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Title: the Study of Cave Deposits As a Contribution To Corso di Dottorato in Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Ambiente e il Territorio (STAT) Curriculum: Scienze della Terra XXXIII ciclo Title: The study of cave deposits as a contribution to paleoclimatic reconstruction in western Liguria PhD candidate: Eleonora Sessa Supervisor: Dr. Ivano Rellini Acknowledgements Well, here we are. I would like to thank my supervisor, dr. Rellini, who helped, encouraged and inspired me to do better and better. I was lucky enough to work within multidisciplinary groups (from different universities and research institutions) composed of helpful, kind and understanding people who are always willing to assist me. I also found the same willingness and kindness in the many profs and researchers of University of Genova who, at times, have done the impossible for the data collected within this thesis. I will never thank you enough, especially in the face of the difficulties faced in the last year. Not only the members of the academy contributed to the realization of this thesis: I would like to thank the librarians and all the administrative staff who contributed, aiding me, despite my, sometimes absurd, questions and problems. A special thanks also goes to my two external evaluators and the commission who made themselves available and took the time to make this work much better. A huge thank you goes to my colleagues and former colleagues. I consider myself lucky to have met you and I am glad that our cultural differences have not been an insurmountable problem, despite your grumbling and my pronouncements. (Just kidding, maybe). I thank my friends who have already grown tired of my continuing to study and hardly ever going out. I miss you all so much. I would like to thank my boyfriend, also. Thank you. (Anything I wrote he wouldn't like it anyway). Finally, I thank my family, who every time invents for me a new field of research not knowing exactly what I'm doing. If you want, there are 27x pages here where I explain it. Have fun! 2 Abstract The deposits of four caves in western Liguria have been investigated, in particular Tana di Badalucco (Imperia), Arma degli Zerbi (Savona), Caverna delle Fate (Savona) and Arma delle Manie (Savona). These are caves already extensively studied in the past, but exclusively from an archaeological point of view. In this case, the study involved the application of different techniques aimed at the final objective of obtaining a paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental reconstruction for this study area. The techniques used were different, starting from routine bulk analyses, passing from XRD analysis, and ending, and focusing in particular, on the use of the micromorphological technique. This allowed us to identify, in detail, the more or less significant changes that occurred in this region during the last glacial period and the Holocene, and therefore the alternation of more or less cold and more or less humid conditions of the last 120 kyr. 3 Table of contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 3 1. Aims of the study .................................................................................................................. 7 2. Paleoecology and paleoenvironmental reconstruction from the Late Pleistocene ................ 8 2.1 Liguria region, and its surroundings, paleoclimate and paleoenvironment ..................... 15 The Last interglacial and the beginning of the Last glaciation (MIS 5) ............................... 15 The Last glaciation (MIS 4 – MIS 2) .................................................................................... 17 The Holocene (MIS 1) ........................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Present-day climate .......................................................................................................... 22 2.3 Cave settings .................................................................................................................... 23 3 Study area ................................................................................................................................ 27 3.1 Tana di Badalucco ........................................................................................................... 27 Geological and environmental context .................................................................................. 28 Previous studies ..................................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Finalese area .................................................................................................................... 31 Geological context ................................................................................................................. 31 Site description and previous studies .................................................................................... 39 4. Materials and methods......................................................................................................... 55 4.1 Fieldwork and site stratigraphy ....................................................................................... 55 4.2 Sampling ............................................................................................................................. 57 4.3 Laboratory analysis .......................................................................................................... 58 4.4 X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) ................................................................................... 60 4.5 Radiocarbon dating .......................................................................................................... 60 4.6 Micromorphological analysis .......................................................................................... 61 5. Results ................................................................................................................................. 63 Tana di Badalucco ..................................................................................................................... 63 4 Field work and site stratigraphy ............................................................................................ 63 Sampling ................................................................................................................................ 65 Micromorphological analysis ................................................................................................ 67 Arma degli Zerbi ....................................................................................................................... 75 Fieldwork and site stratigraphy ............................................................................................. 75 Sampling ................................................................................................................................ 79 Laboratory analysis ............................................................................................................... 80 X-ray powder diffraction ....................................................................................................... 84 Radiocarbon dating ............................................................................................................... 86 Micromorphological analysis ................................................................................................ 87 Caverna delle Fate ..................................................................................................................... 99 Fieldwork and site stratigraphy ........................................................................................... 100 Sampling .............................................................................................................................. 102 Laboratory analysis ............................................................................................................. 103 X-ray powder diffraction ..................................................................................................... 105 Radiocarbon dating ............................................................................................................. 106 Micromorphological analysis .............................................................................................. 106 Arma delle Manie .................................................................................................................... 120 Fieldwork and site stratigraphy ........................................................................................... 120 Sampling .............................................................................................................................. 123 Laboratory analysis ............................................................................................................. 123 X-ray powder diffraction ..................................................................................................... 125 Radiocarbon dating ............................................................................................................. 127 Micromorphological analysis .............................................................................................. 127 6. Discussion and conclusions
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