The Cryptic Occipital Spot in the Accipitridae (Falconiformes)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Cryptic Occipital Spot in the Accipitridae (Falconiformes) THE CRYPTIC OCCIPITAL SPOT IN THE ACCIPITRIDAE (FALCONIFORMES) JOHN C. HAFNER AND MARK S. HAFNER AltSTRACT.--The heretoforeundescribed cryptic white occipitalspot is shownto be a conserva- tive familial trait of the accipitrid Falconiformes.Excluding the "naked-headed"vultures and the pale-headedforms, only two generaof the 55 accipitridssurveyed (Pithecophaga and Harpyopsis) were found to lack the triangular occipital spot. Differential spot trends occur in the New and Old World Accipitridaeand variation in the spotis detailed.The spotwhile functioningas an appease- ment signal also servesto inhibit an adversary behaviorally during agonisticencounters. An additional deflectivefunction is suggestedto constitutean antipredatory mechanism.Taxonomic and systematicaspects pertaining to the occipital spot are discussed.--Departmentof Biological Sciencesand The Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, and Moore Laboratory of Zoology, Occidental College,Los Angeles,California 90041. Present addressof both authors: Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. Accepted 1 October 1975. SEVERALyears ago we noted a cryptic white spot in the capital tract of a captive Red-tailed Hawk (Buteojamaicensis). Although there have been ptilologicaistudies of many falconiform birds (Chandler 1914, Compton 1938), a searchof the literature uncoveredonly a few brief statementsregarding nape or occiputfeathers with white bases(e.g. Friedmann 1950: 167; Brown and Amadon 1968: 39). Our initial observa- tion prompted further investigation, culminating in this review of the occurrenceof a concealed white spot in raptorial birds and a discussion of its behavioral and taxonomic significance. We examined both living and museum specimensof 65 genera representingthe five families in the order Faiconiformes to assessthe occurrenceand general mor- phology of the spot. Becauseof similaritiesbetween the faiconiform and strigiform birds, we also examined representativesof several genera of owls for presenceof this character.'It wassoon evident that the crypticwhite occipitalspot occurs only in the Accipitridae. DESCRIPTION OF THE OCCIPITAL SPOT The typical accipitrid spot lies in the occipital region of the capital tract and is approximatelytriangular in shape(Fig. 1). The spotis composedof numerousbicol- ored contour feathers. The basal two-thirds of a spot feather is snow-white; the distal portionis often slightlydarker and longerthan surroundingcephaiic feathers. The terminal darkening of the feathers appears to accentuatethe whitenessof the basaiportion during cresterection and conceaisthe white when the cephalicfeathers are in the normal relaxed position (Fig. 2). A clear demarcation occursbetween the white basesof spot feathers and the darker basesof nonspotfeathers (Fig. 3). The microscopicstructure of the feathers comprisingthe spot showsno differentiation from that of the generalcephaiic contour feathers. The relative size and general ' Non-accipitrid species examined.--Cathartidae: Cathartes aura, and Sarcoramphuspapa; Pan- dionidae:Pandion haliaetus; Sagittariidae:Sagittarius serpentarius ; Falconidae:Daptrius americanus, Phalcoboenusmegalopterus, Polyborus plancus, Herpetotheres cachinnan, Micrastur semitorquatus,and Falco sparverius;Strigidae: Bubo virginianus,Speotyto cunicularia, Athene noctua,Asio fiammeus, and Otus asio; Tytonidae: Tyro alba. 293 The Auk 94: 293-303. April 1977 294 I•rNER ANDHAFNER [Auk,Vol. 94 Fig. 1. Cooper'sHawk (AMNH 470458)showing the occipitalspot. Distal one-third of all contour feathersin the coronal,occipital, and cervicalregions have beenexcised. morphologyof the white spotwas found to vary intergenerically(Table 1). The spot is presentand appearsidentical in both sexes.Age variation,when present,is de- tailed in Table 2. SURVEY OF GENERA Of the 64 recognizedgenera of accipitrids(Brown and Arnadon 1968), 55 were surveyed(Table 2). It was noted that New World accipitrids have generally bold TABLE 1 ANALYSIS OF THE SPOT INDEX IN 10 NEW WORLD ACCIPITRID GENERAI Species N Mean Range SE of Mean Ictinia misisippiensis 7 1.10 0.4--2.3 0.25 Rostrhamussociabilis plumbeus 7 2.39 0.7-3.5 0.47 Haliaeetus leucocephalus(juv.) 7 9.16 8.3-10.1 0.24 Circus cyaneushudsonius 20 2.48 1.0-3.6 0.15 Geranospizacaerulescens nigra 6 5.88 4.4-7.2 0.42 Accipiter cooperil 20 2.08 1.1-3.2 0.12 Buteogallus a. anthracinus 13 3.80 2.6-6.3 0.33 Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi 10 1.84 1.1-2.8 0.15 Buteo jamaicensis calurus 18 2.51 1.4-4.3 0.19 Aquila chrysaetoscanadensis 18 6.37 2.8-10.3 0.46 • Spotindex = areaof spoffinterorbitalwidth of head.Spot area computed as one-halflength times greatest width. This index re- latesspot area to headsize. A largermean value for spot index indicates a relatively larger occipital spot. April 1977] AccipitridOccipital Spot 2 95 Fig. 2. Red-tailedHawk showingthe terminaldarkening of the occipitalspot feathers. definitivespots while many Old Worldspecies exhibit poorly developed, possibly vestigialspots. Of the New Worldtaxa examined, all had occipitalspots except Leucopternisand the cosmopolitanElanus. These two generahave pale heads in adult plumage,perhaps explaining the absenceof the spot(see below). Four other genera,Elanoides, Busarellus, Harpia, and the cosmopolitanHaliaeetus have the spotin only the dark-headedjuvenile plumage; the spotis not apparenton the pale-colored head of the adults. Size and shapeof the occipitalspot variesconsiderably among Old World species.Notable deviationsfrom the typical spot are summarizedbelow. Sev- eral generapossess indistinct occipital spots (Heni½opernis, Lophoictinia, Cir- ½aetus,Terathopius, Dryotriorchis, Polyboroides, and Megatriorchis).Two other 1A 2A 3A 4A lB 2B 3B 4B Fig. 3. Contourfeathers of thecapital tract of fourgenera of accipitridbirds: A, featherfrom within theoccipital spot region; B, featherabout the periphery of theoccipital spot. 1, lcti•:ia misisippiotsis; 2, Circus½yaneus; 3, A½cipitercooperil; 4, Buteojarnaicensis. 296 HAFNERAND HAFNER [Auk, Vol. 94 TABLE 2 VARIATION IN THE OCCIPITAL SPOT OF ACCIPITRIDAE 1 Class 2 Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 Aviceda cuculloides 0 ..... Leptodon cayanensis N ..... Chondrohierax urcinatus N ..... Henicopernis longicauda - - 0 - - - Pernis celebensis 0 ..... Elanoides forficatus - N .... Machaerhamphus alcinus 0 ..... Gampsonyxswainsonii N ..... Elanus leucurus - - - C - - Chelictinia riocourii 0 ..... Rostrhamus sociabilis N ..... Harpagus bidentatus N ..... Ictinia misisippiensis N ..... Lophoictinia isura - - 0 - - - Hamirostra melanosternon 0 ..... Milvus migrans 0 ..... Haliastur indus - - - 0 - - Haliaeetus leucocephalus - C .... Gypohieraxangolensis - 0 .... Gypaetus barbatus - - - 0 - - Necrosyrtes monachus ..... 0 Gypsfulvus ..... 0 Aegypiusmonachus ..... 0 Circaetus gallicus - - 0 - - - Terathopius ecaudatus - - 0 - - - Spilornis cheela 0 ..... Dryotriorchis spectabillus - - 0 - - - Polyboroides typicus - - 0 - - - Geranospizacaerulescens N ..... Circus cyaneus C ..... Melierax metabates 0 ..... Megatriorchis doriae - - 0 - - - Erythortriorchis radiatus 0 ..... Accipiter cooperii C ..... Urotriorchis macrourus 0 ..... Butastur indicus 0 ..... Leucopternis albicollis - - - N - - Buteogallus anthracinus N ..... Heterospizias meridionalis N ..... Busarellusnigricollis - N .... Geranoaetus melanoleucus N ..... Parabuteo unicinctus N ..... Buteo jamaicensis C ..... Morphnus guianensis N ..... Harpia harpyja - N .... Harpyopsisnovaeguinae .... 0 - Pithecophagajefferyi .... 0 - Aquila chrysaetos C ..... Hieraaetus morphnoides 0 ..... Spizastur melanoleucus N ..... Lophaetusoccipitalis 0 ..... Spizaetus ornatus C ..... Stephanoaetuscoronatus 0 ..... Oroaetus isidor N ..... Polemaetus bellicosus 0 ..... Total per Class: 34 5 7 4 2 3 New World genera per Class: 14 3 0 1 0 0 PercentNew World generaper category: 77.7 16.7 0 5.6 0 0 Old World genera per Class: 15 1 7 2 2 3 PercentOld World generaper category: 50.0 3.3 23.3 6.7 6.7 10.0 • Symbols:O = Old Worldgenera (N = 30), N = New Worldgenera (N = 18),C = cosmopolitangenera (N = 7). 2 Class1, spot presentin both adult and juvenileplumages; 2, spot presentin only the juvenileplumage and adult plumageex- hibitinga pale head;3, indistinctspot present; 4, no spotseen in any plumage,but pale headpresent; 5, no spotseen; 6, nakedhead present. April 1977] AccipitridOccipital Spot 297 Fig. 4. The Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetusornatus), among others,shows the white occipitalspot each time the crest is erected. genera, Haliastur and Gypaetus, have no spot in any plumage, but these gen- era have pale-coloredheads in the adult plumage similar to that of the New World Leucopternis. Gypohierax has the spot in only the dark-headed juvenile plumage, the white head of the adult exhibiting no apparent spot. The three vul~ turine genera examined, Necrosyrtes,Gyps and Aegypius, being "naked-headed," lacked the occipitalspot. Lastly two Old World generaof accipitrids,Harpyopsis and Pithecophaga, lacked the spot. FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE Signalingorgans are not uncommonamong birds and a studentof avian ethology will rarely dismissas functionlesssuch a bold plumage marking as the accipitrid spot. As the spot is highly organized with extreme contrast of colors and can be displayedand concealedat will, we proposed,a priori, that the spot functionsas a 298 Hx•a aNI) HAFNER [Auk,Vol. 94 Fig. 5. FemaleCooper's Hawk displayingthe occipitalregion upon the male'sarrival at ttie nest. Sunlightmay enhancethe spotin this photograph.(Photograph courtesy of Helen Snyder.)
Recommended publications
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/11/2021 06:43:08AM Via Free Access 182 T
    Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 56 (2): 181-204 — 1986 Microscopic identification of feathers and feather fragments of Palearctic birds by Tim G. Brom Institute of Taxonomic Zoology (Zoologisch Museum), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 20125, 1000 HC Amsterdam, The Netherlands much better and Abstract a assessment of the problem could suggest the most adequate preventive Using light microscopy, a method has been developed for measures. the identification of feathers and feather fragments col- of lected after collisions between birds and aircraft. Charac- LaHam (1967) started the application of the barbules of feathers described for 22 ters downy are microscopic investigation of scrapings collected orders of birds. The of in combination with the use a key of amino from engines, combined with the use macroscopic method of comparing feathers with bird skins acid of and able analysis protein residues, was in a museum collection results in identificationto order or to bird so that defective family level in 97% of the analysed bird strikes. Applica- diagnose strikes, could be into those tion of the method to other fields of biological research engines rapidly separated is discussed. including taxonomy due to either bird strikes or mechanical failures. The microscopic structure of feathers was Résumé first studied by Chandler (1916). He described of feathers of North the structure pennaceous Une méthode utilisant la microscopie optique a été mise l’identification des des American and found differences à point pour plumes et fragments birds, large de collectés des collisions oiseaux plume après entre et between different taxa. He also examined the avions. On décrit les caractères des barbules duveteuses downy barbules of a few species and provided des 22 ordres d’oiseaux.
    [Show full text]
  • (Buteogallus Coronatus) in Argentina
    SHORT COMMUNICATIONS J. Raptor Res. 54(2):166–171 Ó 2020 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc. ELECTROCUTION ON POWER LINES IS AN IMPORTANT THREAT FOR THE ENDANGERED CHACO EAGLE (BUTEOGALLUS CORONATUS) IN ARGENTINA 1 JOSE´ H. SARASOLA Centro para el Estudio y Conservacio´n de Aves Rapaces en Argentina (CECARA). Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Avda Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, Argentina and Instituto de las Ciencias Ambientales y de la Tierra de La Pampa (INCITAP-CONICET), Avda Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina MAXIMILIANO A. GALMES Centro para el Estudio y Conservacio´n de Aves Rapaces en Argentina (CECARA), Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Avda Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, Argentina and The Peregrine Fund, Boise, ID 83709 USA BRYAN D. WATTS Center for Conservation Biology, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA and Virginia Commonwealth University, Williamsburg, VA 23284 USA ABSTRACT.—Electrocution is a widespread conservation problem for birds of prey that has received little attention in the Neotropics. Here we present electrocution records involving the endangered Chaco Eagle (Buteogallus coronatus) in central Argentina, and we provide information on the power pole structural characteristics associated with electrocutions. Nine Chaco Eagles were recorded electrocuted during the period 2012–2019 over an area of 9000 km2. Chaco Eagles were found electrocuted in association with five types of power poles, but more than half the electrocutions (55%) were on poles made of steel-reinforced concrete and with jumper wires above the crossarms. With the addition of four previous electrocution reports in this region during the same time period, the annual rate of Chaco Eagle electrocutions was similar to the rate of mortality by other human-related factors such as direct persecution.
    [Show full text]
  • Amazing Facts the King Vulture Is the Only Surviving Member of the Genus Sarcoramphus
    King Vulture Sarcoramphus papa Bird Scientific Name Sarcoramphus papa Other Names None Range South and Central America from Mexico to northern Argentina Habitat Savannas, tropical forests and grasslands Description A large, white vulture with grayish-black wings and tail feathers, and a pronounced skin flap (caruncle) on the upper beak. The head and neck are bald with the skin color varying in Behavior color including yellow, orange, blue, purple, These birds are diurnal, spending their daytime hours soaring high in and red. the sky on thermals searching for food using keen eyesight. They are Average Size considered resident birds that are non-migratory and maintain a set Height: 20 in. home range. King Vultures are often seen alone or in small family groups Wingspan: 5.5 – 6.5 ft. numbering approximately 15 individuals, and will tolerate other animals and Weight: 6 – 10 lbs. vulture species in the same proximity. Even though they are the dominant vulture at the feeding site and usually the first to arrive, they are not Lifespan territorial with the smaller vultures that feed alongside them. In the wild: Estimated at 25 years The head and neck of the King Vulture lack feathers to help prevent In captivity: Up to 35 years infections and to keep the remains of the carcass from damaging the feathers. After eating, Vultures relax in the sun and allow the heat to bake Diet off the bacteria. In the wild: Carrion In captivity: Rodents, fish and prepared meat Reproduction and Breeding Incubation There is limited information on wild courtship and breeding of this species, 53 – 58 days but because they breed well in captivity, there is reliable data from numerous captive settings.
    [Show full text]
  • Sun-Bathing As a Thermo-Regulatory and in Birds
    SHORT COMMUNICATIONS SUN-BATHING AS A THERMO- REGULATORY AID IN BIRDS TOM J. CADE Section of Ecology and Systematics Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14850 In their study of the Roadrunner (Gcococcl~x califor- for thermoregulation in cold air without resorting ?o nianus), Ohmart and Lasiewski ( 1971) provided a special sun-bathing posture (Hamilton and Heppner another example of a bird that supplements endo- 1967; Lustick 1969, 1971; Heppner 1970). thermy with absorption of solar radiation at low air Ohmart and Lasiewski never observed their Road- temperatures, but they did not give an entirely runners sun-bathing when the ambient temperature convincing proof of a heliothermic function for sun- was above the birds ’ lower critical temperature, but bathing per se. To do so, they would have to show a many birds do sun-bathe at high ambient tempera- difference between sun-bathing and normally postured tures. I had this fact dramatically brought to my Roadrunners under the same conditions of ambient attention during a visit to the Los Angeles Zoo on temperature and insolation, e.g., a faster rate of 18 August 1969. Shortly after 16:00, the slanting warming from hypothermia or a lower rate of metab- rays of the midafternoon sun began to penetrate olism for sunning birds. Other birds utilize solar through the sides of the roofed aviaries. There was radiation and thereby reduce their energy expenditure a sudden explosion of sun-bathing activity by a wide FIGURE 1A. A e-year old Bateleur (Terathopius ecaudatus) sunning in natural light on a hot January after- noon in the austral summer, Pretoria, South Africa, 1966.
    [Show full text]
  • Eagle Hill, Kenya: Changes Over 60 Years
    Scopus 34: 24–30, January 2015 Eagle Hill, Kenya: changes over 60 years Simon Thomsett Summary Eagle Hill, the study site of the late Leslie Brown, was first surveyed over 60 years ago in 1948. The demise of its eagle population was near-complete less than 50 years later, but significantly, the majority of these losses occurred in the space of a few years in the late 1970s. Unfortunately, human densities and land use changes are poor- ly known, and thus poor correlation can be made between that and eagle declines. Tolerant local attitudes and land use practices certainly played a significant role in protecting the eagles while human populations began to grow. But at a certain point it would seem that changed human attitudes and population density quickly tipped the balance against eagles. Introduction Raptors are useful in qualifying habitat and biodiversity health as they occupy high trophic levels (Sergio et al. 2005), and changes in their density reflect changes in the trophic levels that support them. In Africa, we know that raptors occur in greater diversity and abundance in protected areas such as the Matapos Hills, Zimbabwe (Macdonald & Gargett 1984; Hartley 1993, 1996, 2002 a & b), and Sabi Sand Reserve, South Africa (Simmons 1994). Although critically important, few draw a direct cor- relation between human effects on the environment and raptor diversity and density. The variables to consider are numerous and the conclusions unworkable due to dif- ferent holding-capacities, latitude, land fertility, seasonality, human attitudes, and different tolerances among raptor species to human disturbance. Although the concept of environmental effects caused by humans leading to rap- tor decline is attractive and is used to justify raptor conservation, there is a need for caution in qualifying habitat ‘health’ in association with the quantity of its raptor community.
    [Show full text]
  • Disaggregation of Bird Families Listed on Cms Appendix Ii
    Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 2nd Meeting of the Sessional Committee of the CMS Scientific Council (ScC-SC2) Bonn, Germany, 10 – 14 July 2017 UNEP/CMS/ScC-SC2/Inf.3 DISAGGREGATION OF BIRD FAMILIES LISTED ON CMS APPENDIX II (Prepared by the Appointed Councillors for Birds) Summary: The first meeting of the Sessional Committee of the Scientific Council identified the adoption of a new standard reference for avian taxonomy as an opportunity to disaggregate the higher-level taxa listed on Appendix II and to identify those that are considered to be migratory species and that have an unfavourable conservation status. The current paper presents an initial analysis of the higher-level disaggregation using the Handbook of the Birds of the World/BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World Volumes 1 and 2 taxonomy, and identifies the challenges in completing the analysis to identify all of the migratory species and the corresponding Range States. The document has been prepared by the COP Appointed Scientific Councilors for Birds. This is a supplementary paper to COP document UNEP/CMS/COP12/Doc.25.3 on Taxonomy and Nomenclature UNEP/CMS/ScC-Sc2/Inf.3 DISAGGREGATION OF BIRD FAMILIES LISTED ON CMS APPENDIX II 1. Through Resolution 11.19, the Conference of Parties adopted as the standard reference for bird taxonomy and nomenclature for Non-Passerine species the Handbook of the Birds of the World/BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, Volume 1: Non-Passerines, by Josep del Hoyo and Nigel J. Collar (2014); 2.
    [Show full text]
  • A Multi-Gene Phylogeny of Aquiline Eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) Reveals Extensive Paraphyly at the Genus Level
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com MOLECULAR SCIENCE•NCE /W\/Q^DIRI DIRECT® PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION ELSEVIER Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35 (2005) 147-164 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev A multi-gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level Andreas J. Helbig'^*, Annett Kocum'^, Ingrid Seibold^, Michael J. Braun^ '^ Institute of Zoology, University of Greifswald, Vogelwarte Hiddensee, D-18565 Kloster, Germany Department of Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Rd., Suitland, MD 20746, USA Received 19 March 2004; revised 21 September 2004 Available online 24 December 2004 Abstract The phylogeny of the tribe Aquilini (eagles with fully feathered tarsi) was investigated using 4.2 kb of DNA sequence of one mito- chondrial (cyt b) and three nuclear loci (RAG-1 coding region, LDH intron 3, and adenylate-kinase intron 5). Phylogenetic signal was highly congruent and complementary between mtDNA and nuclear genes. In addition to single-nucleotide variation, shared deletions in nuclear introns supported one basal and two peripheral clades within the Aquilini. Monophyly of the Aquilini relative to other birds of prey was confirmed. However, all polytypic genera within the tribe, Spizaetus, Aquila, Hieraaetus, turned out to be non-monophyletic. Old World Spizaetus and Stephanoaetus together appear to be the sister group of the rest of the Aquilini. Spiza- stur melanoleucus and Oroaetus isidori axe nested among the New World Spizaetus species and should be merged with that genus. The Old World 'Spizaetus' species should be assigned to the genus Nisaetus (Hodgson, 1836). The sister species of the two spotted eagles (Aquila clanga and Aquila pomarina) is the African Long-crested Eagle (Lophaetus occipitalis).
    [Show full text]
  • Chromosome Painting in Three Species of Buteoninae: a Cytogenetic Signature Reinforces the Monophyly of South American Species
    Chromosome Painting in Three Species of Buteoninae: A Cytogenetic Signature Reinforces the Monophyly of South American Species Edivaldo Herculano C. de Oliveira1,2,3*, Marcella Mergulha˜o Tagliarini4, Michelly S. dos Santos5, Patricia C. M. O’Brien3, Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith3 1 Laborato´rio de Cultura de Tecidos e Citogene´tica, SAMAM, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil, 2 Faculdade de Cieˆncias Exatas e Naturais, ICEN, Universidade Federal do Para´, Bele´m, PA, Brazil, 3 Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 4 Programa de Po´s Graduac¸a˜oem Neurocieˆncias e Biologia Celular, ICB, Universidade Federal do Para´, Bele´m, PA, Brazil, 5 PIBIC – Universidade Federal do Para´, Bele´m, PA, Brazil Abstract Buteoninae (Falconiformes, Accipitridae) consist of the widely distributed genus Buteo, and several closely related species in a group called ‘‘sub-buteonine hawks’’, such as Buteogallus, Parabuteo, Asturina, Leucopternis and Busarellus, with unsolved phylogenetic relationships. Diploid number ranges between 2n = 66 and 2n = 68. Only one species, L. albicollis had its karyotype analyzed by molecular cytogenetics. The aim of this study was to present chromosomal analysis of three species of Buteoninae: Rupornis magnirostris, Asturina nitida and Buteogallus meridionallis using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments with telomeric and rDNA probes, as well as whole chromosome probes derived from Gallus gallus and Leucopternis albicollis. The three species analyzed herein showed similar karyotypes, with 2n = 68. Telomeric probes showed some interstitial telomeric sequences, which could be resulted by fusion processes occurred in the chromosomal evolution of the group, including the one found in the tassociation GGA1p/GGA6.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade in Andean Condor Vulture Gryphus Feathers and Body Parts in the City of Cusco and the Sacred Valley, Cusco Region, Peru Robert S
    Vulture News 61 September 2011 Trade in Andean Condor Vulture gryphus feathers and body parts in the city of Cusco and the Sacred Valley, Cusco region, Peru Robert S. R. Williams1*, Jose Luis Jara1, Daphne Matsufuiji2 and Anahi Plenge2 1Frankfurt Zoological Society and the Andean Condor Working Group – Peru 2Clorinda Matto de Turner 305, Urb. Magisterio, Cusco, Peru *Corresponding author: [email protected] Summary The sale of Andean Condor feathers and body parts is undertaken openly in the tourist markets of Cusco and the Sacred Valley. This trade is illegal but there is no enforcement of existing legislation. We visited the main tourist markets of the region to ascertain the extent of the trade, reasons motivating it and value. We found condor feathers for sale in 26 establishments. Feathers were sold singly, decorated and incorporated in handicrafts. Prices ranged from 5 soles for a small body feather to 160 soles for a main primary and we found handicrafts for sale at prices of up to 650 soles (featuring 6 feathers). We were offered a whole condor for sale at a market in Cusco for 2,500 soles. Investigations revealed that there are condor hunters working to supply this trade in both the Cordillera Vilcabamba and Cordillera Vilcanota and that the town of Calca is the base of much of the handicraft production. The trade is mainly based on three uses: alternative healing, shamanic ceremonies and souvenirs. It is crucial that the Peruvian authorities honour their commitments under international conventions and act immediately to stop this illegal trade, which is further threatening a species that is already in a precarious situation.
    [Show full text]
  • Bald Eagle Haliaeetus Leucocephalus
    Wyoming Species Account Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus REGULATORY STATUS USFWS: Delisted; Migratory Bird USFS R2: Sensitive USFS R4: Sensitive Wyoming BLM: Sensitive State of Wyoming: Protected Bird CONSERVATION RANKS USFWS: Bird of Conservation Concern WGFD: NSS3 (Bb), Tier II WYNDD: G5, S4B/S5N Wyoming Contribution: LOW IUCN: Least Concern PIF Continental Concern Score: 9 STATUS AND RANK COMMENTS Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is provided international protection under the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, as amended 1. In 1940, Bald Eagle was provided protection under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act 2. In 1966, the southern subspecies was listed as federally endangered under the Endangered Species Preservation Act; the entire population in the contiguous United States was listed as endangered in 1978 under the 1973 Endangered Species Act (ESA). A significant increase in numbers of nesting pairs, productivity, and distribution allowed Bald Eagle to be reclassified from Endangered to Threatened in 1995 under the ESA 3. Bald Eagle was delisted in 2007, and numbers are considered to be stable to increasing across its range 4. The species has been assigned different state conservation ranks by the Wyoming Natural Diversity Database for the breeding season and nonbreeding season because the abundance of the species is different between seasons. NATURAL HISTORY Taxonomy: Bald Eagle is a member of the family Accipitridae, which includes kites, eagles, harriers, and hawks 5. There are two subspecies of Bald Eagle; H. l. alascanus is found north of 40 degrees latitude across North America, including Wyoming, while H. l. leucocephalus is found south of 40 degrees latitude in the Gulf coast states 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 29 Number 1 April 2011
    BOOBOOK JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALASIAN RAPTOR ASSOCIATION Volume 29 Number 1 April 2011 ARA CONTACTS President: Victor Hurley 0427 238 898 [email protected] Secretary Nick Mooney 0427 826 922 [email protected] Treasurer VACANT Webmaster VACANT Editor, Boobook Dr Stephen Debus 02 6772 1710 (ah) [email protected] Boobook production Hugo Phillipps Area Representatives: ACT Mr Jerry Olsen [email protected] NSW Dr Rod Kavanagh [email protected] NT Mr Ray Chatto [email protected] Qld Mr Stacey McLean [email protected] SA Mr Ian Falkenberg [email protected] WA Mr Jonny Schoenjahn [email protected] Tas Mr Nick Mooney [email protected] Vic Mr David Whelan [email protected] New Zealand VACANT PNG/Indonesia Dr David Bishop [email protected] Other BOPWatch liaison Victor Hurley [email protected] Editor, Circus Victor Hurley Captive raptor advisor Michelle Manhal 0418 387 424 [email protected] Education advisor Greg Czechura 07 3840 7642 (bh) [email protected] Raptor management Nick Mooney 0427 826 922 [email protected] advisor Membership enquiries Membership Officer, Birds Australia, Suite 2-05, 60 Leicester Street, Carlton, Vic. 3053 Ph. 1300 730 075, [email protected] Annual subscription $A30 single membership, $A35 family and $A45 for institutions, due on 1 January. Bankcard and MasterCard can be debited by prior arrangement. Website: www.birdsaustralia.com.au/ara The aims of the Association are the study, conservation and management of diurnal and nocturnal raptors of the Australasian Faunal Region.
    [Show full text]
  • Olfactory Sensitivity of the Turkey Vulture (Cathartes Aura) to Three Carrion-Associated Odorants
    OLFACTORY SENSITIVITY OF THE TURKEY VULTURE (CATHARTES AURA) TO THREE CARRION-ASSOCIATED ODORANTS STEVEN A. SMITH • AND RICHARD A. PASELK Departmentsof BiologicalSciences and Chemistry, Humboldt State University, Arcata,California 95523 USA ABSTRACT.--TheTurkey Vulture (Cathartesaura) is generally thought to rely on olfactory cuesto locate carrion. Becausevertically rising odorantsare dispersedrapidly by wind tur- bulence, we predict that Turkey Vultures should be highly sensitive to these chemicalsto detect them at foraging altitudes. Olfactory thresholdsto three by-productsof animal decomposition(1 x 10-6 M for buta- noic acid and ethanethiol, and 1 x 10-5 M for trimethylamine) were determined from heart- rate responses.These relatively high thresholds indicate that these odorantsare probably not cuesfor foraging Turkey Vultures. Odorant thresholds,food habits of Turkey Vultures, and the theoretical properties of odorant dispersion cast some doubt on the general impor- tanceof olfaction in food locationby this species.Received 23 September1985, accepted 3 March 1986. THEsensory modality by which Turkey Vul- Companydiscovered that natural gas leaks could tures (Cathartes aura) locate carrion has been be tracedby injectingethanethiol into gaslines debatedby naturalistsfor nearly 140 years(see and patrolling the lines for Turkey Vultures Stager1964 for review). Most of the controver- that, ostensibly,were attractedto the metcap- sy concernedwhether olfaction or vision was tan (Stager 1964). Stager (1964: 56) concluded the more important sense,although other the- from anatomical examinations and field tests ories included an "occult" sense (Beck 1920), that the Turkey Vulture "possessesand utilizes the noiseof carrion-eatingrodents, or the noise a well developedolfactory food locatingmech- of carrion-eatinginsects (Taber 1928, Darling- anism." ton 1930) as attractingTurkey Vultures to their If Turkey Vulturesrely on olfactorycues to prey.
    [Show full text]