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View Full Text Article Sixth International Scientific Agricultural Symposium „Agrosym 2015“ Original scientific paper 10.7251/AGSY1505868A SURVEY ON DISEASES AND PESTS ATTACK QUINOA IN EGYPT Tawfik H. ABD EL MOITY1*, Haitham B.M. BADRAWY2, Ayat M. ALI1 1Central lab. Of organic Agriculture, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt 2Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Quinoa, was introduced to Egypt through the few past years. According to available-data, no complete survey on pests and diseases attack quinoa in Egypt is available. The present work was designed to detect and identify diseases, and insects attack quinoa in five different Egyptian governorates (Giza, Fayium, Ismailia, Beheira and Monufia). Detection was carried out by examine different location, every 15 day and determine occurrence of diseases or pests. Data obtained showed that in all previously mentioned governorates, Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomena phaseolina appeared as aggressive causal organism for root rot and damping off disease for young quinoa seedling. Fusarium solani was isolated only from samples were collected from Giza location. Peronospora farinosa f.sp. chenopodii was detected in all locations. This disease appeared during vegetative growth stage and before flowering or just after flowering. Insects survey was also carried out. Attacked plants were collected and transferred in ice box to laboratory for further identification. Data obtained showed that two aphid species (Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii, Hemiptera) were detected in all location. Two pests belong also to order Hemiptera were detected in Ismailia governorate during vegetative growth and flowering stages. These two pests were identified as (Nysius cymoids) whereas the other was (Creontiades pallidus). Another Hemiptera pest, Cotton mealy bug (Phenacoccus solenopsis) was detected only in Giza on individual plants at seed formation stage. Only, in Faiyum governorate, a weevil belongs to Coleoptera (Sitophilus granaries) was detected during late flowering and grain formation stages (April- May), on few individual plants. A shoots feeder belongs to Diptera, Atherigona theodori was found in Ismailia and Faiyum. This pest penetrate plant stem and feed on inner stem content eventually causing wilt and collapse for infected plants. This pest was recorded on few individual plants. Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera) was also detected in Giza, Faiyum and Ismailia. It attacks fresh green leaves. Cotton leaf worm (Spodoptera exigua) was detected in Faiyum on very few plants during early stages of growth (October). Keywords: Quinoa – Egypt – pest – disease Introduction Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd., Caryophyllales, Amaranthaceae) is considered as a very important grain crop for the Andean region of Latin America. It was domesticated 3000 – 4000 years ago for human consumption (Shukla and Ohri, 2006). Quinoa has a high nutritive value because its grains contain high protein quality and quantity as well, all essential amino acids and trace elements and vitamins. Quinoa has the ability to adapt to different ecological environments and climates (Rasmussen et al., 2003 ; El- Assiuty et al., 2014). Plants can be grown under poor, saline soils conditions. For all these advantages quinoa can be considered as the most promising crop especially in poor new reclaimed rural area. According to ( Danielsen et al., 2003) quinoa is more susceptible to soil borne pathogens in comparison with other species belong to the same family. Quinoa is attacked by several pests and diseases in many south American countries (from Colombia in the north through Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia to Chile in the south). These pests and diseases attack all plant parts during all stages of growth (Drimalkova and Veverka, 2004). 868 Sixth International Scientific Agricultural Symposium „Agrosym 2015“ The aim of the present study is to survey pest and disease that may attack quinoa in different Egyptian governorates. These studies will offer a map and data regarding distribution of disease and pest attack quinoa. High authority and decision maker can use these data to build up their decision or plans on scientific base and also prepare the suitable mean to control each pest and disease. Materials and Methods Commercial Quinoa seeds were used in this study. Quinoa seeds were planted in five different governorates, to study disease and pest that can attack this crop at different climatic conditions, different type of soil, and at different degrees of salinity (280 – 1800 ppm) in irrigation water. These five governorates were (Giza, Fayium, Ismailia, Beheira and Monufia). Quinoa seeds were sowed during last week of September in rows 70 cm apart. Five to ten seeds were planted in holes distanced at 25 cm. All plants received fertilizers at the rate of 90: 40: 100 N: P: K in addition to two sprays with calcium chloride and two sprays with trace elements (Fe – Zn –Mn and Mo). Different locations were examined every 15 day to detect diseases and pests presence. Suspicious samples that showed presence of disease symptoms or insects attack were collected and transferred to laboratory for further analysis. All pathogenic fungi were identified at the central laboratory of organic agriculture. Isolated, purified fungi or fresh plant materials with symptoms of downy mildew were used to identify different pathogens according to their morphological characteristics .Rhizoctonia solani was identified according to key developed by Sneh et al. (1992); Fusarium spp. according to Booth (1971); Macrophomina phaseolina according to Ellis (1976); Peronospora farinosa was identified according to Choi et al. (2010). Samples of quinoa attacked by insects were transferred in ice boxes to laboratory. All plants attacked with registered larval presence were kept in separate jars with pieces of quinoa plants under room temperature to allow larvae to complete life cycle in laboratory conditions. Larvae, pupae and adults were sent to the museum of Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University for identification. Results and Discussion The selected five governorates were chosen to represent different type of soils, water salinity and weather conditions. In Giza, soil belongs to clay type with high water holding capacity, flood irrigation system with Nile water (280 – 350 ppm), while the weather is almost dry warm. Faiyum is located about 100 km to south west from Giza with light clay soil and moderate water holding capacity. Salinity of irrigation water is (about 350 ppm). Beheira governorate about 230 km northern from Giza. The selected farm in this governorate has sandy soil with low degree of water holding capacity. Drip irrigation system with slight saline water (700-1000 ppm), wet cold weather. The governorate Monufia is located in the delta of Nile river about 120 km north of Giza. The soil is clay with high water holding capacity the weather is wet and cold, flood irrigation using Nile water (280-350 ppm).The governorate Ismailia is located about 130 km eastern from Giza with sandy soil, low water holding capacity, drip irrigation system, saline water (1200–1800ppm) and warm wet weather. Samples were collected periodically every 15 days. Quinoa plants were examined visually using binocular or light microscope to identify the causal organism. Pure samples from isolated pathogens or fresh leaves show identical symptoms (for obligate pathogen) were examined and systematically identified according to approved identification keys. Data obtained in this survey are illustrated in Table (1), Table (2) and Fig1. Data in Table (1) show that R. solani and M. phaseolina appeared as a very aggressive pathogens and cause damping off on new sprout. To avoid these diseases quinoa seeds must 869 Sixth International Scientific Agricultural Symposium „Agrosym 2015“ be treated with seed disinfectant prior sawing in soil. This disinfectant may be biocide (Abd El-Moity, 1985) or chemical preparation (Anonymous, 2011). Downey mildew also appeared as a sever disease for quinoa. Copper preparation can be used before flowering stage to protect quinoa against this disease (Chaudhry et al., 2009). Data in Table (2) indicate that Aphids, Tuta absoluta and cotton leaf worm can attack quinoa causing considerable loses. These pests can be monitoring by adhesive yellow sheets or pheromone traps and controlled with suitable means either chemical or biological means according to (Approved recommendation for agriculture pest control, Anonymous, 2011). Some pests appeared only on very few individual plants. Such as, shoots feeder and cotton mealy bug. These insects must be monitoring using suitable traps , avoid repeating quinoa or wheat cultivation in the same field for two successive years to reduce pest problem and to prevent spread of these pests. Table 1: Pathogens detected on quinoa in Egypt. Location / pathogens period of Host range Infected parts of the occurrence host plant and type of damage Soil borne pathogens Ceratobasidiales Giza, Fayium, R. solani causes Young sprout are Ceratobasidiaceae) Beheira, Ismailia root rot and attacked followed by Thanatephorus Monufia/ damping –off for pre-emergence cucumeris (teleomorph) quinoa and many damping off or commercially mature seedling are cultivated crops attacked with post- Seedling stage and causes emergence damping Rhizoctonia solani Wide spread with significant off. In old plant, (anamorph) serious damage damage for seeds brown
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