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Michael Coster Heller 1 La notion de clivage chez Ferenczi Body Psychotherapy from Pierre Janet onwards: an enquiry on the dynamics of psychological states 1 (revised 22.07.2017) Michael Coster Heller 1 The subject of this paper is based on a keynote presentation given in September 2014, at the EABP Lisbon congress. I have also added of useful developments on psychology presented in Utrecht, in November 2014, to the body-mind section of the Dutch Association of Psychologists (NIP). The NIP has filmed the Utrecht conference. New ideas crept up during the writing process. A shorter version could appear in the International Body Psychotherapy Journal, at the end of 2015. 2 Preface .............................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1. Presenting a short definition of body psychotherapy .............................. 10 Section 1. Exercise I: meditation on awareness, breathing and body (25 minutes) ........... 10 Section 2. What body and what mind? ..................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2. The advent of organismal psychology in French-speaking Countries ... 19 Section 1. The body mind hypothesis: From Far-Eastern approaches to the first Philosophical & Scientific Encyclopedia .................................................................................. 19 Section 2. A French-speaking approach to evolutionary psychophysiology ...................... 22 The politics of a false scientific debate, using the strategy of a false mistake allows one to reject a whole theory ....................................................................................... 22 Brief summary of Lamarckian evolutionary psychophysiology .................................. 27 The organization of increasingly complex organisms ....................................................................... 28 Lamarck’s evolutionary psychophysiology ........................................................................................ 32 French-speaking Psychophysiology ........................................................................... 33 Reflexology: a chest of neurological drawers that lead to centralized psychological impressions ................................................................................................................ 35 Lamarckian psycho-neurology, as it developed in French-speaking regions .............. 36 The Parallelism Between Automatic Nervous and Psychological Activity ................... 38 Chapter 3. Pierre Janet as the defender of scientific ethics in psychology .............. 42 Section 1. Théodule Ribot (1839-1916) ..................................................................................... 42 Section 2. The career of Pierre Janet (1859-1947) ................................................................... 43 Section 3. Pierre Janet: A first form of Psychological Analysis ............................................ 44 The Hypnotic Splitting of Conscious Dynamics ........................................................... 48 3 The organism is a chest of drawers with metabolic dynamics close to the floor and psychological routines on top .................................................................................................................................. 48 From Automatisms to Default Adaptive Ways of Doing Things ........................................................ 49 Janet’s working model for hysteria .................................................................................................... 51 The coherence of the mind .......................................................................................................................... 51 Different Modes of Thinking ......................................................................................................................... 53 The Splitting of Consciousness .................................................................................................................... 55 Brain Activity and Psychological States ....................................................................................................... 56 The More or Less Connected States of a Person ........................................................................................ 57 Janet and Freud ........................................................................................................ 60 Janet and body psychotherapy .................................................................................. 63 Short-term history: Janet-Reich as founders of body psychotherapy? ............................................. 63 Long-term history: the development of knowledge is the issue ........................................................ 64 The Rift Between Scientific Psychology, Psychotherapy and Psychiatry ................... 65 Section 4. Introducing organismal psychology: genetic, cellular, anatomic, somatic, psychological and social routines are well differentiated but tightly and inextricably linked. ............................................................................................................................................ 66 The traditional vision of organismal psychology......................................................... 67 An anthropological vision of the organism in the 1930s: from Mauss to Luria ............ 69 Organismic Psychology and Effects ........................................................................... 73 To summarize: distinguishing psychological states and psychological schemas ........ 74 Chapter 3. My professional biography: a psychologist who specializes in body- mind issues .................................................................................................................... 75 Section 1. Academic Career: from Piaget to nonverbal communication .............................. 75 The Sensory Motor of Psychological Schemas ............................................................ 76 From Behavior to Its Postural Organization ................................................................ 78 From Social Behavior to Unconscious Postural Dynamics and Repertoire .................. 82 Suicide and Unconscious Facial Nonverbal Impacts ................................................... 85 Section 2. Integrating my academic career in my clinical work ............................................ 87 Section 3. Body psychotherapy ................................................................................................. 87 Section 4. Personal experience of the difficult relations between academic psychology and body psychotherapy ............................................................................................................ 89 Section 5. Experimental psychology & Psychotherapy: a waste of time ............................. 92 Section 6. A personal tradition on how to coordinate different views .................................. 94 Chapter 4. Psychoanalysis: Some aspects of Sigmund Freud’s proposal that played a crucial role in the history of psychotherapy and international culture .................. 95 Section 1. Discovering an expressive verbal method that could lead to an in-depth exploration of the psyche ........................................................................................................... 95 Section 2. Proposing the psyche as a well-differentiated focus of psychotherapeutic methods ........................................................................................................................................ 98 Section 3. Defense systems ....................................................................................................... 99 Section 4. Required simplifications and constraints to create a manageable method .... 100 Section 5. A new nonacademic liberal profession: psychoanalysis and psychotherapy 101 Chapter 5. Behaviorist therapy as an educational mode of therapy based on the exploitation of levers. .................................................................................................. 102 4 Section 1. Behavioral therapy .................................................................................................. 102 Section 2. Attacks on Behaviorism in the 1970s ................................................................... 102 Section 3. Recent developments in psychotherapeutic methods that analyze behavior . 103 Chapter 6. Combining methods and frames: from Ferenczi to Groddeck and Fenichel ......................................................................................................................... 104 Section 1. Expressive and educational lever therapeutic strategies .................................. 104 Section 2. Introducing active techniques in the realm of free expression psychotherapies ..................................................................................................................................................... 104 Section 3. The return of body and somatic phenomena in psychology and psychotherapy ..................................................................................................................................................... 105 Section 4. Antidepressant medication and psychotherapy ................................................. 108 Section 5. Distinguishing
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