Novell SUSE Linux Package Description and Support Level Information for Contracted Customers and Partners
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Improving Route Scalability: Nexthops As Separate Objects
Improving Route Scalability: Nexthops as Separate Objects September 2019 David Ahern | Cumulus Networks !1 Agenda Executive Summary ▪ If you remember nothing else about this talk … Driving use case Review legacy route API Dive into Nexthop API Benefits of the new API Cumulus Networks !2 Performance with the Legacy Route API route route route prefix/lenroute prefix/lendev prefix/lendev gatewayprefix/len gatewaydev gatewaydev gateway Cumulus Networks !3 Splitting Next Hops from Routes Routes with separate Nexthop objects Legacy Route API route route prefix/len nexthop route nexthop id dev route gateway prefix/lenroute prefix/lendev prefix/lendev gatewayprefix/len gatewaydev gatewaydev gateway route prefix/len nexthop nexthop nexthop id group nexthopdev nexthop[N] gatewaydev gateway Cumulus Networks !4 Dramatically Improves Route Scalability … Cumulus Networks !5 … with the Potential for Constant Insert Times Cumulus Networks !6 Networking Operating System Using Linux APIs Routing daemon or utility manages switchd ip FRR entries in kernel FIBs via rtnetlink APIs SDK userspace ▪ Enables other control plane software to use Linux networking APIs rtnetlink Data path connections, stats, troubleshooting, … FIB notifications FIB Management of hardware offload is separate kernel upper devices tunnels ▪ Keeps hardware in sync with kernel ... eth0 swp1 swp2 swpN Userspace driver with SDK leveraging driver driver driver kernel notifications NIC switch ASIC H / W Cumulus Networks !7 NOS with switchdev Driver In-kernel switchdev driver ip FRR Leverages -
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 7.1 Release Notes
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 7.1 Release Notes Release Notes for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Red Hat Customer Content Services Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 7.1 Release Notes Release Notes for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Red Hat Customer Content Services Legal Notice Copyright © 2015 Red Hat, Inc. This document is licensed by Red Hat under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. If you distribute this document, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat, Inc. and provide a link to the original. If the document is modified, all Red Hat trademarks must be removed. Red Hat, as the licensor of this document, waives the right to enforce, and agrees not to assert, Section 4d of CC-BY-SA to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. Red Hat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the Shadowman logo, JBoss, MetaMatrix, Fedora, the Infinity Logo, and RHCE are trademarks of Red Hat, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries. Linux ® is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries. Java ® is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates. XFS ® is a trademark of Silicon Graphics International Corp. or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries. MySQL ® is a registered trademark of MySQL AB in the United States, the European Union and other countries. Node.js ® is an official trademark of Joyent. Red Hat Software Collections is not formally related to or endorsed by the official Joyent Node.js open source or commercial project. -
Ubuntu Kung Fu
Prepared exclusively for Alison Tyler Download at Boykma.Com What readers are saying about Ubuntu Kung Fu Ubuntu Kung Fu is excellent. The tips are fun and the hope of discov- ering hidden gems makes it a worthwhile task. John Southern Former editor of Linux Magazine I enjoyed Ubuntu Kung Fu and learned some new things. I would rec- ommend this book—nice tips and a lot of fun to be had. Carthik Sharma Creator of the Ubuntu Blog (http://ubuntu.wordpress.com) Wow! There are some great tips here! I have used Ubuntu since April 2005, starting with version 5.04. I found much in this book to inspire me and to teach me, and it answered lingering questions I didn’t know I had. The book is a good resource that I will gladly recommend to both newcomers and veteran users. Matthew Helmke Administrator, Ubuntu Forums Ubuntu Kung Fu is a fantastic compendium of useful, uncommon Ubuntu knowledge. Eric Hewitt Consultant, LiveLogic, LLC Prepared exclusively for Alison Tyler Download at Boykma.Com Ubuntu Kung Fu Tips, Tricks, Hints, and Hacks Keir Thomas The Pragmatic Bookshelf Raleigh, North Carolina Dallas, Texas Prepared exclusively for Alison Tyler Download at Boykma.Com Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their prod- ucts are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and The Pragmatic Programmers, LLC was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters or in all capitals. The Pragmatic Starter Kit, The Pragmatic Programmer, Pragmatic Programming, Pragmatic Bookshelf and the linking g device are trademarks of The Pragmatic Programmers, LLC. -
Tree-Like Distributed Computation Environment with Shapp Library
information Article Tree-Like Distributed Computation Environment with Shapp Library Tomasz Gałecki and Wiktor Bohdan Daszczuk * Institute of Computer Science, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-22-234-78-12 Received: 30 January 2020; Accepted: 1 March 2020; Published: 3 March 2020 Abstract: Despite the rapidly growing computing power of computers, it is often insufficient to perform mass calculations in a short time, for example, simulation of systems for various sets of parameters, the searching of huge state spaces, optimization using ant or genetic algorithms, machine learning, etc. One can solve the problem of a lack of computing power through workload management systems used in local networks in order to use the free computing power of servers and workstations. This article proposes raising such a system to a higher level of abstraction: The use in the .NET environment of a new Shapp library that allows remote task execution using fork-like operations from Portable Operating System Interface for UNIX (POSIX) systems. The library distributes the task code, sending static data on which task force is working, and individualizing tasks. In addition, a convenient way of communicating distributed tasks running hierarchically in the Shapp library was proposed to better manage the execution of these tasks. Many different task group architectures are possible; we focus on tree-like calculations that are suitable for many problems where the range of possible parallelism increases as the calculations progress. Keywords: workload management; remote fork; distributed computations; task group communication 1. -
Work Package 2 Collection of Requirements for OS
Consortium for studying, evaluating, and supporting the introduction of Open Source software and Open Data Standards in the Public Administration Project acronym: COSPA Wor k Package 2 Collection of requirements for OS applications and ODS in the PA and creation of a catalogue of appropriate OS/ODS Solutions D eliverable 2. 1 Catalogue of available Open Source tools for the PA Contract no.: IST-2002-2164 Project funded by the European Community under the “SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME” Work Package 2, Deliverable 2.1 - Catalogue of available Open Source tools for the PA Project Acronym COSPA Project full title A Consortium for studying, evaluating, and supporting the introduction of Open Source software and Open Data Standards in the Public Administration Contract number IST-2002-2164 Deliverable 2.1 Due date 28/02/2004 Release date 15/10/2005 Short description WP2 focuses on understanding the OS tools currently used in PAs, and the ODS compatible with these tools. Deliverable D2.1 contains a Catalogue of available open source tools for the PA, including information about the OS currently in use inside PAs, the administrative and training requirements of the tools. Author(s) Free University of Bozen/Bolzano Contributor(s) Conecta, IBM, University of Sheffield Project Officer Tiziana Arcarese Trond Arne Undheim European Commission Directorate-General Information Society Directorate C - Unit C6- eGovernment, BU 31 7/87 rue de la Loi 200 - B-1049 Brussels - Belgium 26/10/04 Version 1.3a page 2/353 Work Package 2, Deliverable 2.1 - Catalogue of available Open Source tools for the PA Disclaimer The views expressed in this document are purely those of the writers and may not, in any circumstances, be interpreted as stating an official position of the European Commission. -
Mesalock Linux: Towards a Memory-Safe Linux Distribution
MesaLock Linux Towards a memory-safe Linux distribution Mingshen Sun MesaLock Linux Maintainer | Baidu X-Lab, USA Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2018 whoami • Senior Security Research in Baidu X-Lab, Baidu USA • PhD, The Chinese University of Hong Kong • System security, mobile security, IoT security, and car hacking • MesaLock Linux, TaintART, Pass for iOS, etc. • mssun @ GitHub | https://mssun.me !2 MesaLock Linux • Why • What • How !3 Why • Memory corruption occurs in a computer program when the contents of a memory location are unintentionally modified; this is termed violating memory safety. • Memory safety is the state of being protected from various software bugs and security vulnerabilities when dealing with memory access, such as buffer overflows and dangling pointers. !4 Stack Buffer Overflow • https://youtu.be/T03idxny9jE !5 Types of memory errors • Access errors • Buffer overflow • Race condition • Use after free • Uninitialized variables • Memory leak • Double free !6 Memory-safety in user space • CVE-2017-13089 wget: Stack-based buffer overflow in HTTP protocol handling • A stack-based buffer overflow when processing chunked, encoded HTTP responses was found in wget. By tricking an unsuspecting user into connecting to a malicious HTTP server, an attacker could exploit this flaw to potentially execute arbitrary code. • https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1505444 • POC: https://github.com/r1b/CVE-2017-13089 !7 What • Linux distribution • Memory-safe user space !8 Linux Distribution • A Linux distribution (often abbreviated as distro) is an operating system made from a software collection, which is based upon the Linux kernel and, often, a package management system. !9 Linux Distros • Server: CentOS, Federa, RedHat, Debian • Desktop: Ubuntu • Mobile: Android • Embedded: OpenWRT, Yocto • Hard-core: Arch Linux, Gentoo • Misc: ChromeOS, Alpine Linux !10 Security and Safety? • Gentoo Hardened: enables several risk-mitigating options in the toolchain, supports PaX, grSecurity, SELinux, TPE and more. -
Customizing Debian Benjamin Mako Hill
Customizing Debian “Fork Yours with Debian GNU/Linux” Benjamin Mako Hill [email protected] http://mako.yukidoke.org Ubuntu Debian Project Software in the Public Interest Benjamin Mako Hill LCA - Debian MiniConf4 http://mako.yukidoke.org The World of Debian Customizers There are 115 distributions derived from Debian. AbulÉdu • Adamantix • AGNULA GNU/Linux Audio Distribution • ANTEMIUM Linux • Arabbix • ARMA aka Omoikane GNU/Linux • ASLinux • Auditor Security Linux • Augustux • B2D Linux • BEERnix • Biadix • BIG LINUX • Bioknoppix • BlackRhino • Bluewall GNU/Linux • Bonzai Linux • BrlSpeak • Càtix • CensorNet • Clusterix • ClusterKNOPPIX • Condorux • Damn Small Linux • Danix • DebXPde • eduKnoppix • ERPOSS • ESware • Euronode • FAMELIX • Feather Linux • Flonix • Vital Data Forensic or Rescue Kit (FoRK) • Freeduc-cd • GEOLivre Linux • Gibraltar Firewall • GNIX-Vivo • Gnoppix Linux • gnuLinEx • GNU/Linux Kinneret • GNUstep Live CD • grml • Guadalinex • Helix • Hiweed Linux • Impi Linux • Julex • K-DEMar • Kaella • Knoppix Linux Azur • Kalango Linux • KANOTIX • KlusTriX • knopILS • Knoppel • Knoppix • Knoppix 64 • Knoppix STD • KnoppiXMAME • KnoppMyth • Kurumin Linux • LAMPPIX • Libranet GNU/Linux • LIIS Linux • LinEspa • Linspire • Linux Live Game Project • Linux Loco • LinuxDefender Live! CD • Linuxin • LiVux • Local Area Security Linux (L.A.S.) • Luinux • Luit Linux • MAX: Madrid_Linux • Mediainlinux • MEPIS Linux • Metadistro-Pequelin • MIKO GNYO/Linux • Morphix • Munjoy Linux • Nature's Linux • NordisKnoppix • OGo Knoppix • Oralux • Overclockix -
Speeding up Linux Disk Encryption Ignat Korchagin @Ignatkn $ Whoami
Speeding Up Linux Disk Encryption Ignat Korchagin @ignatkn $ whoami ● Performance and security at Cloudflare ● Passionate about security and crypto ● Enjoy low level programming @ignatkn Encrypting data at rest The storage stack applications @ignatkn The storage stack applications filesystems @ignatkn The storage stack applications filesystems block subsystem @ignatkn The storage stack applications filesystems block subsystem storage hardware @ignatkn Encryption at rest layers applications filesystems block subsystem SED, OPAL storage hardware @ignatkn Encryption at rest layers applications filesystems LUKS/dm-crypt, BitLocker, FileVault block subsystem SED, OPAL storage hardware @ignatkn Encryption at rest layers applications ecryptfs, ext4 encryption or fscrypt filesystems LUKS/dm-crypt, BitLocker, FileVault block subsystem SED, OPAL storage hardware @ignatkn Encryption at rest layers DBMS, PGP, OpenSSL, Themis applications ecryptfs, ext4 encryption or fscrypt filesystems LUKS/dm-crypt, BitLocker, FileVault block subsystem SED, OPAL storage hardware @ignatkn Storage hardware encryption Pros: ● it’s there ● little configuration needed ● fully transparent to applications ● usually faster than other layers @ignatkn Storage hardware encryption Pros: ● it’s there ● little configuration needed ● fully transparent to applications ● usually faster than other layers Cons: ● no visibility into the implementation ● no auditability ● sometimes poor security https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/4516071/windows-10-update-kb4516071 @ignatkn Block -
Kdump, a Kexec-Based Kernel Crash Dumping Mechanism
Kdump, A Kexec-based Kernel Crash Dumping Mechanism Vivek Goyal Eric W. Biederman Hariprasad Nellitheertha IBM Linux NetworkX IBM [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract important consideration for the success of a so- lution has been the reliability and ease of use. Kdump is a crash dumping solution that pro- Kdump is a kexec based kernel crash dump- vides a very reliable dump generation and cap- ing mechanism, which is being perceived as turing mechanism [01]. It is simple, easy to a reliable crash dumping solution for Linux R . configure and provides a great deal of flexibility This paper begins with brief description of what in terms of dump device selection, dump saving kexec is and what it can do in general case, and mechanism, and plugging-in filtering mecha- then details how kexec has been modified to nism. boot a new kernel even in a system crash event. The idea of kdump has been around for Kexec enables booting into a new kernel while quite some time now, and initial patches for preserving the memory contents in a crash sce- kdump implementation were posted to the nario, and kdump uses this feature to capture Linux kernel mailing list last year [03]. Since the kernel crash dump. Physical memory lay- then, kdump has undergone significant design out and processor state are encoded in ELF core changes to ensure improved reliability, en- format, and these headers are stored in a re- hanced ease of use and cleaner interfaces. This served section of memory. Upon a crash, new paper starts with an overview of the kdump de- kernel boots up from reserved memory and pro- sign and development history. -
Administration Guide Administration Guide SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP1 by Tanja Roth and Thomas Schraitle
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP1 Administration Guide Administration Guide SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP1 by Tanja Roth and Thomas Schraitle This guide is intended for administrators who need to set up, congure, and maintain clusters with SUSE® Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension. For quick and ecient conguration and administration, the product includes both a graphical user interface and a command line interface (CLI). For performing key tasks, both approaches are covered in this guide. Thus, you can choose the appropriate tool that matches your needs. Publication Date: September 24, 2021 SUSE LLC 1800 South Novell Place Provo, UT 84606 USA https://documentation.suse.com Copyright © 2006–2021 SUSE LLC and contributors. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or (at your option) version 1.3; with the Invariant Section being this copyright notice and license. A copy of the license version 1.2 is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. For SUSE trademarks, see http://www.suse.com/company/legal/ . All other third-party trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Trademark symbols (®, ™ etc.) denote trademarks of SUSE and its aliates. Asterisks (*) denote third-party trademarks. All information found in this book has been compiled with utmost attention to detail. However, this does not guarantee complete accuracy. Neither SUSE -
Linux Core Dumps
Linux Core Dumps Kevin Grigorenko [email protected] Many Interactions with Core Dumps systemd-coredump abrtd Process Crashes Ack! 4GB File! Most Interactions with Core Dumps Poof! Process Crashes systemd-coredump Nobody abrtd Looks core kdump not Poof! Kernel configured Crashes So what? ● Crashes are problems! – May be symptoms of security vulnerabilities – May be application bugs ● Data corruption ● Memory leaks – A hard crash kills outstanding work – Without automatic process restarts, crashes lead to service unavailability ● With restarts, a hacker may continue trying. ● We shouldn't be scared of core dumps. – When a dog poops inside the house, we don't just `rm -f $poo` or let it pile up, we try to figure out why or how to avoid it again. What is a core dump? ● It's just a file that contains virtual memory contents, register values, and other meta-data. – User land core dump: Represents state of a particular process (e.g. from crash) – Kernel core dump: Represents state of the kernel (e.g. from panic) and process data ● ELF-formatted file (like a program) User Land User Land Crash core Process 1 Process N Kernel Panic vmcore What is Virtual Memory? ● Virtual Memory is an abstraction over physical memory (RAM/swap) – Simplifies programming – User land: process isolation – Kernel/processor translate virtual address references to physical memory locations 64-bit Process Virtual 8GB RAM Address Space (16EB) (Example) 0 0 16 8 EB GB How much virtual memory is used? ● Use `ps` or similar tools to query user process virtual memory usage (in KB): – $ ps -o pid,vsz,rss -p 14062 PID VSZ RSS 14062 44648 42508 Process 1 Virtual 8GB RAM Memory Usage (VSZ) (Example) 0 0 Resident Page 1 Resident Page 2 16 8 EB GB Process 2 How much virtual memory is used? ● Virtual memory is broken up into virtual memory areas (VMAs), the sum of which equal VSZ and may be printed with: – $ cat /proc/${PID}/smaps 00400000-0040b000 r-xp 00000000 fd:02 22151273 /bin/cat Size: 44 kB Rss: 20 kB Pss: 12 kB.. -
DM-Relay - Safe Laptop Mode Via Linux Device Mapper
' $ DM-Relay - Safe Laptop Mode via Linux Device Mapper Study Thesis by cand. inform. Fabian Franz at the Faculty of Informatics Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Frank Bellosa Supervising Research Assistant: Dipl.-Inform. Konrad Miller Day of completion: 04/05/2010 &KIT – Universitat¨ des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg¨ und nationales Forschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft www.kit.edu % I hereby declare that this thesis is my own original work which I created without illegitimate help by others, that I have not used any other sources or resources than the ones indicated and that due acknowledgment is given where reference is made to the work of others. Karlsruhe, April 5th, 2010 Contents Deutsche Zusammenfassung xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Problem Definition . .1 1.2 Objectives . .1 1.3 Methodology . .1 1.4 Contribution . .2 1.5 Thesis Outline . .2 2 Background 3 2.1 Problems of Disk Power Management . .3 2.2 State of the Art . .4 2.3 Summary of this chapter . .8 3 Analysis 9 3.1 Pro and Contra . .9 3.2 A new approach . 13 3.3 Analysis of Proposal . 15 3.4 Summary of this chapter . 17 4 Design 19 4.1 Common problems . 19 4.2 System-Design . 21 4.3 Summary of this chapter . 21 5 Implementation of a dm-module for the Linux kernel 23 5.1 System-Architecture . 24 5.2 Log suitable for Flash-Storage . 28 5.3 Using dm-relay in practice . 31 5.4 Summary of this chapter . 31 vi Contents 6 Evaluation 33 6.1 Methodology . 33 6.2 Benchmarking setup .