an action which wou~d violate the civic welfare projects ·and prepare them Congress from the State of South Carolina." annexation agreement, harass the State with selves for citizenship in the American de (The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the long delay and expense of litigation, and au mocracy. We feel, therefore, that it is par tomatically extend time for development of ticularly appropriate for Congress to grant Senate a resolution of the House of Repre present mineral leases to the injury of both a charter to the Girl Scouts at this time, in sentatives of_ the State of South Carolina, the public schools of Texas and the national recognition of the principles for which the identical with the foregoing, which was re security: Now, therefore, be it movement stands as well as for its achieve ferred to the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments.) - "Resolved by the Senate of the State of ments. Consideration of this measure in the Texas (the House of Representatives con present session of Congress is requested be By Mr. CONNALLY (for himself and curring), That Speaker SAM RAYBTTRN, Sena cause the Girl Scouts thirty-eighth birthday Mr. JOHNSON of Texas): tors TOM CONNALLY and LYNDON B. JOHN on March 12 would provide an opportunity A r.oncurrent resolution of the Legislature SON, and all Members of the. House of Rep to con_fer this recognjtion at a most appro of the State of Texas; to the Committee on resen.tatives Jrom ~"lxas, are extended appre priate occasio~. Interior and Insular Affairs: ciation for their efforts in the past to pre-. 1950 .CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 3191 serve the rights of this State and the perma Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, I present requested to use every effort at their com nent school fund in this controversy, and for appropriate reference, and ask unani mand to prevent the enactment of such leg islation. that each of them be respectfully urged to mous consent to have printed in the REC give their personal leadership in obtaining Mrs. WILLIAM DALES, favorable reports in Senate and House com ORD, resolutions adopted by Mount Suri~ President. mittees and favorable action by the Congress bachi Post, No. 1346, Veterans of Foreign HELEN IRENE WEGMAN, on pending State ownership bills; and be it Wars, of Hastings; the Tilden Woman's Secretary. further Club, of Tilden; American Legion Auxil Tilden, Nebr., dated this 7th day of March "Resolved, That the State of Texas respect iary, No. 122, of Dodge; and Harry Bos 1950. fully requests the President of the United sard Unit, No. 32, American Legion States and the Attorney General of the Auxiliary, of Papillion, all of the State of Whereas the American veteran in two United States to recognize the rights of Texas Nebraska, protesting against the enact '1"'."0rld wars has defended the American free under the annexation agreement and to dis enterprise system, which has made possible continue the discrimination now being prac ment of legislation providing compul the development in this country of the high t iced against Texas and two other coastal sory health insurance. est standards of medical care and the finest States while 25 other coastal and Great Lakes There being no objection, the resolu medical institutions attained by any major States are being allowed to have full use and tions were referred to the Committee on country in the world; and possession of the land, resources, and reve Labor and Public Welfare, and ordered Whereas having experienced the shortcom nues within their marginal sea belts without to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: ings of impersonal, assembly-line medical suits having been filed against them; and care inherent in the form of Government that no suits should be prosecuted further MOUNT SURIBACHI POST, No. 1346, controlled medicine necessary in time of war, against Texas or any of the 27 other coastal VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS the veteran understands the dangers of im and· Great Lakes States until Congress has OF THE UNITED STATES, posing such a system permanently on the passed upon the controversy; and that the Hastings, Nebr. entire population; and Congres3 of the United States be requested Senator HUGH BUTLER, Whereas compulsory health insurance to enact pending legislation ·which would United States Senator, would impose an unjust tax on the veteran's Washington, D. C. recognize and confirm State ownership of all pay check for medical care to which he is such lands within the boundaries of the DEAR Sm: Mount Suribachi Post, No. 1346, now entitled free of charge as a reward for respective States; and be it further Veterans of Foreign Wars, of the United his service to his country; and "Resolved, That enrolled copies of this res States, Hastings, Nebr., which is in receipt olution be mailed to the President of the of over 600 :rµembers, at their last regular Whereas compulsory health insurance United States, the Attorney General of the post meeting held March 2, 1950, have entered would force a tax of 3 percent on the income United States, and each Senator and Rep in the minutes of their regular meeting the of the employed veteran, rising to a tax of at resentative from Texas in the United States following resolution: least 6 percent within a few years, creating Congress; and that copies be printed and new financial burdens which would increase "Be it resolved, That the Mount Suribachi the costs of necessities of life and lower the mailed to all other Members of Congress, Post, No. 1346, Veterans of Foreign Wars of and the gover.nors and attorneys general of standard of living for veterans and other cit the United States, Hastings, Nebr., does here izens: Now, therefore, be it each of the several States. by go on record against any form of compul "GRADY HAZLEWOOD, sory health insurance or any system of polit Resolved, That the American Legion Aux "President pro tempore of the Senate. ical medicine designed for national bureau iliary does hereby go on record against any "DURWOOD MANFORD, cratic control." form of compulsory health insurance or any "Speaker of the House." system of political medicine designed for na Any consideration given this matter will tional bureaucratic control; that a copy of COMPULSORY HEALTH INSURANCE be greatly appreciated by each and every this resolution be forwarded to each Senator member of this post. Mr. O'CONOR. Mr. President, I pre from the State of Nebraska, and the Repre Very truly yours, sentative from our district, and that said sent for appropriate reference, and ask PAUL C. NEWMAN, Senators and Representatives be, and are unanimous consent to have printed in Adjutant. hereby, respectfully requested to use every the RECORD, a resolution adopted by the effort at their command to prevent the en Woman's Club of Linthicum Heights, Whereas the American family has received actment of such legislation. Md., protesting against the enactment the finest quality of medical care available in AMERICAN LEGION AUXILIARY, No. 122. of legislation providing compulsory any country in the world, developed under Dodge, Nebr., dated this March 8, 1950. our system of free enterprise; and health insurance. Whereas compulsory health insurance, There being no objection, the resolu wherever tried, has caused a decline in na AMERICAN LEGION AUXILIARY, tion was referred to the Committee on tional health and deterioration of medical HARRY BOSSARD UNIT No. 32, Labor and Public Welfare, and ordered standards, and facilities, to th€ detriment of Papillion, Nebr., March 9, 1950. to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: family welfare; and Whereas the American veteran in two world wars has defended the American free Whereas the United States leads the world Whereas compulsory health insurance, wherever tried, has taken away the family's enterprise system, which has made possible in health, medical care, and medical research the development in this country of the high u:r.der a free-enterprise system; and right to choosing its own family physician; and est standards of medical care and the finest Whereas compulsory health insurance medical institutions attained by any major throughout the world has and is destroying Whereas invasion of family privacy and country in the world; and violation of the sanctity of the patient-phy medical and health standards; and Whereas having experienced the shortcom Whereas. compulsory health insurance sician relationship have proved to be one of the most objectionable features of compul ings of impersonal, assembly-line medical carries a prohibitive cost, encourages inef care inherent in the form of Government ficient medical care, and promotes political sory health insurance, wherever tried; and Whereas compulsory health insurance controlled medicine necessary in time of abuses by both patient and doctor; and war, the veteran understands the dangers of Whereas compulsory health insurance is would result immediately in a tax of 3 per imposing such a system permanently on the a national move toward a welfare state, in cent on the income of the American working entire population; and creasing public demands upon Government man, rising within a few years to 6 percent and higher, creating a new tax burden which Whereas compulsory health insurance and eventual communistic control by gov would impose an unjust tax on the veteran's ernment of a helpless people: Now, there would reduce household budgets and bring down family standards of living; and pay check for medical care to which he is fore, be it now entitled free of charge as a reward for Resolved, That the Woman's Club of Lin- Whereas government control of medical . thicum Heights, Md., does hereby go on rec services, by gradually undermining free en his service to his country; and ord against any form of compulsory health terprise and establishing heavy new tax bur Whereas compulsory health insurance insurance or any facsimile in the interest dens and unprecedented national deficits, would force a tax of 3 percent on the income of a free and strong America; that a copy would threaten national bankruptcy and en of the employed veteran, rising to a tax of of this resolution be forwarded to the Presi courage the spread of socialism, which would at least 6 percent within a few years, creat dent of the United States, to each Senator endanger the rights of our children to the ing ·new financial burdens which would in and Representative from the State of Mary individual freedoms which have been the .crease the cos'f;s of necessities of life and land, and that s·aid Senators and Representa American heritage: Now, theref9re, be it lower the standard of living for veterans and tives be and are hereby respectfully requested Resolved, That the Tilden Womans Club other citizens: Now, therefore be it to use every effort at their command to pre does hereby go on record against any form of Resolved, That Harry Bossard Unit, No. 32, vent the enactment of such legislation. compulsory health insurance or any system of American Legion Auxiliary, does hereby go (Mrs. S.) ROSALIE s. PURDY, political medicine designed ·for national bu on record against any form of compulsory President. reaucratic control; that a copy of this reso health insurance or any system of political Miss BARBARA A. BOYD, lution be forwarded to each Senator from the medicine designed for national bureaucratic Secretary. State of Nebraska, and t~e Representative control; that a copy of this resolution be Linthicum Heights, Md., dated this 7th from our district, and that said Senators and forwarded to each Senator from the State of day of March 1950. Representative to and are hereby respectfully Nebraska, and the Representative from our 3192 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 13 . district, and that said Senators and Repre the United States submitting sundry growing tide in my own State, Mr. Presi sentatives be and are hereby respectfully re -nominations, which were referred to the dent,. I have today issued a statement for quested to use every effort at their c.ommand Committee on Armed Services. appropriate circulation and publication. to prevent the enactment of such legisla tion. United Nations. We recognize other purposes, which were ordered to in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of April 14, and commend its remarkable achievements lie on the table and to be printed. 1949, there appears a resolution adopted in the social, economic, and political spheres Mr. MAGNUSON submitted an amend overwhelmingly by both houses of the of our universe. We are mindful, however, ment intended to be proposed by him to New Jersey Legislature memorializing that the confusion and frustration which House bill 5472, supra, which was ordered the Congress of the United States to call has resulted from the veto power and other to lie on the table and to be printed. a convention to propose amendments to -limited powers contained in the United Na- the Federal Constitution whereunder the tions charter has impaired progress toward Mr. SCHOEPPEL submitted an the ways of peace. amendment intended to be proposed by United States would be authorized to join a world federal government. Acting through their duly chos.en repre him to House bill 5472, supra, which was sentatives, the Congress of the United States, ordered to lie on the table and to be Now, Mr. President, we find a fine and our people have down to the present day, printed. sincere but misguided group of our great citizenry working for the rescission of overwhelmingly supported a stupendous re EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERiREO armament program, despite its burdensome the resolution. This would be a serious cost to them in dollars. More than this, we As in executive session, blow to the cause of world peace-it .have supported the North Atlantic Treaty, The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the ·would be a retreat toward outmoded our first major entangling alliance and with Senate messages from the President of isolationism. To aid in stemming this it the Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 3193 1949 to implement it through military. aid Mr. 'I'HOMAS of Oklahoma. No. It strued to mean that the Commodity all of these things for a common defense was reported to the Senate only a few Credit Corporation could not own and against the ravages of war. days ago. possess storage facilities. If the amend Despite these costly structures, our people Mr. WHERRY. And it is now on the ment really goes that far it should be cor today are restive and uneasy. The shadows of Hiroshima and Nagasaki hover over them. calendar. I have no objection. rected, because I know that the Com But, in our midst there is still vision, wis The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob modity Credit Corporation must have dom and courage and so we find countless jection to the request of the Senator storage facilities. The temporary bins thousands sensibly seeking a positive and from Oklahoma? The Chair hears none, which exist across the countryside are for dependable alternative to the present inse and it is so ordered. the purpose of accommodating the sur cure course to a doubtful freedom and a pos , uents upon that point. I hope the Sena after the word "this'', to strike out "act" tor from Nebraska will be there, too, to pp. 3239-3252.) and insert "amendment". give us a further explanation of that very DMENTS TO FEDERAL DEPO The amendment was agreed to. delicate question. INSURANCE ACT The next amendment was, on page 9, Mr. BUTLER. I expect to be. there. I Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I ·a: k line 11, after the word "receiving", to think the distinguished majority leader. unanimous consent that the unfinish strike out "deposits" and insert ''de and I are in complete agreement in re business be temporarily laid aside an posits,". gard to the storage of corn or other grain that the Senate proceed to the considera The amendment was agreed to. at interior points. There can be no argu tion of Calendar No. 1277, Senate bill The next amendment was, on page 10 ment about the wisdom of such a policy, 2822, to amend the Federal Deposit line 6, after the word "bank", to insert and no partisan issue is involved. Insurance Act. "which is engaged in the business of re But when it comes to movement of such Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, . will ceiving deposits, other than trust funds stored grain to the terminal markets, all . the Senator yield? as herein defined" . that the grain trade, the farmer coopera Mr. LUCAS. I yield. The amendment was agreed to. tives, and others ask is that their services Mr. WHERRY. Is there to be any The next amendment was, on page 11 may be used in connection with the dis statement made with reference to the Hne 10, after the word "subsection", t~ posal of the grain. When small business, bill? strike out "<1)" and insert "(I) ". be it in the grain business or in any other Mr. LUCAS. I understand it has been The amendment was agreed to. line is supplanted by the activities of a reported unanimously. The next amendment was, on page 13 government corporation, I think that is Mr. WHERRY. I have no objection. line 6, after the words "as of", to insert socialize tion. The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob "the". Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I shall not jection to the request of the Senator from The amendment was agreed to. take the time of the Senator from Ten Illinois? The next amendment was, on page 14, . nessee to debate that question today. I There being no objection; the Senate line 25, after the word "first", to insert shall· stand upon the previous statement proceeded to consider the bill (S. 2822) "semiannual". I made. I am sure this amendment goes to amend the Federal Deposit Insurance The amendment was agreed to. much further than what the Senator Act o, are in debt to the Senator from Con so that its application may assuredly be con as the Comptroller General may deem advis necticut [Mr. McMAHON] for his two fined to peaceful purposes only: and able. The report shall also show specifically stirring speeches made on this floor on Whereas the United States would never be any program, expenditure, or other financial February 3, and March 1. In his first come involved in military action except to transaction or undertaking observed in the speech he accepts the dreary necessity defend itself or other free nations from at course of the audit, which, in the opinion of of proceeding with the development of tack: Therefore be it the Comptroller General, has been carried on the hydrogen bomb. He likewise rejects Resolved, etc., That the armed services of or made without authority of law. A copy of the prospect of living out our lives in a our Nation wm not employ the atomic bomb each report shall be furnished to the Presi as a weapon of warfare. That, until satis dent, to the Secretary of the Treasury, and to state of sustained fear and recognizes the factory means of control are agreed upon and the Corporation at the time submitted to the corruption of civil life which will surely put into complete effect through the United Congress. result from the accompanying concen Nations, the armed services of this Nation ( d) For the purpose of conducting such tration of thought, effort, money, and re are directed to prepare themselves and to audit the Comptroller General is authorized sources on the resulting military pro hold themselves in readiness to retaliate im . in his discretion to employ by contract, with gram. He recognizes the supreme im mediately and with overwhelming force, at out regard to section 3709 of the Revised the direction of the President, against any portance of reaching the people of Russia nation which initiates the military use of Statutes, professional services of firms and themselves. He wants organizations of certified public accountants, to pierce the cur atomic energy. with the concurrence of the Corporation, for tain. He wants to strengthen the temporary periods or for special purposes. Voice. He urges that other means be Were I rewriting the joint resolution I The Corporation shall reimburse the General found for reaching peoples now arrayed would change the final clause to read Accounting Office for the cost of any such against us in hostile formation where "upon any nation which initiates the audit as billed therefor by the Comptroller there is no ground for hostility. He 'con military use of atomic energy against General, and the General Accounting Office cludes by urging an e~tension of the any nation signatory to the North At shall deposit the sums so reimbursed into Marshall-plan idea to the nations of the lantic Pact." the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts. world by the voluntary withdrawal of The joint resolution was referred to The amendment was agreed to. two-thirds of the· sums which they now the Foreign Relations Committee, where The next amendment was, on page 59, spend on arms, armament, and armies, it has, I presume, perished of euthanasia. llne 17, after the word "this", to strike and devoting it to the expansion of However, much has happened since that out "paragraph" and insert "subsec peaceful production, to the end that the time, and it is now perhaps advisable to tion"; and in line 18, after the words peoples of the world may move toward study--t_he proposal again to see whether "penalty of", to insert "not more than". peace and prosperity. it does "not contain within its elements The amendment was agreed to. Agairi, on March 1, the Senator re policy necessary for .the new Situation. The next amendment was, on page 63, newed his appeal calling attention to the In calling attention again to this de·· line 8, after the word "of", to insert "not practical matter of the budget. Should funct resolution it is not my intention t-l more than". we proceed further on our present course, reintroduce it either in its original or if\ The amendment was agreed to. the budget would be completely out of a revised form. It is my desire that thQ The next amendment was, in line 12'., control. Again he referred to the re consideration which should lead to rf;\<.. after the word "this", to strike out "sec lated danger of the Police state super considering the matter be made the sub"· tion" and insert "act"; in the same line, vising our democracy with particular ref ject of thought and consultation ·in th~ after the word "of'', to insert "not more erence to the fact that these weapons Foreign Relations Committee and on the than''; in line 15, after the word "this", we are developing, aimed as they are at floor of this body, so that we may prop:.. to strike out "paragraph" and insert the mass destruction of peoples, are in erly decide what must be done. Mr. 1950 ·CONGRESSIONAL 'RECORD-SENATE 3199 President, I cannot emphasize that word ror was a primary weapon of Hitler from Really, as we come to look at it, about "must" too strong'ly. the start. . It was difficult not to be all that can be said in favor of the sec Let us go at this question of the atomic drawn into reprisals. Secondly, we were ond course as compared with the first is and hydrogen bombs in an orderly and initially forced into and later deliber that we do not deliberately set out to objective manner. . What shall be ou.r ately pursued a war for military victory, break the moral laws of the universe. military policy as to their use? It wo.uld when a war for peace might have been We simply hold ourselves in readiness to seem to involve four possibilities, each of more easily concluded and left a safer do so should there be sufficient justifica which should be considered: . postwar world. tion. Possibility No. 1: A preventive war: Possibility No. 3: We may accept the The question as to whether there are This is the new American euphemism A- and H-bombs as new additions to our moral laws involved comes up also in for the sneak attack which is what we offensive armament and use . thEm at connection with proposal No. 3 which call the same action when Japan ini such times and in such ways as are assumes that the new weapons' simpi}r tiated full-scale warfare without de deemed advisable by the military au take· their appropriate place with other claring war or giving other notice of thorities. new inventions applicable to modern its intentions. Calling such action on Possibility No. 4: We make make such warfare. our part preventive war does not in any an announcement as was called for in Mr. President, I am one of those who degree relieve us of the moral responsi Senate Joint Resolution 112 and pro believe that a Christian may have to be bility which we laid so self-righteously claim that we will not use atomic fission a soldier as a matter of Christian duty. on the Japanese .G(wernment. . As will and fusion except in retaliation. I be I am one of those who believe that a be noted later, this brings us face to face lieve we will find, Mr. President as we Christian nation, if there be any such, with the question as to whether that war examine this one of the possibiliti~s. that may have the duty of declaring war. will be for military victory or peace, and it has far more strength than appears But to achieve peace by such action I the suggestion can be made now that a at first thought. believe that such fighting, however vig lasting peace.can scarcely be attained by I would not wish to spend too much orously pursued, however wholeheart a war which begins with treachery. time in arguing the advantages of this edly accepted, must still be accomplished This possibility has no official stand fourth possibility as against that of the without hatred and in full recognition of ing whatsoever. I feel assured that it .sneak attacl{ which was the first men- our essential brotherhood with the un is rio part of our strategic plans. It tioned. Current proposals for this under fortunate peoples who have become our must be mentioned because it crops up in ·the euphemism of a preventive wa::· come enemies. A war so carried on can I conversations with and between military from spots in which moral degeneration believe, result in a peace, and war carried has set in, whether in the armed forces on otherwise neither has nor can so re people, and civilians from time to time sult.· promote the idea in the press. or among our civilian population. This The question is, Can the A- and Possibility No. 2: We can wait until road leads us to generations of hatred generations of heavy military expendi~ H-bombs be used to destroy military ob war has been declared, preferably as a jectives without mass murder of civil result of some overt movement on the tures and an early arrival at '.;he garrison state in which the purposes, the actions, ians? If it can be so used for specific part of our prospective enemy against cases, shall we pick out · those only? either our North Atlantic allies or our and the very thoughts of civilian people are ultimately placed at the disposal of This is a military question. Shall we selves. If this overt act does not involve drop them where mass murder would the use of the atomic or hydrogen bomb the military authorities in the name of :lational defense. otherwise result, first warning the in we can leave that weapon as a latently habitants? applicable device to be used at the time There is indeed no assurance of safety in vicious aggressiveness such as has been To one who believes in the moral law when it would seem to be most effective it is evident that the A- and H-bombs in reaching a military victory. This was proposed. Our opponents might have but 1 bomb for every 10 of ours. There cannot be used as conventional additions the use we made of the atom bomb in to our armament. By their very nature end.i.ng World War II; but while the is only the faintest possibility that a single one of those bombs will be de they involve moral problems. Mass mur bomb was not available until the last der cannot lead to peace. weeks of the war we had been gradually stroyed by our initial attack. There will therefore be every reason for the enemy It is the fourth proposal which was in working ourselves up to its use. We had tended to be embodied in the joint reso for many months past been shifting from to make desperate efforts to deliver whatever their supply may be on the lution offered on this floor last June. It the old idea of warfare being waged was proposed that the western world with armies against armies and had al cities of New York, Philadelphia Wash ington, Pittsburgh, Cleveland 'netroit should hold the bomb in reserve for re ready begun to make massive attacks on taliation only. Even in retaliation we civilian populations. Chicago, and other key points' in popu~ lation and war production. Safety for would not use it against conquered and As a matter of fact, war for victory us cannot be- obtained by throwing moral enslaved populations such as those of instead of for peace seems to involve a considerations overboard. Hungary and Czechoslovakia. They progressive moral degeneration. In the Proposal No. 2, holding the bombs in must, however, be ready for bombing old days armies fought armies. There reserve for late action, seems to have which destroys their war industries and was great civilian suffering, damage, and something more to commend it than destroys their transportation. By giv even death; but except in cases where does this first one. We would be follow ing them an understanding of what we cities were besieged it was the armed ing the same course that we did in World have to do and plan to do, there will be forces which were attacked and the War II except that we would always be no such surge of devoted and self armed forces which suffered. Mankind wondering when was the time to strike sacrificing patriotism as fired the Eng in its immortal development has left be instead of having that determined by our lish, the Germans, and the Russians to hind that relatively happy state of af ability to have the bomb at all. We now repair damage and continue production fairs. While World War I saw some have the A-bombs. But now, or by that under impossible circumstances of daily minor beginnings of an attempt at vic time, we may have the H-bomb as well. and nightly attack, material destruction, tory by pressure on civilian populations, Meanwhile, our prospective enemy would and imminent death. We can make it this attained its full malodorous flower similarly be wondering when was the clear to these people that we will not be in World War II. The war began rather best time to drop his contribution to the fighting against them; we will be fight decently, so far as we were concerned, perpetuation of hatred and the main ing for them. but it was not long before so-called pin tenance of perpetual warfare. Again We have the experience of history to point bombing was not good enough and we might have more bombs but we might support us in the be.lief that the atomic area bombing proved more successful. not strike first. Furthermore, under the and hydrogen bombs may take their It being difficult to wipe out specific mili disciplined and tight control of its popu place alon.gside of biological warfare as tary installations, it was found more ef lation of our opponent, their history of being too dangerous and too easily re fective to wipe out populations instead. generations of exposure to death and turned in reprisal to make them desirable So ·~hat was what happened to cities like disaster, 10 bombs dropped on them instruments of warfare. It is not neces Cologne, Hamburg, and Berlin. might not be as effective as a lesser num sary to negotiate with Russia for an In justice to our military authorities ber dropped on a greater center of pop agreement of this sort. Our experience two things must be said. Civilian ter- ulation in America. would allow us to place little dependence 3200 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH ,13 on her agreements. The dependence orient our strategy of warfare to the apply appropriate elements of informa would ultimately have to be on our ability achievement of peace, rather than mere tion to the answering of the questions I to retaliate with tremendous force. This military victory. am raising. What would be inexcusable would be the deterring factor in any I hope on another occasion to bring would be that these questions have no significance which she might place on a before this body some practical consid consideration at all. treaty or agreement to which, in accord erations which it seems to me might as Mr. President, that is the paragraph, I ance with the ethics to which commu sure the winning of peace in world war may say to the Senator from New Jer nism subscribes, could be attached only III, should it unfortunately take place. sey, which in a way is directed toward the the value which she chose to give it at Fortunately, the same policies might subject of the questions he was raising. any particular time and. under any par conceivably make world war m unnec Finally, Mr. President, may I make the ticular set of circumstances. A uni essary, and, instead, might give us the observation that we must learn to live lateral declaration in this case serves all peace as an end to the cold war. with danger. Not a man here but knows the purposes that a multilateral docu Mr. President, I shall leave these ques that a likely target_.:_perhaps the like ment would serve among nations who tions QUt of the discussions for today. liest target-for an atomic attack would conform to the traditions of civilized We must consider first things first; and be this city of Washington. There is not diplomacy. nothing, in my judgment, takes prece a man here who does not know that the On the other hand, following the sug dence over our making a decision as to chances of escaping death or serious in gestion of the Senator from Connecticut how we are going to use the atom and jury in such an event are very small in [Mr. McMAHON], this should not be done hydrogen bombs. deed. This danger and the sense of without conference with the North Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr. Pres danger tends. to settle deeper and deeper Atlantic powers. It should not be uni ident, will the Senator yield for a ques over us like a dark cloud. It will get the lateral in the sense that the statement tion at this point? best of us if we do not get the best of it. of purpose and policy is made by our Mr. FLANDERS. I yield. Let us learn to live with danger. That selves alone. It should come from all of Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I wish to means that we will not permit danger to our allies. It is unilateral only in the say, first, that as a member of the For drive us into hysterical, impulsive action sense that it is not necessary to ask the eign Relations Committee, I am very or to prevent the calm and intelligent prospective enemy to join in the negotia much interested in the Senator's stimu consideration and selection of the alter tions or in the final agreement. lating remarks. natives which face us. It is to such calm This proposal No. 4 needs to have teeth I wish to ask whether he is introducing and intelligent ,consideration that I pre put into it. These teeth would be pro a joint resolution covering the proposals sent the suggestions I have just made. vided by making such arrangements with I:ie is making, to be referred to the For AMENDMENT OF THE NATIONAL HOUSING our allies as permitted the location of eign Relations Committee. ACT, AS AMENDED supplies of the bombs and of the planes Mr. FLANDERS. Mr. President, such for carrying them at widely dispersed a joint resolution which the Foreign Re The Senate resumed the consideration strategic spots on the map of western lations Committee might well consider of the bill previously availed themselves of their this to say: January ------19, 700 guaranty entitlement and who are un The direct-loan concept is by any stand February ------19, 500 able to obtain-from private lending insti ards an extreme one, and ought not to be March------18,900 tutions loans at 4 percent or less, for resorted to so long as private enterprise, April------21,600 which they are qualified under section with reasonable Federal assistance, can do :M:aY ------25,400 the job. Apropos of this principle is the June------27,400 501 of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, to finance the purchase or construc statement issued by our national legislative JulY------27,200 committee on October 30, 1949, that private August------35,000 tion of a home. enterprise and private financing must be September------October ______34,39,400 000 Mr. President, I should like to read at given every encouragement, short of direct this point a portion of the testimony of subsidy, to accomplish our national housing Dece:rnberNovember------______37,56939,200 Mr. Foley on this section: objectives. · I desire to make it entirely clear that I am 1950 not opposed to direct loans by the Govern '.I'here is now, and has been since early January ------42, 024 ment where the circumstances fully justify last summer, a reappearance of ample February ------their use. However, I do not believe that the 4-percent money everyWhere, and the Mr. CAIN. What do these figures direct lending authority provided by section Congress, in October of 1949, permitted mean? Obviously, tne very consider 401 (d) of H. R. 5631 is necessary to accom FNMA, as a secondary market, to pur able spurt beginning in April of 1949 plish the objective of the home-loan-guar chase up to 100-percent GI loans from anty provis·ions of the Servicemen's Readjust lenders. and continuing steadily up to the pres ment Act-the opportunity for veterans of ent time augers well for the GI home World War II to borrow, on reasonable terms, On January 12, 1950, Mr. Foley Ad loan money market. It should be plain funds to finance the purchase or construc ministrator of HHFA was asked by the to any fair-minded person that the tion of a home. Senator from Ohio [Mr. BRICKER] to downward trend in GI home-loan guar This bill contains other provisions directed name some of the areas in the country anty applications has been conclusively toward that same objective. First, it permits where 4-percent money could not be loans to veterans, for home purchase or con found. Mr. Foley said he would endeavor reversed since March 1949. struction, to be guaranteed in an amount not What are some of the reasons for this to exceed 60 percent (as compared to the to obtain that information from the reversal, even without the aid of a 100- present 50 percent) of the loan, and also Veterans' Administratiol'l., and he subse percent secondary market? I believe permits the aggregate amount of the loan quently placed in the RECORD a letter the facts are clear and worthy of care guaranteed to be up to $7,500 (as compared dat~d January 20, 1950, from S. W. Kel ful consideration when future trends are with the present $4,000). Second, it pro sey, Assistant Administrator for Finance. contemplated. In the first place, there vides that all GI guaranteed home loans in the amount of $10,000 or less and otherwise Mr. President, again, because it is brief has been a record :flow of savings into eligible may be purchased by the Federal I should like to read the letter, which i~ mortgage institutions, particularly into National Mortgage Association without re to be found on page 47 of the hearings savings and loan institutions. gard to the 50-percent limitation. These conducted by the Senate Committee on Secondly, general declines in bond provisions should make these loans much Banking and Currency when it took tes yields have made other forms of invest more attractive to lenders generally through timony on Senate bill 2246. The letter is ment and savings relatively more attrac out the country and make it unnecessary to resort to direct Federal lending on individual addressed to Hon. Raymond Foley, is tive. Whereas a 4-percent return has homes in order to permit veterans generally signed by F. W. Kelsey, and reads as looked comparatively small until recent to obtain funds to purchase or construct follows: months, such is not the case today. As a homes. It is for these reasons that I have JANUARY 20, 1950. result, 4-percent GI home loans are now been authorized by the Director of the Hon. RAYMOND M. FOLEY, readily available in every section of the Bureau of the Budget to advise that the Administrator, Housing and Home country, a fact which is reluctantly ad enactment of section 401 ( d) of the bill Finance Agency, Washington, D. c. mitted by the proponents of the so-called would not be in accord with the program of DEAR :M:R. FOLEY: In response to the tele supplemental d:i.rect loans. They can the President. phone request through :M:r. Condon, of your only partiaHy substantinte their position That was Mr. Foley's testimony on office, there is enclosed a brief statement con cerning the availability of home-mortgage by looking backward, not forward, which July 25, 1949, in the House. I find no finance to World War II veterans in semi certainly does not make for good legisla testimony to the contrary in his appear rural or rural areas. This statement is nec tion. ance before the Senate committee in essarily inconclusive, partly due to the diffi Another reason for the upswing in GI February 1950. culty of assembling an accurate survey on home-loan-guaranty applications ·is due Mr. President, in the 1949 hearings on data of its nature, and ·partially due to the to steady decreases in the costs of build Senate bill 2246 held in July of that year. short time allowed for its preparation. ing, resulting in more than a 10-percent representatives of veterans' organiza · Please let me know if you would like this supplemented in any detail which we may decline in some materials. Quite natu tions testified for this direct-loan pro have at hand. rally, many veterans who had been forced vision. WhY.? Because there had been Very truly yours, to forego a chance to build their homes ir: the several months preceding these F. W. KELSEY, because of high costs are now in the hearings a dearth, a drying up of 4 A~sistant Administrator for Finance. 1950 'CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE ·3203 The statement which was attached to and the winter of 1948-49 recurring in port of an amendment which would that brief note is as follows: the immediate future? provide for direct Government loans to AVAILABILITY OF GI 4-PERCENT LOANS BY Mr. CAIN. I can see absolutely no rea veterans, but I am inclined to think that GEOGRAPHIC AREAS son why the present money market, as it Senate bill 2246 continues to contain The VA has no statistical information im relates to the need of GI's for housing such provision, because no one has both mediately available of current significance credit, should become tight. I think that, ered to move that it be taken out. As which would give any conclusive answer to if anything, our correspondence and one who has attempted to study the the question whether GI loan credit is gen study seem to prove conclusively that the problem thoroughly, and as a veteran, I erally available to veterans in smaller com munities and semirural areas. It is true average veteran is going to have an easier myself am convinced, that there is not that narrative reports from some of our rather than a harder time in the future only no need for offering direct Federal regional offices have indicated that the vet in securing tpe credit to which he is loans to the American veteran today, eran living in a small town has a more diffi legitimately entitled. but that to do so would constitute a cult time in exercising his loan guaranty Mr. BRICKER. Then, is it not the future injustice to the veterans as they benefit. Indeed, it is generally recognized in opinion of the Senator from Washing are situated throughout the country. the thinking of students of real-estate fi ton, who has most carefully analyzed this nance that long-term mortgage financing at AMENDMENTS TO FEDERAL DEPOSIT problem, that so long as the policy of the INSURANCE ACT low interest rates is more difficult to obtain Government is to keep interest rates outside of the urban areas. The Senate resumed the consideration But it should be emphasized that the re relatively· low, at about what they are ports from VA field offices are not current and today, there is no likelihood in the future of the bill e sai~ regarding the mittee. Many letters were written and that the entire assessment be abolished, splendid record that has been made in many interviews and statements were so long as the background fund or re the administration of the FDIC so far. given by representatives of the banking serve amounted to as much of $1 ,000,- It has been said many times that the profession. I have never seen a better 000,000; and they also had other pro FDIC Act instiHed into the American illustration of the democratic processes posals, some of which were to the effect people confidence as to the future of in action. When proposed legislation on that no change be made in the assess banking. I think it is more accurate to this subject was first introduced, there ment. They have worked out a plan say that the FDIC Act, plus its sound ad was much conflicting opinion and there which in effect reduces the assessment ministration, gave the American people were many conflicting ideas in regard to by approximately 55 percent, but still Nation-wide assurance that stabilized this subject. All of them were thor leaves the system on a very sound basis. the banking concept in the minds of the oµghly aired at the hearings, at which They have worked out a plan of excluding pzople during those critical days in 1933 time the views of those who were charged the deposits owed to member banks and and 1924. I wish to publicly commend with administering the affairs of the excluding drafts drawn on insured banks, those who have administered the affairs Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and excluding cash funds held as se of the act for the faithful performance were heard, the views of the large bank curity, but providing for semiannual re of their duties both in the letter and in ers and those of the small bankers were assessment periods. When I say that the the spirit. So far as my knowledge goes, heard, and the matters affecting the pub plan excludes certain deposits or funds, not only ZJ.as their administration been lic were clearly developed. Members of I mean that the banks' liability under scund, but the powers have not been the subcommittee of the Banking and the assessment does not include the par abused. Mr. President, I may say that Currency Committee and the members ticular funds I have mentioned. I .do not know a single one of these indi of the full committee then approached As I said, Mr. President, I am very glad "\riduals; but speaking from a very lim the problem with the benefit of these to call this matter to the especial atten ikd background of experience, let me enlightening hearings, and also ap tion of the Senate; and I commend the say that I was a member of the board of proached it from the viewpoint of, and member banks, the agency, and those directors of a small-town bank, both be with the attitude of, real statesman who have conducted it so well over these fore and during the depression which be ship. Through this process they have years. Again I commend the Senate gan in 1929. I had those responsibilities developed a strong, practical piece of Banking. and Currency Committee, and bcfore the FDIC Act was :k)assed and be legislation, for which they are to be also the banking profession throughout fore that Corporation began to operate, thanked and commended. the Nation for their very fine cooperation and I also had those responsibilities and Mr. President, I notice that after the in working out this measure. I think duties afterwards. Certainly I slept bill finally was reported from the com it represents about the best bill which much better after t11at law went into mittee, after all the hearings were held could '.Je written on the subject matter. effect. and after the committee had developed It is wholesome, timely, and sound; and The American people are very much what it thought were the sound features I am glad to see it enacted into law. pleased to know that as of December 31, of all the suggestions, and had consid Mr. KEFAUVER obtained the floor. 1049, funds were available as a · surplus ered all the objections, the bill as thus -Mr. CAIN. Mr. President, will the or insurance reserve in the sum of reported won almost the unanimous ap Senator yield? $1,203,946,687.92. proval of the large bankers and the small Mr. KEFAUVER. I yield. These figures represeI.lt the fine posi bankers throughout the Nation. I think Mr. CAIN. Mr. President, because I tion that this agency i& in now, and I that is quite a tribute to the democratic know generally what the Senator from trust that further management and processes. Tennessee has in mind talking about, sound legislation on the subject will keep Mr. President, I did not wish to see and because I feel that a number of our it on such a solid basis. the fine work the committee has done colleagues have an intense interest in The income for the Corporation for go unnoticed here on the floor of the the subject, I wonder whether the Sena the year 1949 was $145,514,"0l.53, while Senate today. tor from Tennessee will yield to me, in insurance losses for the S.:1me period were Mr. SCHOEPPEL. Mr. President, will order that I may suggest the absence of only $641,:..83.22, and operating expenses the Senator yield? a quorum. $6,781,331.46, leaving a net gain for the Mr. STENNIS. I am very glad to yield Mr. KEFAUVER. I · yield for. that year of $138,091,786.80. to the distinguished Senator from Kan purpose. This bill increases the coverage of in sas. Mr. CAIN. I suggest the absence of a dividual a~counts from $5,000 to $10,000, Mr. SCHOEPPEL. I understand that quorum. which will increase the coverage from 96 the committee in its wisdom discussed at The PRESIDING OFFICER. The percent to 98.4 percent of all accounts. length the question of how many exam clerk will call the roll. The amount of funds covered thereby inations should be made of the State The Chief Clerk proceeded to call the will be increased from 44.8 percent to banks involved in this measure. I fur roll. 52.4 percent of the total. · ther understand that it was the consen Mr. KEFAUVER. Mr. President, I ask Mr. President, among various features sus of opinion in the committee and the unanimous consent that the order for of the bill, one of the principal ones is consensus of opinion of those who are the call of the roll be rescinded. and that that which, in effect, reduces the assess sponsoring this measure that there the further proceedings under that order ment about 55 percent, by a plan of cred should not be unnecessary examinations be suspended. it:ing earnings in the case of each bank, which would put the member State banks The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without and also changes the assessment base in to unnecessary expense. Is that the un objection, it is so ordered. the following particulars: (a) excludes derstanding of the distinguished Senator deposits owed to member banks; (b) ex from Mississippi in regard to that i:>oint? WORLD PEACE-THE ATLANTIC UNION cludes drafts drawn on insured banks; Mr. STENNIS. Yes; I think that is Mr. KEFAUVER. Mr. President, next Marshall plan, the Atlantic Pact, Foreign Relations Committee. At the Federal Convention. Just that. We and other postwar measures the State same time, I know the motives of the would explore how far these people, and Department favored. Some of us fore sponsors are good. Some of the provi those of such other democracies as the saw the Marshall plan would not be sions are worthy and should be carefully convention might invite to meet with enough but supported it, nevertheless. considered. Yet the State Department them, could apply among them, in the And with some misgivings, some of us finds nothing worth while about any of framework of the United Nations, the voted for the Atlantic Part in the text them. It merely concludes that it "must principles of federal union that are em the State Department recommended. oppose passage of this resolution." bodied in our own United States Consti Many of us have continued through Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, will tution. the years to vote for the State Depart the Senator yield? Still other resolutions were offered by ment's policies, although we did it with Mr. KEFAUVER. I yield to the dis still other Senators. I find that no less grave doubt and concern. The Depart tinguished Senator from Illinois. than 40 Senators have sponsored, or sub ment brought us measures which soon Mr. DOUGLAS. Is it not true that sequently adhered to, one or more of turned out to be only a stopgap, and the members of the State Department all these plans. They come from every re which required a greater stopgap to prop too often succumb to the occupational gion of the United States-from 32 of the it up. disease which sometimes characterizes 48 States-and represent every shade of It will be recalled what the United Na executive officials, namely, that any sug opinion in both parties. tions and the International Bank and gestion made by a member of the legis May I list them? Fund were supposed to do. But soon we lative body is to be automatically turned The gentlemen from Vermont [Mr were called upon to prop up these State down? AIKEN and Mr. FLANDERS]; the gentle Department plans with the British loan. Mr. KEFAUVER. I may say to the men from Washington [Mr. MAGNUSON Senators will remember the promises distinguished Senator that apparently and Mr. CAIN]; the gentleman from Indi made about the British loan, until sud in this instance the State Department ana [Mr. CAPEHART]; the gentlemen from denly it broke down, and had to be fol has very little confidence in the advice Kentucky [Mr. CHAPMAN and Mr. WITH lowed by a guaranty to Greece and Tur offered by Members of the Senate and by ERS]; the gentleman from Illinois [Mr. key. This, in turn, had to be propped up the public generally. It seems to have DouGLAS] ; the gentleman from Califor with the Marshall plan. That left such confidence only in its own opinions. nia [Mr. DOWNEY] ; the gentlemen from a gap that Czechoslovakia and Hungary Mr. DOUGLAS. Would the distin Montana [Mr. MURRAY and Mr. ECTON]; were lost to the· Kremlin. To stop that guished Senator from Tennessee agree the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. FER gap, we were offered the Atlantic Pact. that possibly the speech of Glendower GUSON]; the gentleman from Delaware Shortly, the Atlantic Treaty had to be recounted by Shakespeare in his play [Mr. FREAR] ; the ge:htleman from Arkan plugged up with the measure to rearm Henry IV is appropriate here? It will be sas [Mr. FULBRIGHT]; the gentleman from western Europe. remembered that the leader of the Welsh Georgia [Mr. GEORGE]; the gentleman · I forebear to say more, or to speak of forces addressed the assembly and said: from Iowa [Mr. GILLETTE]; the gentle China or atomic developments. I am a blessed Glendower. It is mine to men from North Carolina [Mr. HOEY and I am ·the first to recognize that the speak and yours to hear. Mr. GRAHAM]; the gentleman from New Kremlin is an unreliable ally and a tough Does the Senator think that this senti Jersey [Mr. HENDRICKSON]; the gentle antagonist with which to deal. But, bet men from Alabama [Mr. HILL and Mr. ment describes the attitude of the State ter foresight on t}J.e part of the State De Department, namely, that it is theirs to SPARKMAN]; the gentiemen from Minne partment might have recognized this sota [Mr. THYE and Mr. HUMPHREY]; the speak and ours merely to listen and fact earlier, and made greater provision mutely acquiesce? gentleman from Wyoming [Mr. HUNT]; against it. Thereby, we would have the gentleman from Colorado [Mr. JOHN· Mr. KEFAUVER. The distinguished gained a larger.margin for safety. Senator has had so much experience in SON]; the gentlemen from South Caro I have sometimes questioned the State lina [Mr. MAYBANK and Mr. JOHNSTON]; this kind of a situation that he has very Department's vision, but I never expect eloquently, I think, described the present the gentleman from West Virginia [Mr. ed it to turn against so many Senators KILGORE]; the gentleman from New attitude of the State Department, I say who have supported it through thin and with much regret. York [Mr. LEHMAN]; the gentleman from thinner. I did not anticipate that it Louisiana [Mr. LONG]; the gentleman As for our Federal Convention To Ex would pursue a policy. that would win it plore Atlantic Union, we were told that from Wisconsin [Mr. McCARTHY]; the the plaudits of Colonel McCormick. But gentleman from. Connecticut [Mr. Mc the Department cannot support this par MAHON] ; the gentleman from Oregon that is what it has now done. ticular resolution, until we answered to [Mr. MORSE]; the gentleman from Flor Was it Walt Whitman who said, "They its satisfaction a series of school-teacher ida [Mr. PEPPER]; the gentleman from who see farthest have the most faith"? questions with a few $64 questions mixed Missisi:jippi [Mr. STENNIS]; the gentle No matter who said it, the point is still up with them. I shall pay my respects man from Idaho EMr. TAYLOR]; the gen good. to these questions somewhat later. tleman from Utah [Mr. THOMAS]; the If we measure the vision of the State I take no personal umbrage at this, gentleman from New Hampshire [Mr. Department by the faith it is showing, Mr. President. The matter is far too TOBEY]; the gentleman from North Da what do find? grave; and I take solace in the fact that kota [Mr. YouNG]; and myself. We find it has no faith in the advice the chairman of the subcommittee, Mr. This is, indeed, Mr. President, an im the chairman of our Armed Services THOMAS of Utah himself, fared no better pressive manifestation. It is quite -an Committee gave. We find it has no than did the rest of us. The Department extraordinary demonstration of the Sen faith in the advice the chairman of the had no faith in the resolution of the Sen ate's concern for our future; its vision Joint Committee on Atomic Energy gave. ator from Utah and the Senator from of the needs of our time; its willingness 'I'he Secretary of State dealt harshly in Illinois. to shoulder its responsibilities and act the same press conference with the pro Such is the faith the State Department creatively. posals of the Senator from Connecticut shows in advice from the Senate. We One would expect this to impress par CMr. McMAHON] and the Senator from find it has the same lack of faith in the ticularly the State Department. More Maryland [Mr. TYDINGS]. views of the House. than one Secretary of State has criticized The Secretary has not yet honored the Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will the Senate as being too negative in its rest of us with his personal attention. the Senator yield? 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE 3207 Mr. KEFAUVER: .. I shall be happy to leased as a public statement, he detected is asking them to do something which it yield to the distinguished Senator from any tremendous amount of self-satis refuses to recommend even being brought Arkansas. , · faction on the part of the Secretary over to the floor of the Senate for considera Mr. FULBRIGHT. I should like to the progress which our foreign policy tion when it is made applicable to the add one more instance with reference to has been making? United States. the resolution which the Senator from Mr. KEFAUVER. I must say to the Mr. DOUGLAS. This is the question Utah [Mr. THOMAS] and I introduced Senator that I am sure the Secretary of I should like to ask. Has not the behavior some years ago with regard to the Fed State is not very happy over the prog of the ECA and the State Department eration of Western Europe. The re ress we have been making. in this matter of the economic integra sponse by the State Department was ex Mr. FLANDERS. That being the case, tion of Europe been similar to that of an actly the same as in the instance which does not the Senator from Tennessee ungracious husband who turns down the Senator has rr:entioned. My experi think that if the Secretary of State is every suggestion which his wife makes, ence has been the same as has the Sen not too happy with what we suggest and and laughs her suggestions to scorn, but ator's. is not too happy with what he is doing, who then after a period of time will put Mr. KEFAUVER. The Senator con it might seem a good thing for him to her suggestions into effect and pass them firms the statement I have made, and take a wider circle of advice, including off as his own ideas which he has just it is a very interesting occurrence. I our own? I am merely following up what oi'igina ted? wish to observe that 4 years ago the dis the Senator from Tennessee said in an Mr. KEFAUVER. The distinguished tinguished Senator from Arkansas and swer to my first question. Senator from Illinois, it seems to me, cites the distinguished Senator from Utah Mr. KEFAUVER. I do, indeed, agree a very clear parallel. · presented a resolution asking that the with the Senator from Vermont that, in Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will United States try to use its influence, view of the fact that even the Secretary the Senator from Tennessee yield? through the Marshall plan, if necessary, of State arid his colleagues are dissatis Mr. KEFAUVER. ! yield to the Sen in order to bring about ·a break-down fied with the progress we are making in . ator from Arkansas. of the barriers between the nations of certain parts of the world-they admit Mr. FULBRIGHT; I think we should western Europe and the unification pro- . that we are on only a day-to-day foreign recall that even in this last instance, . gram which would eliminate customs policy-certainly they should be happy when we have been saying that the State and trade restrictions and bring about to have us bring certain proposals to the Department has accepted the principle a real unity of western Europe. The floor of the Senate, debate them, and which. is now included in the ECA bill State Department turned thumbs down have them considered by the American which has not yet been ·reported, actually on the advice of the distinguished Sen people in trying to get a long-range pro the fact is that Mr. · Hoffman, of the ators. We now find, years later, after gram in which we would not have to deal · ECA, saw the light mu.ch sooner than nationalization has risen again in many with these questions piecemeal. did the State Department, and that he is of the nations of western Europe, when I thank the distinguished Senator for the one who concluded, as long ago, I the leaders of some of those nations are his contribution. think, as September, that this is an distrustful of one another, at· long, long Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, will essential, in fact, an indispensable, part last, 4 or 5 years later, the State Depart the Senator from Tennessee yield? of the ECA if it is to be successful. ment finally recognizes the idea as being Mr. KEFAUVER. I shall be happy to I call attention to the initial statement good. yield. made before the Committee on Foreign Mr. FLANDERS. Mr. President, will Mr. DOUGLAS. I was very glad the Relations by Mr. Hoffman and the Secre the Senator yield? Senator from Tennessee mentioned the tary of State. Mr. Hoffman had no Mr. KEFAUVER. I shall be happy to resolutions which the junior Senator qualifications about the absolute impor · yield to the Senator from Vermont. from Arkansas has offered from time to tance of bringing about a closer unifica Mr. FLANDERS. I should like to ask time asking that the strength of the Mar tion of Europe. The Secretary of State, - the Senator from Tennessee ·whether he shall plan be used to stimulate the Euro in one very short and pointed paragraph, would not suppose, in view of the dissat pean nations into integrating themselves said something to this effect-though I isfaction of the State Department with economically to a much greater extent cannot quote exactly the words-that . all the suggestions and recommendations . than has been the case in the past. I there had been a great deal of talk in made by distinguished Members of this was pleased also by the very accurate Europe about federation, but that neither . body, it would have a great deal of satis way in which the Senator from Tennes the people nor the governments in Eu faction with itself? I ask the Senator see pointed out that the State Depart rope were yet ready for any action. It to answer that half of my question, first. ment in the past has always turned was rather a definite and fiat statement Mr. KEFAUVER. I should like to say thumbs down upon this proposal, but now that they are not ready for it, whereas to' the distinguished Senator that the has come around to believing that this when we ask any of the representatives State Department officials are men of is what should have been done. of ECA, such as Mr. Zellerbach, from great ability. I think they have dealt By way of further background, I should · Italy, or Mr. Hanes, from Germany, as with the problem so long that they think like to say that we all remember that I did, whether they think the people of they are the only persons who have any when the Marshall plan was under de their respective countries are ready and particular opinion or insight as to what bate last year, the Senator from Arkan willing to make such a move, they both the Congress and the American people sas offered ariother resolution calling for say yes. are ready or prepared for. I hope that a financial reward to those nations which Mr. KEFAUVER. Mr. President, that in some way we can persuade the State practiced integration, and once-again at has been my experience in talking with Department to see the point that the only the behest of the State Department that some of the officials of the western Euro way in which we may be able to proceed resolution was voted down. But now, a on some permanent basis is to have full year later, the European Cooperation Ad pean democracies. Whether the poli discussion and consideration in Con ministration and the State Department ticians are all for unification or not, the gress and before the people of the vari come around and adopt the policy which people certainly realize that if they are ous proposals which have been made. the junior Senator from Arkansas advo to get anywhere, if they are to pave any When the State Department comes to cated, and it is now their policy. Now protection, they must have some unifi that point of view, we shall have made I come to the question. cation. considerable :orogress. Mr. KEFAUVER. Mr. President, let I think it is in point to make the Mr. FLANDERS. Mr. President, will me say, in that connection, that since observation that certainly the Senator the Senator yield further? . the State Department has finally come from Arkansas appreciates the fact that Mr. KEFAUVER. I yield. around to the policy recommended by unification in western Europe, when he Mr. FLANDERS. I should like to ask the Senator from Arkansas, that the na first proposed it, would have been com the Senator whether he has felt that in tions of western Europe should federate, paratively simple and easy of accom what has seemed to be the most impor it is a rather strange thing that the State plishment, as compared with the many tant public announcement made by the Department feels that federation would difficulties which would occur and are head of the State Department, namely, be a success in western Europe, and yet occurring in the effort now being made. his talk with representatives of various is unwilling that we also join in the enter Similarly, at this time we might go far newspapers, which was afterward re- prise. In other words, the Department in trying to explore federation, and get 3208 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE MARCH 13 away from the present piecemeal for Foreign Affairs of the House of Rep world, so that-they will be compelled· to great eign policy with the nations of western resentatives and Mr. Clayton on Jan ly reduce their standard of living, if they don't continue to get help, and we in the Europe, if we do it now, but if we wait uary 23, in a meeting which. lasted more United States can't go on subsidizing the rest until next year or the year following, than 5 hours. This is one of the most of the world-we are not strong enough for the longer we wait the more difficult it remarkable documents on this subject it it. will be. I am sure the Senator from has been my privilege to read. Arkansas agrees with that statement. A few weeks ago, Mr. Clayton testi A little later he said: Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will fied for several hours before the Thomas To get the strength that we need, the eco the Senator yield? · subcommittee and the House Committee nomic strength that we need in this situa on Foreign Affairs in favor of the At- tion, we have got to bring these democratic Mr. KEFAUVER. I yield to the Sena countries together in a real union, the kind tor from Arkansas. lantic Union resolution. ·· Of union that we formed in 1787-1789 in Mr. FULBRIGHT. I certainly do Both times this statesman, who is at this country. It has to be a real union. agree, not only because of the attitude of the same time a self-made, big agricul the people involved, which has pro turist and businessman, answered nu After remarking that he had "bad gressed, but we have expended our merous detailed questions on the impli some experience in negotiating with the money, which should have been used to cations of this resolution. He was que Russians when I was in Government soften the difficulties and the shock of ried as to its agricultural, business, and service," Mr. Clayton made this comment making these changes. There is no ques labor aspects, here and abroad. He tes on Secretary Acheson's press conference: tion that many difiiculties are involved tified that the establishment of a full Mr. Acheson added that what we are trying in upsetting markets, and that was the federal union of the Atlantic democra to do is to strengthen the democratic world, primary purpose for which our money cies, particularly as regards the creation particularly those areas of weakness in the democratic world, in order to create a firm should have been used, but it was not, of a common currency and a common foundation for agreement with Russia which and now we are $10,000,000,000 behind in market, free of trade barriers, was to the would prevail. I think that is very good the schedule. That makes a great differ great advantage of all. statement of our foreign policy, I think the ence. Mr. Clayton further testified that this Secretary of St ate might have added, with Mr. KEFAUVER. I thank the Sena union with its vast competitive free mar credit and profit to himself and the country tor for his observation. ket gave the best hope not only of end and the world, that the area of greatest weak The answer of the State Department ing the dollar shortage, but also of pre ness among the democracies is their disunity, serving our free-enterprise system from the fact that they are not united, as is the to every proposal for peace, Mr. Presi Communist world, and that the most con dent, is that it needs time to consider further invasion by Marxism. structive thing by far which the democracies the proposal. My heaven, Mr. Presi He testified that the gravest, most im could do, more constructive than perhaps any dent, the one thing we do not need is mediate danger to us lay not in atomic other and every other step they could take, time to consider. We need to utilize the attack:, but in the cold war. The Krem would be to create among themselves that brief time we have, as has been said by lin's strategy, in his judgment, is to win unity, which would bring about one foreign the distinguished Senator from Arkan through economic means of absorbing policy, one currency, and no customs houses sas, to quit drifting and start moving. nations without a shot being fired-let between the members of the democratic world, so that they would have the strength The State Department evidently does alone a bomb being burst. and the mobility to resist the onslaughts of not realize that we cannot kill time; it Mr. Clayton expressed the belief that the Communist world. is time which kills us. And, that was communism is winning more and more of We have got to take a bold, constructive never more true that it is at this very the world through the cold-war strategy. policy here, in my opinion, and make de moment. I am afraid the hydrogen He thought communism would continue mocracy work so that we have an affirmative bomb wears no wrist watch. to win if we failed to form the Atlantic situation instead of always a defensive posi From the attitude of the Department Union~espite the United Nations, the tion. Today we are always on the defensive. of State, one might think we were too Stalin keeps the initiative-moves fast, moves Atlantic Treaty, the ECA, or any im with unity, with strength, and he is suc ambitious; that' we were trying to do too provement of them short of union. He ceeding. much too quickly, Actually, it is not a insisted repeatedly that none of these question of the democracies doing too instruments could reach the heart of Mr. President, there is the statesman much, too soon, as it is a question of the the danger. Remember, communism de like thinking and speaking the people are slow-moving democracies coming up veloped in each country as a domestic longing to hear. again with too little, too late. affair, not by military invasion. Let me It seems to me that it is high time Mr. The State Department, from the evi quote briefly from what he said to the Clayton was drafted back into the De dence of its expressions, has no faith in Thomas subcommittee: · partment of State. any of the various peace proposals. I am a great believer in the UN. I think His is not the only voice which fa~led What then does the Department have it has done a fine job. But the UN was not to register with the State Department. faith in, outside of itself? In the people set up to deal with the cold war, and, in my There is Dr. Harold S. Urey, who won of the United States? Hardly. opinion, it cannot deal with ·the cold war; a Nobel prize for his work in atomic· It would seem that a man need only and, no modification 'lf the UN can deal with energy. In his testimony, Dr. Urey said leave the State Department for it to lose the cold war. · there would be no place at all to hide if its faith in his advice. We might lose western :.d;urope to Russia an effective quantity of hydrogen bombs without the North Atlantic Treaty ever be Take Will Clayton, for instance. Less ing brought into effect. It could easily hap were exploded over here. What was his than 18 months ago he was Under Sec pen. advice? That Senate Concurrent Reso retary of State for Economic Affairs~ lution 57 be considered and passed by the the key position in the cold war. Then the Senator from New Jersey Congress. While he was in the Department, Mr. [Mr. SMITH] said: Let me quote two brief passages from Clayton's advice was considered with the I agree. That is the way we lost China, his testimony: · great respect it deserves. After he again • • without overt military aggression. There · ts a way out. That is the way of became a private citizen, and had more China was conquered by Russia's new method partnership and unity, the way of sharing time to think of our affairs as a whole, of warfare. I grant you that. responsibility for the defense of freedom he came out for a full-fledged Federal Then Mr. Clayton resumed his state the way of Atlantic union. union of the democracies as our only • ment: And, again- salvation. Senator SMITH, we lost China, we lost I believe that material force and economic Mr. Clayton became one of the fOund Czechoslovakia, we lost Poland, all that vast arrangements, in themselves, are valueless ers and vice president of the Atlantic area between western Europe and Russia, - in this crisis. If mankind is to save his free Union Committee. He is a very ardent in that same way, and we could lose western doms, a value much higher must lead him. and active supporter of the Atlantic Europe in that same way. I mean, when the This is the spiritual, the moral. Union resolution. He has made a num Marshall plan ends, what are we going to dq? I refuse to believe that mere mechanical ber of warmly received and widely pub.:. We ought to be looking now and making up difficulties and obstacles can thwart man's licized speeches, particularly about its our minds as to what we will do when the attainment of a form of government which Marshall plan ends. It is only 2 years away, safeguards and promotes our way of life. monetary and economic implications. · and everybody that is informed on the sub Mr. President, I have here a colloquy ject, I think, agrees that western Europe will Mr.· McMAHON. Mr. President, will between members of the Committee on still be out of balance with the rest of the the Senator yield? 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 3209 Mr. KEFAUVER. I am delighted to !antic democracies as much-if not Mr. Justice Owen J. Roberts and yield to the disting'l1ished senior Senator · more-than they need us. Mr. Van Clarence Streit, noted author and for from Connecticut. Zandt, of course, is a great geographer many years a New York Times corre Mr. McMAHON. It seems to me that ·and geopolitician. spondent in a number of countries, had this would be an appropriate time to . On the maps, changed by the advent already answered that, but let me give refer to the concluding paragraph of an of the airplane, ·we are aside from the you Mr. Clayton's answer: editorial in the New York Times of this center of the anti-Communist world. If this union were formed of the demo morning on the subject of · total diplo We are foolish to consider our geographi cratic countries, it would present to the non macy. cal location by any other standard other Communist world, the whole non-Communist Referring to the Secretary of State, than that which is modern to the air world, whether you call them democracies or it says: age. not, an aggregation of military and economic and spirit ual strength that would be so great He is equally right in emphasizing that Within the boundaries of the principal that there would be a great attraction to it. we must m ake economic adjust ments at part of the world,' as adjudged by the It would just be like a magnet to those people. home to permit our allies to trade and live air maps, are nine-tenths of all the ice They would gravitate toward strength and even at the price of some inconvenience to free land area; 95 percent of all the toward power, and they would recognize it in some of our vested interests. All these people of the world; 98 percent of the this union, in my opinion. m easures ere essential to create strength where there is weakness, to fill in the pres world's industry. This is the most im -Mr. Clayton went further and pre ent vacuums, and to restore a balance of portant part of the world to mankind. In this area are Europe, t'he United dicted that the pull "on the Russian power adequate enough to give promise to satellite countries themselves would be new negotiations with Russia. States, Africa, and Asia. The Atlantic Ocean is the central body of water of so much greater from the west than Here is the point to which I should like this area. Across western Europe are from the east that such countries would to refer particularly. The editorial con the most important commercial airways in time gravitate to the west, and Russia tinues, as follows: would be compelled to return to her pre-· of the world. war boundaries." But it may be questioned whether these Vlhat better strategy could we under m~ a sures , being mainly economic and mili take than by joining of the leading na He went still further and,·while warn tary, are enough unless they are backed by tions of this principal part of the world ing against the dangers of talks with the an over-all peace program able to inspire t he Kremlin on the present basis, saying: free world with the same faith and zeal in a federal union? which the principles of the Atlantic Charter But, does the State Department be They will negotiate with you and • • • gave to it in the fight against another come interested in a full discussion of _string it out just as long as they can. Sup tyra.n.1y in the last war. For purely econ this scientific disclosure? It does not. pose we could all wake up tomorrow morning, omic and military measures tend to breed . and this union is in being. Within 6 months, All it says it, we "cannot support this you can make ·an agreement with Russia that a corroding skepticism and even cynicism resolution." which can be overcome only by an appeal will really stick, but you can't do it the to the h igher moral values that sway man Ostensibly, the State Department other way. kind. Even total diplomacy is likely to fall turns up its nose and thumbs down all Mr. Clayton, however, did not ask any short of expectations without that strength the proposals of the gentlemen of the one to take his judgment on all or any ening element. Senate for a new approach to realizing of these political and economic advan Mr. KEFAUVER. I appreciate the a world at peace. tages of Atlantic Union. Though his distinguished senior Senator's reading I earnestly urge every Senator to read own experiepce makes him so firm a be that portion of the editorial from the the testimony before both committees liever in federal union of the democra New York Times of this morning. It js in the light of the testimony of Mr. Rusk cies, he joined all the witnesses in stress of the same high tone as the statements and Mr. Hickerson. One is astonished ing that Senate Concurrent Resolution 57 of the senior Senator from Connecticut at the utter absance of anything in it commits· no one to such a union. The in the two recent speeches delivered on· to indicate they had paid the slightest only commitment in it is to explore the floor of the Senate, which have done attention to these outstanding citizens whether or not such union would have much to electrify the people of this Na in private life. great advantages; whether our people tion into urging the use of other means . Mr. Hickerson's statement is salted and the other democratic peoples are of working for peace and preventin~ the with implic:;i,tipns that. the supporters of ready, to gain these advantages. occurrence of another world war. Atlantic Union are starry-eyed dream Such would seem to be a common sense In connection with the editorial, it is ers; that they have given no thought to way of finding the answer that everyone mi opinion that public opinion on· the such practkal things as the economic could have faith in; but, contrast this subject is moving very rapidly. Such ad effects of ·the plan or the reactions of · attitude with that of the State Depart dresses as those delivered by the distin other nations to it. ment. guished senior Senator from -Connecticut Thus Mr. Hickerson asks: Mr. Hickerson devotes nearly all his have had great effect on public opinion. Which peoples would be prepared to re statements to asking questions about the I find that more and more newspapers linquish part of their sovereignty in such implications of union itself, and to and leading people all over the United fields as imports and €Xports, currency, tax ation, immigration, and ·defense? doubting whether the people are ripe for States, as well as people generally, are it. He then brushes off in one para demanding that ether efforts be made Mr. Clayton had answered 3 days be- graph the proposal to call a convention and other methods tried in an endeavor fore: · to explore Atlantic Union, which is the to get an answer to the problems . with I don't know what position any particular only proposal the resolution makes. which we are now faced, rather than by country in Europe might take with reference The effect of Mr. Hickerson's one para merely a piecemeal solution. They know to this proposal. I only say this, that in my graph is this: The State Department has and appreciate that dealings on a gov judgment, if the United States really, seri ernment-to-government basis, or be ously proposes a union of this kind, proposes decided that the people are not ready tween state departments, without some a convention to study and explore the mat for this convention, and . that we must ter-the people of Europe, as opposed to have faith in its judgment. We must influence by the people on the mecha their leaders-the people of Europe will nism which is set up, will not work, or not put it to the test by calling this con force those countries to cooperate, because vention to explore whether or not it is give much strength. People, in my opin they will see in that movement a great, new ion, are far ahead of Congress, and Con hope for peace. And in my opinion it is the right in its view of the people. gress certainly is far, far ahead of the only kind of movement that is going to re "Where there is no vision, the .people State Department today, store and recreate in their minds and hearts perish." In the State Department's It has been charged, Mr. President, the spirit and the will ~o go forward in free testimony, we find no vision, even of the that by passing Senate Concurrent Res dom and democracy. need of arming our people with any olution 57, we would sanction the under-· Similarly, Mr. Hickerson asked, as if powerful idea. Yet, we do need to elec lying idea; and, that we would become either we had never thought of it or were trify the world. We need to recapture father-protector to all the Atlantic com hopeful the American people would not the hearts of men by some move com munity, if we have not already so done. ask it: pounded of both hard-headed prudence But what does Mr. Parker Van Zandt's What would be the effect of the estab and lion-hearted courage. To this we testimony show us .in this particular? It lishment of the proposed Atlantic Union need to mix in warm-hearted generosity is convincing that we need the other At- upon free countries not included? and eagle-eyed vision. The Atlantic· 3210 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 13 Union resolution embodies such a move, their governments. And if it does pro peace in 1950, let us cast an eye briefly in my opinion. duce agreement, even the miracle of a over the past 10 months. This resolution is not recklessly pru draft constitution, no matter how limited During the past 10 months we have dent, as is the State Department's policy; it might be, no one but the delegates seen our atomic monopoly broken but it is reasonably prudent. This reso who sign it is bound to vote for its rati broken long before many in high places lution does not interfere with the con fication. Even if you vote for the At believed it could happen. We have seen tinuation of any of the other policies on lantic Union resolution, even if you the decision reached to make the hydro which the United States has embarked. should enjoy the signal honor of being a gen bomb. We have seen the British It does not interfere with the policies the delegate at the proposed Federal Con forced to devaluate by nearly one-third; Department now favors, nor with the vention, if you do not approve of the this, despite all the billions channeled by other proposals before us. This resolu Constitution it may draft, you can still do the British loan and the Marshall plan. tion does not commit us to guaranteeing as did George Mason, of Virginia. He Most of the other democracies have been any nation's territory at the behest of a was one of the most influential drafters of forced to devalue again. We have seen two-third's majority of the United Na our Federal Constitution; but because the British election produce a most un tions, or otherwise. it was not good enough for him, he re stable result in a situation requiring All of the plans proposed are worthy fused to sign it and fought its ratifica energy and action. We have seen the of consideration by the Congress. Some tion by Virginia. Red wave engulf all China. All this, of these commit us to disarming atomi Note, Mr. President, that if the Con and more, has happened in the past 6 cally or completely; others commit us to vention does succeed in drafting a con months. expending billions of dollars; others are stitution, this instrument would then be How imprudent, as the State Depart faced with the threat of a Russian veto ratified by Congress. Afterward, of ment implicitly does, to assume that the or an amendment to the Charter of the course, it would have to be submitted to next 10 months will be fair-weather sail United Nations ·Organization. Some the people for ratification, for it is they ing. How dangerously rash to conclude proposals would trust our liberty and who are the true sovereigns in this union. that we must hasten to explore every peace to a force of smaller nations; We have no desire whatever to rush way to ma~rn the hydrogen bomb, but others would declare our policy to be the through any agreement the Convention that we have no time in which to explore development of United Nations into a itself reaches. Nothing could be more the free federal way to keep it from world government. prudent than this triple debate: first in wrecking the world. How foolhardy to All of these plans have some points of the Convention; then before Congress; believe that we can safely wait until 1951 merit. None of them should be cast and finally before the people. This triple to debate on this floor whether we should aside, as the State Department would series of votes would be necessary before begin exploring whether our American have us do, without serious considera we enter into any constitutional commit principles of free f eQeral union can lead tion. Rather, the deep-thinking spon ment. us to peace. Certainly, we have more sors of these resolutions should have our Mr. President, from your long experi confidence in the American concept of eternal gratitude for their vision and ence, you appreciate how slowly grind government than our inaction might understanding. the mills of democracy at each stage. indicate. The Atlantic Union resolution neither You know that in this procedure there is I doubt that the State Department is commits us to these policies, nor does it no danger that the people of the United willing to gamble that in the next 6 prevent us from adopting or further ex States will be rushed into making a grave months the situation in southeastern ploring any of them that seem wise. commitment before they are ready for it. Asia, with all its wealth of rubber and This resolution does not commit us to All of us here know that the Damo tin, might not worsen. forming or entering an Atlantic Union. clean danger which hangs always over Even the State Department cannot be It commits us, I repeat, merely to asking every democracy is, not that of ·doing sure there is no possibility of our suffer the President to call a thoroughly bi too much too soon, but of doing too little, ing an unpleasant economic surprise in partisan federal convention to explore . too late. the coming months. I am no alarmist, with a few other democracies how far If an emergency develops, we shall be Mr. President, but I think it is prudent they can apply among them, within the much better off if we already have a Fed to recall that when economic disaster framework of the United Nations, the eral convention in session. How fortu has come, it has always been a surprise. principles of free federal union. nate we shall be if, when threatened with There is a trend now among our Euro That convention, moreover, should be hysteria, we have a carefully, coolly pean allies to seek safety in neutrality in so organized as to minimize the danger of thought-out plan ready to be put in ac the atomic war which they fear might failure. Such failure need not involve tion in our time of exigency. occur. We read about this every day the prestige of the United States Govern To achieve a prudent consideration for in the newspapers. This tendency will ment. As Mr. Justice Roberts pointed a closer and more permanent tie-up be likely grow more and more ominous in out in his testimony, the aim is not to tween the North Atlantic democracies, I the coming months, if we do not begin have the usual type of diplomatic con think we ought to pass Senate Concur now the slow process of binding freemen ference, in which the State Department rent Resolution 57 at this session of Con together. I do not think we should take instructs its delegates from day to day. gress. So doing will help ripen public the responsibility of delaying an explora Indeed, the Justice would have the opinion to a mature decision by the tion in this way of holding the people of Senate and House much more strongly healthy process of democratic discussion. the North Atlantic together. represented in this convention than If we delay the possibility of action on Mr. President, I said the Atlantic would be the State Department. Under this resolution until the Eighty-first con Union resolution contained the idea the circumstances this suggestion is most gress, a discussion and exploration could which we need to restore faith in men salutary. not probably get under way until 1952. and to recapture the hearts of free people The aim is to follow the much more Mr. President, we need urgently to have everywhere. fruitful model of the Philadelphia Fed a plan fully discussed and ready for op Implicit in the State Department's eral Convention of 1787. There, the eration i:n. 1952. Time is short. Nine- testimony to the Thomas subcommittee delegates of each State, though named . teen hundred and fifty-two is the year is the basic idea that merely for Congress by the State government, acted without the ECA program is scheduled to end. to pass this resolution to explore Atlantic the instructions of their government. Only the most optimistic Members of this Union is to do a thing so bold, to contem Each delegate acted as his conscience di body can count on western Europe's not plate sacrifices so generous, to embark on rected. He voted as an independent in needing some further assistance at that so far-sighted an undertaking, that the dividual on each issue that rose in it, and time. We should begin this discussion American people are not ready for it, and the majority of votes in each delegation before 1952 because 1952 is a Presi must falter in the attempt. They say it determined which way _the State's vote dential-election year. Then, our democ risks ending in failure. was cast. It was this prudent system racy is historically most vulnerable. The Mr. President, the American people are that resulted in the miracle of our Fed whole free world must wait in worried courageous. It took high moral and eral Constitution's being drafted. uncertainty while America makes up her physical courage to build this Republic If the proposed convention fails to mind. Before we assume that we should and preserve it through two world wars. produce agreement, the responsibility not be discussing and exploring a fur 'fhe American people have shown them rests on the delegates, themselves, not on ther program to take in the interest of selves exceedingly generous in time of -1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- SENATE 3211
calamity befalling people abroad. It sors of all the resolutions and those who con. Personally I am for strengthen took people of vision to found our Federal are interested in the various resolu ing the United Nations in any way we Union and pioneer it across this vast tions-and some are interested in two can. I think the United Nations has continent. or three of them, or all of them-have done much good work, but I am thor If I may be personal, Mr. President, all done a great deal of good in generat oughly convinced that in the present let me state that I made the formation ing public interest by way of an educa situation and in the present posture of of a federal union of the democracies a tional process, so to speak, and by obtain world affairs the United Nations is not campaign issue in Tennessee in 1948. It ing consideration on the part of the peo going to be the answer, now or in the won me votes. I am strengthened in that ple of this and other countries of some years to come, either to the cold war or view by what has happened since. I have method of trying to establish peace by to bringing about and maintaining the continued to urge Atlantic Union, and I law, which is of great concern to people type of peace we must have if we are have found the people in my State urg everywhere today. They have all done to avoid destruction. ing me forward. I ha.ve talked on this much good in pointing out the fact that Mr. President, I appreciate the ob subject in other States; and I have found never in history, over any long period of servation of the distinguished Senator the people ready everywhere to begin this time, have we been able to rest with any from New Jersey. His 4uestions of the exploration. degree of security on military alliances witnesses before the committee have Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr. Presi or merely upon treaties or agreements been very searching, showing that he dent, will the Senator yield? on a government-to-government basis; has a great interest in and much in The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the that they have eventually all broken formation regarding this general prob Senator from Tennessee yield to the down and have not proved a satisfactory lem. Senator from New Jersey? . system for keeping the peace. The spon Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr . Mr. KEFAUVER. I am very happy to . sors of all the resolutions appreciate, I President, will the Senator yield? yield to the distinguished Senator from believe, the fact that we cannot do these Mr. KEFAUVER. I am glad to yield New Jersey. things on a piecemeal basis, that over a further to the Senator from New Jersey. Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. The Sena period of years there will have to be some Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I thank tor is I think aware, as a result of his system of government in which the peo the distinguished Sen.,ator and commend attendance upon the hearings of the sub ple themselves, as distinguished from the him for having made a fine contribution committee of the Foreign Relations Com Department of State, have an interest, to this discussion. Of course, at a later mittee, that the Senator from New Jersey and over which the people can have some date, after our committee has acted, the · has the greatest possible interest in the control-more particularly, in response subject will be on the floor of the Senate subject now under discussion. I share to the Senator's question, the so-called again. But I feel the Senator from Ten the view of the Senator from Tennessee, United World Federalist resolution, nessee has done a real service today in that the more the subject is debated which had a great deal of support. The bringing this over-all picture to us, and ·throughout the country the better it will idea of that resolution is to create, under particularly in presenting the Atlantic be for all. All the approaches are worthy the United Nations, a world federation, Union cause. of exploration. I am entirely in sym or at least to invite all the nations of the Mr. KEFAUVER. I appreciate the pathy with the view expressed by the world into a federation, and if some of observation of the Senator from New Senator from Tennessee, that it is not, them do not come, to go ahead with the Jersey. I hope he and other members as the State Departmen ~ might suppose, remaining ones. 1 am afraid, by virtue of the Foreign Relations Committee will a thing to be brushed aside as of no im of the fact that it might necessarily mix give the Senate an opportunity of having portance. It is the most important ques totalitarian governments and democra a full discussion of the various proposals, tion we could consider. I think the Sen cies together, that it would not have the and of finding or devising some kind of ator, having attended the hearings, will depth that might be envisioned by the foreign policy which will afford a satis recall that the proposals can be broken Atlantic Union resolution. factory answer to the problems with down into three principal groups; one, I shall not go into the objections which which we are now faced, and with which ·the world federation idea; another, the have been made by many persons to the we shall be faced increasingly when the Atlantic Union idea, which is the one the World Federation resolution. The aims Marshall plan and other stop-gap meas distinguished Senator is now discussing; and motives are good. We all have the ures we have inaugurated come to an and the third, the more conservative ap same general purpose. But it has been end. proach by way of amendment to the pointed out that if we succeeded in bring Mr. President, the State Department United Nations' Charter. In all those ing all the nations together, we would looks through its mirrored windows and proposals I am profoundly interested. I probably have but another United Na sees the American _people ready to enter will appreciate it if the Senator will say tions, or perhaps something a little bet entangling alliances, ready to make the a word, comparing those approaches, and ter; and tha_t, if we did not succeed in hydrogen bomb, but it sees them unready indicating his reason for feeling that the bringing them all together, we would even to explore whether they can win Atlantic union approach is probably to have gone through a useless step. simply by forming an Atlantic Union. be preferred. I may say the question has Our position with respect to the At It is our constitutional function, been presented to me as a member of the lantic Union is that it is better to begin rather than that of the State Depart subcommittee-and I am glad to explore with a hard core of democratic peoples ment, to decide how ready the people with the Senator-Does the Atlantic who appreciate individual liberties, who are. We are in a much better position to union approach suggest the possibility have certain rights guaranteed to them judge the pulse beat of the people than is of a balance of power being set up in the by the constitutions under which they any diplomat. world, and is it desirable at this time? live, who want peace by law, and who Here is' an example of how uninformed Is the world federalist approach wiser, favor democracy. If it is possible to since it considers the entire world pic start with a group such a-s that, with a well-meaning person can be. In the ture? Or should we proceed by the way people who have done business together interesting campaign for the United of a more searching amendment of the and who have seen governments func States Senate in New York last fall the ~ United Nations Charter? tion under democratic constitutions then distinguished junior Senator from New Mr. KEFAUVER. I appreciate very there will be a chance of making a suc York [Mr. LEHMAN], who has much ex ' much the observation of the distin cess, with the door left open for other perience in learning what the people guished Senator from New Jersey, who peoples to come in when they are able want through elective offices, was op is a member of the Foreign Relations and enjoy the guaranties we have posed by former Senator John Foster Committee. I had the privilege of at under our Constitution and which may Dulles, the eminent Republican authority tending a great many hearings of the be provided for them. on int~rnational relations. subcommittee, and I have read that part The other types of resolution call for The gentleman from · New York who of the hearings which I did not hear in the elimination of the veto power of sits with us had previously joined the person. As the Senator has suggested, one nation in the United Nations, and council of the Atlantic Union Commit there are three general approaches which a strengthening of the United Nations tee. In the course of the campaign he have been made to the problem. Let me in various · and sundry ways. We, of issued a much stronger stat3ment in say in that connection, I thin~{ the spon'- course; all- know the objections pro and favor of S:mate · Co:::icurrent Resolution 3212 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .MARCH 13 57, saying notably, as reported in the vention and the ratification proceed moment. We must also judge what they New York Times, as follows: ings, we would develop all the other soul may be think:ing later~n second, thtrd Passage of the Atlantic Union resolution searching we needed. The exchange or fourth thought, in the light of events. : :=iems to me one of the most important acts closed with this colloquy: Some of us must consider now, in rela which the United States Congress can take Mr. KEFAUVER. Instead of saying here we tion to this issue, what the people will in the field of international relations to pre are against everything • • • why don't be ready for 6 months from now, in the vent war, stop, communism, and avert world you say • • • that we want to stud'y light of the situation the people will face economic collapse. • • • this thing, we would like for Congress to in November. Others of us must con The next step should be recognition that debate? I don't know of any better way to sider now what the people will be ready mere agreements between governments generate study than to have a full dress de pacts, alliances-have never endured. • • • bate on the floor of the Senate, do you? for in 1952 or in 1954 in the light of all On the other hand, no agreement between Mr. HICKERSON. No, sir. I think that is an that will happen 9etween now and then. sovereign citizens to unite in a federal union excellent place. We must have vision, or we go down in has ever failed. • • • Mr. KEFAUVER. Don't you think that would defeat. The Atlantic Union resolution does not be a good idea? I appeal to the State Department to itself commit the Congress or the people of Mr. HICKERSON. I think it would be an ex think in these terms. the United States to anything beyond par cellent idea. I regret that I am prompted to deal ticipation in a convention of nations that Mr. KEFAUVER. That is all I wanted, Mr. harshly with the State Department at sponsored the Atlantic Pact. • • • If Chairman. union were ratified, it would require no this moment when it is under fire from amendment of the UN Charter and hence I then left iJut I should add in all fair another quarter. We have not declared would not face the danger of a Russian veto. ness that later when Mr. Hickerson re open season on this important branch It would, indeed, enormously strengthen turned to the stand he put in the record of the executive department. I bear the the UN. • • • a qualification of his last answer, saying State Department no ill will. I hold no The calling o;f a Federal convention con it "was not to be interpreted as support grudge against the distinguished Secre stitutes bold, positive action, worthy of the ing the passage and approval by this sub tary of State.or any of his principal aides. leadership of the United States. • • • committee of the Foreign Relations I have, in the past, supported the policies I urge that congressional committees now they recommended to Congress. speak studying foreign affairs security measures Committee of Senate Concurrent Reso t assign top priority to the Atlantic Union lution 57 which in my statement I said as their friend. Because I am their resolution. we could not support." friend, I cannot join the Chicago Tribune Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, will the in applauding the course they have taken The opponent of Senator LEHMAN, Mr. Senator yield? in the matter before us. The Chicago Dulles, also announced publicly that, if The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Tribune's editorial comment on the argu elected, he would vote for the Atlantic Senator from Tennessee yield to the ments of Mr. Rusk and Mr. Hickerson Union resolution. He explained that the Senator from New York? is enlightening. I quote a portion of it: North Atlantic Treaty Council does not Mr. KEFAUVER. I am glad to yield The arguments of the two gentlemen are now have adequate authority to estab to the distinguished Senator from New not unfamiliar to the Tribune. We have lish a genuine common defense. York. made all of them repeatedly since the infat That is one of the matters-- Mr. LEHMAN. I was very much in uation for One World began to obtain cur rency. Now the State Department has come Our former colleague, Mr. Dulles, terested to hear the quotations from over to our side. Miracles do happen. said- statements I made during the campaign, which could and should be considered by an in which I expressed my support of the I cannot join Colonel McCormick in Atlantic Union Convention. There are eco Atlantic-Union resolution. I merely his co~mendation. I must join with nomic and monetary problems that ought to wish at this time to say that when the other such friends of the State Depart be considered in accordance with the Federal resolution comes before the Senate I ment as the editor of the Minneapolis principle, that matters which are of common shall vote for it, as I announced on many Morning Tribune who, in expressing his c9ncern should be dealt with through an occasions and at some.length during the shock at this incredible new position of agency dedicated to the interests of all those campaign. the State Department, says: concerned. Mr. KEFAuVER. I appreciate the The Chicago Tribune has every right to So, we had both candidates for the statement of the distinguished Senator claim a great victory for its poin1; of view. United States Senate from the great from New York, and I want to say that The American State Department has climbed State of New York committed to Atlantic his statement, giving the reasons for his Into bed with it. Union. The campaign was the subject support of the resolution, is one of the I must join another old friend of the of many newspaper articles, editorials, most noteworthy and convincing state State Department, the Dallas t Government of divided powers, or, put history-and the tomorrows are full of the challenge. The British, the French, and ting it in another way, it is a Govern them-may bring a change sooner than ourselves recognized the opposition govern.;. ment made up of three branches, each we expect. I see no real cause for nega ment of Bao Dai. In Asia it is completely branch having its particular functions to appreciate that the Russians have declared a tive thinking, for defeatist thought. We subversive war on the rest of non-Commu perform. We all know that in the realm may differ wi_th what we think is the ap nist Asia and ourselves. I wonder if the sig of foreign affairs-and that is what we proach being taken at this time; and, nificance of that choosing up of sides has are discussing when we are talking about Mr. President, please understand, I am really come home to us here in the United taking certain steps or adopting certain not talking about the resolutions which States. plans or methods-the President pos are pending before the s.ubcommittee of In the face of this Russian declaration of sesses plenary and exclusive power as which I am a member; I am talking about further conquest beyond China, with the the sole organ of the Federal Govern Russians having demonstrated that they do the Secretary's position, which he has know bow to wage this kind of war, the non ment in the field of international af made pretty clear, that for the time be Communist Asiatics wonder if the poet fairs. That does not stem from any act ing at least we should take no steps. Shelley does describe us, if we indeed are "An of Congress, nor is it a constitutional Though we may differ with what we ineffectual angel beating in the void his grant. think is the approach at this time, it is luminous wings in vain." As suggested, the power of the Federal more important that we recognize and They want to be on our side if we're safe Government in foreign affairs exists abide by the rules of the game, the rules to be with-if we can be relied upon to stick irrespective of the Constitution itself. of constitutional government, which with them when the going gets bad. The authority resides in the President What is there we can do to justify their have maintained the Republic since the reliance upon us? What are the elements in because he has a better opportunity of days of its inception. Those rules laid that area that we can pull together for the knowing conditions which prevail in for down provide that in dealing with a for sake of the people there as well as for our eign countries, since to him, through the eign situation the President has control. · peace and security? As a line of departure State Department, come the reports of I repeat, Mr. President, while the con I , accept the statement of the Secretary of our ambassadors, ministers, and other State that "It iS' hardly necessary for me to stitutional provision is that it is the busi say that an attack on the Philippines could agents of Government whose function it ness particularly of the Senate to advise is to know what is going on. not and would not be tolerated by the United with the President in relation to foreign States, but I hasten to add that no one per However, Mr. President, in view of the matters, there is some difference of opin ceives the imminence of any such attack." "advice" provision of the Constitution, ion as to whether that function exists Let us see how, even at this late day, this in view of the fact that there is con before ·or just after the President has defense could be accomplished. stitutional power in the Senate once the submitted to the Senate the subject on Southeast Asia stretches from the subcon President has exercised his plenary power which he wants advice. Be that as it tinent of India to the Australia subcontinent. and has arrived at a conclusion in rela In the center of this great south Asian tri may, we cannot be supertechnical. We angle lie the spreading culture of southeast tion to foreign relations which might are ail human. · We are interested in Asia-on the ludo-Chinese Peninsula, on be reduced to a treaty, there is the power seeking to find the answer which will Burma, Siam, and Malaya; on the island arc of the Senate to agree or disagree to bring that peace which is the consum at its base the archipelagoes of Indonesia such a treaty, and in view of the fact mation so devoutly to be wished, to bring and the Philippines. that one of the significant committees that peace· which will come only when Within this triangle live almost 600,000,000 is that on foreign relations, it would ap people, or about 25 percent of humanity. the hearts and minds of men are tegen The first thing we have to do is to recognize pear that the seriousness of the situa erated, or born again. tion calls for the closest collaboration, in that the theater is one theater-Burma, In this period of world stress, between the Mr. President, there was called to my dia, Siam, Indochina, Manila, Malaya, For attention today an address by Gen. mosa, Korea, Japan. executive department and the Congress. That it is all one in spite of the differences No one can look around the corner of William J. Donovan, which he delivered at Columbia University, on February 16, that Ile between. That it is one in which tomorrow and see what is going to turn victories won, time gained, or material sal up. The period is indeed one that calls 1950, on receiving the Alexander Hamil vaged in Indochina or Formosa may greatly for humility and wisdom and, as sug ton Medal of the Association of the help in an intelligent defense of the Philip gested by the Senator from Tennessee, Alumni of Columbia College. It is a pines or in the reconstruction of Burma or without wisdom the people perish. There speech based upon findings which he Indonesia. must be wisdom to enable the omcials to made relating to his own experiences in When we look at our map and wipe out of the Far East. our minds the wartime artificial separation know the appropriate steps to take. into theaters of operation we see that the The position of the Secretary of State I ask unanimous consent that the western Pacific is a strategic unit of which today, judging from his statement, is speech be printed in the RECORD follow the Philippines are an integral part. definitely that for the present, at least, ing my remarks. There is disorder to the point of chaos in he feels that no good will come from There being no objection, the address Burma. Yet it is the bulwark before India urging Mr. Stalin to meet and talk things was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, and only speedy political and economic re over. We are given no alternative by form can save it from Soviet exploitation. In as follows: Indochina the Soviet has picked Ho Chi the Secretary except the task of creat The Soviet Union has completed the con Minh to do there what they used Mao to do ing areas of strength throughout the quest of China, and this has been given in China proper. In Malaya the British are world, and hoping that in due season the formal approval by the 30-year P.eace treaty. contending against a campaign· of ambush Kremlin will let us know when it wants Throughout the Far East this marks a and assassination by the Malayan Commu to talk. That is substantially the Sec defeat for the United States. nist Party. retary's position, and speaking for the This victory now makes Russia the domi · Japan and its associated islands 1,600 miles President, he is within the field whe.re nant power in _Asia as well as in Europe. from the Philippines give it protection from 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 3215 the north, and Formosa, almost halfway be city, caught the Soviets fiatfooted with sur er and the city worker have everything to tween, must be denied to enemy occupation prise. gain through mutual political action as by National China until next June at least. General Clay saw that if the Soviets in voters. Indonesia is the master key for the defense tended war-war could not be avoided by a The political-education campaign has al of the Philippines because with. Malaya it retreat from Berlin. On the contrary, it ready begun with a five-times-a-week radio forms a protective shield against the south, would mean that we would be driven progres commentary that goes out from Washington, and that shield is given depth by Australia, sively to weaker positions. He saw too that under AFL sponsorship, over a Nation-wide only 300 miles south of it. Strategically, if Russia was bluffing-that the moment had network. Another new feature is an FM southeast Asia is of more than local interest. come to call the bluff or to surrender the ini· radio network, centered around Station Whoever controls the Straits of Malaca and tiative he had won. WCFM.in Washington, owned by the Cooper Singapore dominates a sea route comparable The courageous and common-sense action ative League of the United States of America. in importance with the Panama Canal. of General Clay in that crisis is a guide and It has a land line to a New York station, Indonesia is an island gate between the an example for us all. WFDR, which belongs to the AFL's Interna Pacific and the Indian Ocean. In 1942 Japan We have shown our great desire for peace tional Ladies' Garment Workers Union. The took the islands and broke out of the Pacific with Russia and our willingness to settle garment workers also run stations in Los An to extend its operations as far west as Ceylon. differences. But we have learned that up to geles and Chattanooga. Washington pro The Indian Ocean may well be the warm now at least agreement with the Russians is grams are put on recording tape and sent to water target that Russia has always sought. a hopeless illusion. the Detroit and Cleveland stations of the The American naval and air bases in the We now see that what happens in Berlin CIO's United Auto Workers. Joseph C. Philippines are only a thousand miles from or in Peking has its repercussions in every Harsch writes in the Christian Science Moni Saigon in French Indochina. area of the world where our country and the tor that this new politically conscious radio Indonesia is the most important of the Soviet Union face each other. It is a war of network has been created to promote the southeast Asian countries that have emerged subversion on a global scale-in which Russia point of view of labor unions, the cooperative from colonial status into ·nationhood. An is trying to whipsaw us from one side of movement, the American Farm Bureau Fed archipelago stretching nearly 4,000 miles, or the world to the other. eration, and Americans for Democratic Ac one-seventh of the way around the earth, We must win now the war in which we tion, for these are the influences behind it. and having some 750,000 square miles of land find ourselves. It is a war which on many All this illustrates what New York Times area, and a population of 75,000,000. fronts Russia has been waging and winning. Columnist Arthur Krock calls the superior It is probably the most westernized of the A war that we can lose without a shot being articulation of the left. Krock thinks that far eastern countries. Its economic, finan fired. A war that if we win may make im by taking full advantage of Government-li cial, and even its transport system are based possible a shooting war. We can neither censed radio and the canons of responsible upon Western models. It is even hy modern buy our way out nor appease our way out. journaJism in the United States, the left has standards rich in resources, and is fully able Our strength must be found in ourselves become increasingly active in promoting its to repay any loans advanced to it for recon in our decision and in our resolution. cause in print and on the air. He expects struction and capital expenditures. that this perfected and enlarged publicity Its top leadership is anti-Communist by POLITICAL CENSORSHIP OF RADIO of the left, better than the moderates have conviction. Although on lower levels there Mr. FERGUSON. Recent important now or ever had, will reach a peak of activity is needed experience in organization and ad during this year's election. ministration, the government in control is developments have come to my atten tion which indicate that the Federal Donald Richberg, the former NRA Admin about the best that could l>e obtained. The istrator, writes in the Harvard Business Re four or five leading men are competent and Communications Commission may be view that the insidious doctrine that we must honest. They seek United States technical using its authority over radio stations cr.eate a sort of modified national socialism advice both of an industrial and military for political censorship. If this is so it in the United States needs to be fought with nature. If we could meet this request for is of vital concern to every Member of the same skill with which it is being propa aid as well as counsel, our position would the Senate and to the country. Radio gated. He thinks that it is time for moder gain strength from the fact that for the last has become one of the most important ates to organize themselves or be fiattened by 2 years we have carried out a policy there, the steam rollers of left-wing propaganda. consistent, definite, and to a degree success means of communicating ideas. It has vast propaganda leverage. Unless fairly Raymond Moley carries the idea further by ful. writing in Newsweek that, outside the Re In addition our Ambassadors in the vital administered by our Government it can publican and Democratic Parties, there countries of India, Siam, and Indonesia are become a weapon for political oppres should be developed a nationally organized men of training, experience, and understand sion. group Which cannot only create and propa ing. They already have the respect and My concern over this question has gate a clear political program bu1i help suit friendship of those countries to which they been aroused by a very significant edi able Republican and Democratic candidates are accredited. to win elections. There is general agreement among those torial appearing in the Saturday Eve whose opinion should be given weight that ning Post for March 4. It is so impor Right now, the moderate forces are still Russia has a program in southeast Asia and disunited. But certainly the concentration tant that I believe I must take the time of left-wing pressure can't be permitted to that the ·timetable for that program has now to read it to the Senat~: been stepped up in an endeavor to take full throw the Nation's political sense completely MUST PROPAGANDA BE THE MONOPOLY OF OUR out of balance. Or can it? advantage of the momentum from their LEFTISTS? speedy victories in China. Political pressure is pretty nearly a left In confirmation of the points raised The urgency requires leadership now. It . by the Saturday Evening Post editorial requires a leader-whether you call him a wing monopoly these days. Moderates and supreme commander or a high commissioner conservatives are way behind in propagan there is the case of a radio licensee who with the authority, the experience, and the dizing the public, while a well-oiled organi owns five radio stations and who is known ability to deal with political as well as mili zation triumvirate seeks to push the country to have strong political views which have tary problems. He should be vested with the faster and faster toward the hand-out state. been identified by the House Un-Ameri discretion to deal with those problems on the. First among these pressure outfits is Amer can Activities Committee through his as spot and should be located in the theater icans. for Democratic Action. It is run by sociation with numerous Red-front or close enough to see it at first hand, yet not people who became big names in the Roose so close as to lose his perspective. velt administrations, and who are hankering ganizations. So far as I have been able The cooperation of the British, the French, for a super-New Deal. It works hand in to learn the personal views of this indi and the Dutch would be eagerly given and hand with the CIO's Political Action Com vidual have not provoked any action on they know our leadership is needed. The mittee and with the AFL's Labor's League the part of the Commission with relation establishment of such leadership would be for Political Education. to ownership or operation of hls station. welcomed by the people of the countries con The AFL decided at its last convention to On the other hand, I am informed that cerned and would allay their present fear assess its 7,000,000 members $2 apiece for the Commission has vigorously investi that we would abandon them. "political education" work during the 1950 We must make clear t o them that having elections. It is committed to defeat eight gated another station owner who has ex picked our friends we will stay with them Republican Senators, including ROBERT A. pressed strong personal views which ap to the finish whatever the consequence. TAFT, and is putting its money and pull be pear to be pro-Republican and anti We have a precedent for this action. hind five Democrats and three Republicans. communist. In June 1948 Russia, in the Berlin blockade, According to AFL Tactician Joseph D. Kee With this information and these cir employed a menacing and dangerous tactic nan, the public has to be educated against cumstances before me this morning, I to test the will of the West~rn Allies and to the Taft-Hartley law, and in favor of welfare stop the European recovery program at the legislation, farm-price supports, and crop telephoned Mr. Benedict Cottone, gen outset. · storage legislation. Keenan calls for a farm eral counsel for the Federal Communica General Clay met the challenge with bold er-labor bloc under the slogan that the ene tions Commission, to inquire whether the ness and resolution. The dramatic success of mies of labor are also the enemies of the Commission had taken a position with "Operation Vittles" which maintained Ber farmer. He· figures it this way: Since our respect to the matters referred to in tha lin's food supply-despite -~he seizure of the enemies are in common, the individual farm- Saturday Evening Post editorial. 3216 CONGRESSIONAL ~ECORD-SENATE iv'.IARCH 13 I specifically asked whether any in designed to be of use after the termination 1'itle II of this bill authorizes the transfer vestigations had been started as to .the of hostilities. As the war progressed, how of all the Federal interest in these remain ~ver, housing became needed in great quan ing veterans' reuse projects, provided that activities of radio licensees who had tities in areas such as· shipbuilding centers, where the land is owned by the Federal Gov shown strong political bias or who were where there appeared to be little likelihood ernment payment shall be made to it for in a position to use radio stations for of its continued usefulness after the end of ~uch land. It is believed that under this au avowed propaganda purposes. Mr. Cot the war. This, together with increasing thorization it will be possible for the Federal tone told me that the Commission had shortages of labor and materials and the Government to divest itself of substantially taken no action in cases of this kind. great speed with which housing was needed, all of its interest in the vetera!lS' reuse pro These are peculiar circumstances-on led to the construction of housing of a purely gram and to turn the responsibility therefor the one hand the report of the investi temporary character. Finally, after the ter over to appropriate local bodies. mination of hostilities, the Congress author TEMPORARY WAil. HOUSING gation of a licensee who was a supporter ized the ·reuse of temporary war housing of Republican doctrines, and on the and of barracks for relocation and conver I come next to the temporary housing other hand the failure to . investigate sion into temporary housing for the use of which was built during the war. At the time other radio licensees whose Personal returning veterans. it was built, this housing was considered td views show strong political bias in an . I propose to discuss the problems relating be an expendable war cost, and under the to these types of housing and the solutions ~anham Act it was contemplated that it opposite direction. would, in general, be removed wit hin 2 years Let me make clear that. I have no ob proposed in the pending legislation, begin ning first with the veterans' housing, next after the eiid of the emergency. Out of some jection to fair rules being. laid down 435,o.oo units of such temporary hous~ng, ap ~aking up temporary ·housing, and, finally, to permit any licensee to operate his the remaining permanent housing. proximately 255,000 units have ·been· dis station in the public interest, or to per :rosed of. The housing disposed of was in mit the views of any organization to be VETERANS' REUSE HOUSING localities where the termination of· defense fairly presented to the radio audience. I Some 267,000 units of veterans' reuse hous activities made its ramoval possible, and ing were developed subsequent to the termi much of it was reused in the production of think the United States Senate should nation of hostilities. This housing was veterans' housing which I have just dis be interested in checking into the fair made available to educational institutions cussed. ness of the Commission in applying its for use of student veterans and to cities and The 180,000 units of temporary housing rules and into the question of possible other public and quasi-public bodies which· now remaining are substantially all in lo bias in their application. wished to provide housing for returning vet calities where acute housing shortaaes have If radio-station owners of one particu erans. . There were two· principal methods in made its ·continued use imperative. The orig-· lar leaning are being fa:vored and· those which this housing was provided. In the inal requjrements for the removal · of this first method the educational institution or temporary housing have been :eeveral · times of opposite leaning are being frowned local body provided a site and the Federal upon, clearly then the Commission is. extended. by the Co!lgress, and present legis Government undertook the costs of reerect lation calls for its removal by January 1, embarking upon the dangerous course of ing temporary housing thereon. In this case 1951, except in cases,where; a:(ter. consulta political censorship. the educational institutions or local bodies tion with the localities involved,. the Hous AMENDMENT OF THE NATIONAL HOUS undertook to pay to the Government all net ing and Home Finance Administrator finds revenues derived from the projects after pay ING ACT, AS AMENDED that continuing housing shortages warrant ment of necessary operating expenses. In its further use. In almost all of the com The Senate resumed the consideration the other type of operation the Federal Gov munities where temporary housing is still in of the bill CONCLUSION The motion was agreed to; and