Nov"E:m:ber 1979

AFRICA-CARIBBEAN=PACIFIC - EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

Reprinted from the Special issue of "THE COURIER" ACP-EEC no, 58 THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY THE ACP STATES

BELGIUM BAHAMAS GRENADA SAO TOME PRINCIPE DENMARK BARBADOS GUINEA- GERMANY GUYANA (Federal Rep. SOLOMON ISLANDS IRELAND JAMAiCA ITALY LUXEMBOURG CENTRAL AFRICAN KIRIBATI SURINAME NETHERLANDS REPUeUC SWAZILAND UNITED KINGDOM CONGO TONGA TRINIDAD and TOGABO DOMINICA TUVALU UPPER VOLTA FIJI WESTERN SAMOA PAPUA NEW GUINEA ZAIRE GAMBIA ST. LUCIA

ACP COUNTRIES

FRANCE NETHERLANDS UNITED KINGDOM (Overseas departments) (Overseas countries) (Overseas countries and territories) Guadeloupe Netherlands Antilles Anglo- French Condominium ofthe New Guiana (Aruba, Bonaire, Cura.;:ao; St Martin , Saba Hebrides Martinique St Eustatius) Antigua Reunion Belize St Pierre and Miquelon British Antarctic Territory (Overseas territories) British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Anglo-French Condominium ot the New runei Hebrides Cayman Islands Falkland Islands New Caledonia and depedencies Montserrat French Polynesia Pitcairn Island French Southern and Antarctic Territories St Helena and dependencies Wallis and Futuna ISlands St Kitts, Nevis and Anguilla Turks and Caicos Islands

This list does not prejudice the status of these countries and territories now or in the future, Signing ceremony - At the end of over a THE COURIER year of negotiations, the new convention on cooperation between the European - CARIBBEAN - PACIFIC Community and the ACP states was ~ EUROPEAN COMMUNITY signed in Lome on 31 October 1979, It was difficult to reach an agreement, but No 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - NOVEMBER 1979 the final outcome was a major victory, achieved through the political will of the ACP and European partners, This speCial issue of the Courier Garries the complete CONTENTS text of the second Lome Convention (yel- low pages), a report on the signing cer- emony, the views of the main negotiators, 2. EDITORIAL: From Lome I to Lo- and brief profiles of the signatory coun- melI tries. Pages 3 to 19 3. THE SIGNING IN LOME: A ceremo- ny worthy of the Convention

The ACP Group - The President of the 4. H. Bernard St John: "The ACP Council of Ministers, Bernard 5t groundwork for our continued John, made a long speech in Lome during co-operation in the 1980s the signing ceremony if! which he spoke of the "satisfaction " of the ACP countries 7. Michael O' Kennedy: "Solid in having reached an agreement, But he also spoke of a certain number of points steps along the road of our where the ACP countries felt "a deep co-operation sense of frustration " with the general content of the Convention. However, the 8. Claude Cheysson: "Our experi- president of the ACP Councii also ment has been converted into believed that Lome II was an act of a policy, the Lome policy hope , Page 4 10. President Eyadema: "World trade on a fair and equitable basis 12. Simone Veil: "The date of this ceremony will go down in the European Community - Michael 0' Ken- history of our continents nedy, President of the Council of the European Communities, spoke briefly of 13. The structure ACP-EEC the history of the negotiations, He then negotiations gave his view of the policy undertaken under Lome, a policy which was bound to 14. The signing in pictures continue, Lorne II and Lome I were "solid steps" along the road, Page 7 VIEWS OF THE MAIN NEGOTIATORS 20. Michel Anchouey: "The search for and the start of a new style of relations 21. Jean Franc;:ois-Poncet: "This agreement is the only example Claude Cheysson - On behalf of the Commission of the European Commun- of a five-year programme of ities, development commissioner Claude co-operation Cheysson spoke of his great belief in the reasons for close cooperation between 23. Tioule Konate: "Differences in the EEC and the ACP countries, If, as approach ... but satisfactory ~ things stand, the ACP states depended results economically on the industrialized coun- tries, particularly for technology, for Eur- ope the future would in part depend on 24. Donald B. Rainford: " relations with the Third World where raw improvement" , but it is hoped materials were produced. Page 8 that the spirit of partnership will be "rekindled" 24. Klaus Meyer: Another step for- ward

26. THE MAIN PROVISIONS OF THE NEW Lome - The signing of the ACP-EEC ACILEEC CONVENTION \Convention provided a chance to discov- er, however briefly, the charm and hospi- 38. The negotiations in pictures tality of the Togolese capital and its peo- (May-June 1979) ple, The signing of the new agreement between the ACP and EEC countries was 40. PROFILES OF THE ACP COUNTRIES accompanied by an enjoyable round of AND THE COMMUNITY receptions and by songs and danGing by young men and women in organized dis- plays. Page 10 to 19 YELLOW PAGES: Complete text of the second ACP-EEC Conven- tion with Protocols and annexes

Pub"Shed in EngMh and F,eneh. W..I..s of ..gned art'eles a,e alone,esponS'ble lac fhei, eohlen" Aep,odueMn aufho..,.d, subieci fo ,"d"at,on 01 ong,n Editorial From Lome I to Lome

The new ACP-EEC Convention signed in basic reasons makes this an important stage Lome on 31 October is another major step for us. forward in the strengthening of co-oper- ation between the EEC and 58 countries of First, if we judge Lome II and trends in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific. co-operation from the point of view of the changes alone, we would thereby discount Like any agreement reached after long the maintenance of past achievements and and difficult negotiations, Lome II is a com- the consolidation of those aspects of the promise that does not fully satisfy either first Convention which were only experi- party. The EEC had to concede more to the mental and will now be consolidated in strength of the ACP arguments then it had day-to-dayimplementation: the change , in anticipated and did not get what it wanted fact, from an experiment to a policy. on several points it held dear. The response made to the ACP countries' requests did not By embodying the achievements of Lome always meet their expectations, either. But , the new Convention ensures that ACP- compromise is the inevitable conclusion of EEC relations retain that unique quality that any well-balanced negotiations. is lacking and will continue to be lacking in Let us not waste time listing the omis- North-South relations-namely the security sions and points of friction like cold-hearted and reliability of the contract over its five- validity, . accountants. We could lose sight of the year period of its permanent and versatile nature and the close ties and dial- considerable progress that was made. ogue that the institutional provisions pro- The new agreement contains improve- vide between the partners; the acceptance ments in most areas which are far more of different economic and political systems then mere window-dressing or tinkering in the ACP States and the respect for their with details. And it contains innovations that sovereignty, their cultural identity and the augur well for the future, the most signifi- type of development to which they aspire. cant of which are the guarantee system for ACP economies largely dependent on min- Second, the undeniable progress con- erai exports and a series of measures to tained in Lome II reflects both a desire for develop the mining and energy potential of solidarity and a kind of political maturity in the ACP countries. A succinct description of the two groups of partners. these various innovations and improve- ments appears in this special issue. This is all the more impressive in view of the unfavourable international environment The basic nature of the first Convention that has blighted the major international has not, of course, been changed. Lome II negotiations between North and South carries on and builds on its and cast a shadow on the eco- achievements. nomic and social prospects of the EEC. For my part, far from seeing the So the ACP and the EEC coun- less than prolific number of innov- tries can face the future with con- \ ations as a sign of alack of amb- fidence. Their pact of solidarity ition or foresight, or a harbinger of has stood the test of time and a decline in our cooperation , I see emerged from the negotiations all both a consolidation and a deep- the stronger. 0 ening of Lome I , which for two JEAN DURIEUX The rostrum ill the main hall of the "Maison dn Parti" (party HQ) where Lome 11 was signed

THE SIGNING IN LOME

A ceremony wo.rthy of the Convention

In Lome on 31 October 1979 , in pressmen were equally apprecia- For Lome II may now be the the heady atmosphere of festivity tive of the technical facilities pro- basis of a process that could gra~ African-style, moving yet joyful , 58 vided for coverage of the event. dually bring about fundamental ACP and nine EEC plenipotentia- changes in the relations that indu- ries signed the second ACP-CEE Throughout the trip to Togo, and strialized countries have so far had Convention that will govern rela- particularly during the ceremony with the developing countries that tions between the two groups of itself, thousands of young people are their main suppliers of raw countries from 1 March 1980 to 28 singing and dancing created a fes- materials, as well as in relations February 1985. tive atmosphere and generated a between the ACP countries them- youthful enthusiasm that no one selves. Three or four thousand people could resist. were crammed into the vast hall at This idea of redefinjng and alter- the Maison du Parti for an unfor~ ing the approach to ACP-EEC rela- gettable ceremony that fully So Lome II was born. There were tions was the main theme of all the reflected the great interest the To- problems, right up to the last min- speakers at the Lome ceremony. g~lese government has in Lome II ute. But the determination of the This is why, as the extracts from and in its principal objective-the ACP countries (all of whom were economic development of the ACP represented in Lome) to refrain the main speeches make clear, the states. from signing any text that was not ACP countries are concerned both a fair reflection of their vision of with setting up a system of trade A warm welcome was extended cooperation was also an indication that is profitable to them, and with to the many representatives of the of their desire to maintain and ensuring certain economic rights 67 ACP and EEC countries and the strengthen their ties with the EEC. for countries of the Third World.

The Courier ACP-EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 As Bernard St John, chairman of H. Bernard 5t John the ACP Council af Ministers, put it: " the convention we have signed is full af hope-but we must not lose sight of the fact that a whole The grou ndwork of our series af demands and desires for the ecanomic life and the pragress continued cooperation in the of the ACP countries still need to. 1980s be examjned in a favourable light.." The President of the ACP Council of Ministers, Bernard St John And Togolese premier General (Barbados), gave a clear expression of how the ACP countries felt about Gnassingbe Eyadema said that the negotiations. They had been "long and arduous and their results what must be remembered is "the were "satisfactory" but nonetheless left "a sens~ of frustration , he said. worldwid~ need to guarantee every Mr St John went on to examine the scope of the new convention and its individual living canditions ranging significance to the ACP countries in the context of "the new international from personal protection to the arder basic necessities af life which ensure a decent existence We of the ACP countries , Mr St On the Community side, Michael John said, "have .come here to renew Kennedy, President of the Coun- the community which we jointly under- took with the European Economic cil of Ministers, said that, although Community nearly five years ago~a Lome I and Lome II were only commitment to establish a new model moments in time, they were for relations between industrialized nevertheless firm steps along the and developing countries, a model for path of cooperation. Development cooperation on a basis of complete commissioner Claude Cheysson equality of partnership, a cooperation commented on the contractual whose ultimate objective was the fulfill- aspect and the reliability of the ment of those over-riding aspirations Canvention, although he admitted that are of importance to all mankind. there were gaps. But he stressed salidarity now established When the 46 ACP countries, on 28 the February 1975, signed the first Conven- between the ACP group and the tion of Lome, they were hopeful then of EEC. making a significant contribution to that objective. And indeed , we believe A lot had been said about human that we did So, gauging from the rights during the negotiations and recognition by the international com- H. Bernard 8t John Mr Cheysson braached the subject munity of the exemplary nature of the The world is in a state of turmoil and mentioning the resalutions adopt- Convention and from the importance travail, much of it is the result of the ed at the Cammonwealth meeting which the contracting parties-a inequities and disequilibria that character- in and the OAU in Monro- grouping of nearly six hundred million izes the present economic order via, saying that "the commitment people-attach to the satisfactory con- that the highest authorities af all clusion of the negotiations for a suc- to this juncture of history today. The made cessor agreement. These consider- world is in a state of turmoil and travail the ACP countries have ations assure us that the first Conven- echoes what the Europeans have much of it the result of the inequities tion of Lome was indeed a first step, and disequilibria that characterize the decided to apply in their awn coun- albeit a significant one, towards a fun- present economic order. Our efforts at tries and in their relations with all damental restructuring of the interna- devising a more just and more relevant the ather countries of the warld tional economic system and global vehicle for the progressive develop- without exception power relations. Today we take the ment of oUr economic relations with a second step, this time not a great leap major part of the developed world Simone Veil , President af the forward , but hopefully a firm stride would hopefully provide an example of European Parliament and joint Pre- towards our common and urgently the progress that might be made given sident of the ACP-EEC Consulta- needed goal, and I repeat, given, the necessary pol- tive Assembly, was invited to. Lome itical will. ACP and by the Presidents of the The advances made in the the EEC Council. She stressed the The advances we have made in this importance of this ceremony new Convention new Convention deserve at least a pas- which, she said "will go down in sing mention. In the general area of The second Convention of Lome is trade cooperation, conditions of \ the history of our continents. " She being launched on the eve of the third access to the EEC market have been went an to congratulate the negat- development decade. We of the ACP improved for some products. More iatars, emphasizing their "gen- States believe that in Lome II we have diversified goals have been set for erous wisdom , their "will" and laid the groundwork for oUr continued trade promotion and the special their "determination which cooperation in the 1980' s. This ground- arrangements for certain problem pro- when harnessed in a great cause, work fully recognizes the increasing ducts have been liberalized. The cover- will avercome many an obstacle mutuality of interests which has led us age of the Stabex system has been ~~

widened, the resources increased, the without any cushion to the fluctuations work of the wider search for interna- qualifying mechanism made more eas- in our export earnings. Even in the tional consensus on the conditions for ily attainable, and the conditions for case of minerals, where undoubtedly human survival. replenishment have been modified and some progress has been made, the key better clarified. A system covering a concerns of the ACP States have yet to limited number of minerals and be fully incorporated. Human rights, investments... designed to deal with certain special These setbacks were unfortunately problems affecting their supply and I would be shirking my duty if I did export to the Community has been by no means offset by the quantum of not refer now to two issues which have introduced. the volume of aid which in real terms received widespread publicity in the will make a smaller contribution per course of our negotiations. The first is While it is true, and indeed we!l- head of our population than was made the question of human rights. Members known , that every negotiation demands by Lome l. Community, you known of the European compromise, it is no less well- would know that as a group, oUr con- that every compromise does not neces- Probably the greatest fear of the sary imply a surrender of principle. ACP is the lurking danger of enduring cern for human rights is no less than None of another five years with a chapter on yours. Every signatory state here today us~as negotiators~has is a member of the United Nations. All obtained all we sought and we have all industrial cooperation which could find left the bargaining table with unfulfilled itself devoid of operational content due of us subscribe to the charter of that to lack of adequate financial resourceS. body and to the resolutions which have expectation. been passed in a forum which has the We have great hopes in the joint necessary legal competence. Those of commitment we have agreed on to Where "we are unhappy us who are members of the Organiza- seek at the beginning of this conven- tion of African Unity have reaffirmed tion adequate means to escape this that intention at the level of heads of Even accepting this self-evident lurking danger. State in the now famous resolution in truth, we of the ACP-no stranger to in July 1979, and those of us disillusionment and disappointment But we have come here to sign a convention-a convention of hope. We who are members of the Comrno- -could not eScape a feeling of deep will sign that convention without losing nwealth, which , as you know, spans the frustration that the community could three regions of the ACP and includes positively to our sight of the fact that a whole range of not finally respond legitimate demands and requirements over one half of the ACP States, adopt- legitimate claims for unhindered , also at the level of heads of State, a agricultural products, for the economic survival and advance- access for our ment of the ACP States stand in urgent resolution expressing a similar conCern insignificant as they are , to the Eur- need of sympathetic responses. Des- in Lusaka in August this year. Thus, we opean market, and for greater liberali- pite this, we must not let our disap- too are militants for human rights and zation in the structure of the rules of as such our relations continue to be origin for our semi-processed goods. pointment on both sides blind us to recognizing the substantial achieve- founded on the principles which form We are unhappy that neither Stabex ment we have made and deny us from the cornerstone of justice liberty, nor the scheme for minerals meet taking credit, both for what it promises peace and respect for human dignity, rnany of our major concerns. For those for ourselves, in terms of cooperation ACP economies heavily dependent on between oUr states, and for what it The second issue is the matter of the export of services we are still left offers to the world within the frame- investment guarantees. This issue which was advanced by the EEC as a mechanism for attracting investment to ACP States, has been the subject of long and arduous negotiations as more and more it beGame a mechanism for conferring certain preferential condi- tions on investments from EEC mem- ber States into ACP States.

We are not opposed to the adoption of instruments to attract investment to our countries provided the terms and conditions on which we do so allow us to protect oUr sovereignty and advance oUr economic well-being. Once, there- fore, we judge these criteria to be guaranteed , we shall be disposed to enter into effective arrangements in this domain,

Put into train every mechanism necessary for its early ratification

The entire promise of achievement which our signatures symbolize will stand or fall on our political and tech- nical commitment to the implementa- tion of these arrangements. As we all Songs of hope ill Lome to welcome the ACP/EEC delegations know, the negotiations were long and

The Courier ACP. EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 , ~

arduous-indeed longer and more arduous than we anticipated-and con- sequently we overran oUr timetable. As such, we must now proceed to ratifica- tion with the greatest possible speed, All of us are politicians and we all know the pressures on our domestic institu- tions but, as we have said so many times in our relationship, priority of importance requires priority of consi- deration and the second Convention of Lome is of great importance to all oUr States-ACP as well as EEC. It behoves all of us therefore to put into train every mechanism necessary for its ear- ly ratification.' AS regards the implementation, I need stresS neither the importance nor the fact that we of the ACP are not fond of the notion of breach of promise, Many a time during this present Lome Convention we have had cause to be seriously concerned about the manner and at times the lack, of effective W implementation of the Convention, giv- Hans-Dietrich Genscher, German foreign minister and his Jamaican counterpart Percival en its letter and spirit. This can virtually Patterson, who as respective presidents of the EEC and ACP Councils of Ministers vitiate the substantial promise of Lome officially opened the negotiations 011 Lome II. I am happy to observe a growing realization of this danger and I look cannot do that, then no assistance Community the fear of ACP countries forward with great hope to oUr joint would be enough. I am therefore look" regarding the treatment of their efforts in this critical sphere. We may ing forward to the recommendation of to the EEC. The ACP States have been need to review oUr procedures and our ambassadors who have been man- noting with increasing concern the rejuvenate oUr institutions. dated to look into this fundamental mounting pressures on their fixed sup- question of the structure of our secre- plies of sugar delivered to the EEC tariat for the new Convention and the under the solemn and legally binding Looking at the "weakest link" 1980s. provisions of protocol N03 of the Lome Convention. cannot be Equally, as our Ghain Despite the numerous assurances stronger than its weakest link, we need Intra-ACP cooperation from the Community, its institutions to look closely and urgently at our and Member States, we have been technical services in particular our sec- In the preamble of our new conven- observing with increasing alarm propo- retariat-whose effective operation or tion we have recognised one of the malfunctioning redounds on the efforts fundamental dimensions which the sals being made by these very institu- tions to change the position of sugar in of all of us, ACP and EEC alike , to 1980s will bring home most dramatical- ensure the effective implementation of ly to us. I am referring to the fact that that market without any discussions the Lome II Convention, the progress of the ACP States will call with the ACP and with unknown impli- as much for the development of coop- cations and consequences. I know the problems of finance and eration and trade among ourselves as it Such measures belie the spirit of manpower which we of the ACP face in requires cooperation with the EEC. cooperation and true partnership on building and maintaining such institu- which our relationship is built and tions, but we cannot, on the one hand This recognition, which is already without which it cannot survive. seek to obtain the benefit of cooper- translated into action with EEC sup- ation with you , our partners in the EEC port, as is evidenced by the ACP/EEC But on this historic occasion, without, at the same time, providing conference on ACP trade development though we must avoid the heady super" adequate structures to effect the nec- and promotion in (7- 17 Novem- latives of some times past, we must essary technical contact and coordina- ber 1979) may well become the sign- however celebrate and play tribute to tion. post pointing the way to the develop- those who have contributed unselfishly rnent of the developing world. towards our achievements. I wish to One of our major constraints in the make special mention of first, my pre- area is the provision of adequate finan- ACP States and their institutions decessors in office: minister Patterson cial resources to attract and sustain cannot afford to lose or squander this of Jamaica, whose eloquent restate- competent expertise. We thank our historic opportunity. No more can our ment of the principles which guide our partners for the present assistance and EEC partners pursue policies which group at the format ministerial confer- for the commitment for the future. We could endanger the great promise ence opening these negotiations did so ~incerely hope that future assistance which is itself a product of our cooper- much to ensure a successful outcome; would take into account the potential ation. to minister Tapa of Tonga, whose increased need and cost of expertise patience and forebearance at a difficult including that of some technical staff time encouraged us to strengthen our during the full lifetime of the Conven- ACPsugar unity and intensify our resolve; and to tion. We ourselves in the ACP must be minister Anchouey of Gabon , whose prepared to draw from our limited In the latter regard , let me, as an indefatigable efforts on our behalf did pools of highly competent cadres. If we example, draw to the attention of the so much to promote our cause." 0

B, StJohn Michael O' Kennedy

road Solid oursteps along thecooperation By chance, it was again Ireland. in the chair of the EEC Council of Ministers, that represented the Community at the signing of the new ACP-EEC Convention in Togo, just as in 1975 for Lome I. Foreign minister Michael O' Kennedy, who has the laborious task of finalizing the global agreement reached June shortly before Dublin took over the chair of the EEC Council on 1 July gave a resume of negotia- tions which are generally admitted to have been difficult. Mr O' Kenne- dy gave the following personal view of Lome policy. The economic foundations of the industrialized world have shifted, res- ulting in a greatly narrowed margin for manoevre in all countries' economic policies and programmes.

The Community development cooperation policies as a whole, which we are trying with great care to build up and expand so that they can be of meaningful assistance to developing MichaelO' Kennedy countries in their efforts towards Let us take up the instruments Jor development and cooperation which we have made growth and well- being, can be frustra- for ourselves and apply them fully ted~could even be swept aside~ the international recession whose of Lome I was re-examined , re-tested substance of the new Convention, breath we feel about us. in the light of our experience and our expressing "the trust the Community overall aspirations. has in it, and our desire that it should The Community and its govern- be implemented in a dynamic manner ments are faced with the spectre of for the greatest benefit of all those who increasing unemployment, spiralling Solid steps along the road of are party to it..." costs, grave balance of payments diffi- our cooperation In the trade sector, We invite the full culties, growth curbs, curbs on invest- exploitation by the ACP States of the ment, curbs on consumption. Lome I and Lome II are but Community s markets, which are vir" moments in time, No one would claim tually open to you on a non-reciprocal It was in this climate that we began that either, or both together. could be basis. The trade promotion provisions last year to look at the Lome Conven- held to answer all the development are there to be used fully so that tion to consider what should replace it problems of the ACP States. They access to the world's greatest market- on its expiry. This model , this experi- could not do so. We make no such place can benefit the ACP States' bal- ment~how did we evaluate it? We did claim. Butl hold that they are two solid ance of trade and payments. their not rejectit as an interesting laboratory steps along the road of our cooper- employment situation and . ultimately, success which withered when tested ation. their overall well-being. against the harsh weather of reality. Together we assessed the prevail- Stabex was an interesting experi" ment, and one which in its operation oper" ing international factors. and those During the first years of its within the Community and ACP States; proved most valuable and durable. The ation, new states asked to join the ACP and taking them into account we Lome I provisions have been added to Group in order to partake in its pro- negotiated hard and long to arrive at and improved. In addition, the new grammes and benefit from its provi- the Convention we sign today. system for mineral products, which Vions. represents one of the major innov- ations of Lome II, could certainly afford When we all prepared for negotia- We invite the ful. exploitation considerable benefits to ACP States tion of its successor, we were all by the ACP States of the which as yet have not benefited from agreed that its frameworks should be the Stabex system. at least the basis of its successor. And Community s markets witness the vigour of these negotia- Industrial cooperation under Lome I tions whereby each salient and cranny Mr O'Kennedy then went on to be could have yielded greater results.

The Courier ACP-EEC no 58 ~ SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 However I have confidence that modernization of the instruments of Claude Cheysson cooperation, together with oUr com- mon desire to succeed , will result in major advances in this sector under Lome II. Our experiment has been

It was, I believe, a judicious deci. converted into a policy, the sion on the part of the ACP States to use 40% of the fourth European Devel- Lome policy opment Fund to improve agricultural structures. The Community is partic- ularly pleased with the new chapter on agricultural cooperation.

We hope that the joint ACP-EEC sub-committee on agricultural cooper- ation will prove to be the focal point of agricultural development and will con- stitute a powerful instrument of pro- gress in this sector. On the volume of aid, the subject of long discussions during the negotia- tions, Mr O' Kennedy said "we have sought to maintain (it) in real terms... ' despite the difficulty we had in doing: so.

Claude Cheysson commcm existence, and solidarity are most evident when together we have to deal The institutional provisions with the problems of the least well off"

We also have joint bodies on insti- TodilY, the singers and dancers of tutional matters in order to ensure that Development commissioner Togo have set the seal on our contin- the provisions of the Convention are Claude Cheysson represented the ued solidarity. satisfactorily implemented. Commission of the European Com- The experience of the past four munities at the signing ceremony years has shown us what was funda- The ACP- EEC Council of Ministers is for the second Lome Convention. rnental , while at the same time making a permanent meeting place for the In a speech full of conviction he us aware of inadequacies and omis- representatives of all the governments explained the necessity of cooper- sions, concerned. The Consultative Assembly ation between the Community and and Joint Committee provide invalua- the ACP countries. Lome II is not ble contributions to the Council's work. Respecting individuality, sinply " return of Lome I" , the striving for security EEC commissioner said. With In view of the significance for the measures on minerals, the recogni- What is fundamental , I think, is the European Community of having now a agricul- contract between the two groups of directly elected Parliament, lam partic- tion of the importance of ture and the strengthening of the countries-the European Community, ularly pleased that Madame Veil, the and Africa with its Caribbean and first President of that Parliarnent, Stabex $ystem, the new Conven- tion was "an incomparable instru- Pacific brothers. Both groups have a represents here today the constant single voice , so that neither can the interest and sense of obligation which ment, unique in the world and in one side interfere in the issues uniting the directly elected Parliament has history , Mr Cheysson felt. He out- or opposing Europeans, nor the other demonstrated toward the Community- lined what has now become the in those linking Or dividing the ACP. ACP relationship. Lome "policy Thus all of us are bound to respect each other s individuality, the right to The President of the EEC Council OUr experiment has thus been con- verted into a policy, the Lome policy, differ, to choose alliances , economic ended his address with a reference to systems and cultural patterns freely. hurnan rights, the Declaration of Mon- And this weighty decision has been rovia and the UN Charter, saying that reached after mature reflection, in the What is important, I believe, is the course of long and hard negotiations striving for security in the workings of Lome, "built on the solid foundations all the mechanisms of our association: of these truths , expresses our respect because the participants feel them. for those principles... selves to be on an equal footing, and the security of our Convention itself, because the decisions taken will have and then on a more specific level , the \ On the basis of those principles let immediate, specific, practical conse- security offered by the sugar protocol us therefore take up the instruments quences for hundreds and thousands by Stabex and Minex and security of for development and cooperation of people around the world. None of us market access and investments. which we have made for ourselves, and are untouched by the severe problems apply them fully in the future which as of the current crisis. Inadequacies and omissions equal and free partners we have chos- The first time we celebrated the en to share together in the framework beginning of what we all I("::)ked for- What is important is our working of our very special relationship. " D ward to as a successful relationship. together. But before leaving this sub- ject I should like quite frankly to men- tion also the inadequacies and omis- sions our experience has revealed. Clearly, there was not enough mon- ey available under Lome I~think of the scale of the problems. There is not enough under Lome II either, but is it not a remarkable achievement that in ' such a period of crisis the sum has! been increased in real terms? And: then, are not many others sources of : financing accessible to you by virtue of : Our cooperation. from foreign friends, I particularly the Arabs, and on the cap- People in the Togolese capital sang and danced to herald the success of the new ital markets in Europe and elsewhere? Convention Obviously, it is to be regretted that some of your exports still bear duty in The experience of working togeth- Europe s future partly depends the Comrnunity, but might I point out er-solidarity-emerges most strongly on its relations with the Third that under Lome I this affected only when we have to deal together with the World 6% of your exports to Europe, and problems of the poorest-who are will affect even less in future? rightly given priority in Lom~and This Convention of solidarity which we are signing today can therefore take Naturally, we would have preferred when we have to provide irnmediate aid for those suddenly stricken by drought, its place at the very core of our coun- it if a fall in export earnings from floods, war or epidemics. tries' policies. The development to minerals could have automatically which we hope to contribute in the been compensated , as happens with We are aware that we shall have to ACP countries must be rooted in the agricultural products, but the struc- carryon combatil'Jg these scourges reality of your societies, it must form an tures of those markets made this which, more often than not, strike at inseparable part of cooperation impossible, And the guarantee which those who are already the most badly between neighbours~and I welcome you now have of being able to maintain off. the fact that regional projects will in employment and productive capacity in the future be even better served by our the mining sector May I be allowed , on this happy , even when adverse partnership than in the past. We in economic conditions threaten export occasion, to mention the hundreds of Europe are aware thousands of refugees wandering in , more so than any- earnings, production or transport, is a where else, that our future depends in great step forward, different part of southern and East part on .our relations with the Third I have already said that Lome I had Africa and to appeal to the world above all to Europe, on their behalf? World; we are also aware that it would its shortcomings. While in the rural be hypocrisy Or blindness on our part if sector there are grounds for pride at And also for the starving and homeless people of South- East Asia? we claimed to foster your industrial what can be achieved , thanks to your and agricultural development without deterrnination to give priority to the Man, no matter where he may be , is making room for your exports on our I must development of agriculture entitled to respect for his dignity and markets. The Lome Convention must adrnit that the ambitious statements on his person; he is entitled to life and to be systematically related to your and industrialization which we made in hope, This prinGiple was put forcefully our concerns and ambitions in other 1975 have not followed by the desired into words in July by the African Heads areas. results. Therefore, this time we shall go of State in Monrovia and again in Lastly, we are aware that the expe- , stepping up to the root of the problem August by the Commonwealth Prime rience we have already gained and massively the sums available for indu- Ministers in Lusaka. what we are celebrating today will have strialization by calling for private inv- no real meaning unless the world order estment in the sectors where you think They emphasized the importance changes. And I must confess my anxie- fit, particularly mining and energy, that the peoples of Africa have always ty; a constantly widening gap is open- attached to respect for man s dignity ing up between the style and content of The importance of working and his fundamental rights, and stres- the Lome policy-imperfect though together sed that human rights cannot be they may be as yet-and the climate reduced to civil and political rights the progress (if one may so put it) of The most irnportant thing of all is only, but also include economic, social negotiations at world level. We hoped, probably our determination that our and cultural rights. through our shared experience , to try two groups of countries should work The undertaking thus solemnly giv- out new methods together, to provide together. In your capitals and in Brus- en by the highest authorities of all the stimulation-in a word, to act as a sels this will is expressed by ambas- ACP countries parallels that given by leaven in the search for a new and sadors and ministers, and, most strik- the Europeans, both as regards their fairer economic order. If a new order ingly, by the European Parliament. own countries and in their relations does not come into being, there is a serious danger that the Where else, as Madame Veil , President with every other country in the world leaven itself of the Parliament said recently, can we without exception, will perish. Let us ' therefore prove find such an undertaking as this? together the worth and effectiveness of Thus the cement that binds our Perhaps this should have been stat- the solidarity that binds the signatories relations is hardening, And this it must ed in our Convention. It is even more of Lome II and is the outward sign of continue to do since, although it is important that it should be stated so their interdependence. Let us work natural that we should be divided and clearly and formally, by you in your together in helping to build aninterna- in opposition in the course of the own countries and arnong yourselves, tional order which is so vital an endea- negotiations, we must join forces and and by us in Europe and among our- vour. Let us forge the links of the pool our goodwill when it comes to selves, and now here by all of us armour that is to clothe our solidarity. implementing the Convention. together.

The Courier ACP-EEC no 58 ~ SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 General Eyadema opens the signing ceremony for Lome H. Beside him are Michael O' Kennedy (left) and H. Bernard St. John realize that world trade, organized on President Eyadema: a fair and equitable basis, would benefit both producers in the devel" oping countries and consumers in World trade on a fair and the industrialized countries. What we will have to do in imple- menting LOme II will be to reaffirm equitable basis once more the merits of world trade free from all impediments, tariff bar- riers or whatever, and which would In his closing speech at the end The greatest cause for eliminate the cascade of profit- of the signing ceremony, General concern is the greedy middlemen, in the exclusive Grassingbe Eyadema expressed rich countries' tendency great satisfaction with the spirit to greater self-interest" Lome of resolution which had enabled the ACP states and the EEC to He reckoned first of all that the conclude the agreement. Lome Convention constituted not only an expression of continuing interest but also a means of bringing nternational Before giving his views on the people and ideas closer together. He new Convention, the Togolese then mentioned , in particular , the conference and head of state thanked the dele- provisions relating to commercial tourist centre of gates and other guests at the and financial aid, emphasising the ceremony for again choosing importance of international trade. the future? Lome for the signing of the sec- In this area; the Presidentsaid " ond Convention. are aware that some of our partners are still wary of the arrangernentsin For the second time Lome has the Convention, fearing that their been chosen for the signing of an As you are in Africa, where markets will be flooded with our pro- ACP-EEC cooperation agreement. It hospitality is natural and famed ducts. This has resulted in the past in was a close decision. Perhaps those for its spontaneity, I dare hope more Or less overt measures to cir- who tipped the balance in its favour that in spite of the heat and wha- cumvent the provisions of the Con- thought particularly of the conve- tever omissions there have been, vention. nience of the Togolese capital. you will feel at home in Togo and The most worrying thing, in our Indeed, the visitor to Lome, which that this meeting, which is after view , is not that products of third all that of a family, will not countries which are not signatories has none of the drawbacks of a big , he de- to the Convention have access to the , is not only struck by the natural t clared.require rigid formality Community market, because we do warmth of the Togolese welcome but not want to make Europe our pre- also by the wide range of high stan- serve just as Europe cannot secure dard hotels at his disposal. The four main hotels (the Hotel de la Paix, the General Eyadema then moved exclusive rights to our raw materials. on to some of the aspects of the But, the tendency towards self-inter- Sarakawa the Benin , and the new Convention. est of rich countries which do not , "

I suggest we set up an ACP chamber of commerce General Eyadema believes that international development aid , is a contributory" factor which should only complement the developing countries ' drive for economic and social developrnent. The Togolese President called for the continued solidarity of the ACP countries and for increased consultation between- them. In order to speed up intra-ACP trade (one of the principal conditions for real economic development) he suggested, notably "the setting up of a system which will enable us to be fully informed of oUr potentialities, of ACP products and of the markets ~ available within the ACP Group. A system of this kind would allow I the breaking of the traditional cir- W cults and bring ACP products at reas-

Part of the official rostrum onable prices, to the ACP consumer. interest of the producers and consu- become a sound institution that I suggest we set up an ACP cham- mers, who constitute our people. can speak with one voice.. ." and that, ber of commerce to promote trade That is the meaning of our struggle in this respect, it is essential that ACP within the ACP group and, why not for a new international economic unity be safeguarded above aiL between, the ACP and EEC countries. order." "What we must remember (from We should also combine forces to these negotiations)" pursued Presi- effectively fight against the energy dent Eyadema, "is the need for the Grisis, in view of the effect it is having The ACP Group- whole of humanity to guarantee every on all our economies , he said. a sound institution individual proper conditions of life from personal safety as a human President Eyadema ended his Togolese head of being to basic necessities that would speech by referring to the founda- The state ensure him a decent existence; this bell ves that the ACP has tions of ACP-EEC cooperation. "The was the duty of people everywhere path has been marked out" he dec- Fevrier due to particularly those who today live in lared. "It is geography that binds us 32-floor Hotel du 2 affluence and who often are ignorant reminds us of open early next year) make Lome, to it and history that of the immensity of the poverty the privileged partnership of Africa, with its 200000 inhabitants, one of afflicting more than 75 % of mankind. the best equipped towns in Africa, the Carribbean and the Pacific states In other words, it is high time that we and, without doubt, of Europe." as partners in the Lome Convention It must be added that apart from frankly tackled the issue of the right What it all amounts to is staking a these top hotels there are more mod- of the people toa decent and worthy bet on ourselves, " President Eyad- est ones, like Hotel Ahoefa, which are life and made it our priority." ema concluded, 0 very good indeed. Likewise , Lome has a number of good restaurants which serve national dishes , an increasingly rare pleasure in Africa.

If the present trend continues, Lome, which already receives a good number of tourists, particularly Ger- mans, could become in the near future a centre for international con- ferences and tourism-and this indeed is part of the objective of the authorities, in their ambitious hotels programme.

The only cloud on the horizon is ~e level of prices, which are far beyond the reach of the average Afri- can purse. But that is a common problem in the African continent 0

LP. A further view of the official rostrum with the representatives of France (Robert Galley centre, and Pierre Bernard-Reymond, left) and of Germany (Klaus Yon Dohnanyi)

The Courier ACP-EECno 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 , " " .

Simone Veil The date of this cerem.ony win go down in the history of our continents

First of all , it is a great personal realism and with a desire for effective" pleasure for me to know that such an ness and conciliation , have helped pre- ambitious plan has been seen through pare and produce this Convention we at a time when we are faced with are here to slgn today. many problems in the world today, when the international balance is so My special thanks go to the Presi- precarious and when Europe s pro- dent of the Republic of Togo, for wel- sperity and therefore its social pro- coming Us here and for the warm gress is threatened. It is a great, indeed hospitality that is so typical of Africa exceptional , ambition to get 58 coun- and of Togo in particular. tries from different continents on the one hand to come to an agreement I should also like to thank the Presi- with nine other countries on the other. dents of the ACP and the EEC Councils for giving me the opportunity to attend this ceremony today, the date of which A very great reason to hope will go down in the history of our continents And it is even more ambitions if one looks at the aims of these agreements Reviewing ACP-EEC relations and and what their implications are for all the "human dimension which the Con- the peoples concerned. The fact that suUative Assembly has wanted to give this agreement, this second Lome Con- to them , Madame Veil said that the vention, is being signed at a time when European Parliament was deeply com- the crisis we are going through could mited to "the defence of human have led each country to be inward" rights , She concluded by emphasizing looking is a very great cause for hope. the "hope" which young Europeans So I want to express not just my grati- place not only on the construction of tude, but to convey my congratulations Europe but also on cooperation with to all those who, with imagination and the ACP States. 0

Simone Veil

Simone Veil , President of the European Parliament and joint Pre- sident of the ACP-EEC Consulta- tive Assembly, attended the Lome Convention signing ceremony at the invitation of Bernard St John and Michael a' Kennedy, respective Presidents of the ACP and EEC Councils of Ministers.

It is a great honour , she said for the President of the first elected Eur- opean Parliament to address this huge ,gathering for the signing of the second Lome Convention,

But, above all , it is a great pleasure I to be here today for this ceremony, which confirms the special ties that bind the ACP countries to our Eur- opean Economic Community, The president of the European Parliament welcomed in Togolese national dress ------

The structure of ACP...EEC negotiations (Sessions of May and June 1979) A. Ministerial level Plenary sittings ACP President: Michel AnGhouey (Gabon) EEC President: Jean Fran"ois-Poncet (France); Michael O'Kennedy (Ireland) on the last night

Presidents' group ACP & EEC Presidents + Mr Cheysson + joint secretaries, Messrs Konat~ & lesort

Trade & customs co- Stabex and minerals Industrial coop. , agri- Financial & technical Institutions & general operation cultural GOOp. , fisheries cooperation affairs (subgroup) ACPchairman: & sea transport ACP chairman: Mr Seck ACP chairman: ACP chairman: May: Mr Patterson (Senegal) ACP chairman: Mr Naah May: Mr Ouko (Jamaica) May: Mr Osislogu (Cameroon) (Kenya) EEC chairman: (Nigeria) June: Mr Boolell Mr Bernard-Reymond EEC chairman: EEC chairman: (Mauritius) June: Mr Lumena Mr Eyskens Mr O' Kennedy (France) (Zambia) EEC chairman: (Belgium) (Ireland) Mr Van Dohnanyi EEC chairmen: (Germany) May: Mr Marten (UK) June: Mr Hurd (UK)

B. Commission - ACP Ambassadors level Plenary sittings EEC c.hairrnan: Mr Klaus Meyer, direGtor-general ACP chairman: Mr Asante, ambassador (Ghana); Mr Rain- ford, ambassador (Jamaica) from 1 Feb. 1979 Negotiating groups Trade cooperation EEC Ghairman: Mr Durieux, deputy director-general ACP chairman: Mr Diarra, ambassador (Ivory Coast) Customs cooperation (rules of origin) EEC chairman: Mr Durieux ACP chairman: Mr Chasle, ambassador (Mauritius) Stabex and mineral products

Stabex: EEC chairman: Mr Hauswirth, Stabex: ACP chairman: Mr Sy, ambassador (Senegal) deputy director-general Minerals: ACP chairman: Mr Sy, assisted by Mr Traore, Minerals: EEC Ghairman: Mr Klaus Meyer ambassador (Mali) and Mr Afolabi, ambassador (Nigeria) Industrial cooperation & fisheries EEC chairman: Mr Klaus Meyer ACP chairman: Mr Afolabi , ambassador (Nigeria) Agricultural cooperation EEC chairman: Mr Durieux ACP chairman: Mr IIboudo, ambassador (Upper Volta) Financial and technical cooperation EEC chairman: Mr Hauswirth ACP chairman: Mr Traore, ambassador (Mali) Regional cooperation EEC chairman: Mr Foley, deputy-direGtor-general ACP chairmen: Mr Nko o Etoungo, ambassador (Cameroon), followed by Mr Kazaura, ambassador (Tanzania) Least-developed, landlocked and island countries EEC chairman: Mr Wirsing, direGtor ACP chairman: Mr Kombot-Naguemon, ambassador (Cen- tral African Rep. Institutions, general and legal affairs EEC chairman: Mr Foley ACP chairman: Mr Nandan , ambassador (Fiji)

The Courier ACP-EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 The signing in pictures

The following six pages give an idea in pictures of the signing ceremony of the second Lome Convention. Right, before calling an the pleni- potentiaries of the Community and the ACP states to sign, the Togolese head of state, General Eyadema, and the current Presi- dent of the EEC Council, Michael Kennedy, exchange a few words. Further right, the Com- munity s official rostrum.

Right, the representatives ()f the EEC sign: (1) Belgium (Paul N()terdaeme); (2) L Denmark (Niels Ersboll); (3) Germany (Klaus V()n D()hnany;); (4) France (R()bert Galley and Pierre Bernard- Reymond); (5) Ireland (David Andrews); (6) Italy (Guiseppe Zamberletti); (7) LuxembmJrg (Jean Dondelinger); (8) Netherlands (D, F. van der Mei); (9) United Kingd()m (Douglas Hurd); (10) The C()mmunity (Claude Cheyss()n and Michael Kennedy)

Be/()w , Tog()/ese dancers and s()me ()f the flags of the ACP and EECmuntries. UNITED KINGDOM

Council of the European Communities and Commission

The Courie' ACP- EEC no 58 ~ SPECIAL ISSUE ~ November 1979 n. Roberts (8ahamasl Andre Alehade (Benin) !\1, !\hII(W" (I\..ts\\anal

P. Lahouder (Central African Rep. Ali '\!rnudjal' /Comon' '\1. Elenl(a- "il(ampor.. (('ongol

Satya Nandan (Fiji) '\!il'hl'i '\nchou,' ~ ((;a"olll l'. Cham () ;::;,.,

Abilio Duarte (Cape Verde) Ilonatien Hihule lHurllndiJ Robert Naah (Cameroon)

Dr Amon "iikoi ((;hanaJ Fennis Augustine (Grenada) faly Sangare (Guinea) Vasco Cabral (Guinea Bissau)

The Courier ACP-EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 ;;.

:i:

On this ,page , from left to right: Sir S. Boolell (Mauritius); Abdellah Ould Daddah (Mauritania); Mai Maigana (Niger); Chief Peter Alolabi (Nigeria); Frederick Reiher (Papua New Guinea); A. Mulindangabo (Rwanda); George Odium (St. Lucia); Filipo Vaovasamanaia (Samoa); Maria Amourin (Sao Tome Principe); Ousmane Seck (Senegal); Maxime Ferrari (Seychelles); I. M. Fofana (Sierra Leone); Omar Sahal Ahmed (Somalia); Irredin Hamed (Sudan); LC. Zuiverloon (Suriname); D. S. Nhlabathi (Swaziland); A. M. Rulegura (Tanzania); Issaka Ramat AIhamdou (Chad); IC Dogo (Togo); H. Prince Tupouta a (Tonga). page on the right: E. Seignoret (Trinidad and Tobago); Ateker Ejalu (Uganda); Kiziki Kiakwama (Zaire); 55. Nanda (Fiji) signed for Tuvalu: Some ambassadors: 56. Raymond Chasle (Mauritius); 57. D. Gbaguidi (Benin); 58. Seydou Diarra (Ivory Coast); 59. M. O'Kennedy and G. Lesorr; 60. Lambert Mesan (Niger); 61. C. Cheysson and bis head of cabinet, Ph. Soubestre (on the left);62. Arden Shillingford (Dominica) signed on 15 November 1979; 63. D. Hurd signed for Solomon Is. 64. Mme Veil meets Togolese The Courier ACP-EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 VIEWS OF THE MAIN NEGOTIATORS Michel Anchouey The search for and the start of a new style of relations

Michel Anchouey, Gabon- Moreover, it is important to ese planning minister and note the emphasis now laid on chairman of the ACP Council developing the agricultural sec~ of Ministers during the first tor. We must hope that there is half of 1979, gave his view of no delay in setting up the the negotiations and the new Centre for Agricultural Cooper- EEC agreement shortly ation, which the ACP countries ACP- are looking to for vital informa- after the signing ceremony, tion adapted to their particular as follows: needs. Special attention has also At last, the ACP Group and been paid to mining. The new the European Community have system for minerals is intended succeeded in reaching agree- to maintain and develop pro- ment and signing a new Con- duction capacity, thereby guar- ventiol"), signed in Lome on 31 anteeing mineral supplies for October. It is a fine example of one side and export earnings the political resolve of the ACP for the other. This is surely the and EEC partners in overcom- first step towards the ACP goal ing major difficulties which at of a minerals Stabex similar to one, stage looked as though the classic a,gricultural Stabex, they might seriously compro- with greater emphasis on stabi- mise future cooperation lizing export earnings and, the- between the two groups. refore, on guaranteeing and C,,) improving the standard of living C,,) The new agreement, due to of our people. take over from Lome I on Michel Anchouey March 1980 , will certainly not Mention should also be made generate as much enthusiasm of the ACP guarantees for inv- among the ACP countries as the estments from the EEC coun- first one did in 1975, because tries. The open-mindedness so when the negotiations started, The new system typical of the Convention has the ACP countries expected the been translated here into grea- Community to do much more for minerals ter awareness and a desire to for their development. is intended to maintain strike a proper balance between the interests of our various part- However, the outcome can be and develop ners. considered as satisfactory. It is, in any case, an acceptable mini- production capacity, So the new Convention has mum in what is a particularly been signed, and it is another difficult international economic thereby guaranteeing feather in the cap of ACP-EEC situation. mineral supplies cooperation. The scale of the achievement e,merges more Among the main aspects of for one side clearly if the agreement is seen \ the new Convention , it is not so in the general context of the much the innovations that are and export earnings search for and the start of a of interest as the improvements new style of relations between to the provisions of Lome Ion for the other. developed and developing Stabex, commercial and indu- countries. Clearly Lome II will strial cooperation and financial like Lome I , be seen as a model. cooperation. Jean FranQois...Poncet(*)

This agreement is the only example of a five-year programme of co-operation

IIfr As joint President of the ACP/EEC tion and even more aid, but I think, very the diversity of problems each faces. Council of Ministers during the deci" sincerely, that we have achieved the make it particularly difficult fOr them to sive period of the negotiations. what best possible results in the circumStan- agree on a common position. But I am your overall judgement of them now ces. struck by the fact that, with political that they re over? will , they always manage it, sometimes faster than the nine members of the - You want my opinion on the Considerable improvements Community do. And they display a negotiations which , formally at least great deal of confidence in their spo- began with the official ceremony of 24 Of course the Community has kesmen at the negotiations. This soli- July 1978 and ended with the signing guard against self-satisfaction, but I darity is certainly one of the achieve- ceremony in Lome on 31 October 1979. think it is reasonable to say that this ments of the Lome Convention. As you know, the work really started in agreement ~' the only example of a earnest at the ministerial meeting in five-year programme of cooperation The second difficulty is obviously Brussels on 21 December, with Mr Von between 'industrialized and developing tied up with the fact that negotiations Dohnanyi and Mr Tapa in the chair, and countries. And I am convinced that of this kind can easily affect the vital ended at the last negotiating session Lome II is substantially better than interests of the parties involved. The on 25 and 27 June, also in Brussels. Lome I. It develops and rounds of a candour that was the hallmark of these The conferences in between, on 22 sound and pragmatic kind of cooper- negotiations made it possible to avoid April in the Bahamas and 24 May in ation, based on constant efforts and this kind of difficulty and to respect Brussels, allowed for more profound original in its principles to the point of always the essential interests of all examination of the issues and identifi- being envied in other circles. concerned. cation of the answers to highly com" plex questions. And between these We must go further with this remark" The third problem has to do with the ministerial meetings there were intense able I was going to say exemplary misunderstandings that can spring up negotiations going on at ambassador- kind of relationship between a growing when so many people are negotiating. ial and EEC Commission level. Europe and a group of developing But here again, dialogue and candour countries which have chosen to speak and a search for a common language What strikes me above all is the with one voice and to cooperate with always enabled these difficulties to be intensity of the negotiations and the us, overcome. relatively short time it took to produce the Convention , which will be the char- The French presidency gave me the Sometines one Or other of the parties ter for cooperation between nine EEC opportunity to see the political will to was tempted to take up a position of Member States and the 58 countries of reach a successful conclusion, by principle on a particular subject, which the ACP group for the next five years, which I mean a resolve to find practical called for respect but was animpedi- The complexity of the items on the solutions for what were often difficult ment when it came to finding practical agenda and , to be honest, the different problems. You know how we valued solutions. But I have to say that prag- positions we held at the outset, could success both in the presidency and as matism always prevailed-which is why have cast doubt on quite ROW reasona- a national delegation. I feel that it was we were able to succeed. ble it was to expect satisfactory all . possible because the negotiators outcome, were aware of just how much was at The fact that a large part of the stake. negotiations was devoted to determin- But we got results. The Community ing a financial package was clearly has increased its aid considerably, in I should like to Gongratulate the ACP likely to produce considerable tension spite of our economic difficulties and negotiators on their skill and high stan- at one stage. But oUr partners appre- particularly sudden and repeated rises dards. The intensity of the discussions ciated the limits of the maximum effort in what economists call "advance oil was proof of the seriousness and the that the Community and its member prices . The aid in any case is far care with which the two sides had states were able to make in the prevail- greater than that giv~n by other indu- prepared their positions. ing economic crisis. strialized countries. Agriculture is no' doubt the area IIfr What were the main difficulties there was least room for OUr ACP partners probably hoped for the negotiations? where sdmething different, a perfect Conven" manoeuvre in the negotiations since the Community had already gone prac- First of all the type of partners tically to its limits in 1975. There is a involved. Each side consisted of a cer- residual sector here which is more an tain number of sovereign states with a area of conflicting interest than one of complementarity, but we were able to ) French Minister for Foreign Affairs and joint joint position to define. It is easy to see President of the ACP/EEC Council of Ministers for that the large number of ACP states, find solutions that were acceptable to the first half at 1979, the far-flung areas they come from and all.

The Courier ACP-EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 The increase in the financial package is also proof of the desire of the Com- munity and the member states to devel- op the means of this cooperation.

There are many more pOints on which Lome II is better than lome I. I have only given one Or two examples. But let me stress a number of innov- ations which will be typical of Lome II.

The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation has been set up to take over from the existinginstitu- tions in a field that is obviously vital for the developing countries. There are improved prospects for exporting agri- cultural products available in the Com- munity to the ACP countries,

And finally, the scheme fdr minerals is an important innovation.

I also think it is important to emphas- ize what I would call, qualitative improvements. The development of Jean Fl'an~()is-Poncet industrial consultation, for example and the greater openness in the Realistic objectives management of aid.

Lastly, I should say we must limit our ambitions to realistic targets. The New provisions on lome Convention does not claim to energy and mining provide a once-and-for-all answer to all cooperation the development problems of the ACP The Community countries, some of which are very poor. In this new Convention, isn t the It is a contribution, an attempt at an and its members Community trying to move into new integrated approach, enabling a major areas of cooperation which particularly step to be taken towards development states have concern the international community through a kind of cooperation wanted the moment"-energy and mineral sup- by both sides. notrespo nded plies? to the crisis - The Community and its members In what ways is Lome /I better states have not responded to the crisis than Lome I? by being by being inward-looking. They felt that it was important to analyse the pro- I must say that our first concern inward-looking. blems and bottlenecks in the develop- was to consolidate our achievements- ment of the world economy together -no mean feat in the present world They felt that it was and to show greater generosity. economic crisis. important to analyse This is how new provisions were But it is clear that substantial included on mining and energy coop~ improvements have been made on the the problems eration. The protection and expansion previous convention. Stabex the of mining potential seems the right export receipts stabilization system for and bottlenecks answer for both parties. The produc- agricultural commodities, is bigger and tion and exportation of minerals is the better; and there is trade promotion in the development driving force behind the cjevelopment machinery to encourage ACP products of a number of ACPstates, so we must on the Community market. We have to of the world join together to overcome the pro- do more than make concessions in blems in this sector, reverse the drastic theory; the beneficiaries have to be economy together downward trend in investments, over~ able to make full use of them in pract- come the disruption affecting certain ice. The role of the CID, run by a joint and to show outlets and calm the erratic behaviour /f\CP/EEC team, has been extended of world prices. and the institutions of the Convention greater generosity. function better (in this regard I should Our cooperation in this sector must like to emphasize the strengthening of set an example of complementarity and the role of the committee of ambassad- solidarity and of practical progress with in the North-South dialogue. 0 ors in reply to very insistent and , I think, very justified demands on the Interview by part of the ACP countries). ALAIN LACROIX

J, Fran90is-Poncet free access to the EEC market for more Differences in approach...... ACP products, the special resources to boost regional trade promotion but satisfactory results schemes and the special provisions for rum , beef and veal. And Stabex has by Tieoule KONATEC* also been extended to more agricultur- al products and the drawbacks to the system have been removed.

Rather than list the advantages of the new Convention (which are given exhausive coverage in this issue), it will perhaps be more useful to point to those provisions which, if taken fur- ther, will enable us to have a Lome III which will be better than lome II; that is what I would call, the roots of the future: These roots are revealed in the fact that: For the first time the Community has agreed, if not to the principle of indexation, then to one of weighting Stabex transfers to take account of inflation. Secoundly, the Minex mineral sys- , tem will in future go further than the restoration Or maintenance of the pro. duction and export capacity of ACP mines to direct stabilization of their export earnings. Thirdly, there are two provisions in the area of financial cooperation that we feel to hold particular promise; Tieouh~ Konate First of all , the ACP-EEC decision to study the creation of an industrial The Convention which has just been ing were felt until the very last day of cooperation ~und, which would mean signed by 58 ACP states and 9 E:EC the negotiations. that the financing of cooperation policy countries (67 countries in all , with a in this area, which was insufficiently total population of almost 600 rnillion) In spite of their different approaches covered in Lome I , could be boosted; the two parties were ultimately able to is the result of more than 12 months of Next, the opening of EIB own resour- hard work, agree on what waS possible in the ces (Article 18 of the regulations) is, in prevailing international economic cli- our opinion, a way of expanding the The negotiations were long and hard mate. It is a sign of our times that both financial means at the disposal of the largely because of what might be cal- Conventions have been negotiated and ACP countries, even if the emphasis signed in an international context led a misunderstanding, The EEC here is to be on mining and energy. representatives, on the one hand marked by the world economic crisis meant to adjust and to update the triggered off by the rise in oil prices. Lastly, the ACP countries now have Lome Convention by building on its the opportunity to obtain agricultural good points, The representatives of the Notwithstanding the crisis which surpluses, through medium- and long- ACP group, on the other land, had a gravely affects both sides, they have term contracts, on preferential terms. much more adventurous and innovato- clearly ,resolved to renew their political This means not only a secure supply of ry approach in seeking to replace will and to continue their cooperation. food products for them but also an Lome I with a new agreement. Inspired For, in fact, this cooperation is not so effective way of stabilizing the prices of both by the main themes of the North- rnuch a burden and an aggravator of these staple foods on their own mar- South dialogue indexation and period- the crisis as a step towards solving the kets. ic adjustment of the volume of financial problem since the ACP countries think aid, stabilization of mineral export ear- development aid can provide a real What we must hope is that the steps nings and rescheduling of debts, and stimulus for growth for both sides. taken to implement the new Conven- by their practical experience of the tion will enable us ' to achieve these Lome Convention ACP countries , regardless of the economic crisis ends and to consolidate them in a , the , the pr~posed to the EEC, a platform for and the differences in approach future Convention, outcome of the talks was ultimately negotiations on which the Community, successful. in view of its entirely different To conclude, then, Lome II is a step approach , was unable to accept. The The ACP countries consider Lome II in the right direction. It contains the consequences of this misunderstand- to be a substantial improvement on seed of something whose growth will Lome I and this can be verified with a guarantee progress in the future, in the quick glance at the different sections constantly evolving nature of ACP-EEC (*) Secretary-general of the ACP Group, of the agreement, Take, for example. cooperation. 0 T, K.

The Courier ACP- EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 " ,

Lome II: An improvement" but it is hoped that the spirit of partnership will rekindled" by Donald B. RAINFORD(*

As ministers of the nine member The negotiations terminated on the states of the European Community and same note on which they began, with the 58 countries comprising the ACP the European Community and the Afri- group assemble in Togo to sign the can, Caribbean and Pacific groups of convention that will become known as States adopting and concluding with lome II , everyone who participated in completely divergent positions, If there the negotiations at any level of preoc- were a single common factor that was cupation however minor, must reflect predominant throughout, this was it on the hard work, long hours and When the Hon. p, J. Patterson, Deputy indeed the tremendous difficulties that Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign were to become accepted as the rout- Affairs of Jamaica , in his capacity as ine of the negotiations, As one of those President of the ACP Council of Minis- who was actively involved, I look for- ters, formally latJnched the negotia- ward with interest to the kind of in- tions on behalf of the ACP in July 1978, depth evaluation of their outcome he emphasized that the ACP had Donald B. Rainford which unfortunately is impossible here, unanimously agreed that the Lome One cannot but be aware , however, Convention fell far short of the ACP' that the arrangements now being objectives and that it was necessary to circumscribe the discussions so as to entered into by the two groups of make significant advances in any stJc- confine the work and its outcome to countries to characterise their relations cessor arrangement. The term "suc- what has been referred to as cosmetic during the next five years will be sub- cessOr arrangement" was deliberately changes. ject of international debate; it is there- tJsed to distinguish what was in oper- fore imperative that a few points be ation from what was expected to gov- From the outset the Community made at this time, if no more than to ern the EEC/ ACP relations during the position was diametrically oppositie. It Gorrect misrepresentations and place life of the next convention. The ACP was argued that the member states the matter in perspective, negotiators, therefore , while offering were experiencing economic difficul- no objection to concltJding the negot~ ties as part of a world trend and could

(OJ Ambassador, Jamaican Mission to the EEC: iations within the framework of the not be expected to do more for the Chairman of the ACP Committee of Ambassadors existing Lome Convention, had no ACP; that the present Lome Conven- during the negotiations, intention of allowing thisw~- approach to tion was satisfactory; that the four It was a matter of building on the Another step forward fundamental principles of ACP-EEC cooperation (contractual, global by Klaus MEYER(* ordered , in line with ACP needs and geared to both ACP trends and interna~ tional concepts and situations), which The signing of the new ACP-EEC all parties saw as eminently positive. Convention in lome was the culmin- ation of a year of intense and patient The aim was also to btJild on the negotiations during which the ACP and solid and tJseful achievements of Lome EEC negotiators and their colleagues I and on the experience obtained from worked imaginatively and hard. I con- it. gratulate them on their achievements. Beyond these ftJndamentals, the idea Is the result a fair reflection of their was to seek a more efficient way of labours? I sincerely believe so and I handling development problems, to think that in spite of its inevitable face issues that were poorly perceived limitations, this Convention is a consi- before and to take new international derable advance on the last and one of relations further in the light of specific the rare successes of international eco- sittJations in EEC-ACP relations. This, nomic relations, at present, then, was consolidation , with an eye to carrying progress on from one conven- The Community approached the tion to the next, negotiations with the idea of " consoli~ It is also clear that under pressure dating " Lome I. Clearly, the negotiators from the ACP negotiators and from had a broad and dynamic conception events that made new approaGhes and of what consolidation meant. There the exploration of new fieldsimper- , as events subse- was no question ative Community in some cases quently proved, of simply tidying up the , the text of the old Convention and making J Director-general for Development at the EEC Klaus Meyer only marginal improvements. Commission, years experience were inadequate to themselves were a tribute to the cohe- ing, the second defined the Lome rela~ form a proper assessment of the exist- sion of a group threatened and haras- tionship not as bilateral, but as a link ing agreement. The numerOus declar- sedin such a way as to create conside- between the Community and its ations annexed to the texts bear testi~ rable divisions. client states. mony to the divergent positions on certain key issues on which neither What of the outcome of the negotia- According to these views, the ACP side has been able to compromise. tions? The texts of the agreement outlines its wishes and Europe indi- speak for themselves. It is a tribute to cates what it can afford give, an When the negotiations commenced the participants that despite the rigid approach that should not be confused in earnest at ambassadorial level with initial stance, Lome II will represent an with negotiations. In commenting on officials of the European Commission improvement, though modest, on lome this attitude I can do no better than to on 18 September last year, it was this I. It is important to note that the failure repeat a point made recently in a state- fundamental divergence between the of the UNCTAD Conference in Manila, ment by President Julius Nyerere to the expectations of the ACP and the view the failure to set up a meaningful Com- Group of 77 when he said: "I believe of the EEC that only minor changes mon Fund , Or the failure to implement this unsatisfactory result from oUr needed to be made to the Lome Con- any international action from which the efforts is because we have been mak- vention that led to the ensuing difficul- ACP as part of the larger group of poor ing the mistake of acting as if negotia- ties which will form the records for countries could benefit were not seen tion is exclusively a matter of reason posterity and the basis of history by the EEC as justification for consoli- and morality, which has nothing to do judgement. dating and furthering the much pro- with the strength of the participants. pagandized model relationship with the As chairman of the ACP Committee ACP. The truth is that we need power to of Ambassadors during the period negotiate, just as we need power to go referred to as the crucial months of the Indeed, the absence of measures by on strike. So far we have been negot- negotiations, it is fitting for me to the developed countries, far from evok- iating as noisy and important suppli- compliment all those who participated, ing a positive and dynamic response cants. We need to negotiate from a especially those on both sides who had from Europe, were seen , and used as position of steadily increasing power. the arduous task of being spokesmen arguments against the ACP cause. The on different subject matters. ACP were constantly reminded of the There is no doubt that both ACP unique position in which they were as expectations of Europe, and Europe It is through skill and patience that beneficiaries of the EEC. own potential for meaningful cooper- certain achievements have been made ation, remain largely unfulfilled. The possible. The tenacity and dedication In fact it is hard to see how the Lome Convention of 1975 was a mod- of the ACP representatives during a results could have been much differ- est start, 1980 will see some improve- period of mounting tensions and pres- ent, as two remarks made by different ment; it is hoped that the spirit that sures were one of the pillars of the Community officials during the course informed the commencement of this group. of the negotiations linger in my mind partnership will be so rekindled that as illustrative of the somewhat myopic the realization of what must be the If small cracks were ever discernible attitude: the first equated the negotia- common imperative will not be long within the ACP at any time, those in tions with employer/employee bargain- delayed. 0 D.

wentfurther than it had expected at the Progress has been made with the concerned should make implementa- outset. In spite of its own undeniable promotion of investments and the pro- tion flexible and rapid. economic problems, it recognized that blem of the industrial adjustment that Yet the negotiations, and the result- the international economic crisis was Europe has to face with the active ing Convention, are only stages in a far worse for the ACP countries and positive help of all its economic and longer process. It is important to real- that growing interdependence between social forces. ize this, Situations and ideas will North and South called for open-mind- change again and our achievements, ed and practical solutions that were in And progress has been made with the Stabex machinery and coverage, in still far from perfect, will benefit from some cases highly innovatory, , and in the recogni- experience and fresh ideas. The Com- the fisheries sector munity must never think it has the last Look at the system for the principal tion of the particular problerns of the word in cooperation, if only because real breakthrough. How least-developed, landlocked and island minerals-a countries. the constantly changing future must be different things would have been if this shaped by both parties equally. had existed when the ACP copper prO- The system of trade was already an This convention has still to be imple- ducers were in such dire straits! advanced one as far as the principles mented, with dynamism and imagin- and practical provisions of Lome I were ation , and the role of the ACP countries It holds such promise for the future, concerned and it was the first practical themselves will be a deciding factor in this system we shall now be putting to application of UNCTAD policy. This has how successful the enterprise is. Those the test and perfecting, as with Stabex been improved further where ACP who have given so much to the negot- under lome!. interests were clearly atstake. iations must now look to this imple- mentation. A great deal of progress has been Lastly, the range of financial means I(nade with agricultural cooperation has been extended and the total The new machinery has to be put to too, now confirmed as an essential amount involved is now larger in real the test. Commercial cooperation and aspect of our relations. Industrial coop- terms~no mean achievement in the industrial cooperation call for new eration has progressed and, in addition present financial crisis. approaches in which finesse and dar~ to the many improvements to existing ing are combined. There is a lot to do. I machinery, the urgency of developing The clearer definition of the respon- sincerely hope that the hard work that both new and traditional forms of ener- sibility of the various parties as far as lies ahead will be crowned with suc- gy has been stressed, management and the new machinery is cess. 0 K.

The Courier ACP- EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 The mai n provisions of the new ACP...EEC Convention(*)

Leaders of the ACP negotiators Leading the EEC team

Michel Anchouey (centre), President of the ACP Council until the (Left to right): Gon;lague Lesort (co-Secretary of the ACP-EEC end of June 1979; Donald .Rainford (right), President of the Council); Jean Fran~ois-Poncet (president of the EEC Council to Committee of Ambassadors until end June 1979; and Tieoule end June 1979); Luc de la Barre de Nanteuil (president of the Konate, Secretary General of the ACP Group and co-Secretary of Committee of Permanent Representatives to end June 1979) the ACP-EEC Council After negotiations lasting more than 12 months, the 58 ACP States and the European Community CONTENTS have concluded a new agreement. It will takeover I. Trade cooperation from Lome I on 1 March 1980 and run for a Open Community market confirmed five-year period ending on 28 February 1985. As Building on past achievements the signing Boosting trade promotion ceremony took place in Lome, the Trade cooperation and balance Convention will no doubt be known as Lome II. II. Stabex improved by the new As is to be expected with any agreement that so Convention , the III. Safeguarding and developing many partners have taken so long to negotiate mineral production new Convention is a compromise. It does not meet Accident" insurance all the ACP requests on all points, but it embodies Promoting the development of mining the achievements of Lome I, makes real improve- IV. Stepping up financial resources ments in them (Stabex, market access for certain A greater financial effort agricultural products, trade promotion , financial The breakdown of aid cooperation, aid for rural development, provisions Priority to the poorest Encouraging cofinancing for the least-developed, .Iandlocked and island Boosting the flow of private finance states, etc. ) and makes innovations and additions that augur well for the future (Title III provisions on V. Vast scope for cooperation New areas of cooperation the protection and development of ACP mineral From agricultural cooperation to indu" and energy production , the new Technical Centre stria I cooperation for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation , the joint VI. The administration of aid declaration on migrant workers from countries Annexes i party to the Convention , etc. 1. Background and chronology 2. Institutional structure The following outlines the main provisions of 3. Products covered by the Stabex the various titles of the new Convention. 4. Stabex results 1975- 5. ACP countries as important suppliers of commodities 6. The sugar protocol (0) This outline is based on Commission documents, spite of the Community's meat market problems, the preferential arrange- ments introduced by Lome I (no cus- toms duties, 90% cut in import charges) have been improved (mainly by increasing the overall quota on which levies are cut) and consolidated (the reduction in the levy is guaranteed for the duration of the Convention). - An effort has also been made to help the producers of rum, an impor- tant export for several Caribbean coun- tries, by providing for higher annual rates of increase in the zero-rated quotas foreseen by the Convention. The most important tariff concessions are not enough, however, to consoli- date the development of sales on the Community market. A great deal remains to be done in the field of trade promotion.

Boosting trade promotion

Although the Lome Convention made it possible both to run and finance a whole range of trade promo- tion schemes, the ACP countries have Commission negotiators: Jean Vurieux (left) and Claude Cheysson; background, Erich Wil'sing(left) and Maurice Foley taken relatively little advantage of the facility and only 2% of financing has are of particular interest to certain ACP gone on this so far. I. Trade cooperation countries in spite of the fact that only small quantities are exported. Tom- So, in addition to giving each Open Community market atoes produced in Senegal and onions country the possibility of proposing confirmed produced in Cape Verde are two exam- such schemes for financing from its ples of this(2). However, the EEC did individual allocation, the new Conven- - The Lome Convention guaranteed tion also provides a special fund of 40 Community market not agree to any concessions to further free access to the liberalize the access of milled rice. million EUA for regional cooperation for 99.5% of ACP exports. The other programmes. 5% were mainly products covered by Special attention has been paid to the common agricultural policy(1) and two products of undeniable economic importance to several ACP countries And the scope of this sector has now in this case the ACP countries got been extended to include earlier and preferential treatment that was consi- which traditionally export them to the derably better than the arrangements EEC. (1) Products covered by the common agricultur- provided for third countries. First of all , beef and veal , mainly al policy represented 8,7% of Community imports ~ So the new Convention could from Botswana, representing 56% of from the ACP countries in 1977, 94% of these that country s exports. Note that this is imports are guaranteed free access and the other only really make marginal improve- 6% get preferential treatment, ments here. The main one is the confir- the only ACP agricultural product withe (2) Concessions have also been made for car- mation of the open Community market- out free access to account for such a rots, aspar'igus, certain iuices and preserved -which absorbs an average of 50% of large percentage of total exports. In fruits, mushrooms and maize, ACP exports. Certainly both the Community 3. A global approach defining and and its Member States were anxious to The four fundamentals combining a whole series of instru- maintain the provisions that allowed of lome policy ments of cooperation which provides for safeguard measures under certain a well-balanced response, in the light circumstances, 1. Dependable cooperation relations of the priorities the ACP countries but on the understanding that based on a system of entitlement laid themselves define, to needs that vary they would not have recourse to them down in a freely negotiated contract with economic structure and level of for protectionist purposes or to hamp- between equal partners. development. er structural development"; moreover there are consultation procedures 2. One contract binding two regional 4. Cooperation based on a perman- which should prevent any arbitrary groups, excluding any manipulation ent dialogue (ensured by the institu- \1ecision and help the parties to come or discrimination inspired by unilat- tional structure taken over from to mutually acceptable arrangements, eral assessments of the partners LOme 1(1) and which , now consulta- sovereign choice of economic sys- tions have been stepped up, will be tems, political regimes and develop- much wider in scope. Building on past achievements ments models. This means non-align- ment and respect for national and - There are new concessions on cultural individuality. (1) See annex 2, one or two agricultural products which

The Courier ACP. EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 later stages in the production chain, and taking in not only the domestic market and its organization but also all foreign markets. ~ A pragmatic compromise was sought for rules of origin, another field that could well h/imper trade. with a view to making it easier to grant reas- onable derogations, in particular for the least developed ACP countries, while also maintaining rules designed to prevent trade being deflected,

Trade cooperation and balance Although Lome I guaranteed free access to the Community market for most ACP products, no reciprocal arrange~ents were required. The same is true under the new Convention, but the ACP countries may not discriminate between Member States nor give them less than the most favoured industrial nation treatment. The Community did not grant the preferential status of most favoured third country for certain products com~ ing under the common agricultural policy. This non~recipr()city in free trade is reasonable bearing in mind that the two sides are at very different stages of development, but it does not seem to have been enough in itself to ensure H. Bernard St. John (Barbados) balanced trading pattarns (see table). TlJe new President of the ACP Council of Ministers

While being careful not to draw hur- ried conclusions from too short an Trends in EEC-ACP trade observation period (the trade arrange- 000 million EUA ments under Lome became fully oper- ative only in 1976), certain remarks can nevertheless be made: 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 .. Although they do not benefit from preferential treatment, Community EEC imports from the developing exports to ACP countries have grown countries 31. 61.4 55, 70, 75. 71. steadily. The slackening off in 1978 was, however of which OPEC 15. 38. 33.4 41. 42. 38. , more marked than in respect of the developing countries as of which ACP 10, 10. 12. 11. a whole. ACP annual growth rate 28% +70% ~ 17% +20% + 19% ,. In 1976, imports from the ACP coun- ACP imports extra-EEC tries increased considerably (up by imports 7.4% 43% in two years, as against only 37% for the developing countries as a whole). There was a clear drop in 1978, EEC exports to the developing countries 22. 35. 44. 50. 61. 66. although it was less marked than for the developing countries in general. of which OPEC 11. 18.4 24. 29. 31. CD But it should be remembered that 12. of which ACP 12. there was not an across-the-board ACP annual growth rate 10% +37% +33% + 22% + 27% drop and that imports from the Carib- bean, for example, increased by 50%. ACP exports extra-EEC In the case of the countries of Africa exports the decrease was due to a large extent to a drop in export earnings from EEC-ACP trade balance certain commodities(1).

Source: SPEC (Statistical Office of the European Communities). (1) SOEC-estimate based on results for Janua- ry-September 1978,

Main provisions Copper exports dropped by 15% in between industrialized and developing volume and 17% in price, groundnut countries aimed at cancelling out at exports by 27% and 20% and cotton least part of the effects on economies Stabex: some facts exports by 17% and 20%. The price of and producers' incomes of sudden coffee dropped by 32%. drops in earnings caused either by - By 15 July 1979, 270 million EUA fluctuations in world prices or by sharp This shows just how important it had been transferred in some 100 variations in production, which are par- interventions to 31 ACP States is to seek a way of avoiding violent ticularly frequent in regions where the (including 22 grants worth 160 mil- commodity price fluctuations at world vagaries of the climate are more lion EUA). level. It also highlights the value of the destructive than elseWhere. export stabilization mechanism, now Stabex came into play for 21 pro- strengthened and extended under A greater guarantee ducts or in Lome II, in ACP-EEC relations. subproducts this period. In most instances this was because experiment, which aroused This of production or exports Also, the guarantee given to the great interest at international level" will a drop in sugar-producing ACP countries under be continued in such a way as to caused by local circumstances (two thirds of the transfers); compensa- the Lome Gonvention(1), concerning increase its scope and effectiveness. tion for losses of export earnings both the volume and the price of pur- With increased financial resources (550 attributable to the economic situation chases, plays an obviously stabilizing million EUA as against 382 million role (see annex 6). was paid for only a limited number EUA), this " insurance policy against products. At the same time, any measure bad years" will apply to a wider range of products on more favourable terms designed to stabilize the prices the See table in annex 4. ACP countries pay for their supplies with regard to the risks covered. also deserves attention. The Commun- Stabex was originally intended to ity has undertaken to use the instru- cover twelve products and some of the dependence threshold (the per- ments of the common agricultural poli- their sub-products-on which the pro" centage of exports the product covered cy to make it possible to carry out ducer countries were particularly has to account for in relation to total commercial transactions involving cer- dependent and earnings were partic- exports to all destinations for the pre- tain essential foodstuffs so that sup- ularly unstable-but during the lome ceding year) has been brought down plies can be assured all the year round Convention lifetime it has already from 7.5% to 6.5% (5% for sisal); at stable prices. been extended to cover additional pro- the trigg~r threshold (the drop in We should add that the new provi- ducts. With the new Convention its export earnings in relation to the aver- sions are not fully in line with ACP scope tras again been extended: the age earning,s from the same product requests in this respect. list of products has grown from 34 to over the preceding four years) has also 44 (see annex 3) and now covers the been reduced from 7.5% to 6.5%; bulk of the agricultural commodities in both c~ses the threshold ,applying that play any significant part in the to the least developed, landlocked and It Stabex impl!'oved by economies of the ACP countries(2), island countries (that is 47 eountries the new Convention The conditions under which the sys- out of 58) goes down from 5clo to 2%. tem comes into play have also been Stabex transfers to the :~5 least The Stabex system introduced by the improved, notably by lowering the developed countries are made in the Lome Convention is the first agreement dependence and trigger thresholds: form of grants. In other cases they are interest-free loans, the repayments on which go towards replenishing the sys- tem s resources. The terms for this under the new' convention are much mOre flexible: repayment no longer falls due as soon as there is a "good" year; it can be spread over a period of seven years, with a ' two-year grace period. III. Safeguarding and developing mineral production

Whereas the Stabex system under Lome ensured that the countries pro-

(1) The sugar protocol has not been renegotiat- ed, It was concluded for an indeterminate period, Amendments may not be brought until 1981 and the contracting parties may not renounce until 1982. (2) The question of tobacco is to be re-examined under the new Convention, as well as the c,,"se of sisal products, Iron ore, the only mineral included , will continue to be covered in respect of Top Sek in Stabex Front row (1. to ): Berhane Ghebray (Ethiopia); O. Jone (Gambia) and exports from mines currently being worked for (Guini:!a). Ikhind: (left) J. Ntungumburanye (Burundi) and S. O. Sy (Senegal) with another five years (1979-84), After that it will be Annette Gonzales (Trinidad and Tobago) covered by the new system for minerals,

The Courier ACP- EEC no 58 - SPECJAL ISSUE - November 1979 ):

preceding four years-as a general rule--for at least 15% of export ear- nings (all destinations). For the least developed, landlocked and island countries the threshold is 10%, A brief description of the fairly com- plicated triggering conditions is given below: - The "risk" to be covered is that run by a country which finds it is prevented from restoring at a normal rate or maintaining its "production plant or export capacity" by circumstances beyond its control in cases where an otherwise viable and economic line of production" is involved. There must therefore have been an accident" causing a drop in produc- Front (I. t() r. ): K. l)()go (Togo), E. Odeke (Uganda) and K. Kiakwama (Zaire); behind tion or export capacity or in export (I. tor. S. Nandan and Hatu Sir Kamisese Mara (Fiji) ducing agricultural raw materials had more stable incomes and hence increased security for both the econo- Main mineral exports my and the producers, the economies of the countries producing mainly min- erals (except those producing iron ore) Dependence remained at the mercy of all kinds of EEC share of Producer threshold exports contingency-a sudden drop in prices country (average (average) or production , for example. 1972/76) The new convention corrects this imbalance, which was felt particularly strongly by the ACP States since the Copper Zambia 60% international negotiations aimed at5ta- Zaire 91 % bilizing the prices of raw materials Papua New Guinea 51.7 % 40% -such as copper~have not achieved many results so far. Although it cannot Phosphates Togo 92% solve the problem of price fluctuations Senegal 17.6 % 54% at inter-regional level , the Community 34 % (bauxite 76) has set about seeking solutions which Bauxite Guinea will at least lessen the effects of such Alumina Jamaica 19 % (alumina 76) fluctuations and, more generally, pre- Suriname 29 % (alumina 76) ' mining poten- serve the ACP countries 9 % (bauxite 76) tiaL Guyana The system adopted has basically the Manganese Gabon 32 % (1976) same aims as Stabex, though the Iron ore Liberia 74% methods used to achieve them are considerably different because of the Mauritania 75% peculiarities of mineral production and Tin Rwanda markets.

Accident" insurance This insurance scheme is backed by Main EEC imports from financing amounting to 280 million the ACP countries EUA ($ 372 million). It covers the main in 1977 (million EUA) minerals exported by the ACP coun- tries: copper and cobalt, phosphates, manganese, bauxite and alumina, tin Total Community and iron ore. Additions can be made to imports (net) From this list during the life of the conven- tion by decision of the ACP-EEC Coun- cil of Ministers if it turns out that other Copper 2341 Zaire (445) - Zambia (423) - Papua New Guinea products of importance to the econo- (74) mies of ACP States are being seriously Bauxite/alumina 922 Guinea (90) Guyana (23) Jamaica (48) disturbed. Suriname (59) As with Stabex there is a depen- Phosphates 470 Togo (63) - Senegal (26) dence threshold; for the Community to provide assistance the product in ques- Iron ore 1900 Liberia (256) - Mauritania (120) tion must have accounted over the

Maon provisions earnings from one of the products possibility now exists (it did not under The breakdown of aid covered by the system and exported to the Lome Convention) of subsidizing the ordinary loans of the European under the lome Convention the Community(1). The accident may As caused by local circumstances Investment Bank (EIB). some of the funds available have been be earmarked for special purposes. In events) or (c) A special EIB commitment in the (disasters, grave political EDF has economic factors (price collapse). financing of projects of mutual interest addition to the amounts the in the mining and energy sectors, up to set aside for Stabex payments and - The damage must be significant; it mining projects, and the EIB commit- 10% in produc- a ceiling of 200 million EUA (over and must entail a drop Of above the contractual allocations pro" ments in mining and energy, funds tion or export capacity. vided by the convention itself). The have also been set up for: contributions should also (600 million Once the Community and the ACP larger EIB (1) regional cooperation country in qUestion have established act as a catalyst for private investment EUA, as against 300 million under the that these conditions have been met. flows. first lome Convention). This should that country is entitled to compensa- (d) The possibility introduced by the mean that fresh impetus can be given differs from convention of mining and energy pro- to the big regional projects that are tion. But here the system often thb only real solution in infra- the Stabex, as no straight budget tection and promotion agreements transfers are made. Aid is provided in being entered into by the Member structure (tr~nsport-development of the form of financing for projects and States and any ACP State con- waterways), industrial development, programmes put forward by the ACP cerned (2). training and research; country with a view to countering the (2) emergency aid, l()r which the allo- harmful effects to the economy of cation has been incr"lased from 150 disruption in the mining sector. IV. Stepping up million EUA to 200 million EUA. This financial resources type of aid enables funds \0 be granted The finance takes the form of special rapidly and thus offers a vi'al element loans, repayable over 40 years with a of flexibility. By helping to cope with ten-year grace period and at an interest A greater financial effort the difficulties resulting from na'ural rate of 1 % (0.75% for the least devel- disasters and other dramatic events it Under the Lome Convention a total combination oped countries). In order to be able to EUA ($ 4329 million) has been able-often in of 3466 million with food aid-to provide the means act rapidly, the Community may grant was available. This included adjust- advances to prefinance projects. account of the for the survival of many groups of ments made to take people. Some very large-scale schemes accession of new members. have been launched in certain regions Promoting the development The means provided for ACP-EEC (southern Africa, the Sahel). and aid of mining cooperation under the new convention given to refugees generally(3). have been raised to 5227 million EUA Besides safeguarding the existing new convention ($ 6924 million) of which 4542 million Priority for the poorest mining potential the EUA ($ 6013 million) is for the EDF. should encourage its development. It is The table on the following page gives The new convention devotes a spe- obviously in the mutual interests of the an overall breakdown. Community and the ACP States to do cial chapter to the least-developed, this. The Community is heavily depen- It also gives some new information island and landlocked countries, the dent on external sources of supply on amounts that do not appear in the idea being to draw even greater atten" -notably the developing countries Convention. These include 200 million tion to the need to provide these coun- for mining products. For the ACP EUA from the EIB for energy and min- tries with measures designed especial- countries mining can be an important ing in the form of standard loans with- ly for them. factor in their economic development out interest rebates. This privileged treatment, which is by virtue of the linkages it provides The management costs of the Com- export apparent in all aspects of cooperation with other activities and the mission delegations in charge of coop- (Stabex, minerals, rules of origin etc. resources it generates. This sector has eration at local level in the ACP coun- is of particular importance in the field dropped behind considerably over the tries. so far charged to the EDF, are of financial cooperation. last ten years, the phenomenon being now to be paid from the Commission particularly marked in Africa, where budget. Generally speaking, the very largely practically no invest- there has been Com- concessional nature of the aid (80% of ment by European firms in minerals A proper assessment of the EDF financing is in the form of grants, s financial contribution to the exploration since 1974. munity special loans and risk capital) means ACP countries must also take account In order to help make up the lost of the budget costs involved in apply- ground, the new convention contains ing the sugar protocol and of aid which (1) The system makes it possible to anticipate provisions aimed essentially at step- the ACP countries get under other accidental effects, and to intervene as soon as a . fall in capacity in the months to come is foreseen external flows of technology Community policies, ping up etc. and capital. The following .can help to The Community has told its partners (2) The following joint declaration was adopted achieve this: how much aid they can expect here with this in mind: " In order to encourage Eur- over the 1980- period, namely at opean investments in mining and energy develop- (a) Increased financial and technical 85 ment projects promoted by the ACP States, the assistance in the fields of geology and least 300 million EUA ($ 400 million) Community and the Member States, on the one mining, which could mean a contribu- worth of food aid and 25 million EUA ($ hand. and the ACP States, on the other, pursuant 33 million) as the EEC contribution to to the general aims of the treatment of invest- \tion to the establishment of national or ments referred to in Title IV, may also conclude regional funds for mineral exploration projects .cofinanced with NGOs. agreements relating to individual projects where for example. All in all, and also taking account of the Community Ilnd possibly European undertak- Member ings contribute towards their financing (b) The adjustment or increased bilateral aid from the various (3) The various Ilid operations carried out since importance of certain financing States, the Community is by far the 1976 for the benefit of refugees in Africa (emer- mechanisms: more funds are now largest source of official aid for the gency aid, food aid, etc,) have involved over $78 available for use as risk capital and the ACP countries. million.

The Courier ACp. EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 Breakdown of resources

Resources 1980- Lome Convention

Million EUA $ million Million EUA $ million

Grants 2928 3894 2155 2692 Specialloans(1) 504 670 444 555

Risk capital 280 346 117 Stabex(2) 550 731 382 477 Miner;;Jls(3) 280 372

Total EDF(5) 4542 6013 3076 3842

EIB Ordinary loans subsidized (4) 685 911 390 487 Loans for mining projects (non-convention) 200 266

Total under conven~on 5227 6924 Grand total 5427 7190 3466 4329

(1) The repayment t&rms for special loans have been standardized: r..payment over 40 years with a ten-year grace period. The 1 % interest rate is reduced to 0.75% for the least developed countries, (2) Stabex transfers are grants for the least developed countries and interest-free loans for the others. (3) Same terms as for special loans. (4) Interest-rate subsidies are now uniform and automatic; they lower the internst rate borne by the borrower by 3%. (5) The EDF is financed by the Member States in the following proportions: Belgium 5.9%, Denmark 2,5%, France 25,6%, Germany 28,3%, Ireland 6%, Italy 11.5%. LuxembPurg 0,2%, Netherlands 7,4%, United Kingdom 18%. It should be noted that the cost of administering aid (Commission delegation" in the ACP countries) which was included in the EDF for the Yaounde Conventions and Lome I will in future be borne by the Commission s budget, As a result it will not figure in the convE!ntion, nor in the overall aid figure, The sum in question for Lome II is estimated at 180 million EUA. that the poorest countries get a partic- Under lome I, almost 40 projects the EEC to participate in ACP industrial ularly good deal. have been cofinanced, representing a development. total investment of 3000 million EUA. As for loans, the greater emphasis addition to the contribution of the EDF, Investment promotion will be easier now placed on risk capital instead of theEIB (484 million) and the Member particularly now that the ACP countries ordinary loans should mean that the States (458 million), there are large which have an investment agreement EIB has more opportunity to act in amounts from Arab funds (582 million) with a particular qEC country, have these countries where the financing of and the World Bank (364 million). undertaken to treat investments from industrial projects can often only be all the Member States in exactly the ensured by combining these two types The increase in the Arab contribu- same way. of financing. tion, from 14% in 1977 to 20% in 1978, is particularly significant. Finally, in a joint declaration, the But the privileged treatment for the EEC and the ACP countries have poorest countries will be reflected, first recognized "the need to tap additional and foremost, in the share they are Boosting the flow of financial resources that would lead to allocated when the amounts earmarked private finance substantial capital resources for indu- for the national programmes are strial development" and agreed to run shared out. Official aid on its own cannot expect a thorough analysis of the situation money to finance Under lome " the 32 least developed to provide enough and have results ready nine months ACP development, particularly in the after the signing of the convention. countries, representing 42% of the industrial sector where the injection of ACP population, got 64% of all aid programmed. private capital and access to financial markets should be facilitated. V. Vast scope Encouraging cofinancing As well as the measures introduced to promote investment in mining and for cooperation New provisions show the interest of energy, the new convention also con- cofinancing and aim to make such tains more general provisions aimed at There is no doubt that the scope of schemes easier to run. encouraging economic operators from cooperation is being expanded from

Main provisions one convention to the next. New sub- jects are being broached, which means Breakdown of EDF aid by sector that the dialogue between the Com- (Commitments on 31 July 1979 in '000 EUA) munity and its partners covering all areas of economic and social activity is gradually being widened. Rural development & rural water supply 485910 32. At the same time, however, the poli- 400191 26. cies launched by the Lome Convention Economic infrastructure are being consolidated; taking into Industrialization 312158 20. account past experience as well as gen- eral economic trends, certain tenden- Social development 281 444 18. cies are being reinforced, certain 29260 objectives made clearer and new Trade promotion instruments of cooperation introduced. 1 508963 100% Total decisions New area$ of cooperation (inc. Committee of 25. 79) 2 100234 68. Labour Committed to the ACP group 3067767 By adopting a joint declaration on the status of "workers who are nation- contracting parties als of one of the The new convention should also pro- and are residing legally in the territory ation of subjects of common interest in the field of sea transport, with the , vide greater opportunities for action in of a Member State or an ACP State fields of industrial and energy the negotiators have tackled the pro- Community declaring itself prepared to the develop this sector in any ACP State cooperation and agricultural and rural blem of migrant workers for the first development. time. that may so request (the development of shipping companies-setting up The provisions are similar to those joint ventures- technical assistance I~dustrial and energy contained in the cooperation agree- for training and management, etc. development ments with the Maghreb countries; workers from ACP countries residing The declaration also acknowledges This type of development should legally in a Member State are guaran- the importance of the Council' s deci- benefit first of all from increased finan- sion to Member teed the same treatment as nationals of recommend that the cial backing taking more appropriate that Member State as regards working States ratify the United Nations Con- and more diverse forms (see point IV conditions and pay as well a job-relat- vention on a Code of Conduct for Liner above). Generally speaking, the new ed social security benefits. Conferences. convention should lend more scope to activities The ACP States have given recipro- Such ratification will enable the the industrial cooperation Convention to enter into force and the launched under the Lome Convention, cal undertakings. There is provision for considered bilateral negotiations to settle any pro- developing countries will thus be able the results of which are blems (1). to benefit from its provisions on the broadly inadequate by both sides des- distribution of liner trade. pite many interesting achievements. Fishing negotiators Were intent upon From agricultural cooperation to The In another joint declaration , the con- industrial cooperation showing that interdependence was the vention deals with sea fishing. There byword. are two basic points to be taken into With regard to the allocation of the account here: the Community s esta- This is not a question of facilitating blished jurisdiction in this area since funds available for financial and tech" ACP industrial development, but also 1976 and the extension to 200 nautical nical cooperation to the various areas of "taking due account of their specific development, formulation of policies miles of the fishing zones of most of of economic and social needs in the the choice of priorities and hence the designed to adjust the industrial struc- the coastal ACP States. (The joint dec- will, laration in the lome Convention still sectoral distribution of the aid tures of the Community to changes ' jurisdic- under the new convention as under the occurring at the world level" referred to the Member States present one, remain up to each indivi- tion in this matter). dual ACP State. With this in mind, arrangements have been made for a wide-ranging and Besides referring to increased coor- It was necessary, however, to see dination as regards the conservation highly flexible system of industrial con" and utilization of fishery resources, the that these choices could be implement- sultations which can be held at the ed by the ways and means best suited initiative of the Commission or the parties to the convention outline the to the specific needs of each economic general framework for possible bilater- ACP-EEC Committee on Industrial between the sector and that they could be made in Cooperation. al fishery agreements the light of as clear and comprehensive Community and the ACP States con- a presentation as possible of the objec- These efforts to ar;ive at better cerned (mutual advantages-non-dis- adjusted policies should result in a principle of the Commun- tives and types of scheme specific to crimination- each field. strengthening of the contacts between i~ reciprocity, in addition to any EOF allocation , in return for fishing rights We have already mentioned the (1) It is estimated that there are some 400000 granted by ACP States)(2). increased cooperation in the sphere of migrant workers from the ACP countries in the Community. trade promotion. New instruments and (2) The first agreement was concluded with Sea transport the relevant funds will enable a real Senegal on 30 April 1979. Negotiations are under also a joint declaration policy of cooperation on mining to be way with Guinea-Bissau and exploratory talks are There is being held with Mauritania and cape Verde, which paves the way for an examin- launched.

The Courier ACP-EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 business circles in the Community and Thus, for example, the ACP countries This is achieved by a new article the ACPcountries. This is the main aim can call upon the services of individual which gives a more precise definition of the Centre for Industrial Develop- experts or teams of consultants. In the of EEC and ACP responsibility in the ment, set up under the lome Conven- same spirit, a Technical Centre for implementation of financial and techni, tion, and its role has now been better Agricultural and Rural Cooperation has cal cooperation. defined and its financing stepped up. been set up for the ACP States and its The powers of the various imple- (A budget of 25 million EUA is laid main task will be to improve access to menting bodies are now better coordi- aside for it, to be taken from the alloca- information, research, training and new nated and emphasis has been placed tion for regional cooperation. innovations in this sphere. on the need to speed up financing The negotiators reserved a special The experiment conducted underthe decisions (global programmes for place in the new convention for coop~ Lome Convention with the financing of training schemes, general technical cooperation and trade promotion eration in the field of energy(1), draw- microprojects(2)~a formula which has , for ing up a list of the many schemes that proven particularly well suited to microprojects and for other schemes could be undertaken in this crucial schemes in rural areas-will be contin~ where only limited amounts are area, such as an inventory of energy ued and expanded. involved) and implementation (deci- resources, the implementation of ener- sions on all contracts under 3.5 million gy policies and programmes, promo- It should be noted that, under the EUA, invitation to tender dossiers, tion of resarch, production of equip- Lome Convention , 40 % of the funds awards etc., taken as approved by the ment in the ACP countries, develop- available for aid to national projects Commission or .its delegate 30 days ment of new sources of energy, partic, went to agricultural and rural develop- after notification). ularly in rural areas, and so on. ment, although this average was great- Last but not least, an ACP-EEC com- ly exceeded in numerous countries mittee has been set up to investigate Agricultural and rural where that particular sector absorbed general and specific measures to development between 75% and 100% of the appro- improve the implementation of finan~ priations. cial and technical cooperation, partic- In devoting a special chapter to agri- ularly by speeding up and streamlining cultural cooperation the Community the procedures. and the ACP countries are demonstrat- VB. The administration One of the jobs of this committee will ing the prime importance for the devel~ of aid opment process of promoting rural be to look into problems connected activities. with the provisional commitment-im- The Lome Convention is several plementation-payment timetables (now Besides defining the objectives of steps ahead of the usual methods of to be drawn up for each indicative ACP-EEC cooperation in this sphere aid management. In some cases, programme and each project) with a and listing the schemes that will have responsibility falls solely on the reci- , view to short-circuiting blockages at to be implemented to achieve them, pient country and in others it is shared various levels. this chapter stresses the importance of but no other form of aid today involves Three further points should be stres~ stepping up technical assistance to such a degree of co-management. make the authorities of the ACP States sed: better able to work out for themselves The new convention retains the dial- ~ As far as aid programming is con- cerned , the texts have put greater the rural development policies and ogue and the participation typical of projects that are best suited to their Lome I, extending it and making it emphasis on programming by objec- need!? clearer. tives. This should make it possible to see how far projects fit in with the policies of the individual countries and to ensure that the most is made of the EBB financing under Lome various instruments of cooperation. Specific criteria have been laid By 30 September 1979, the Lome Approximately 33 (77 900 000 down for assessment. Convention had involved the EIB in EUA) was invested in electricity pro- Firms and nationals of recipient providing aid worth almost 300 mil- duction and distribution and about states now have more opportunity to lion EUA for 31 ACP countries~ 2 % (7700000 EUA) in tourism, take part in the implementation of proj- loans, worth 231 400000 EUA, from ects, as the ceilings for accelerated own resources (plus the 3 % interest invitations to tender and the 10% price rebate provided for by the Conven- Risk capital preference for national firms tendering tion) and 37 risk capital operations for works contracts have been raised with 67 400 000 EUA. Almost all (about 92 %) the risk cap- from 2 to 3.5 million EUA(3). 0 ital operations were for industrial inv- Own resources estments. A further 6 % went on ser- (1) This sector has already received large state vices (5 % tourism and about 1. financing: over 170 million EUA had been commit- Approximately 65 % (148800000 2 % ted by the EDF or thti) EIB by the end of 1978 for EUA) was invested in industry and feasibility studies and technical projects which, taking account of cofinancing agro-industry, 63500000 EUA of the assistance schemes) and 2% on hol- involved a total investment of some 900 million dings in development banks. EUA, The Community's contribution broke down amount being global loans which the as follows: hydroelectric power 74O/~thermal EIB made to national developments power 8o/~power transmission 14%- new sour- \ banks, in most cases to finance small The EIB Board also approved loans ces of energy 4 %, (2) This formula enables an overall appropriation and medium-sized industries. By 30 of 42200 000 EUA from own resoUr- to be allocated to a set of schemes proposed by September 1979, 36 allocations ces and 9300000 EUA risk capital the ACP State by way of a programme. The amounting to 17400000 EUA, had operations before 30 September projects must be put forward by the communities been made from these global loans 1979, but as these had not been themselves, which provide some of the financing, Thirty-five programmes involving some 1 400 mic- and the rest is being allocated at the signed by this date, they . are not roprojects are currently being implemented. moment. included in the above figures. (3) The price preference for supply contracts remains 15%, with no financial ceiling,

Main provisIons ANNEX 1 offered 21 Commonwealth countrie~ of ANNEX 2 Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific the chance to negotiate on their future Background and chronology relations within the framework of asso- Institutional structure of ciation or of trade agreements. The EEC- ACP cooperation The antecedents: Protocol guaranteed, moreover, that the Yaounde Conventions advantages already acquired by the and the Arusha Agreement AASM would not be lost and that any The new convention maintains the new associates would receive equal existing institutional structure but cer- An Implementing Convention of the treatment. Finally, it specified that the tain measures have been taken to Treaty of Rome governed the special Community had the firm purpose of improve the operation of the institu~ relations between the EEC and depen- safeguarding the interests of all the tions. dent overseas countries and territories. countries in question whose econo" The first European Development Fund mies were based to a large extent on The EEC-ACP Council of Ministers (EDF) was established in 1959. exporting raw materials, particularly meets once a year and is the top sugar. The attainment of independence, decision" and policy-making body. The between 1960 and 1962, by 18 African Besides the countries signatory to neW convention should make it possi" countries and Madagascar led to the the Yaounde Convention and the ble to work out more detailed arrange~ signing of the first Yaounde Conven- Commonwealth countries, six other ments for holding consultations and tion, which came into effect on 1 June independent African countries (Equat- exchanges of views between meetings. 1964 for a five-year period. It primarily orial Guinea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Gui- contained trade arrangements involv- nea-Bissau, Liberia and Sudan) were The Committee of Ambassadors ing reciprocal preferences and esta~ invited to the opening session of the meets at least twice a year. It supervi- blished the second EDF. It was fol- negotiations in July 1973. ses and stimulates a large number of lowed by the second Convention subcommittees (Committees on Indu- (launching the third EDF), which was strial Cooperation , Trade Cooperation signed in Yaounde on 29 July 1969, Chronology of ACP-EEC and so on). came into effect on 1 January 1971 and relations expired on 31 January 1975. The convention makes provision for After negotiations between the EEC Lome Convention new specialized committees to be set and the United Kingdom had started in up, notably one on the administration 1970 Mauritius asked to accede to the July 1973: opening of negotiations of financial and technical cooperation. Yaounde Convention without further 1 February 1975: conclusion of negot- delay. It was able to do so on 30 June iations The Consultative Assembly, consist- 1973. ing at present of delegates from the 28 February 1975: signature of the ACP countries and members of the In addition, as early as 1963 the Six Lome Convention by 46 ACP countries European Parliament, meets at least adopted a declaration , formally issued in Yaounde on 29 July of that year 1 July 1975: advance implementation of once a year. The subjects for discus- the trade arrangements sionare prepared by a Joint Commit- affirming that the Community was open tee, which normally meets twice a year. to requests from any third country hav" 1 April 1976: entry into force of the ing an economic structure comparable Convention to that of the AASM and, hoping to 14 and 15 July 1976: meeting of the Consultations with the two sides of accede to the Yaounde Convention or industry can be arranged on the initia- ACP-EEC Council of Ministers (Brus- tive of the Assembly. Ad hoc meetings to enter into other forms of association sels) Or trade agreement. can also be held under the aegis of the 13 and 14 April 1977: meeting of the EEC-ACP Council "on clearly defined Thus an Association Agreement was ACP-EEC Council of Ministers (Fiji) matters of common interest" signed with Nigeria in 1966 although 13 and 14 March 1978: meeting of the as it was never ratified it never came Ministers (Brus- into effect. However, after a number of ACP~EEC Council of setbacks, an Association Agreement sels) The Commission delegations with the three East African States 22 March 1979: meeting of the ACP- in the ACP States (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania) was EEC Council of Ministers (Bahamas) signed in Arusha on 24 September Meetings of the ACP-EEC Consultative 1969 to cover the same period as Assembly: 1-3 June 1976, 8-10 June Although they are not strictly speak" expired on 31 Yaounde II and also 1977 , 28-29 September 1978, 10- ing "institutions the Commission January 1975. This Agreement was, October 1979. delegations in the ACP countries can however, more limited in scope, and be considered an essential cog in the dealt mainly with trade arrangements. Negotiations for a successor conven- implementation of the convention. It did not include provisions on finan- tion cial and technical cooperation. July 1978: opening of negotiations The delegations, made up of small 21 December 1978: ministerial meeting teams of from two to ten people spec- ializing in various areas, are officially t~rom the enlargement of the (Brussels) 'Community to the opening of responsible for covering all aspects of 22-24 March 1979: ministerial meeting relations between the Community and negotiations with the ACP (Freeport, Bahamas) the ACP countries, notably the many 24-26 May 1979: ministerial meeting forms of cooperation as defined in the The negotiations with the countries (Brussels) convention. wishing to accede led to the adoption of Protocol 22, annexed to the Acts of 25 June 1979: conclusion of negotia- Accession, whereby the Community tions (Brussels) There are 42 delegations at present.

The Courier ACP-EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 ANNEX 3 ANNEX 4

List of products covered by STABEX STAB EX Cumulative results .by product Products covered . by the lome Con- ventlonfrom the beginning (as at 15 July 1979)

(000 1. groundnuts, shelled or not E:UA) 2. groundnut oil 3. cocoa beans Product 1975 1976 1977 1978 Total Total 4. cocoa paste amount amount amount amount amount 5. cocoa butter 6. raw or roasted coffee 7. extracts, essence or concentrates of coffee Groundnuts 6591 4442 4551 9272 24857 8. cotton, not carded or combed Gl'oundnut oil 6756 7383 49882 64 021 9. cotton linters 23, 10. coconuts Oil-cake 1 191 153 15224 16568 11. copra 12. coconut oil Cocoa 277 781 1058 13. palm oil Cocoa paste 464 464 14. palm kernel oil 15. palm nuts and kernels Coffee 13548 946 14494 16. raw hides and skins Cotton 10222 5000 2083 2340 17. bovine cattle leather 19646 18. sheep and Iamb skin leather Copra 2163 2163 19. goat and kidskin leather 20. wood in the rough Coconut oil 615 1500 2115 79' 21. wood roughly squared or half- Palm oil 766 1467 2233 squared, but not further manufactured 22. wood sawn lengthwise, but not fur- Palm kernel oil 627 1212 1839 ther prepared Raw hides and skins 8402 23. fresh bananas 8402 24. tea Wood in the rough 37843 349 38192 14. 25. raw sisal 26. iron ore (ores, concentrates and Sawn wood 550 147 697 roasted iron pyrites) Bananas 1297 447 674 2491 Tea 1400 Products added during the life of the 1400 lome Convention Sisal 6928 8177 5473 20577 Iron ore 27. vanilla 3977 6974 33395 44 347 16. 28. cloves (whole fruit, cloves and Cloves 1 140 1 140 stems) 29. sheep s or Iamb's wool, not carded Gum arabic 848 848 or combed 30. fine animal hair of Angora goats - Pyrethrum 609 609 mohair 31. gum arabic 32. pyrethrum (flowers, leaves, stems, Total 79 986 37 136 32442 118597 268160 100. peel and roots; saps and extracts from pyrethrum) 33. essential oils, not terpeneless, of cloves, of niaouli and of ylang-ylang Products 34. sesame seed affected by the econo- mic situation (1 )(2)(3)(4) 56467 7478 11782 38 867 114595 Products Included In the new conven- 42. tion -affected local cir- cumstances 23519 29658 20660 79 729 153566 57. 35. cashew nuts 36. pepper 3,7. shrimps and prawns 3'8. squid Total 79986 37 136 32442 118597 268 160 100. 39. cotton seeds 40. oil-cake 41. rubber (1) Wood in the rough, raw hides, skins and leather, cotton in 1975. 42. peas (2) Sisal, sawn wood in 1976. 43. beans (3) Sisal, iron ore in 1977, 44. lentils (4) Iron ore in 1978,

Main provisions ANNEX 5

Importance of the ACP countries as suppliers of commodities to the EEC - 1978 As % of extra-EEC imports. Source: EEC Commission. the evolution of trade between the Community and the ACP countries: 1973-76 and 1974-78.

Middle 1973-1978 95- 100 uranium ore and concentrates 90- 85- pineapples, palm nuts and kernels, cocoa 80- 85 groundnut oil 75- 70- 65 unprocessed cobalt 60- sisal fibre 55- groundnuts, raw sugar, sisal, wood logs, aluminium ore 50- copper ore and concentrates, alumina 45 groundnut oilcake 40- coffee, tinned tuna 35- refined copper 30- manganese 25- tea, tin 20- 15- beef, bananas, palm oil, raw cotton, phosphates, iron ore 10- rice, natural rubber, raw hides and skins, shellfish ;:.. 10 copra, unmanufactured tobacco, unrefined aluminium, zinc, chrome, wolfram, crude oil

ANNEX 6 represented about 66% of ACP sugar exports in 1977. (This average is consi- derably exceeded by Mauritius, the The lome Convention s sugar protocol main producer, where the quota repre- sents over 80 % of exports.

Under the protocol ACP sugar is sold Average world Guaranteed on the Community Agricultural years price (EUA) price market at prices London (EUA) negotiated freely between sellers and buyers. If certain quantities do not find a buyer at a price equal to or above the guaranteed price, the ACP countries 1972-1973 17. have the right to offer those quantities, 1973-1974 33. and the EEC is committed to buy them at the guaranteed price, as long as the 1974-1975 57, quantities involved are still within the 1975-1976 27. 25. agreed limits. 1976-1977 16. 26. The protocol stipulates that this price (standard quality sugar delivered 1977-1978 unpacked (eif) at European ports of the average July-December 13. Community) is to be negotiated average April-May 12. annually within the price range obtain- ing in the Community. 1978-1979 12. 27. 1979-1980 34. 13 (ECU) For the 1979/1980 season this price is 34.13 ECU/100 kgs for raw sugar and 42.30 ECU/100 kgs for white sugar. This means there is. a net price largely The sugar protocol annexed to the ers against the guaranteed prices paid higher than the world price, which has Lome Convention includes a reciprocal to Community producers. been seriously depressed for the last agreement on the purchase and supply four years. On 1 July 1979, the world of fixed quantities of ACP sugar The quantity set by the protocol is price of raw sugar was 16.33 ECU/100 together with quasi-indexation of the 1 400000 tonnes of raw sugar (about kgs (london) that of white sugar was guaranteed prices paid to ACP produc- 1 225000 tonnes of white sugar) which 16.47 ECU/100 kgs (Paris).

The Courier ACP-EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1919 The negotiations in pictures (May and June 1979)

1. General view of the ACP-EEC Council from the ACP side. A.S. Hanna, deputy PM of the Bahamas and B. St John (Barbados) are on the left Mr Dondelinger (Luxembonrg) is further back (to the left). 2. DelegatiolJ!i from Luxembourg (Mr Wolfzfeld), Itidy (Mr Sanza), Ireland (Mr Dillon) and France (Mr Pierre Bernard- Reymond). 3. Left to right: Mr van der Mei and Dr L.H. Lubbers (Netherlands). 4. Foreground (left to right): Luis d'Oli- veira Sanca (Guinea-Bissau), J. Kiti and' J. Mulir"o (Kenya). 5. Left to right: A. Ferre;. ra Fortes (Cape Verde), A. Ongagou-Dat- chou and P. Moussa (Congo). Second row, left to right: Gelase Buyoya (Burundi) and . Mahmoudou Haman Dicko (Cameroon). 6. ; Left to right: Mrs Lorenzen and Messrs Ribberhold and Hedegaard from Den- roark. 7. Peter A. Alolabi (Nigeria) and Donald 8. Rainford (Jamaica). 8. Left right: J. Tyndall (Guyana), Owen Singh (Jamaica), A. Ferrier (Surinam), Maur- ice St John (Trinidad & Tobago). 9. Left to right: Ousmane Seck (Senegal), Mrs B. Mathe (Botswana), Robert Grand- court (Seychelles), M. Fofanah (Sierra Leone), Omar Giama (Somalia) and Mr Izadin (Sudan). Messrs Foley and Meyer, from the EEC, are talking in the back- ground. 10. Left to right: E. Carrington (ACP deputy secretary-general), K. V. Dagadou (Togo), E. Kodjo (OAU secreta" ry-general) and Michael A. Kamba (OAU, Geneva), Right (dark jacket) Mr Schweig- er (EEC Council) and JoBO Mavinga (Ang- ola). 11. Left to right: Mr Ribberhold (Denmark), Marc Eyskens (Belgium), D. Hurd (UK). 12. J. B. Wilmot (Ghana) and D. Hurd (UK). 13. Left to right: Monyake and M. Monyake (Lesotho) and, in the middle, Michael Kennedy (Ireland). 14. R. Rasamoelina (Madagas- car) and Chimwemwe Hara (Malawi). Sec- ond row: Michel Hauswirth (Commission) and Mamadou Traorc (Mali). 15. Martin J. Reckangalt (Gabon) and Robert Naah (Cameroon). 16. Dr Tapa (Tonga) and Peter Donigi (papua-New Guinea).

The Cour;er ACP- EEC no 58 ~ SPECIAL ISSUE - Novembe, 1979 Profiles of the ACP and the EEC cou ntries

The following pages give basic geographic The ACP export figures are the latest avail- and economic profiles of the 58 ACP and 9 able and cover each country s three main EEC countries. export products. The ACP figures are from the data bank for developing countries set up by the director- ate-general for development and the Statisti- The population figures for the Community cal Office of the European Communities countries are for 1978 (Eurostat). GNP, at (SOEC) in Luxembourg. Population figures market rates, and per capita GNP are for are as estimated on 30 June 1977, GNP is at 1977 (UN statistics). In view of the wide range market rates (adjusted in the light of of products which the EEC exports, figures exchange rates) and per capita GNP is also are for total imports and exports, in 1978 as of 1977. (UN).

BENIN CAPE VERDE

Area: 4033 km2

Population: 310000

Capital:

GNP: $40000000

Per capita GNP: $140

Total exports (1974): $2000000

Principal export products (1974): fish ($539 000), bananas ($52 000)

Area: 112622 km2 THE GAMBIA

Population: 3290000 Area: 11 295 km2 Capital: Porto Novo Population: 550000 GNP: $660 000 000 Capital: Per capita GNP: $200 GNP: $110 000 000

Total exports (1977): $31107000 Per capita GNP: $200 Total exports (1976): $33720000 Principal export products (1974): Cotton in bulk ($12315000), Principal export products (1976): raw and roasted cocoa beans raw groundnuts ($17 222 000); ($4 777 000), groundnut oil ($10433000); cotton seed ($2 551 000) oil cakes ($3 314 000) GHANA GUINEA

Area: 245857 km2 Population: 4650000 Capital: GNP: $1 080 000 000

Per capita GNP: $230 Total. exports (1976): $202000000

Principal export products: bau~ xite, aluminium ore & concen~ trates, chemicals, oxides, alum- inium hydroxide & alumina

GUINEA BISSAU

Area: 238 537 km2

Population: 10480000 Area: 36125 km2

Capital: Population: 540 000

GNP: $4 080 000 000 Capital: Bissau GNP: $150000000 Per capita GNP: $380 Per capita GNP: $160 Total exports (1976): $856000000 Total exports (1976): $5334000 Principal export products (1975): raw and roasted cocoa beans Principal export products (1975): ($479510000); cocoa butter groundnuts ($3884000), oil seed ($67 331 000); rough non~conjfe- nuts and kernels ($638000), rous timber ($42907000) groundnut oil ($61 000)

IVORY COAST LIBERIA

Area: 322 462 km2 Population: 5150000 Capital: GNP: $5180000000 Per capita GNP: $710

Total exports (1977): $2155723000 Principal export products (1977): green and roasted coffee ($809 051 000); raw & roasted cocoa beans ($402452000); rough non-coniferous timber ($243148000)

The Courier ACP-EEC no 56 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 Area: 111 369 km2 MAURITANIA Population: 1 800 000

Capital: Monrovia Area: 1 030 700 km2

Population: 1 420 000 GNP: $710 000 000 Capital:

Per capita GNP: $430 GNP: $410000000

Per capita GNP: $270 Total exports (1976): $416 000 000 Total exports (1977): $156600 000

Principal export products (1975): Principal export products (1972): iron ore ($293589 000); natural iron ore ($73168000); copper ore rubber ($46236 000); industrial ($23490 000); fish and shellfish diamonds ($18 404 000) ($10279000)

MALI NIGER

Area: 1 267 000 km2 Population: 4210 000 Capital: GNP: $770 000 000

Per capita GNP: $160

Total exports (1976): $134 067 000

Principal export products (1976): cattle ($18968 000 000); pulses ($10 639000); groundnut oils ($3 853 000)

NIGERIA Area: 1 240 000 km2

Population: 5990 000 Area: 932 768 km2 Capital: Population: 66630 000 Capital: Lagos GNP: $680 000 000 GNP: $33340 000 000 Per capita GNP: $110 Per capita GNP: $420

Total exports (1976): Total exports (1976): $84537 000 $9 726 421 000 Principal export products (1976): Principal export products (1976): crude and partially refined oil cotton in bulk ($42636 000); raw ($9043461 000); raw & roasted groundnuts ($10 399 000); cocoa beans ($349424000); palm cattle ($5 130 000) nuts and kernels ($43331 000)

ACP profiles SENEGAL TOGO

Area: 56 000 km2 Population: 2350000 Capital: Lome GNP: $700000 000 Per capita GNP: $300 Total exports (1976): $104742000 Principal export products (1976): natural phosphates and calcium ($54 833 000); raw and .roasted cocoa beans ($17438000); green and roasted coffee ($16755000)

Area: 196192 km2 UPPER VOLTA

Population: 5274000 Area: 274 200 km2 Capital: Population: 6320000 GNP: $2240000000 Capital: GNP: $720000000 Per capita GNP: $420 Per capita GNP: $100 Total exports (1976): $512900000 Total exports (1977): $55416000

Principal export products (1976): Principal export products (1975): groundnut oil ($160100000); cattle ($8047000); cotton in bulk natural phosphates ($60200000); ($7 113000); unroasted ground- oil cakes ($45000 000) nuts ($6731 000)

SIERRA LEONE

BURUNDI Area: 71 740 km2 Population: 3470000 Capital: GNP: $610000000 Per capita GNP: $200 Total exports (1977): $115112000 Principal export products (1974): non- industrial unmounted dia- monds ($88 632 000); iron ore ($14788000); palm nuts and kernels ($9498000)

The Courier ACP- EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 Area: 27 834 km2 Population: 3980000

Area: 622 984 km2 Cap.ital: Bujumbura Population: 1 867000 GNP: $260000 000 Capital: GNP: $470000000 Per capita GNP: $130 Per capita GNP: $250 Total exports (1977): $81555000 Total exports (1979): $94578000 Principal export products (1977): green and roasted coffee Principal export products (1976): ($33339000); non-industrial dia- coffee ($50671 000); cotton monds ($18775000); rough non~ ($2 260 000); tea ($997 000) coniferous timber ($10 104000)

CAMEROON CHAD

Area: 1 284 000km2 Population: 4210000

Capital: N' Djamena GNP: $540 000 000 Per capita GNP: $130 Total exports (1976): $40000000 Principal export products (1974): cotton in bulk ($22463000); beef and veal ($4235000); cattle ($1 033 000)

CONGO

Area: 475442 km2 Area: 3420000 km2 Population: 7910000 Population: 1 440000 Capital: Yaounde Capital: GNP: $2650000000 GNP: $700000000 Per capita GNP: $340 Per capita GNP: $500

\ Total exports (1977): $540992000 Total exports (1977): $181711 000 Principal export products (1977): Principal export products (1977): green and roasted coffee crude oil ($98837000); ($224922000); rough non-conife- rough non-coniferous timber rous timber ($64623000); cocoa ($22633000); potassium fertiliz- paste ($37 893 000) ers ($13 234 000)

ACP profiles GABON RWANDA

Area: 26 338 km2 Population: 4370000

Capital:

GNP: $580000000 Per capita GNP: $130

Total exports (1976): $81162000

Principal export products (1976): coffee ($63885000); tea ($5375000); tin ore ($4969000)

Area: 267 667 km2 SAO TOM. & PRINCIPE Population: 530000

Area: 964 km2 Capital: Population: 80000 GNP: $2060000000 Capital: Sao Tome Per capita GNP: $3 730 GNP: $30000000

Total exports (1977): Per capita GNP: $420 $1 343 800 000 Total exports (1976): $9070000 Principal export products (1977): crude oil ($987 589 000); Principal export products (1976): manganese ore ($234209 000); cocoa beans ($7396000); copra rough non-coniferous timber ($567 000); palm nuts & kernels ($81 995000) ($470000)

EQUATORIAL GUINEA ZAIRE

Area: 23051 km2 Population: 320000

Capital:

GNP: $110000000

Per capita GNP: $340

Total exports (1976): $43000000

Principal export products (1974): cocoa beans ($29463000); coffee ($5124 oon'

The Courier ACP.EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 Area: 2345409 km2 Population: 26310 000 DJIBOUTI Capital: GNP: $3270 000 000 Area: 22 000 km2 Per capita GNP: $130 Population: 110 000 Total exports (1976): $1 372 986 000 Capital: Djibouti Principal export products (1975): copper for GNP: $260 000 000 refining ($331 972 000); other non-ferrous, Per capita GNP: $2390 (1976) metals ($54010000); non-industrial Total exports (1976): $15825 000 diamonds ($43 522 000) Principal export products: hides & skins

ETHIOPIA COMOROS

Area: 1 221 900 km2 Population: 28980 000 Capital: GNP: $3220000000 Per capita GNP: $110 Total exports (1977): $332831000 Principal export products (1975): raw and roasted coffee ($73201 000); cattle ($10717 000); fleeces ($9212 000)

KENYA

Area: 2 171 km2 Area: 582 646 km2 Population: 370000 Population: 14860000 Capital: Nairobi Capital: Moroni GNP: $3910 000 000 GNP: $70 000 000 Per capita GNP: $270

Total exports (1977): \ Per capita GNP: $180 $1213157 000

Total exports (1977): $8971000 Principal export products (1977): green and roasted coffee ($449106 000); Principal export products: ylang- tea ($181 793 000); ylang, vanilla, copra, cloves oil & white spirit ($68837 000)

ACP profiles MADAGASCAR SEYCHELLES

Area: 444 km2

Population: 60000

Capital: Port Victoria

GNP: $30000000

Per capita GNP: $600 (1976)

Total exports (1976): $2685000

Principal export products (1975): copra ($1 211 000); cinnamon ($599000)

Area: 587 041 km~ SOMALIA Population: 8520000

Capital: Area: 637657 km2 Population: 3350000 GNP: $1960000000 Capital:

Per capita GNP: $210 GNP: $410 000 000 Per capita GNP: $110 Total exports (1976):$320000000 Total exports (1976): $85000000

Principal export products (1975): Principal export products (1975): cloves ($80929000); green and sheep and goats ($47831 000); roasted coffee ($65664000); van- bananas ($10222000); illa ($13840000) cattle ($5317000)

MAURITIUS SUDAN

Area: 2 045 km~ Population: 880000 Capital: GNP: $690000000

Per capita GNP: $760 Total exports (1975): $305137000 Principal export products (1975): sugar ($256985000); clothing ($19612); electronic components ($10304)

The Courier ACP-EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 Area: 2505813 km2 UGANDA Population: 16 950 000

Area: 236 036 km2 Capital: Population: 12350000 GNP: $4 910 000 000 Capital: GNP: $3220000000 Per capita GNP: $300 Per capita GNP: $260 Total exports (1976): $429357000 Total exports (1976):$349736000

Principal export products (1976): Principal export products (1976): cotton in bulk ($189911 000); raw green and roasted coffee ($299960000); cotton in bulk groundnuts ($99104000); ($21746000); tea ($10659000) oil seeds, nuts and kernels ($38 109 000)

TANZANIA

traditional village in Botswana

Area: 945087 km2 BOTSWANA Population: 16090000 Area: 600372km2 Capital: Oar es Salaam Population: 710000 ' GNP: $3 100000 000 Capital: GNP: $300000000 Per capita GNP: $200 Per capita GNP: $440 Total exports (1976): $459981 000 Total exports (1976): $176148000 Principal export products (1976): Principal export products (1975): green and roasted coffee meat and prepared meats ($153025000); ($49796000); cotton in bulk ($75864000); diamonds ($43888000); cloves ($31108000) copper & nickel ($30055000)

ACP profiles lESOTHO SWAZilAND

Area: 17 363 km2 Population: 510000 Capital: Mbabane GNP: $310000000

Per capita GNP: $580 Total exports (1976): $185725000 Principal export products (1976): sugar ($60720 000); wood pulp ($45425000); iron ore ($14858000)

Area: 30355 km2 ZAMBIA

Population: 1 060000 Area: 752614 km2 Capital: Population: 5300000 GNP: $300 000 000 Capital: Lusaka

Per capita GNP: $230 GNP: $2330000000 Per capita GNP: $450 Total exports (1975): $16841 000 Total exports (1977): $896123000 Principal export products (1973): wool other than mohair Principal export products (1975): ($4595000); copper ($722259000); cattle ($2248000); zinc ($31 619000); mohair ($2 197 000) copper fmngs ($12305000)

MALAWI

BAHAMAS Area: 118484 km2 Population: 5530000 Capital: GNP: $800 000 000 Per capita GNP: $140 Total exports (1977): $204423000 Principal export products (1976): tea ($28930000); sugar ($25334000); unroasted groundnuts ($12 274 000)

The Courier ACP- EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 Area: 13935 km2 DOMINICA Population: 220000

Capital: Nassau Area: 751 km2 GNP: $750000000 Population: 80000 Per capita GNP: $3450 Capital: Roseau

Total exports (1975): GNP: $30000000 $2508333000 Per capita GNP: $420 (1976) Principal export products (1975): Total exports (1975):$23800000 fossil fuels, oil , etc. ($239:2130000); chemicals ($65062000); Principal export products (1975): beverages and tobacco bananas ($14500000); grapefruit ($13683000) ($2800000); coconuts ($400000)

BAR BAD OS GRENADA

Area: 344km2 Population: 100000 Capital: St. George

GNP: $50 000 000

Per capita GNP: $450

Total exports (1976): $19200000

Principal export products (1976): cocoa beans ($4700000); ban- anas ($3 200 000)

Area: 431 km2 GUY ANA

Population: 250000 Area: 214969 km2 Capital: Bridgetown Population: 830000 GNP: $440000000 Capital: Georgetown

Per capita GNP: $1 760 GNP: $450000000

Per capita GNP: $560 \ Total exports (1978): $93000000 Total exports (1977):$259545000 Principal export products (1978): sugar ($23500000); clothing Principal export products (1976): ($20300000); electronic compon- aluminium ($124705000); sugar ents ($18950000) ($96862000); rice ($41176000)

ACO profiles JAMAICA SURINAME

Area: 163265 km2 Population: 450000

Capital: Paramaribo GNP: $660000000

Per capita GNP.: $1 500

Total exports (1976): $274600000

Principal export products (1976): alumina ($130530000); bauxite ($47600000); aluminium ($36420000)

Area: 10991 km2 TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

Population: 2090000 Area: 5128 km2 Capital: Kingston Population: 1115000

GNP: $2410000000 Capital: Port of Spain GNP: $2 650 000 000 Per capita GNP: $1 150 Per capita GNP: $2 380

Total exports (1977): $778044 000 Total exports (1977): $2179814000

Principal export products (1975): Principal export products (1977): chemicals ($394018000); sugar crude oil ($728231 000); diesel ($153 657 000); bauxite and alum- and other fuel oils ($154 438 000); inium ores ($117 546 000) petrol ($146635000)

SAINT LUCIA

FIJI Area: 616 km2 Population: 112000 Capital: Castries

GNP: $66 000 000

Per capita GNP: $579

Total exports (1973): $12777 000

Principal export products (1973): bananas ($6481 000); coconuts & coconut products ($2074000)

The Courier ACP. EEC no 56 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 Area: 18272 km2

PAPUA NEW GUINEA Population: 600000

Capital: Suva Area: 461 691 km2 Population: 2910000 GNP: $720000000 Capital: Port Moresby

Per capita GNP: $1 .220 GNP: $1410000000

Per capita GNP: $460 Total exports (1977): $177 541 000 Total exports (1976): $572127000 Principal export products (1976): sugar ($74496000); lamp oil & Principal export products (1975): kerosene ($13227000); diesel & coffee ($46 297 000); copra other fuel oils ($5 104 000) ($39792000); fish ($12311 000)

KIRIBATI SOLOMON ISLANDS

Area: 28 446 km2 Population: 210000 Capital: Honiara

GNP: $53 000 000

Per capita GNP: $260

Total exports (1977): $28606000

Principal export products (1977): copra ($7 968 000); fish ($7695000); timber ($7725000)

Area: 684 km2 WESTERN SAMOA

Population: 56000 Area: 2842 km2 Capital: Tarawa Population: 150000

GNP: $39400000 Capital: Apia

GNP: $50000000 Per capita GNP: $649 Per capita GNP: $320 Total exports (1977): $20543000 Total exports (1977): $14719000

Principal export products (1977): Principal export products (1976): phosphates ($17756000); copra cocoa ($2767 000); copra ($2743000) ($2366 000); bananas ($180000)

ACP profiles TONGA TUVALU

Area: 26 km2

Population: 8000

Capital: Funafuti GNP:~

Total exports:-

Per capita GNP:

Principal export products (1975): copra ($51 000)

$12660 Iwt' Itnd 4096000. The 58 ACP cl)untriescover 15.04% of the world' Area: 699 km2 ACP comparisons (1) surface (total: 135897 000 km') and 09 % of its total population (4 208 000 000). See figures for Europe. Asltgainstthe nine UleUlbers of the Population: 90000 EEC, the nnUlber of ACP countries is very considerltble-58 at present. The Capital: Nuku Alofa ACP countries together cover 20 443907 Iwt' Itnd bltve a total popullttil)n of 298 424 000 (1977). There lire greltt dif- GNP: $30000000 ferences between the three lIreltS which make up the grl)Up. Africa Itlone Itccounts for 19 520 457 Iwt' and It popul- ation I)f 289 081 000, while the figures for Per capita GNP (1976): $330 the Carlbbelm ACPs lire 410 430 Iwt' and 5274000, and for the Pacific Total exports (1974): $6586000

(1) Source: Eurostat and the UN. Principal export products (1974): copra ($4591 000); coconuts Right: A decol"ative mask from Papua ($692000); bananas ($520000) New Guinea and below women working in Suva, Fiji

The Courier ACP. EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 BELGIUM FRANCE

Area: 547000 km2

Population: 53302000

Capital: Paris

GNP: $387058300000

Per capita GNP: $7 292

Total exports: $76609000000

Total imports: $81 715000000

Area: 30 500 km2 GERMANY (Fed. Rep. Population: 9841 000 Area: 248600 km2

Capital: Brussels Populati.on:61131 000

GNP: $74564100000 Capital: Bonn

Per capita GNP: $7 582 GNP: $500932400000 Total exports (1): $44 300 000 000 Per capita GNP: $8 159 Total imports(1): $46391 000000 Total exports: $142090000000

(1) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (Benelux). Total imports: $120668000000

DENMARK IRELAND

Area: 43100 km2 (Greenland: 2175600 km2

Population: 5104000

Capital: Copenhagen

GNP: $40969500000

Per capita GNP: $8051

Total exports: $11 886000000

Total imports: $14810000000 Area: 70300 km2 LUXEMBOURG Population: 3221000

Area: 2600 km2 Capital: Dublin Population: 358000

Capital: Luxembourg GNP: $9215300000 GNP: $2546900000

Per capita GNP: $2883 Per capita GNP: $7154

Total exports: see Belgium Total exports: $5678000 000 (BLEU)

Total imports: see Belgium Total imports: $7097000000 (BLEU)

ITALY NETHERLANDS

Area: 41 200 km2

Population: 13937000

Capital: Amsterdam

GNP: $99125400000

Per capita GNP: $7 156

Total exports: $50280000000

Total imports: $53812000000

UNITED KINGDOM Area: 301 300 km2

Population: 56697000 Area: 244000 km2

Capital: Rome Population: 55889000 Capital: London GNP: $194522200000 GNP: $247 169 500000 GNP: $3 446 tr capita Per capita GNP: $4425

Total exports: $56055000000 Total exports: $71 691 000000

Total imports: $56446000000 Total imports: $78557000000

The Courier ACP-EEC no 58 - SPECIAL ISSUE - November 1979 The nine member states of the Community The Community, with its nine member states, is 1525 600 km' in area(1) and bas a total population of 259659000 (1978). This is 1.12% of tbesurlace of the globe and 6. 17 9'. of its population. The figures fo.. the present 58 ACP states are 15.04% of wodd area and 7.09% of wodd pop- ulation, for the USA 6.89% and 18% and the USSR 16.48 9'. and 22%. The Community is the world' s biggest importer and expo..- ter, accounting for one third of aU trade.

Sources: Eurostat aod the UN. (I) 3701200 with Greenland.

Seeing the sights in the capitals of Europe 1. Luxembourg Place Kneudler. 2. The Coliseum in the "eternal city Rome. 3. O'Connell Street Dublin. 4. The little mermaid, Copenhagen. 5. Canals and old houses in Amsterdam. 6. The Elffel Tower, Paris. 7. West- minster and Big Ben, London. 8. The Grand' Place and the HOtel de Ville, 'Brussels. 9. Classical architecture in 'BOnD. ;~;:~':~:~--~:- -

Commission Delegation!; to ACP Countries

Senegal Netherlands Antilles Jamalca(7) Avenue Albe't Sa"ault 57 (2" etage) - BP 3345 Mg, Kieckensweg 24 . PO Box 822 Mutual Life Cente" 2nd Floor - Oxford Rd/Old Hope Rd PO Box 435, Kingston 5 - Tel. 9293030/9293031/9293032 Daka' - Te1. 21 1324/21 5777/217975 Willemstad, C"'a~ao ' Telex 440 DELEGSE SG . DAKAR Tel. 25084 Telex 2391 DELEGEC KINGSTON 5 Telex 1089 DE LEG NA - WILLEMSTAD Sierra Leone Kenya 2 Lamina Sankoh Street - PO Box 1399 Barbados(1) National Bank Building Freetown - Tel. 239 75 S"njet House, Fairchild Slreet - PO Box 654 C Ha,ambee Avenue. PO Box 451 t9 Telex 3203 DELFED SL - FREEiOWN Bridgetown - Tel. 74362 Nairobi - Tel. 333592 Telex 327 DELEGFED WB - BRIOGETOWN Telex 22302 DELEGFED. NAIROBI Somalia Via Makka AI Muka"am - nO Z- A6- 17. PO Box 943 Benin LIberia Mogadiscio. Tel. 310 18/30049/81118 Avenue Roume, Batimeni administ,"til - BP 910 E, J, Roye Building, Ashmun Street - PO Box 3049 Telex 1328 FED MOG SM . MOGADISCIO Cotonou - Tel. 31 2684/312617 Momovia - Tel. 21901122408 Telex 5257 DE LEG FED - COTDNOU Sudan Telex 4358 DELEGFED LI - MONROVIA 113 Street No 3, New Extension - PO Box 2363 Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland Khartoum. Tel. 44485/44510/44675 PO Box MS 518 Madagascar Telex 254 DELEGSUD KM - KHARTOUM Maseru, Lesotho - Tel. 23726/22309 Telex 351 bb . DELEGEUR MASERU Immeuble Ny Havana. 67 hectares - BP 746 Suriname Antanana,ivo . Te1. 242 16 Dr $, Redmondstraat 239 - PO Box 484 Burundi Telex 22327 DELEGFED - Paramadbo - Tel. 99322 Avenue p, Lumumba 52 . BP 103 ANTANANARtVO Telex t92 DELEGFEO PBO - PARAMARIBO Bujumbura - Tel. 3426/3325 Telex 31 FED BDI - BUJUMBURA Malawi Tanzania Lingadzi House' PO Box 30102, Extelcoms House, 9th Floor Gameroon (2) Lilongwe 3 - Tel. 730255/7301 73/730593 Independence Avenue - PO Box 9414 Immeuble C.P " 4" etage. BP 847 or 1867 Telex 4260 DELEGEUR MI . Da, es-Salaam - Tel. 311 511311 52 Yaounde - Tel. 22 1387/223367/222149 LILONGWE Telex 41353 DELCOMEUR - Telex 8298 DELEGFED KN - YAOUNDE OAR ES. SALAAM Mall Central Alrlcan Empire Chad Rue de Fland'e - BP 1298 Rue Guegau - Badalabougou Lol7 big, lIot 25 du auartier residentiel - BP 552 Bangui - Tel. 61 3053/6101 13 BP 115 Djamena - Tel. 2274/2276 Telex 5231 EC DELEGFED - BANGUI Bamako - Tel. 22 23 56 Telex 5245 DELEGFED - N'DJAMENA Telex 526 DE LEG FED . BAMAKO Congo Togo Hotel des Ralais - BP 2149 Mauritania Rue de Calais 22 - BP 1657 Brazzaville - Tel. 81 3878/813700 lIot 5, Lot nO 24 - BP 213 Lome - Tel. 3663/7832 Tetex 5257 KG DELEGFED - BRAZZAVILLE Nouakchott - Tel. 527 24 Telex 5267 DELEGFED - LOME Telex 549 DE LEG MTN - Ivory Coast NOUAKCHOTT Trinidad and Tobago (91 Avenue Chardy, Centre Nom AI Hayat. BP 1821 , Champs Elysees - Long Ci,cuJar Abidjan 01 . Tel. 228026/3221751226920 Niger Ma,val- PO Box 1144 Telex 3729 DELCEE - ABIDJAN BP 877 PM 01 Spain Ethiopia Niamey - Tel 732360/732773 Zaire Telex 5267 NI DELEGFED - NIAMEY PO Box 5570 Avenue Princesse Astrid 251 Addis Ababa. Tel 1517031152222 Nigeria Coin av, Lupangu & ex.av des Avlateurs - BP 2000 Telex 21135 DELEGEUR - " ADDIS ABABA Kinshasa - Tel 22988/26655 Plot 1311 Victoria Island - P M Bag 12767 Telex 21766 DECEKIN - KINSHASA PacifIc (FIJI, Samoa and Tonga)(3) Lagos - Tel 682236 Dominion House, 3,d Floo' - P,ivate Mail Bag, GPO Telex 21247 UKREP NG - LAGOS Zambia Suva, Fiji - Tel. 31 3633 atln Mr Ga,vey, Delegate EEC Cha Cha Cha Road, Stand Ig Telex 2311 DELECOM FJ - SUVA Bake, House - PO Box 3871 Uganda Gabon Lusaka - Tel. 72253 Uganda Commercial Bank Building, Plot t2 Telex 40440 DECED ZA - LUSAKA Ouartier Bat..,ie tV - BP 321 Kampala Road, 5th Floc' - PO Box 5244 Libreville - Tel. 732250 Kampala - Tel 33597/33686 Telex FED 5511 GO - LIBREVILLE Telex 61139 DELEGFED - KAMPALA (11 A"o ,,'ponSible 10f SI K,1I5, Ne,,' Anguf"a, Oomm"a, AntIgua, Gambia 51 Vin,enl, Monl,",.a!. SI Luc,a, Bfil"h V"9,n "'ands, and 1m Ihe Papua New Gulnea(8) Ca"bbean Oe,elopmenl Bank 10 Cameron Street. PO Box 512 12) Also 'e'ponSible 10' Equalo"a' Gu,nea Banjul - Tel. 777 Developmenl Bank Building 13) A"o 'e'ponSlble fol Bwne" Foench PolyneSIa, New Caledon,a , Tuvalu and Wal"5 and Telex 2233 DELCOM GV . BANJUL 2nd Floor - Waigani and dependenCIes, New Heb"de5, P"ea"n PO Box 1264 - Boroko Fuluna "land, Ghana (4) ,"50 .e,po05lble 1m Cape Ve,de Po,t Moresby - Tel 259222 (5) Also .espun"ble 10' ,elalion5 w,'h Ihe Ca"ca", Swela.." 20 Wate, Road, Nmth Ridge - PO E3ox 9505 Telex NE 22307 DELEUR - (6) A"o ,e5pon"ble 1m ComOlo', Mayolle, Reun,on , Seychelle, and Kotoka Ai'po'L Accra - Tel. 281 38 PORT MORESBY (Papua New Guinea) O"bo",' Tetex 2069 DELCOMEUR - ACCRA 171 AI,o le,ponSible 10' Ihe Bahamas, Bel,,". Ihe Cayman "land' Rwanda BOd Ihe Tu'k5 and Cmco, 15land5 Guinea-Bissau (4) 16) A"o le,ponSible 101 Solomon "'ands and K",ba" Pa,celle 471 , Avenue Depute Kamunzin" - BP 515 Ig) A"o .e,pon,ible 10' G.enada, Ma'tinique, Guadeloupe and Rua Edua,do Mondlane 29 - Caixa Postal 359 Kigali - Tel. 5586155 89 dependenC"5, Gu"na, Saln' P,ene and M,qu~lon and Ihe Soulh Bissau- Tel. 3360/2878 Telex 15 DELEGFED RW - KIGALI Allantic 0'e05ea5 lemlone5 Telegram DELEGFED BISSAU (Guinee) Guinea THE COURIER Commission - Cenlral Mail Department EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (Diplomatic Bag Section - B 11123) AFRICA - CARIBBEAN - PACIFIC Rue de ta Loi 200, 1049 Bruxelles Tel. 41275/41276 (Conakry, Guinea) I..ucien Pagni Telex 628 DELEUR CKY PUBLISHER ASSISTANT EDITORS Guyana(5) Jean Durieux 18 Hincks St,eet, Robbstown . PO Box 623 Barney Trench C;;mgetown . Tel. 626 15/64004/65424 Commission Roger De Backer Tetex 258 DELEG GY . GEORGETOWN of the European Communities Ian Piper Upper Volta Amadou Traore BP 352 200, rue de la Loi Augustine, Oyowe Ouagadougou - Tel. 36346/36348 1049-Brussels Secretariat Telex 5242 DELEGFED UV - Colette Grelet (ext 4784) OUAGADOUGOU (Belgium) Mary Beatty (ext. 7587) Mauritius (6) Tel 7350040 - 7358040 Circulation 6 Sir William Newton Street ~U 2187 Nico Becquart (ext. 6367) PO Box 144 Port Louis - Tel. 24886 ~le~OMEURB Telex 4282 DELCEC IW PORT LOUIS