DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter III the Turkish Intervention and Turkey's Continued Presence

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter III the Turkish Intervention and Turkey's Continued Presence Chapter III The Turkish Intervention and Turkey’s Continued Presence in the Northern Part of Cyprus A. THE FACTS 1. The Turkish Intervention 1.1. The Coup d’Etat against President Makarios In 1967, a military junta took power in Athens. The leader of the original EOKA, Grivas, returned to the island in 1971 and his newly founded “EOKA B” openly undermined Makarios’ authority.1 After his death in early 1974, the command of his EOKA B came into the hands of the “Athens Cyprus Office”, i.e. the General Staff of the Greek military junta and its collaborators on the island. In April 1974, Makarios issued a decree declaring the EOKA B illegal. He started to build a “reserve corps” fearing the Greek influence over his own National Guard. In a let- ter of 2 July 1974 to the Greek President, Gizikes, he demanded from Greece to withdraw the Greek officers from the Cyprus National Guard from the island. 1 Tzermias, loc. cit. (page 2, note 1), p. 416. 34 Legal Aspects of the Cyprus Problem, pp. 34–59. © 2006. Koninklijke Brill N.V. Printed in the Netherlands. Chapter III – The Turkish Intervention 35 The Greek dictator, Ioannidis, ordered the coup against Makarios on 15 July 1974. The Cyprus National Guard, led by Greek officers, occupied the Presidential Palace. Makarios escaped, and was flown out of Cyprus by the British. The former Bishop from Paphos, Gennadios, appointed Nicos Sampson as the new President. His newly chosen ministers were well known for their enosis sympathies.2 However, they did not declare union with Greece. It appears that the primary goal of the Greek Junta was to eliminate Makarios who had severely attacked their regime.3 Nevertheless, bringing about enosis had become an option for the new government at a later stage. According to Sampson’s own confession, he was about to proclaim enosis when he had to quit as a result of the Turkish intervention.4 The coup resulted in several deaths, the exact figures of which are debated.5 The junta eliminated or detained some Greek Cypriots that were known to sup- port Makarios.6 It is disputed whether Turkish Cypriots immediately suffered after the coup.7 It seems that Sampson was cautious not to provoke a Turkish inter- vention at an early stage by concerted action. In any case, he was not trustwor- thy in the eyes of the Turkish Cypriot population and Turkey given the brutal role he had played during the 1963/1964 clashes.8 1.2. The Turkish reaction 1.2.1. The first phase (20–22 July 1974) In Turkey, the Social Democrat Prime Minister Eçevit, governing in coalition with the National Salvation Party, ordered the landing of the Turkish army on 20 July 1974. The National Guard was not able to defend the island due to its involve- ment in the coup. On the same day, the UN Security Council adopted a resolu- tion9 that was primarily prepared to address the coup. Having learnt of the Turkish intervention, the Council added a new § 3 in which it demanded the immediate end to foreign military intervention that did not respect the sovereignty, indepen- dence and territorial integrity of Cyprus. Nevertheless, Turkish troops seized Kyrenia on 21 July. The next day, Athens and Ankara agreed a cease-fire upon a 2 Tzermias, loc. cit. (page 2, note 1), pp. 449–450. 3 L. Rühl, Der Zypernkonflikt von 1974 und der griechisch-türkische Interessenkonflikt, Europaarchiv 1975, p. 699 (701). 4 Cyprus Mail, 17 July 1975. 5 The figures vary from 100–200 up to approximately 1000 deaths. 6 Necatigil, loc. cit. (page 11, note 35), p. 91. 7 Ertekün, loc. cit. (page 6, note 19), p. 30 states that “16.000 more Turks had to aban- don 38 villages”. Official Greek Cypriot sources do not refer such massive movements; but see Papadakis, loc. cit. (page 10, note 33), pp. 73 et seq., collecting reports from eyewit- nesses about persecution and the degradation of living conditions in Limassol for Turkish Cypriots after the coup, causing their leaving to the north. 8 W. Hale/J.D. Norton, Die Türkei und die Zypern-Krise, EA 1974, p. 639 (641). 9 UNSC Resolution 353 of 20 July 1974. For an account of the discussions in the Security Council prior to adoption see Özgür, loc. cit. (page 10, note 34), pp. 89–93..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Gordian Knot: American and British Policy Concerning the Cyprus Issue: 1952-1974
    THE GORDIAN KNOT: AMERICAN AND BRITISH POLICY CONCERNING THE CYPRUS ISSUE: 1952-1974 Michael M. Carver A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of The requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2006 Committee: Dr. Douglas J. Forsyth, Advisor Dr. Gary R. Hess ii ABSTRACT Douglas J. Forsyth, Advisor This study examines the role of both the United States and Great Britain during a series of crises that plagued Cyprus from the mid 1950s until the 1974 invasion by Turkey that led to the takeover of approximately one-third of the island and its partition. Initially an ancient Greek colony, Cyprus was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century, which allowed the native peoples to take part in the island’s governance. But the idea of Cyprus’ reunification with the Greek mainland, known as enosis, remained a significant tenet to most Greek-Cypriots. The movement to make enosis a reality gained strength following the island’s occupation in 1878 by Great Britain. Cyprus was integrated into the British imperialist agenda until the end of the Second World War when American and Soviet hegemony supplanted European colonialism. Beginning in 1955, Cyprus became a battleground between British officials and terrorists of the pro-enosis EOKA group until 1959 when the independence of Cyprus was negotiated between Britain and the governments of Greece and Turkey. The United States remained largely absent during this period, but during the 1960s and 1970s came to play an increasingly assertive role whenever intercommunal fighting between the Greek and Turkish-Cypriot populations threatened to spill over into Greece and Turkey, and endanger the southeastern flank of NATO.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 US.-Turk -Greek Junta
    1 US.-Turk -Greek Junta Into Iago -Style Lying (On n leave of sbsence as Deputy Head of Television I Frc~rama,Cyprus Broadcast i-ng Coryornt io11, the author studied Communicstion and Mass Media at Atkinson College, York University in 1975-76) On Jidy the Iyth 1974, at approximately 7:45 a.m. a blcody coup d1c: l,* t overthrew the legitimate Government vf Cypr~x~,headed by Archbishop Makarios. The Cyprus 'I ~,c~nr?ca~I-ingC~mpany - TV and Radio stations (bot-h sta- t-ions nro in the same building in Nicosia, neighbourinf; to the J'olice Headquarters of Cyprus) together with the. Frasideut-i.al Palace and the Police Headquarters, were the very first targef-s of the coup accomplices. After a battle against the guard of the Sxa- ?icns xhich lnsted for about an hour during which mcrtars, 1jn7l;oL;as and other heavy weapons were abundantly used, 111~s invzciers en1 ered the premises with a nightmarish a They -;iolcntl y ath he red and restricted in rhdios 211 550 qmployecs and freelance artists work- inp et thal; tjme. At gunpoint they ordered one of the slaff-annoi~nccrto announce over CY.R.C.-Radio that the ''?'if7 ,!ic T'ii ti orlo 1 Guard has liberated Cyprus from Maka- :'i CP 'S 13i i'f :~I;a~-slljp"and that "Makarios himself is dead". F'r.11 owi I;!- that, ~nnouncement-Greek militnry marches re- yloc,sd f-l;t: rle~ularprogramming of the Station and the iron s11:idaw of the tjunta fell over Cyprus.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Cyprus and Its Geostrategic Importance During the Cold War
    Revista de Estudos Internacionais (REI), ISSN 2236-4811, Vol. 8 (1), 2017 The history of Cyprus and its geostrategic importance during the Cold War A história de Chipre e sua importância geoestratégica durante a Guerra Fria Mauro Cid1 Escola de Comando e Estado Maior do Exército Instituto Meira Matos Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Militares Rio de Janeiro – Rio de Janeiro - Brasil Abstract: This article aims to analyse, from a historical-military context, the importance of Cyprus in the geopolitical world during the Cold War. Cyprus is a small island located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, to the south of Turkey and west of Syria and Lebanon. Due to its strategic position between three continents, it was occupied by the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Assyrians, Persians, Greeks and Romans in ancient times. During the Cold War, Cyprus was used as a support base for the actions of the great Occidental powers. The article is based on the author's experience, having worked as a Military Observer and Liaison Officer from September 2012 to July 2013 in Cyprus. It is also based on detailed literature reviews on this topic and official UN documents from the period. Key-words: Cyprus. Cold War. Geopolitics. Resumo: O objetivo do artigo é analisar, de um contexto histórico-militar, a importância do Chipre no mundo geopolítico durante a Guera Fria. Chipre é uma pequena ilha localizada no Mediterrâneo oriental, ao sul da Turquia e leste de Síria e Líbano. Por sua posição estratégica, entre três continentes ela foi ocupada por fenícios, egípcios, assírios, persas, gregos e romanos na Antiguidade.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyprus Alternative
    International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Country: CYPRUS ALTERNATIVE REPORT Submission of KISA – Action for Equality, Support, Antiracism Nicosia, 9 August 2013 Profile of KISA- Action for Equality, Support, Antiracism KISA is a NGO, established in 1998, and its vision is the promotion of an all-inclusive, multicultural society, free of racism, xenophobia and discrimination and where, through the interaction and mutual respect of diverse cultures, there will be equality and respect for the rights of all, irrespective of race, nationality or ethnicity, colour, creed or beliefs, gender, sexual preference or orientation, age, inability or any other diversity. KISA’s action is focused on the fields of Migration, Asylum, Racism, Discrimination and Trafficking, and it includes awareness-raising of the Cypriot society as well as lobbying in order to influence the legal and structural framework, the policies and practices in these fields. KISA operates a Migrant and Refugee Centre that provides free information, support, advocacy and mediation services to migrants, refugees, victims of trafficking and racism / discrimination and ethnic minorities in general, as well as promotion of the integration, empowerment and self-organisation of migrants and refugees. The combination of activities of social intervention and the operation of services as well as the strong ties with the migrant and refugee communities enable KISA to have a very accurate and updated picture about the realities in the areas of its mandate.
    [Show full text]
  • I780 Th,.MEETING: 19 JULY 1974 NEW YORK
    UNITED NATIONS SECURITY CjDUNCIL TiV,!?hii;f-NINTH YEAR i780 th,.MEETING: 19 JULY 1974 NEW YORK CONTENTS Page Prdvisionai agttida (S/Agenda/l780) ............ ..i..:4....; ............. 1 Ad@tio;il bf the agenda .................. ..;....;....;.:...:...A ....... 1 TIie Situation in Cjlprus: Letter dated 16 Julv 1974 from thk SCi5etarir’-General_ to the President Secdrity Cow&i1 (S/ 11334); * dated 16 July 1974 from the Permarient Rafj&&itatit;e tif Cyprus United Nations addressed to the President bf the $ecbity b.in6if (S/l 1335) . ..~~........... 1 SIPV. 1780 ,:. ‘.: i NOTE Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters com- bined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. Documents of the’security Council (symbol S/ . .) are normally published in quarterly Supplements of the Official Records of the Security Council. The date of the document indicates the supplement in which it appears or in which infor- mation about it is given. I The resolutions of the Security Council, numbered in accordance with a system adopted in 1964, are published in yearly volumes of Resblutions and Decisions of the Secbity Council. The new system, which has been applied retroactively to resolutions adopted before 1 January 1965, became fully operative on that date. .I -. .‘. 1.J , ‘. SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTIETH MEETING , Held in-New York on Friday, 19 July 1974, at 3.30 p.m. President: Mr. Javier PEREZ de CUELLAR (Peru). Security Council that he had received from Nicosia, on 17 and 18 July 1974 respectively, two telegrams. Present: The representatives of the following States: The first read as follows: .
    [Show full text]
  • Cyprus Crisis 1974-75 Political-Juridical Aspects Ann Van Thomas Wynen
    SMU Law Review Volume 29 | Issue 2 Article 2 1975 Cyprus Crisis 1974-75 Political-Juridical Aspects Ann Van Thomas Wynen A. J. Thomas Jr. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/smulr Recommended Citation Ann Van Thomas Wynen, et al., Cyprus Crisis 1974-75 Political-Juridical Aspects, 29 Sw L.J. 513 (1975) https://scholar.smu.edu/smulr/vol29/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in SMU Law Review by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. THE CYPRUS CRISIS 1974-75: POLITICAL-JURIDICAL ASPECTS* by Ann Van Wynen Thomas** and A.J. Thomas, fr.*** O N July 15, 1974, Greek officers, who commanded the Greek Cypriot National Guard, staged a coup d' tat overthrowing the legitimate Govern- ment of the Republic of Cyprus and attempting to assassinate the democrat- ically elected President of that Republic, Archbishop Makarios. The coup and attempted assassination were instigated on instruction from the military junta then ruling in Greece. The purpose of these actions was to impose on Cyprus a government more favorable to that military junta and thereby bring about enosis (union) with Greece.' Makarios, being forewarned of the plot, escaped, and with the help of the British was flown to London. 2 Thus began another episode in the long, tragic and bizarre history of the island of Cyprus. Five days later, the actions of the Greeks led to counter-action by the Turks in the form of a Turkish military invasion with some 40,000 men and 300 tanks, bringing with them all the human sufferings and barbarities 3 of war.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cold War in the Eastern Mediterranean: an Interpretive Global History
    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 12-2017 The oldC War in the Eastern Mediterranean: An Interpretive Global History James M. Brown University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, International Relations Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Brown, James M., "The oC ld War in the Eastern Mediterranean: An Interpretive Global History" (2017). Theses and Dissertations. 2577. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/2577 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Cold War in the Eastern Mediterranean: An Interpretive Global History A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History by James Brown University of Arkansas Bachelor of Arts in History, International Relations, 2014 December 2017 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. _______________________ Alessandro Brogi, Ph.D. Thesis Director _______________________ _______________________ Tricia Starks, Ph.D. Laurence Hare, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member Abstract This thesis offers the first global history of the Cold War in the eastern Mediterranean. It examines the international linkages that bound Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus with superpowers, non-aligned states, and transnational movements during the second half of the twentieth century, and it considers the effects of such linkages upon the eastern Mediterranean’s domestic arenas.
    [Show full text]
  • The Greek Communist Part
    Book Reviews 411 pretation of the causes of the Greek Civil War”. The book is divided into seven chapters : part I, “The Greek Communist Party : Resistance or Revolu­ tion?”, part 2, “Varkiza: Capitulation to the British?”, part 3, “From Varkiza to the Seventh Congress”, part 4, “The Elections of March 1946: Pandora’s Box”, part 5, “The Second Plenum: Textbook Revolution”, part 6, “The Decision to Abstain: ‘Tactical Error’ or ‘Decisive’”, and paît 7, “From Limi­ ted Self-Defence to Civil War”. The book includes a useful conclusion, chronological table, index section and bibliography. “The history of the Greek Civil War, as we have inter­ preted it in this book” writes Professor Vlavianos, “is the history of errors, of petty malice, of vicious intentions, of high-sounding objectives sometimes masking the lowest of motives”. Greece, 1941-49 is well written and thoroughly researched. It is a most important contribution to our knowledge and under­ standing of a tragic epoch in rÄbrtt Greek history. The decade of the 1940 is of great importance to political, social and economic developments in Greece during the following decades. It is a period that deserves more books. Books that bring together the thinking, experiences, plans, and frustrations of all protagonists in the drama of the Greek Civil War. Professor Haris Vlavianos is to be commended for his highly significant book. Ball State University John A. Koumoulides Christofis H. Economides, Deinythologizing the History of Cyprus in the Last 50 Years (in Greek), Nicosia, 1993. A review of a book on the historical developments in Cyprus is a wel­ come opportunity for the reader to comment on the Cyprus dilemma and to offer another perspective on the problem afflicting the people of that island Republic.
    [Show full text]
  • Cypriot Nationalisms in Context
    CYPRIOT NATIONALISMS IN CONTEXT EDITED BY THEKLA KYRITSI NIKOS CHRISTOFIS Cypriot Nationalisms in Context Thekla Kyritsi · Nikos Christofs Editors Cypriot Nationalisms in Context History, Identity and Politics Editors Thekla Kyritsi Nikos Christofs Political Science and History Center for Turkish Studies and School Panteion University of Social of History and Civilization and Political Sciences Shaanxi Normal University Athens, Greece Xi’an, China ISBN 978-3-319-97803-1 ISBN 978-3-319-97804-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97804-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018950734 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]
  • I PERFORMING SOCIAL FORGETTING
    PERFORMING SOCIAL FORGETTING IN A POST-CONFLICT LANDSCAPE: THE CASE OF CYPRUS by Rabia Harmanşah BS, Public Administration, Hacetttepe University, 2000 MS, Middle East Studies, Middle East Technical University, 2006 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2014 i UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH THE DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Rabia Harmanşah It was defended on September 9, 2014 and approved by Andrew J. Strathern, Professor, Anthropology Nicole Constable, Professor, Anthropology Bryan Hanks, Associate Professor, Anthropology Clark Chilson, Associate Professor, Religious Studies Dissertation Advisor: Robert M. Hayden, Professor, Anthropology ii Copyright © by Rabia Harmanşah 2014 iii anneme ve babama, daima. iv PERFORMING SOCIAL FORGETTING IN A POST-CONFLICT LANDSCAPE: THE CASE OF CYPRUS Rabia Harmanşah, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2014 This dissertation examines social practices of memory-making and forgetting in Cyprus after the partition of 1974, based on analysis of Orthodox Christian and Muslim religious sites in the Greek/Southern and the Turkish/Northern parts of the island. The central contribution of the dissertation is the development of the concept of social forgetting as a corollary of social memory. I consider forgetting to include selective remembering, mis/disremembering, and omitting, distorting, or silencing past events and experiences, in order to shape collective memory. In the literature, remembering is usually privileged over forgetting, which is taken as negation, neglect, failure to remember, or unintended social amnesia in which people are considered passive actors. This study, however, shows that forgetting can be a desirable goal and positive process for some social actors, accomplished by obscuring material evidence of what another community wishes remembered.
    [Show full text]
  • March 19, 1974 Report to Todor Zhivkov Regarding a Request for Arms Delivery to Cyprus in View of a Possible Greek Coup on the Island
    Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified March 19, 1974 Report to Todor Zhivkov Regarding a Request for Arms Delivery to Cyprus in View of a Possible Greek Coup on the Island Citation: “Report to Todor Zhivkov Regarding a Request for Arms Delivery to Cyprus in View of a Possible Greek Coup on the Island,” March 19, 1974, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Central State Archive, Sofia, Fond 378-B, File 1138, Papka 3. Obtained by the Bulgarian Cold War Research Group. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113661 Summary: Wary of a coup attempt sponsored by Athens, Makarios government seeks Bulgarian assistance for closing an arms deal with Czechoslovakia. Original Language: Bulgarian Contents: English Translation Scan of Original Document Comrade Zhivkov, Tonight, at his request, I received comrade E. Papaioanu [Ezekias Papaioannou]. Regarding the issue, he raised (laid out in the memo), I suggest: 1. That we summon the Czechoslovak ambassador and inform him about Papaioannou's opinion regarding the question of receiving weapons. 2. That we contact the CPSU CC [Central Committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union] on Wednesday, in order to find out their opinion on the matter. 3. After that, instructions should be given to the press to carefully unmask the attempts at a coup d'état in Cyprus. If the Soviet comrades propose other measures (military, diplomatic), we will inform you in a timely manner. 19.III.1974 [19 March 1974] Signature: [K. Tellalov] MEMORANDUM On 17 March 1974 the Secretary of the BCP CC [Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Praty], Konstantin Tellalov, spoke with the Secretary General of AKEL– Cyprus [Progressive Party of the Working People of Cyprus] Ezekias Papaioannou at his request.
    [Show full text]
  • The Child Heroes of Cyprus • • • • • • • • I Ii
    •• • • • • The Child Heroes of Cyprus • • • • • • • • I ii . • "i.. ,..•.. \1··. .. ~1...I .·~I • ··~ ·111 • • • • by Shannon Nakamoto Undergraduate Senior Thesis • History Department • California State Polytechnic University, Pomona • June 9, 2009 • Advisor: Dr. Amanda Podany • • • • • It was a tense morning in Nicosia in 1956. The people of Cyprus were in a state of • emergency according to the British government, with the growth of a nationalist guerrilla • organization known as EOKA, led by General Georghios Grivas. The new Colonial • Governor, Field Marshal Sir John Harding, had called for the surrender of EOKA and • General Grivas, and the allotted time window was soon to come to a close. 1 • Everyone was waiting to see what would happen, when laughter cut the air on the • streets of Nicosia. A lone mule was walking the streets of the capital city loaded with • wooden swords and toy guns, carrying a sign that said "My Marshal, I surrender." Even • Harding's men laughed at the animal as it passed. It was not long before the mule became • • something of a national joke.2 Other than that lone mule, not a single person surrendered; • not exactly the response Harding had been expecting. • The mule was a brilliant publicity move on the part of EOKA. It assured the • people of Cyprus that EOKA was doing well and there was no cause to worry. Who had • It • come up with this idea? made the very thought of surrender to the British something to • be laughed at. Neither Grivas, nor any of his loyal assistants could take credit for the • idea. Renos Lyssiotis, a student and the leader of the nationalist youth in Nicosia, came • up with the idea the idea through one of the young girls in his group.
    [Show full text]