DOCSLIB.ORG

THE ART and SCIENCE of SOMATIC PRAXIS INCORPORATING US ASSOCIATION for BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL Volume Thirteen ● Number One ● Spring 2014

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE ART and SCIENCE of SOMATIC PRAXIS INCORPORATING US ASSOCIATION for BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL Volume Thirteen ● Number One ● Spring 2014 THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS INCORPORATING US ASSOCIATION FOR BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL volume thirteen ● number one ● spring 2014 E UROPEAN EABP A SSOCIATION FOR B ODY- P SYCHOTHERAPY SHADOWS IN THE HISTORY Shadows in the History of Body Psychotherapy: Part Ii Courtenay Young and Gill Westland Received 4 April 2013, accepted June 2013 Abstract This article is intended to open up a discussion and to begin to name, reflect on, and gradually start healing some of the wounds that arose throughout the development of body psychotherapy, particularly during the 1960-2000 period.ii It highlights several problems inherent in individuals single-handedly pioneering new methods, and several systemic difficulties in the organization of the original training courses. These Shadows are not unique THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS to body psychotherapy and similar examples of such issues can be found in many other modalities of psychotherapy and in many other communities. They have implications for the wider professional field and also the future development of the field of body psychotherapy that, once named and owned, can be utilized more positively. Because of its length, the article has been split into 2 parts. Part II will be published in Volume 13, Number 2, fall. Keywords: body psychotherapy, shadow, history, abuse, healing, ethics International Body Psychotherapy Journal The Art and Science of Somatic Praxis Volume 13, Number 1, spring 2014 ISSN 2169-4745 Printing, ISSN 2168-1279 Online © Author and USABP/EABP. Reprints and permissions [email protected] Introduction Acknowledging the Shadow Individuals, organisations, countries, and, of course, the profession of body psychotherapy, all carry their Shadow aspects. Jung saw the Shadow as a merging of unconscious personal elements with various archetypal contents of the collective unconscious. The Shadow also JOURNAL PSYCHOTHERAPY BODY INTERNATIONAL contains the repressed parts of ourselves that we cannot accept and “the less it is embodied in the individual’s conscious life, the blacker and denser it is” (as cited in Samuels, Shorter & Plaut, 1986, p. 138). The Shadow can further contain elements that have not yet emerged into consciousness and thus this part can only be inferred, often in the form of unconscious or subconscious projections. These projections can become stronger and more irrational, individually and collectively, as the contents of the Shadow move towards consciousness. The Shadow cannot be eradicated, but it is possible to learn to live with it, and even use it constructively (Samuels, Shorter & Plaut, 1986). The Shadow and its corollary, the Light, in Jung’s terminology, both have dangerous and constructive characteristics. Only when we “own” the good and bad aspects (of each) can we move beyond these polarities into a more integrated Self. While I use the terminology of the Shadow, I also indicate a process towards higher levels of consciousness (viz., Thich Nhat Hahn’s poem, “Call Me By My True Names”iii). Jung also believed that, “in spite of its function as a reservoir for human darkness — or perhaps because of this — the shadow is the seat of creativity” so that for some, it may be that “the dark side of his being, his sinister shadow... represents the true spirit of life, as against the 13 COURTENAY YOUNG AND GILL WESTLAND SHADOWS IN THE HISTORY arid scholar” (Jung, 1983, p. 262). Since the emergence of psychoanalysis, there has been a: Anna Freud (who chaired the committee that expelled him), later acknowledged that his …vast outpouring of research, speculation, theorising, analysis, and controversy, expulsion was “unjust” (Boadella, 1973, p. 114). One result of this is that, for psychoanalysis, resulting in a broad spectrum of schools and movements, all holding high the banners the body became part of its Shadow side. Again, I reiterate, the Shadow is only negative when of their own truths and hostile to others (Jacoby, 1990, p. ix). denied or rejected; it becomes more positive and useful when owned and accepted. This denial is also a large part of our psychotherapeutic philosophy, and can be found in several The Founding Fathers of Body Psychotherapy religions as well. Reich then became a refugee, first to Denmark, then to Sweden (each on a visitor’s visa Pierre Janet for six months), and then to Norway, and finally emigrated to the USA in 1939, a short time Whilst Janet was almost certainly one of the founding fathers of body psychotherapy before the Second World War, where he came under surveillance by the FBI (Bennett, 2010, (Boadella, 1997: Janet, 1925; Kimble & Wertheimer, 1998), being an elder established pupil 2014; FBI, 1999; Turner, 2011). He eventually died in prison in 1957. It seems, from the of Charcot’s, and a contemporary of Freud’s during Freud’s 3-month study visit to Paris, it accounts of the newspaper campaigns against him and the investigations by the FBI and the is somewhat remarkable that Janet had very little influence on the subsequent development Food & Drug Administration (FDA), who eventually took him to court, that he carried a THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOMATIC PRAXIS of body psychotherapy. His work has only relatively recently been re-discovered by body large part of his Shadow with him. To an extent, he became his own worst enemy as he sowed, psychotherapists, and so the impact of his Shadow on it has been relatively benign or obscure like Oedipus, the seeds of his own downfall. His books were burnt in both Nazi Germany (except, perhaps, in the refusal or disdain of other continental body psychotherapists to and the USA in the 1950s (Young, 2006b, 2008, 2010) and body psychotherapy, such as publish widely in English). it was then, had to distance itself from him, evidenced especially by Lowen (1958) hardly mentioning him in his first book,The Language of the Body. Later, his work was recognised Freud and revived, and became influential within humanistic psychology (Clarkson, 1994). Body Those familiar with the history of body psychotherapy (Young, 2006b, 2011) will also psychotherapy then re-recognised him in the 1970s, significantly with the publication of be aware that, whilst Freud originally acknowledged the importance of the body within Boadella’s books (1973, 1976) and his journal, Energy & Character. psychotherapy, he later came to reject it, and eventually excluded those colleagues who Reich’s life had had several severe traumatic experiences in it, some with a distinct sexual supported it, such as Reich and Fenichel (Heller, 2012), both of whom supported a bodily Shadow. He himself wrote of his early childhood sexual experiences (Reich, 1988) with a oriented way of working. Freud had also previously rejected the totality of Pierre Janet’s sense of self-agency, and Sharaf claimed (in a keynote lecture at the European Association work; and, with all these exclusions and later denials (including Jung and others), Freud then for Body Psychotherapy conference, Vienna/Pamhagen, 1997) that Reich was probably started to cast something of his own Shadow especially with respect to the body. sexually abused as a child, though this point is less clear in his book (Sharaf, 1983). There Furthermore, at first he believed his patients who had reported sexual abuse, but later were definitely huge issues with his mother as well as subsequent female partners and wives on, he revised his thinking and saw these reports instead as normal childhood longings that indicated he had not resolved any of these issues; and there were less obvious issues and fantasy, developing a whole (Oedipal) theory to support this essential denial. When regarding ‘father-figures’ as well. Reich was certainly an iconic and controversial figure and Masson (1985) revisited this territory, using the Freud archives, he postulated that Freud had it is therefore quite hard to come to any sort of balanced view about him. Many people covered up actual sexual abuse and was not surprisingly met with considerable criticism from have claimed that his work supported this, or that, films have been made, and his work has iv INTERNATIONAL BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL PSYCHOTHERAPY BODY INTERNATIONAL supporters of Freud, who did not like the small boy saying, “The Emperor has no clothes.” become the subject of pop songs, all of which he probably would never have condoned. JOURNAL PSYCHOTHERAPY BODY INTERNATIONAL We have recently been presented with a further theory that Freud was an unacknowledged It is very easy to get attached to one or more of the many facets of this iconic character, cocaine addict (Cohen, 2011) and that possibly a substantial part of The Interpretation of and thus hail him as a genius; it is equally easy to dismiss him out of hand. Both of these Dreams was influenced by this. are aspects of the human Shadow that he graphically illustrated so well in Listen, Little Man Finally, there is reasonably strong evidence that, within psychoanalytical circles, there was (Reich, 1948/1972). an appalling degree of complicity with the rising power of National Socialism, especially in These are some of the very early foundations of body psychotherapy. Hopefully by Germany from the mid-1930s (Nitzschke, 2003). Given our theme, these are some of the recognising these creative and sometimes traumatic foundations, a potentially helpful and possible Shadow aspects of Freud and thus of psychoanalysis; there may well be others. healing dialogue about the Shadow can be re-opened. Freud and Reich’s disavowal of religion (and, to an extent, spirituality) is another aspect of the Shadow that needs to be examined Reich — more on that later. Reich was one of Freud’s most talented students, yet he was expelled from the International Psychoanalytic Association in 1934, about 18 months after he had first publishedThe Mass Childhood Sexual Abuse Psychology of Fascism (Reich, 1933).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Psychotherapeutic Postural Integration (IPP)
    Member of the Fédération Française de Psychothérapie et Psychanalyse (FF2P) Institute Accredited by the European Association of Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Postural Integration (IPP) By Eliane and Claude Vaux Société Civile IFCC – SIRET 405 186 875 00036 – 102 Route du Polygone – 67100 Strasbourg Tel: 0033 (0)3 88 60 44 84 – Email: [email protected] – Site: www.ifcc-psychotherapie.fr 1 2 Short history The IFCC was founded in 1996 with enthusiasm and joy. Eliane Jung-Fliegans, clinical psychologist, and Claude Vaux, body psychotherapist, combined their expertise and their passion for this work since 1982 and decided to create a psychotherapy training course mainly focused on Gestalt Therapy and Postural Integration. At the time, Claude Vaux was working in Paris at the Triangle association, with Michel Sokoloff and Dominique Vayner. Triangle opens the field to new therapies from the USA and from India by organizing seminars and training courses. In this way, they bring to France a range of therapists known in Esalen, cradle of humanist psychology, such as Léonard Orr, creator of Rebirth, Paul Rebillot, founder of Experiential Gestalt, Alexander Lowen, founder of Bioenergetic Analysis, Gerda Boyesen, creator of Biodynamics, Harvey Jackins, founder of Co-Counseling, Jack Painter, creator of Postural Integration… Eliane, after obtaining a master’s degree in psychology, created the Cabinet of Humanist Psychology in Strasbourg, where she practices Gestalt Therapy and Creative Visualization. Little by little, the method they teach became more and more distinctive and eventually unified under the name of Psychotherapeutic Postural Integration. Claude and Eliane collaborate with Jack Painter and Paul Rebillot, but above all integrate into their training the Regenerative Movement taught by Itsuo Tsuda, whom Claude met in 1978.
    [Show full text]
  • Personality Theory and the Nature of Human Nature Robert Hogan
    Personality Theory and The Nature of Human Nature Robert Hogan & Ryne A. Sherman Hogan Assessment Systems Pre-print under review for special issue at Personality and Individual Differences Abstract This overview of modern personality theory makes six points. First, personality theory is crucial for understanding life. Second, life is largely about competition. Third, there is competition within groups for individual status, and there is competition between groups for collective survival. Fourth, academic psychology focuses on within group competition, but between group competition can be more consequential. Fifth, successful within group competition depends on social skill; successful between group competition depends on leadership. And finally, personality determines/explains the outcome of both forms of competition. Personality Theory and The Nature of Human Nature People are the deadliest invasive species in the history of the earth. People have the potential to kill every living thing and, in certain instances have already done so (e.g., passenger pigeons, western black rhinoceros, great auk) or are on their way to doing so (e.g., sea turtles, elephants, tigers, polar bears). Given their frightful potential and world-wide presence, it would be useful to know something about people. Personality psychology is the “go-to” discipline for understanding people; personality psychology is the only discipline whose primary focus is the nature of human nature. What does personality psychology tell us about human nature? The answer depends on whom you ask; or more precisely, to which theory of personality you subscribe. Modern personality psychology began in Vienna at the end of the 19th century, where an amazing flowering of human creativity brought revolutions in a wide variety of fields including architecture, music, physics, medicine, music, painting, literature, economics, and especially philosophy.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroscience and Psychodynamics Patrick Tomlinson (2021)
    1 Meaning Beneath Behaviour – Neuroscience and Psychodynamics Patrick Tomlinson (2021) This article is an introduction to several others I have written on Meaning Beneath Behaviour. These are, 1. Acting Out’ Behaviour of Traumatized Children, through the Lens of Polyvagal Theory (2019) 2. The Meaning of a Child’s Stealing and Other Antisocial Behaviour (2014) 3. Reasons a Traumatized Child Runs Away? (2015) 4. Punishments and Rewards – Consequences and Discipline (2021) 5. Shifting Boundaries: Therapeutic Work and Leadership During the Pandemic (2020) 6. The Capacity to Think: Why it is so Important and so Difficult in Work with Traumatized Children (2015) 7. The Importance and Value of ‘Being’ (2014) 8. Thoughts on the Sexual Abuse of Children (2014) 9. Creative Psychotherapy with Developmental and Complex Trauma – Carol Duffy (2020) 10. The Therapist in me: The Art of Being a Creative Play Therapist During a Pandemic - Carol Duffy (2020) I will start with a definition of neuroscience (Nordqvist, 2017), Neuroscience is the study of how the nervous system develops, its structure, and what it does. Neuroscientists focus on the brain and its impact on behavior and cognitive (thinking) functions. They also investigate what happens to the nervous system when people have neurological, psychiatric, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Sometimes neuroscience and neurobiology are used to mean the same thing. However, neurobiology looks at the biology of the nervous system, while neuroscience refers to anything to do with the nervous system (ibid). These fields of work are intricately connected with medical research. Whereas a psychodynamic approach is more focused on the subjective meaning of what is going on between people and © Patrick Tomlinson 2021 2 between a person’s internal and external worlds.
    [Show full text]
  • Workshops Friday 7
    Workshops Friday 7. September 2018 – 17:00 – 18:30 (in alphabetical order by presenter) Introduction into working with the Body Image Sculpture Test (BIST) (in English and German) Body Image Sculpture Test is a projective technique accessing multidimensional aspects of Body Image, works with clay and utilises psychodynamic interview techniques. The BIST has been applied in numerous clinical studies; researching psychotherapy, dance therapy, as well as body work. It is also a powerful therapeutic tool, providing unique access to subconscious fantasies, beliefs and emotions. The BIST can help to gain back a basic sense of body perception, as a first step toward self efficacy. To meet the expectations of todays society with healthy autonomy and self care being grounded in the body is vital. Einführung in den Körperbildskulpturtest (KST) Der Körperbildskulpturtest ist ein dreidimensionales, projektives Verfahren zur Erfassung multidimensionaler Aspekte von Selbst- und Körperbild, in welchem Modellieren mit Ton, sowie ein psychodynamisches Tiefeninterview zum Einsatz kommen. Der KST wurde in zahlreichen Therapiestudien eingesetzt, um Störungen des Körperbildes abzubilden. Als therapeutisches Verfahren ermöglicht das Verfahren einen einzigartigen Zugang zu unbewussten Phantasien, Vorstellungen und Gefühlen. Durch seinen selbstintegrierenden Charakter eignet sich der KST besonders zum Spüren von Selbstwirksamkeit. Gut verankert im eigenen Selbst einschließlich des Körpers zu sein, unterstützt die Bindungsfähigkeiten in kleinen Gruppen ebenso
    [Show full text]
  • Zum Tod Von Gerda Boyesen, Der Begründerin Der Biodynamischen Psychologie Und Körperpsychotherapie
    Zum Tod von Gerda Boyesen, der Begründerin der biodynamischen Psychologie und Körperpsychotherapie. Am 29. Dezember 2005 verstarb in London im Alter von 83 Jahren Gerda Boyesen, die Begründerin der biodynamischen Psychologie und Körperpsychotherapie. Gerda Boyesen hat der neueren Psychotherapie, insbesondere der Körperpsychotherapie wichtige Impulse gegeben. Edith und Rolf Zundel zählen sie in ihrem Buch zu den „Leitfiguren der neueren Psychotherapie“. Gerda Boyesen studierte in Oslo Psychologie und absolvierte eine Ausbildung als Physiotherapeutin an der Ullevand Klinik für Psychiatrie in Oslo. Sie ging in Lehranalyse zu Harald Schjelderup und lernte bei dem Psychoanalytiker und Reich- Schüler Ola Raknes die von Wilhelm Reich als eine analytische Arbeit mit dem Körper entwickelte „Vegetotherapie“. Viele Jahre arbeitete sie als Psychologin und Physiotherapeutin in psychiatrischen Einrichtungen in Oslo, bevor sie sich 1969 als eine der ersten Körperpsychotherapeuten in London niederließ und dort ein eigenes Institut gründete. Hintergrund der biodynamischen Psychologie und Körperpsychotherapie von Gerda Boyesen sind die analytische Psychologie Freuds und Jungs, Reichs Vegetotherapie und die dynamische Physiotherapie von Aadel Bülow-Hansen. Aufgrund ihrer Doppelqualifikation als Physiotherapeutin und Psychologin konnte Gerda Boyesen von Beginn ihrer Arbeit an körperliche Methode, insbesondere Massagen, mit psychotherapeutischen Gesprächen und Erkenntnissen verbinden. Neben der von Reich behandelten Beziehung zwischen muskulären und psychischen Prozessen betont sie die Beziehung zwischen psychischen und vegetativen Prozessen. Ihre Grundüberzeugung ist, dass sich neurotische Störungen auch im vegetativen System des Körpers niederschlagen. Daher seien sie dadurch zu beeinflussen, dass man auf das vegetative System mit Hilfe von bestimmten Methoden der Massage einwirkt. Gerda Boyesen wurde vor allem dafür bekannt, dass sie eine Vielfalt von psychodynamisch wirkenden Massagetechniken entwickelte.
    [Show full text]
  • The History and Development of Body-Psychotherapy: European Diversity Courtenay Young
    The History and Development of Body-Psychotherapy: European Diversity Courtenay Young Abstract This article, the third in a series, covers the scope and development of Body-Psychotherapy primarily in Europe. The first article dealt with the general historical development of Body- Psychotherapy; the second with Reich’s work in psychoanalysis and then subsequent developments in American Body-Psychotherapy. This article looks at the parallel and separate stream of development of Body-Psychotherapy in Europe, from after the Second World War up to about the mid-1990s, and explores some of the diversity and the reasons for it. Keywords: Body Psychotherapy, Psychoanalysis, History, Reich, Europe. _____________________ Introduction In the first article on the history of Body-Psychotherapy (Young, 2006), I explored the concept of how human society has rejected the body in different ways over 6,000 years of history. In the second article, I examined the split between psychoanalysis and Body-Psychotherapy in the 1930’s, and then the development of Body-Psychotherapy in post-war America (Young, 2008). I would now like to examine some of the developments that happened within body-oriented psychotherapy in Europe, and particularly the work of a number of very gifted individuals. The Development of Body-Psychotherapy in Post-War Europe Reich had emigrated to America from Norway in 1939, and then the Nazi occupation of much of Europe during the Second World War, (as well as the subsequent ‘Cold War’ that divided Europe) disrupted the development of Body-Psychotherapy until well into the 1950’s. There are some interesting perspectives provided about the early influences on Body-Psychotherapy from this suppressed, but significant, residue in Scandinavia (Heller, 2007a).
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction: Jung, New York, 1912 Sonu Shamdasani
    Copyrighted Material IntroductIon: Jung, neW York, 1912 Sonu Shamdasani September 28, 1912. the New York Times featured a full-page inter- view with Jung on the problems confronting america, with a por- trait photo entitled “america facing Its Most tragic Moment”— the first prominent feature of psychoanalysis in the Times. It was Jung, the Times correctly reported, who “brought dr. freud to the recognition of the older school of psychology.” the Times went on to say, “[H]is classrooms are crowded with students eager to under- stand what seems to many to be an almost miraculous treatment. His clinics are crowded with medical cases which have baffled other doctors, and he is here in america to lecture on his subject.” Jung was the man of the hour. aged thirty-seven, he had just com- pleted a five-hundred-page magnum opus, Transformations and Sym‑ bols of the Libido, the second installment of which had just appeared in print. following his first visit to america in 1909, it was he, and not freud, who had been invited back by Smith ely Jelliffe to lec- ture on psychoanalysis in the new international extension course in medicine at fordham university, where he would also be awarded his second honorary degree (others invited included the psychiatrist William alanson White and the neurologist Henry Head). Jung’s initial title for his lectures was “Mental Mechanisms in Health and disease.” By the time he got to composing them, the title had become simply “the theory of Psychoanalysis.” Jung com- menced his introduction to the lectures by indicating that he in- tended to outline his attitude to freud’s guiding principles, noting that a reader would likely react with astonishment that it had taken him ten years to do so.
    [Show full text]
  • Areader's Guide to Pierre Janet on Dissociation: Aneglected Intellectual Heritage
    AREADER'S GUIDE TO PIERRE JANET ON DISSOCIATION: ANEGLECTED INTELLECTUAL HERITAGE Onno van cler Hart, Ph. D. Barbara Friedman, M.A., M.F.C.C. Onno van der Hart, Ph.D., practices at the Institute for est to the study of Breuer and Freud (1895), others have Psychotrauma in Utrecht, The Netherlands. Barbara Fried­ searched for the original sources in French psychiatry, man, M.A., M.F.C.C., is in private practice in Beverly Hills, especially those of Pierre Janet. Their efforts have been California. hampered by the difficulty ofobtaining the original publica­ tions in French, and by the scarcity ofthese works translated For reprints write Barbara Friedman, M.A., M.F.C.C., 8665 in English translation. Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 407, Beverly Hills, CA 90211 In recent years a change has taken place with regard to Janet. The Societe PierreJanet in France has been reprint­ ABSTRACT ing his books since 1973. In the English-speaking world a small group of devotees has long recognized the value of A century ago there occurred a peak ofinterest in dissociation and the Janet's contribution to psychopathology and psychology. dissociative disorders, then labeled hysteria. The most important With the reprintofJanet's Major Symptoms ofHysteria in 1965, scientific and clinical investigator ofthis subject was Pierre Janet the publication of Ellenberger's The Discovery ofthe Uncon­ (1859-1947), whose early body of work is reviewed here. The scious in 1970, and Hilgard's Divided Consciousness in 1977, evolution of his dissociation theory and its major principles are the importance ofJanet's contribution to the study ofdisso­ traced throughout his writings.
    [Show full text]
  • Criticism and Valuation of the Part Played by Abreaction and Assimilation in Psychiatry
    CHAPTER SEVEN CRITICISM AND VALUATION OF THE PART PLAYED BY ABREACTION AND ASSIMILATION IN PSYCHIATRY In the preceding chapter we described a method of treating trau­ matic memories-what Breuer called "the cathartic method". We there observed that an essential element of the method is the discharge, or abreaction, of affects by having the patient talk about the trau­ matic event he has gone through. When memories have thus been relieved of their emotional character, they are neutralized; they can be submitted to rational examination and fitted into the patient's normal context of experience. This stage of treatment is called "assimilation" or "re-association". Another thing we have noticed is that these two phases are concurrent in the process of effecting a cure. Of the two factors, Breuer and Freud in their Studien laid special stress on abreaction rather than assimilation; and after them Brown and others took the same attitude. But Freud's later, completely worked-out system gives special prominence to assimilation : to bringing the patient's previously unconscious complex, the cause of his trouble, into consciousness and integrating it with his experience. Abreaction remained, however, an element in treatment for Freud. Janet gave good examples of how simply discharging an affect can bring about a patient's recovery. But at the same time, he strongly emphasized the important part played by assimilation. Janet's evidence deserves special attention because he proved convin­ cingly that abreaction has a beneficial effect on various types of neurotic patient even when it is not an element in "cathartic" therapy. This means that abreaction is not limited to use in Breuer's and Freud's cathartic method-which of course Janet practised, too.
    [Show full text]
  • Pierre Janet Resource | Learn About, Share and Discuss Pierre Janet at Like2do.Com
    Pie rre Jane t Re s ourc e | L e arn About, Share and Dis c us s Pie rre Jane t At L ik e 2do.c om . Find Contact Entertainment Learning Activities Spo rts Sho pping Pierre Janet Get Pierre Janet essential facts below. View Videos or join the Pierre Janet discussion. Add Pierre Janet to your Like2do.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media. Pierre Janet Pie rre Marie Fé lix Jane t (French: ; 30 May 1859 - 24 Pi erre J anet February 1947) was a pioneering French psychologist, philosopher and psychotherapist in the field of dissociation and traumatic memory. He is ranked alongside William James and Wilhelm Wundt as one of the founding fathers of psychology. Bi o graphy Janet studied under Jean-Martin Charcot at the Psychological Laboratory in the Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris. He first published the results of his research in his philosophy thesis in 1889 and in his medical thesis, L'état mental des hystériques, in 1892. He earned a degree in medicine the following year in 1893. In 1898, Janet was appointed lecturer in psychology at the Sorbonne, and in 1902 he attained the chair of experimental and comparative psychology at the Collège de Born 30 May 1859 France, a position he held until Paris 1936. He was a member of the 24 February 1947 (aged 87) Die d Institut de France from 1913, Paris and was a central figure in Nationality French French psychology in the first S c ie ntific c are e r Psychology, philosophy, half of the 20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • By JANET GAIL PATTERSON a Dissertation Submitted in Partial
    THE BODY DREAMING: ENGAGING THE DREAM’S DISTURBING IMAGE by JANET GAIL PATTERSON A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PSYCHOLOGY MERIDIAN UNIVERSITY 2013 THE BODY DREAMING: ENGAGING THE DREAM’S DISTURBING IMAGE by JANET GAIL PATTERSON A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PSYCHOLOGY MERIDIAN UNIVERSITY 2013 This dissertation has been accepted for the faculty of Meridian University by: _________________________________________ Aftab Omer, Ph.D. Dissertation Advisor __________________________________________ Melissa Schwartz, Ph.D. Dissertation Chair __________________________________________ Shoshana Fershtman, Ph.D. Dissertation Committee Member Nightmares fill with light like a holiday. Men and angels speak one language. The elusive ones finally meet. The essence and evolving forms run to meet each other like children to their father and mother. Good and evil, dead and alive, everything blooms from one natural stem. --Rumi from "The Elusive Ones" Night and Sleep iv ABSTRACT THE BODY DREAMING: ENGAGING THE DREAM'S DISTURBING IMAGE by Janet Patterson This study posed the Research Problem: In what ways does working affectively and somatically with disturbing dream images affect adaptive identity? It was hypothesized that working with disturbing dream images somatically and affectively would allow the dreamer to experience negative affects, thus broadening the experience and acceptance of their own multiplicity. The theory-in-practice was Imaginal Transformation Praxis (ITP). The literature review selects works from psychological, psychobiological, popular, and cross-cultural approaches to dreams; Imaginal Approaches to dreams, including somatic dream work, psychological multiplicity, and affect theory; and disturbing imagery.
    [Show full text]
  • Shadows in the History of Body Psychotherapy
    Shadows in the History of Body Psychotherapy COURTENAY YOUNG & GILL WESTLAND Abstract This article intends to open a discussion and to begin to name, to reflect on, and gradually start healing some of the wounds arising during the development of Body Psychotherapy, particularly during the period 1960-2000. It highlights inherent problems in individuals single-handedly pioneering new methods, and some difficulties in the organisation of the training courses. These reflections generalise to other psychotherapies and have implications for the wider professional field and the future development of Body Psychotherapy . Key Words: Body Psychotherapy, History, Abuse, Shadow, Healing, Ethics Introduction Acknowledging the Shadow Individuals, organisations, countries, and – of course – the profession of Body Psychotherapy, carry their ‘shadow’ aspects. Jung saw the Shadow as a merging of unconscious personal elements with various archetypal contents of the collective unconscious. The Shadow contains the repressed parts of ourselves that we cannot accept and “the less it is embodied in the individual’s conscious life, the blacker and denser it is” (Jung, 1938, CW 11, p. 13, quoted in Samuels, Shorter & Plaut, 1986, p. 138). The Shadow also contains elements that have never emerged into consciousness. The Shadow can only be inferred, often in the form of unconscious projections. These projections can become stronger and more irrational, individually and collectively as the Shadow contents move towards consciousness. The Shadow cannot be eradicated, but it is possible to learn to live with it (Samuels, Shorter & Plaut, 1986). Jung also believed that, "in spite of its function as a reservoir for human darkness—or perhaps because of this—the shadow is the seat of creativity" so that for some, it may be, 'the dark side of his being, his sinister shadow ..
    [Show full text]