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Wood Identification in Historic Sites: Inferences for Colonial Trade and Modification of Vegetation on Barbuda

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Wood Identification in Historic Sites: Inferences for Colonial Trade and Modification of Vegetation on Barbuda Caribbean Journal of Science, Vol. 36, No. 1-2, 19-30, 2000 Copyright 2000 College of Arts and Sciences University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Wood Identification in Historic Sites: Inferences for Colonial Trade and Modification of Vegetation on Barbuda DAVID R. WATTERS1 AND REGIS B. MILLER2 1Section of Anthropology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 5800 Baum Boulevard, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15206-3706. [email protected] 2USDA Forest Service, Forestry Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2398. [email protected] ABSTRACT.–We report on four wood species identified from five samples taken from timbers in four historic buildings on Barbuda. Two samples were reported previously and three are new identifications. Fortuitous retention of splinter remnants from one of the older samples allowed us to verify the accuracy of its original identification. None of the species are native to Barbuda. Species of the white pine group (Pinus spp.) and the white oak group (Quercus spp.) grow in North America, greenheart (Chlorocurdium rodiei) is native to Guyana and Suriname in South America, and bulletwood (Manilkara spp.) is native to the Neo­ tropics,includingtheAntilles.Thesedatacorroborateempiricallytheimportationoftimberproductsintothe colonial British West Indies, a trade that had been studied mainly by historians working from documents. Our analysis of the current body of knowledge about human-induced modification of Barbuda‘s native vegetation concludes that the vegetation has been modified more profoundly by the island’s historic and modem inhabitants, whose occupation is brief compared to the preceding 3,500-year span of Amerindian occupation. INTRODUCTION note sent with the samples, were included in Record’s report. They read, in part: The first scientific analysis of wood The building still contains some old, decay­ samples obtained from a colonial-era build­ ing woodwork-two large beams and some ing on Barbuda was conducted to address a lintels built in over doorways-all of the historical enigma. At issue was who con­ same species. .Barbuda has never pro­ duced any trees large enough to have yielded structed the Martello Tower, the Spanish, this timber, so it must have come from out- as was popularly supposed by Barbudans, side…(Record, 1945:2). or the English, as John Beard thought more likely. In 1944, Beard, of the Forest Depart­ Such details provide insight into the Mar­ ment in Trinidad, submitted pieces of tello Tower’s structural integrity as ob­ wood from a beam in the Martello Tower to served in 1944. A decade after Record’s ar­ Samuel J. Record, Yale University School of ticle, Wagenaar Hummelinck (1956) wrote Forestry. Record (1945) identified the wood of the architectural features he observed asDemeraragreenheart, Ocotearodiei (M. R. during his July 1955 visit, including the still Schomb.) Mez., which in 1991 was changed existing floorbeams. to Chlorocurdium rodiei (M. R. Schomb.) The Martello Tower and its adjacent gun Rohwer et al. platform are known locally as River Fort Record’s report is brief but valuable. By (BA-H2), one of ten historical archaeology linking greenheart with Demerara, part of sites identified on Barbuda during a study the colony then known as British Guiana conducted in 1978-1979 (Watters, 1980) (now Guyana), Record supported Beard’s (Figs. 1 and 2). Most of these sites date to belief that the Martello Tower was of En­ the Codrington family’s leasehold, from the glish construction. Comments by Beard 1680s until 1870, when Barbuda was used about the structure, which he wrote in a as a ”provisioning island” to supply staples 19 20 D. R. WATERS AND R. B. MILLER main in other sites as well. Watters and Miller surmised that the timbers used in Barbuda’s colonial-era buildings could be from imported woods. This article presents the results of our in­ terdisciplinary research on the wood samples from Barbuda’s historic sites and discusses the inferences those findings have for importation of timber products. We augment this research by drawing to­ gether data from other disciplines to ex­ plore the contexts of colonial structures and to summarize the evidence for the alter­ ation of Barbuda’s native vegetation during the prehistoric and historic eras. Such an interdisciplinary approach to research has been used sparingly by Caribbean histori­ calarchaeologists. Deagan’s (1987,1995) re- search on the archaeology of Spanish colo­ nization in the Caribbean is a notable exception. FIG. 1. Four of ten historical archaeology sites on This is the second article to argue the Barbuda yielded wood samples: Highland House (BA- merit of using an interdisciplinary ap­ H1); River Fort (BA-H2); SpanishPoint (BA-H3); Gun proach for studying Caribbean biogeo­ Shop Cliff (BA-H4). graphical and paleoecological issues, and of explicitly incorporating archaeological (e.g., hides, charcoal, wood, lime, rope, and data in such research. Materials from his­ livestock) to the Codrington’s sugar estates toric sites are the focus of this paper; the onAntigua (Tweedy, 1981). Two sites, High- first article (Watters et al., 1999) incorpo­ land House (BA-H1) and Codrington Castle rates specimens from prehistoric sites. (BA-H7), have been reported in detail (Wat­ ters and Nicholson, 1982; Watters, 1997). MATERIALS AND METHODS The Demerara attribution for the Mar­ tello Tower’s greenheart samples bears di­ Two samples were obtained from in situ rectly on the topic of the importation of structural timbers, a floor joist within the timber products into the British West Indies MartelloToweratRiverFort(BA-H2) anda during the colonial era. The investigation of window lintel in the Gun Shop Cliff build­ trade has been largely within the scope of ing (BA-H4). The third sample came from a historians working with documentary evi­ displaced beam lying in the interior of the dence. Identifying wood samples collected Spanish Point "Castle" structure (BA-H3). directly from historic structures provides Samples consisted of large splinters pried the means to investigate the timber trade and split from the individual structural empirically. members atthesesites. Table 1 summarizes Record’s (1945) intriguing report was the collection data and Figures 3-5 document impetus for the additional collection of the sampled timbers. The specimens were wood samples from three historic sites (BA- submitted to the USDA ForestService, For­ H2, BA-H3, BA-H4) by Watters in 1983 and est Products Laboratory (FPL) in October 1984 (Fig. 1). Securing an additional sample 1984. from the Martello Tower would confirm or In 1970, FPL obtained the Samuel James refute Record’s identification. Watters had Record wood collection and associated files observed timbers at the Martello Tower from Yale University. Miller searched the and lintels at the Gun Shop Cliff site in collection and files while writing this paper 1979, and suspected that wood might re- in hopes of finding, evidence of Record’s BARBUDA'S HISTORIC WOODS 21 FIG. 2. The Martello Tower and adjoining gun platform at River Fort (BA-H2). FIG. 3. Sampled in situ joist from the interior of the Martello Tower at River Fort (BA-H2). FIG. 4. Displaced timber sampled at the Spanish Point structure (BA-H3). FIG. 5. Sampled in situ lintel from the southwest window at Gun Shop Cliff (BA-H4). 22 D. R. WATTERS AND R. B. MILLER TABLE 1. Sample collection data and wood identifications. Site Sample Datecollected Identification Present samples BA-H2 insitu May30,1984 Chlorocardium rodiei River Fort floorjoist (greenheart) BA-H3 displaced January23,1983 Pinus(speciesof Spanish Point beam white pine group) BA-H4 insitu January16,1983 Quercus (speciesof Gun Shop Cliff windowlintel white oak group) Previous samples BA-H2 beam 1944 Chlorocardium rodiei River Fort (byBeard) (greenheart) BA-H1 timber 1958 Manikara(speciesof HighlandHouse (byHarris) bulletwood) contact with John Beard. Miller found the noted that the transverse surface of BA-H4 original letters from Beard and Record and was distinctly ring porous with wide rays three large splinters in their original brown and an abundance of tyloses in the vessels envelope. (pores). Examination of the tangential sec­ In November 1984, Miller examined and tion distinctly revealed two sizes of rays; identified the three wood samples (Table 1) uniseriate rays and rays over 10 cells wide. following the standard wood identification These features, coupled with a dendritic procedures used at FPL. The transverse latewood vessel pattern and thin-walled surface was smoothed using a hand held latewood vessels that are not distinc with microtome knife and examined using a 14X the 14X hand lens, confirmed the identifi­ hand lens. Miller then cut thin (20-50 µm) cation as a species in the white oak group radial and tangential sections using a hand (subgenus Lepidobalunus, also known as held microtome knife. Sections were placed Leucobalanus of the genus Quercus. on a microscope slide, followed by a few BA-H3wasidentifiedas a species in the drops of a 50:50 solution of glycerine/ white pine group (subgenus Strobus, sec­ ethanol, and a cover slip. The slide was tion Strobus, subsection Strobi of the genus placed on a hot plate to boil off the ethanol, Pinus). Axial and horizontal resin ducts and allowing the glycerine to replace the air in ray tracheids were present. The ray trac­ the section. The slide was examined under heids did not contain denticulations (out- a light microscope at approximately 100 to growths from the horizontal walls typical 600
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