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Êíèãà Çà Debian GNU/Linux Книга за Debian GNU/Linux 16 декември 2004 г. Версия 0.3cvs Copyright © 2002–2004 Александър Велин, Георги Данчев, Дамян Иванов, Делян Делчев, Димитър Андонов, Никола Антонов, Никола Колев, Николай Манчев, Огнян Кулев, Пламен Тонев, Стоян Жеков Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. Съдържание I Въведение 1 1 За този документ и потребителите 3 1.1 Достъп до документа ....................................... 3 1.2 Накратко за съдържанието на книгата ............................. 3 1.3 Други книги за Debian на английски език ............................ 4 2 Защо Debian GNU/Linux 5 3 Основни понятия и команди 7 3.1 Общи понятия ............................................ 7 3.1.1 Компютър, хардуер и софтуер .............................. 7 3.1.2 Операционни системи ................................... 7 3.2 Дистрибуции на софтуер с ядрото Linux ............................ 7 3.2.1 Пакети ............................................ 7 3.2.2 Дистрибуции и пакетни системи ............................. 7 3.2.3 Някои термини и понятия ................................. 8 II Проблеми 9 4 Проблеми и задачи при управлението на софтуера 11 5 Потребителски проблеми 13 III Решения и предложения за подобрения 15 6 Бърз преглед, без инсталация 17 6.1 Knoppix LiveCD ........................................... 17 6.1.1 От Knoppix в паметта. .................................. 17 6.1.2 . към Debian на диска .................................. 18 6.2 Достъп до Knoppix и Debian CD и DVD images ......................... 20 6.2.1 Knoppix images ....................................... 20 6.2.2 Debian images ........................................ 20 6.2.3 Български миръри на Knoppix и Debian ......................... 20 6.2.4 Примери за сглобяване на ISO files с jigdo ....................... 21 Примерни огледални сайтове ............................... 21 Сглобяване на ISO image който го няма по българските миръри с изтегляне на даден .jigdo и .template file ...................... 21 Сглобяване на ISO image който го няма по българските миръри с изтегляне на всички .jigdo и .template files ..................... 22 6.3 Tilix: българизиран Knoppix .................................... 23 6.4 Други Knoppix-live LiveCD’s .................................... 23 6.5 Gibraltar LiveCD ........................................... 23 6.6 Публично достъпни Debian машини ............................... 23 1 7 Инсталация на Debian GNU/Linux Woody от CD-ROM на x86 PC 25 7.1 Стартиране на инсталационния процес ............................. 25 7.2 Choose The Language ........................................ 25 7.3 Debian GNU/Linux Installation Main Menu ............................. 25 7.3.1 1.Configure Keyboard .................................... 26 7.3.2 2.Partition a Hard Drive ................................... 26 7.3.3 3.Initialize and Activate a Swap Partition .......................... 26 7.3.4 4.Initialize a Linux Partition ................................. 27 7.3.5 5.Install Kernel and Driver Modules ............................. 27 7.3.6 6.Configure Device Driver Modules ............................. 27 7.3.7 7.Configure the host name .................................. 27 7.3.8 8.Install the Base System .................................. 27 7.3.9 9.Make System Bootable .................................. 27 7.3.10 10.Make a Boot Floppy? ................................... 28 7.3.11 11.Reboot the System .................................... 28 7.4 Debian System Configuration .................................... 28 7.4.1 Time Zone Configuration .................................. 28 7.4.2 Password setup ....................................... 28 7.4.3 Apt Configuration ....................................... 29 8 Разработка на официалния debian-installer и други installer(s) 31 8.1 Официалният debian-installer ................................... 31 8.2 pgi: The Progeny Graphical Installer ................................ 31 8.3 fai: Fully Automatic Installation for Debian GNU/Linux ...................... 31 8.4 SystemInstaller, SystemImager, SystemConfigurator ....................... 32 8.5 Replicator ............................................... 32 9 Първоначално запознаване с Debian 33 9.1 Процес на стартиране на Debian GNU/Linux .......................... 33 9.2 Вход и изход от системата .................................... 34 9.2.1 Първоначална идентификация ............................. 34 9.2.2 shutdown ........................................... 34 9.2.3 su ............................................... 35 9.3 Разглеждане на файлове с ls ................................... 36 9.4 Когато се нуждаем от помощ ................................... 38 9.4.1 man, whatis, apropos, info. ................................ 38 9.4.2 info .............................................. 40 9.5 Навигация във файловата система ............................... 41 9.5.1 cd ............................................... 41 10 По-user-friendly десктоп 43 10.1 Debian Desktop Project ....................................... 43 10.2 Debian Menu System ........................................ 43 10.3 Debian Usability Research ..................................... 44 11 Интернационализация, Локализация, Българизация 45 11.1 Въведение .............................................. 45 11.2 По време на инсталацията на Дебиан .............................. 46 11.3 locales: Добавяне на български език .............................. 46 11.4 console-cyrillic: Конзола ...................................... 47 11.4.1 cyr: Команда за конфигуриране на конзолата ..................... 47 11.5 XFree86: Графична среда ..................................... 48 11.5.1 XKB: Клавиатура ...................................... 48 xserver-xfree86: Конфигуриране при инсталиране .................. 48 2 XF86Config: Редактиране на конфигурацията на X .................. 48 setxkbmap: Различна подредба за отделен потребител ............... 49 Важна корекция ...................................... 49 11.5.2 Шрифтове .......................................... 49 Пакети с шрифтове, съдържащи кирилица ...................... 49 Препоръчвани пакети с шрифтове ........................... 50 TrueType шрифтове ..................................... 50 Инсталиране на TrueType шрифтове ....................... 50 Използване като X шрифтове ........................... 51 Използване като Xft шрифтове .......................... 51 11.5.3 xfs: Шрифтов сървър ................................... 51 11.6 Справяне с някои „упорити“ програми .............................. 52 11.6.1 GNOME ............................................ 52 GTK .............................................. 52 AbiWord ............................................ 52 GDM .............................................. 53 11.6.2 KDE .............................................. 53 11.6.3 Mozilla ............................................. 53 11.6.4 Midnight Commander .................................... 53 11.6.5 teTex ............................................. 53 11.7 tasksel: Бързо българизиране на Debian ............................ 54 11.7.1 language-env: Автоматично конфигуриране на програми .............. 54 11.8 Какво още може да се направи. ................................ 55 11.8.1 Превод на сайта http://www.debian.org .......................... 55 11.8.2 Превод на официалните документи на http://www.debian.org/doc .......... 55 11.8.3 Превод на официалния debian-installer ......................... 55 11.8.4 Поддържане на неофициално apt хранилище ..................... 55 12 Връзка към Internet 57 12.1 PPP връзка към Internet ...................................... 57 12.1.1 pppconfig ........................................... 57 12.1.2 wvdial ............................................. 58 12.1.3 kppp .............................................. 59 12.2 Ethernet връзка към Internet .................................... 59 12.3 iptables: GNU/Linux като маршрутизатор ............................ 60 12.3.1 Примерни правила за филтриране на пакети ..................... 60 13 Периферни устройства 63 13.1 Принтери ............................................... 63 13.2 Скенери ............................................... 63 13.2.1 Подкарване на скенер Acer S2W 3300U ......................... 63 14 Преобразуване на Woody към Sarge 65 14.1 /etc/apt/sources.list .......................................... 65 14.2 dist-upgrade ............................................. 65 14.3 grub: Замяна на LILO с GRUB ................................... 65 14.4 kernel-image-2.6-686 ........................................ 65 14.5 udev: Замяна на devfs с udev ................................... 66 14.6 screen, less, vim: За работа в терминал ............................. 66 14.7 /etc/inetd.conf : Изключване на ненужни услуги ......................... 66 14.8 postfix: Замяна на Exim с Postfix ................................. 66 14.9 ssh, dnsutils: Отдалечен достъп ................................. 66 3 15 Изготвяне на резервни копия - backup 67 15.1 Общи сведения ........................................... 67 15.2 Прости програми за дублиране или резервиране ....................... 67 15.2.1 dd - копиране на файлове ................................
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