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446 Jounulr, oF THEArupnlcnu Mosqurro CoNrnol AssocrlrroN Vor,.6, No. 3 FACTORSAFFECTING THE HUMAN.FEEDINGBEHAVIOR OF ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOESIN EGYPTIAN OASES MOHAMED A. KENAWY.I JOHN C. BEIER.z3CHARLES M. ASIAGO'eNo SHERIF EL SAID' ABSTRACT. Blood meals were tested by a direct enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay(ELISA) for 424 Anophel,essergentii and for 63 An. multicolor collected in Siwa, Farafra and Bahariya oases in the Western Desert of Eg5pt. Both specieswere highly zoophilic. Human blood-feedingby An. sergentii was lesscommon in Bahariya (2.3Vo)and Farafra (1.3%)than in Siwa (I5.37o).A likely explanationis that large domestic animals are held at night inside houses in Bahariya and in Farafra whereas in Siwa, animals are usually housedoutdoors in sheds.These patterns of An. sergentii human-feedingbehavior may contribute to the persistenceof low-level Plnsmodiurn uiuor transmission in Siwa in contrast to negligible or no transmission in Bahariya and Farafra. INTRODUCTION sistenceof P. uiuax in Siwa but not in Bahariya and Farafra is interesting becauseresidents in Zoophilic feeding behavior by anopheline ma- theseecologically similar oasesemploy different Iaria vectors representsan important regulatory methods for holding domestic animals such as mechanism in malaria transmission. In Egypt, cows,donkeys, goats and sheep.In Bahariya and (Theo- the malaria vectors Anophelessergentii Farafra, Iarge domesticanimals are usually kept bald) and An. pharoensis Theobald, and a sus- inside housesat night whereasin Siwa, animals pectedvector, An. rnulticolor Cambouliu, feed to are kept away from housesin sheds. a large extent on domestic mammals. This has This study examines the possibility that tra- (Kenawy been observedin Aswan Governorate ditional animal holding practicesmay affect the (Beier et al. 1987),in Faiyum Governorate et al. human-feeding behavior of anophelines in the (Hurlbut 1987), in the Nile Delta and Weitz oasesof Siwa, Bahariya and Farafra. From these (Barber 1956),and in the Western Desert oases oases,blood meals were identified for An. ser- and Rice 1937,Kenawy et al. 1986b).However, gentii and,An. multicolar collected from inside factors affecting the degreeof zoophilic feeding houses,from animal shedsand from mixed sites have not been investigated.The geographicvar- (containing animal rooms inside houses). iability in anopheline feeding patterns and so- ciocultural differencesthroughout Eglpt suggest that animal holding practices may be a key MATERIALS AND METHODS factor affecting malaria transmission. Study areas: The study was conducted in 3 Malaria in the oasesof the Western Desert of oasesin the Western Desert of Egypt (Fig. 1). Egypt (Siwa, Bahariya, Farafra, Dakhla and SiwaOasis (29" 07' -29' 21'N,25' 16'-26" 07'E) is Kharga) is currently being evaluated to deter- 82 km long from east to west and lies an average mine appropriate measuresfor control. Histori- of 18 m below sea level. Siwa has over 11,000 these oaseswere endemic for Plasrnodiurn cally, residentsdistributed in 5 districts and about 546 uiuax,P. and P. malarine (Halawani falciparum ha are under cultivation. Bahariya (27'45'- and Shawarby 1957).Today, P. uiuax alone per- 28'21'N, 28'30'-29"15'E) lies 360km southeast sists at rates usually <5Voit the villages of Siwa of Cairo, includes 9 oases, and has >30'000 Oasis, and in El Gara, a small oasis near Siwa residents. Farafra oasis (26'15'-27'30'N, (Kenawy et al. 1986a).In contrast, Bahariya 26"45'-29"00'E) Iies 170 km southwest of Ba- to malaria-free. Hassan and Farafra appear be hariya with 3,000 residents in 5 small villages (1983) persons et al. showed that 2,285 from (ouicensus,March 1988)and 250 ha are under Bahariya were slide negative, and 9,066 blood cultivation. The water supply in the 3 oasesis samples from Bahariya and 734 from smear drawn mainly from springs and wells. Due to were negative during surveysfrom 1979 Farafra water infiItration from wells and improper (Kenawy, unpublished data). The per- to 1989 drainage, Iarval development areas for mosqui- toes are common in seepageareas and in irri- l Ain Shams University Research and Training gation canals.Numerous salt lakes exist in Siwa Center on Vectors of Diseases,Ain ShamsUniversity, oasis. The main crops are dates, olives, barley, Abbassia,Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt. wheat and various fruits and vegetablesgrown 2 and the The Kenya Medical Research Institute in gardens around springs. Clover and alfalfa Nairobi, Kenya. U.S. Army Medical ResearchUnit, grown in Farafra and rice is cultivated in 3 address:Department of Immunology and are Present parts Housesare constructed Infectious Diseases,The Johns Hopkins University' some of Bahariya. ceilings supported School of Hygiene and Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe of mu-dwith thick walls and Street,Baltimore, MD 21205. by date-palm logs. This type of construction SEPTEMBER1990 AuopnnuNp Br,ooo-Fnpuuc rn EcyprreNOe,sns Fig. 1. Map showing the location of Siwa, Farafra and Bahariya oasesin the Western Desert of Egypt. struction provides insulation from the desert which animal rooms were inside the houses. heat. The main difference in housing between Mosquitoes were placed in small paper cartons the 3 oases is that animal sheds in Siwa are and transported to the laboratory in Cairo for usually separatedfrom houses,whereas in Far- processing. Mosquitoes were identified, placed afra and Bahariya, most of the houses include in 1.5-ml cappedplastic vials (up to 2l/vial) by one or more animal rooms where animals are speciesand site of collection, and kept desic- held during the night. cated at room temperature until tested. For the Mosquito collectinnand handling: Mosquitoes Siwa collection in 1986,samples were frozen at were collected in 4 Siwa villages (Meshindit, -70"C and then desiccated1 week before test- Bahi El Din, Aghurmi and Abu Shurufl during ing. April and May 1986 and in July 1982, in 2 _ Preparatinn of m.osquitoesfor ELISA testin4: Farafra villages (Qasr Farafra and El Sheikh Each blood-fed mosquito was cut transversefu Marzouk) during November 1g8? and March with a scalpelblade at thejuncture ofthe thorai 1988,and in 4 Bahariya villages(Mandisha, El and abdomen.Abdomens were preparedindivid- Qubala, Bawiti and El Qasr) during November ually for testing by trituration in 0.2-ml glass and December1987. microtissuegrinders to which b0-pl0.01 M phos- Indoor resting sites were surveyed by space- phate bufferedsaline (PBS), pH7.4 was added. spraying of pyrethroid insecticide (0.2% niopy- Of this, a 25-p.l aliquot was then diluted with buthrin in kerosene)with a hand sprayer. A l- PBS (1:50)and frozenat -20"C. m2_white sheet supportedby 2 sticki was spread Blood rneal identification: Mosquito blood and movedaround the walls and under furniture meals were identified by a direct enzyme linked by one collector while another sprayed the in- immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Beier et al. secticide. (22 Collection sites included S0 houses 1988) at the U.S. Army Medical ResearchUnit, in Siwa and 8 in Farafra), 46 animal shedsigt Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi. in Siwa and 15 in Farafra) and bg mixed sites Kenya. Each mosquito sample was tested (3 for in Siwa, 26 in Farafra and B0 in Bahariya) in blood meals of t hosts: human, cow, goat, horse, 448 JouRNer,oF THE ArurRrceN Mosourro CoNrRol AssocrlrroN Vol.6, No.3 dog, cat, rabbit, rat and chicken. Negative sam- RESULTS ples were retested for all hosts. Positive and negative controls and methods for determining A total of 544An. sergentii and 71 An. multi- positivity were describedpreviously (Beier et al. colorfemales were collectedin Siwa, Farafra and 1988). Bahariya oases.Anophelcs sergentii represented Host census:Humans and domestic animals 98.2%of the total anophelinescollected in Siwa were counted in Siwa whereas in Farafra and (4 : 164),70.7% in Farafra(n:232') and 100% Bahariya oasescensus data were basedon infor- in Bahariya(n:219). mation from local councils, veterinary stations Blood meals ftom 424 An. sergentii were and malaria stations. A censusin May 1986was tested by ELISA (Table 1). Positive reactions conductedin all houses(n:62) and their ad- were obtained fot 80.4%, 66.7% and 76.3% of jacent animal sheds in Bahi EI Din, one of 4 the samplestested in Siwa, Farafra and Baha- villages sampled in Siwa Oasis. Potential hosts riya, respectively.Annpheles sergentii collected included:humans (450), cows (81), sheepand inside houses in Siwa fed mainly on humans goats (719), donkeys (80), rabbits (142), geese (42.9%),and in animal sheds,most of the feed- (50),ducks (43) and chickens(377). In Farafra, ingswere on donkeys(35.lVo) and cows(31.1%). the estimated numbers of hosts were 3,000 hu- In Farafra, only LSVo(1/78) ofthe An. sergentii mans,665 cowsand buffaloes,L,740 sheep and contained human blood. This speciesfed pre- goats,311 donkeysand horsesand 370 camels. dominantly on donkeys (70%) inside houses, In Bahariya, the estimated numbers of hosts in and on cows in animal sheds (70.8%) and in 3 areas of mosquito collections were 13,500hu- mixed sites (59.1%).In Bahariya, 55.0% and mans,2,650 cows and buffaloes,5,550 goats and 35.7%of the 129 blood meals were identified as sheep, 2,500 donkeys and 600 camels. Other donkey and cow, respectively; only 2.3% con- common animals included cats, dogs, rabbits, tained human blood. Overall, the proportion of ducks, geese,chickens, wild birds, rodents, bats An. sergentiifeeding on humans in Siwa (L5.3Vo, and reptiles but these were not counted. n : 111)was significantly higher than in Farafra Forage rotios.' Forage ratios were calculated (x' : 9.3, df : 1, P < 0.005)or in Bahariya (x' for An. sergentii and,An. multicolar in Siwa and : 14.'1.,df : 1, P < 0.005). Farafra oases to provide a standard index of Blood meals from 63 An.
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