Revista De La Academia Canaria De Ciencias

REVISm DE LA ACADENIA CANARIA DE CENCIAS

Folia Canariensis Academiae Scientiarum

Volumen XXIII, Num. 3 (2011)

REVISTA DE LA ACADEMIA CANARIA DE CIENCIAS

Seccion BIOLOGIA

Folia Canariensis Academiae Scientiarum

Volumen XXIII - Num. 3 (2011)

(Publicado en abril de 2012) REVISTA DE LA ACADEMIA CANARIA DE CIENCIAS

Folia Canadensis Academiae Scientiarum

JUNTA DE GOBIERNO

Presidente

Dr. D. Nacere Hayek Calil 1

Vicepresidente j

Dr. D. Jose Manuel Mendez Perez !

Secretario Dr. D. Angel Gutienez Ravelo

Tesorero Dr. D. Alfredo Mederos Perez

Bibliotecario Dr. D. Juan Jose Bacallado Aranega

Vocales Dr. D. Agustin Arevalo Medina [seccion Quimica] Dr. D. Carlos Gonzalez Martin [seccion Matematicas] \ Dr. D. Manuel Vazquez Abeledo [seccion Fisica] Dr. D. Angel Gutierrez Navarro [seccion Biologia]

COMITE EDITORIAL

Director-editor Nacere Hayek Calil

Secretario de Redaccion Juan Jose Bacallado Aranega

Vocales i

Wolfredo Wildpret de la Toitc Angel Gutierrez Navarro Maria Luisa Tejedor Salguero Alfredo Mederos Perez

Puhlica Academia Canaria de Ciencias con la colaboracion de Gobierno Autonomo de Canarias Cabildo Insular de Tenerife CajaCanarias

Imprime El Productor Telefono 922 655 025

ISSN: 1130-4723 Deposito Legal: S-212/1990 COMITE CIENTIFICO INTERNACIONAL INTERSA TIONAL SCIENTIFIC BOARD

Maria Teresa ALBERDI Fatima HERNANDEZ Julia PEREZ Museo Nacional Museo de Ciencias Naturales Jardin Botdnico Viera y Clavijo de Ciencias Naturales Tenerife Gran Canaria Madrid Aurelio MARTIN Juan Carlos RANDO Julio AFONSO Universidad de La Laguna Universidad de La Laguna Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife Tenerife

Tenerife Pedro OROMI Amoldo SANTOS NatachaAGUILAR Universidad de La Laguna Instituto Canario de Investiga- Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife ciones Agrarias

Tenerife Tenerife Oscar OCANA Juan Jose BACALLADO Museo del Mar Marco TAVIANI Museo de Ciencias Naturales Ceuta Instituto de Geologia Marina

Tenerife Bolonia. Italia Jesus Angel ORTEA Paulo BORGES Universidad de Oviedo Jose TEMPLADO Universidad de Azores Asturias Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Alberto BRITO Javier F. ORTEGA Madrid Universidad de La Laguna Florida International Univer-

Tenerife sity Alejandro de VERA Museo de Ciencias Naturales Jose ESPINOSA Angel PEREZ-RUZAFA Tenerife Instituto Oceanologico Universidad de Murcia de La Hahana Murcia Wolfredo WILDPRET Cuba Universidad de La Laguna

Tenerife

-*—rsO):

PRESENTACION

Abordamos esta presentacion con la triste noticia del fallecimiento de nuestro Presidente. el Ilmo. Sr. D. Nacere Hayek Calil. quien fuera fundador y principal impulsor. junto a una serie de notables profesores de las dos universidades canarias. de la Academia Canada de

Ciencias. asi como Director de la re\ ista que los lectores tienen en sus manos. El secretario que suscribe y todo el Comite Editorial, queremos significar nuestro pesar por la perdida de un cientifico de gran altura y proyeccion en los niveles nacional e intemacional, asi como una figura humana irrepetible cuyo altruismo y solidaridad marcaron un camino a las nuevas ge- neraciones. Descanse en paz el laureado Profesor y continuemos su trabajo con el rigor y entusiasmo del que nos hizo participes.

Con objeto de poner la Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias (seccion de Bio- logia) al dia, publicaremos, en el corriente afio 2012. dos \olumenes: Vol. XXIII. que apare- cera en abril. y Vol. XXIV que vera la luz en diciembre del ano en curso.

Brevemente comentamos los contenidos del volumen XXIII (Num. 3). con 154 paginas que recogen nueve trabajos de investigacion y un elaborado articulo. en el apartado de His- toria y Filosofla de las Ciencias, sobre la importancia que los jardines botanicos europeos prestaban a la flora macaronesica.

La biodiversidad de la Macaronesia, Venezuela, Mexico. Cuba. Bahamas y otros en- claves del Caribe, estan recogidos en \ ariados aiticulos especializados. Destacamos la puesta al dia y recopilacion del material tipo de los nuevos taxones descritos en Aviceiinia {Revista de Biodiversidad Tropical) desde 1993 hasta su desaparicion en 2008; sin duda una valiosa herramienta de trabajo para los in\estigadores que dedican sus esfuerzos en las areas geogra- ficas citadas.

Vaya nuestro agradecimiento a los colaboradores que nos honran publicando en la presente Revista, que esta abierta a la comunidad cientifica intemacional y que cada ano gana en interes y sube peldafios en la excelencia y el rigor que demanda una tarea de esta en\ ergadura. Al propio tiempo agradecemos la asistencia y gran ayuda del equipo de evaluadores que ban coadyuvado con el Comite Editorial y el Comite Cientifico Intemacional en la seleccion de los trabajos, asi como a aquellas instituciones y entidades sin cuyo patronazgo nada seria posible.

Juan Jose Bacallado Ardnega Secretario de Redaccion

In memoriam

^t^^K'- f> i

Imo. Sr. Dr. D. Nacere Ha\ ek Calil (1922-2012)

El 17 de abril de 2012 fallecio en Santa Cvuz de Tenerife el Profesor Hayek. De padres libaneses, D. Nacere Hayek Calil habia nacido en Santa Cruz de Tenerife el 15 de septiembre de

1922. Fue Catedratico de la Universidad de Sevilla y, desde 1969 hasta su jubilacion en 1987. ocupo una Catedra de Analisis Matematico en la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Fue el fundador de la Facultad de Matematicas de la ULL y su primer Decano. Antes, como Delegado del Rec- tor de La Laguna. fue el primer Director y puso en marcha las Escuelas Tecnicas Superiores de Ingenieria y Arquitectura de Las Palmas de Gran Canada, gernien de su futura uni\ ersidad. Recordemos, en aras de la brevedad, solo dos de las contribuciones mas importantes del Pro- fesor Hayek en la consolidacion de los esmdios matematicos en Canarias y. por tanto. de la moder- nizacion de la ULL. Primero con\ iene recordar que estos estudios comenzaron en la uni\ersidad lagunera en el curso 1969-70. cuando el Profesor Joaquin Cascante logro que el Ministerio de Edu- cacion autorizara la imparticion de las asignaturas correspondientes al segundo y tercer cursos. Estos cursos. junto con el Selectivo de Ciencias o de Escuelas Tecnicas. confomiaban el primer ciclo de la licenciatura de Matematicas. Cuando el Profesor Cascante se traslado a la Universidad de Barce- lona, quedo como unico Catedratico de Matematicas en la ULL el Profesor Hayek, quien hubo de emplear todas sus intluencias —a la sazon era Decano de la Facultad de Ciencias— para que el Mi- nisterio extendiera aquella autorizacion a las disciplinas de los cursos cuarto y quinto. es decir. del segundo ciclo. Asi consiguio que la licenciatura en Matematicas se pudiera realizar enteramente en nuestra universidad. Ello conllevo. de una parte, una espectacular mejora en la docencia de las matematicas en Canarias. pues pronto los institutos de bachillerato empezaron a recibir especialistas en esa materia y. de otra. facilitaron la incorporacion de la licenciamra de Fisica a la lista de titu- laciones de la ULL y al inicio de la in\ estigacion en diferentes areas de las Matematicas. En segundo lugar. otra de las contribuciones mas notables de D. Nacere —asi le llamaban sus alumnos— fue la consecucion del nue\ o edificio para las facultades de Matematicas y Fisica. Una tarea en absoluto facil. porque la politica del equipo rectoral de aquella epoca era que las aulas de clase estuvieran en el conocido como "Edificio Calabaza" —donde ya se encontraban. por cierto— y aprovechar los barracones de la primera sede el Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (lAC), que se trasladaba por entonces a su actual ubicacion en el banio de Gracia. para despachos de los profesores. Estos barracones eran autoconstrucciones obsoletas y desvencijadas, por lo que no constimian ninguna solucion. Por fm. siendo Rector de la ULL el Profesor Jose Carlos Alberto

Bethencourt. en el aiio 1986 se acordo iniciar la constmccion de un nuevo edificio para las facultades de Matematicas y Fisica en el solar dejado libre por el lAC. Esta edificacion constaba de tres plantas: la baja. para laboratorios: la primera. con aulas de clase. aula magna y conserjeria: la segunda. para biblioteca y sala de estudios. Hubo que seguir negociando hasta anadir tres plantas mas. para los distintos departamentos de Matematicas y Fisica. En 1991 se inaugura la acmal sede de las facultades de Matematicas y Fisica, conocida como "Edificio Blanco", una de las construccio- nes mas modemas y funcionales de nuestra Uni\ersidad.

Ill .

Su campo de investigacion se centro en las funciones especiales, las transformaciones integrales clasicas y en espacios de distribuciones, el calculo operacional, el calculo fraccionario y la aproximacion tipo Fade, habiendo publicado mas de un centenar de trabajos de investigacion. Creo escuela. Dirigio 20 tesis doctorales y 55 tesinas de licenciatura. De estos 20 doctores, 10 son catedraticos de Universidad, 3 de Escuelas Universitaria y 7 son profesores titulares de Universidad.

Fue Academico Correspondiente de la Real Academia Espafiola de Ciencias Exactas, Fisi- cas y Naturales (2004). Recibio el Premio Canarias de Investigacion e Innovacion (1999), la Me- dalla de Oro de la ULL (1988) y la Gran Cruz de la Orden "Islas Canarias" (2002). Pero ademas de una larga, brillante y fructifera can^era universitaria, el Profesor Hayek desempeno un papel central en la fundacion de la Academia Canada de Ciencias. Ciertamente, fue su perseverancia y su tenaz insistencia lo que propicio, con el apoyo de un reducido grupo de ac- tuates academicos, la creacion de esta institucion por parte del Gobiemo de Canarias. En unas condiciones lamentables, sin sede ni personal administrativo alguno, el solo, con la ayuda al principio del desaparecido Dr. Duchemin y mas tarde del Dr. Breton, lograron mantener viva y visible esta organizacion. En los ultimos aiios su despacho, mas que una dependencia universitaria, parecia un almacen, lleno de revistas, libros, cajas repletas de pertenencias de nuestra Academia, adosadas a las paredes o puestas sobre los sillones. Era practicamente imposible llegar hasta su mesa, abarro- tada en un autentico caos de papeles, libretas, libros... Y, enfrente, una foto suya con el celebre matematico frances Rene Thom, creador de la teoria de las catastrofes. Resultaba aleccionador, en este entomo caotico, ver al tandem Hayek-Breton llenando sobres con invitaciones para una sesion academica, una convocatoria de Junta o de envio e intercambio de la Revista de la Academia (por cierto, 22 numeros en estos momentos). O solicitando subvenciones al Gobiemo de Canarias, Ca- bildo de Tenerife y CajaCanarias. . Lamentablemente fallecio sin ver cumplido su deseo de que la Academia dispusiese de un local, de una sede minimamente decente, lo que resulta vital para la buena organizacion y super- vivencia de esta institucion.

Comparti con el Maestro 43 afios de mi vida universitaria, contando desde mi etapa de alumno de su asignatura Analisis Matematico III (Ecuaciones Diferenciales) y puedo dar fe de su entrega, dedicacion, preparacion y capacidad de trabajo, asi como de su bonhomia y actitud dia- logante y respetuosa con todo el mundo, independientemente de su ideologia. Quizas por ello dis- fruto hasta el final de su vida del aprecio y cariiio no solo de sus alumnos sino de todos los profesores y personal universitario. Llamaba poderosamente la atencion su vitalidad y espiritu de superacion ante los numerosos achaques que sufrio, especialmente en los ultimos afios. jTardaba casi media hora en llegar desde el aparcamiento de las facultades de Matematicas y Fisica hasta su despacho, pero no fallaba: venia a la Facultad casi todos los dias hasta que cumplio 88 ahos! Un ejemplo para todos.

Con su desaparicion la ULL pierde a una de sus figuras mas representativas: un excelente docente, un investigador prestigioso y una persona de una gran dimension humana. Y la Academia, a su gran baluarte y principal valedor. Porque el Profesor Hayek era un punto de referenda en la sociedad canaria, particularmente de la tinerfena. Su obra esta ahi. Nosotros estamos obligados a seguir su estela y a continuar trabajando con el entusiasmo y energia que le caracterizaban. Descanse en paz.

Jose M. R. Mendez Perez Presidente en funciones de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias

IV CURRICULUM SINTETIZADO DEL DR. D. NACERE HAYEK CALIL

SINOPSIS BIOGRAFICA

De padres libaneses, nacc en Santa Cruz de Tenerife el 15 de septiembre de 1922. Efectuo sus primeros estudios en el Colegio San Ildefonso de Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Curso los estudios de Bachillerato en los Institutes de Ensefianza Media de la plaza de Ireneo Gonzalez de Santa Cruz y en el Cabrera Pinto de La Laguna. Realize la Licenciatura en Ciencias Matematicas en la Uni- versidad de Barcelona.

DOCENCIA

Doctor en Ciencias Matematicas (sobresaliente cum laiide) por la Universidad de Barcelona.

Profesor Encargado de la Catedra de Matematicas del Institute Cabrera Pinto de La La- guna (1959, 1960). de la Escuela Tecnica de Aparejadores de La Laguna (desde 1960 hasta el anol966) y de la Escuela Superior de Nautica (afios 1964 y 1965). Profesor de Matematicas de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Uni\ ersidad de La Laguna desde 1957 a 1967 (Encargado de Catedra en los anos 1960. 1961. 1962. 1963 y 1964). Profesor Ad- junto de Matematicas de la Universidad de La Laguna (1965. 1966). Catedratico de la Universi- dad de Sevilla (afios 1967 y 1968). Catedratico de la Universidad de La Laguna desde el curso 1968-69 hasta su jubilaci6n

(1987). Creador e impulsor de la Facultad de Matematicas de la citada Universidad.

Como Delegado del Rector de La Laguna fiae el primer Director que puso en marcha las Es- cuelas Tecnicas Superiores de Ingenieria y Arquitectura (actualmente Uni\ ersidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canada) (1969-70).

Director del Departamento de Analisis Matematico (1970 hasta 1987) e impulsor de seis lineas de investigacion en los siguientes campos: Funciones especiales (clases tipo Bessel): Trans- formaciones integrales (tipo Hankel) en espacios de distribuciones; Calculo Operacional: Operadores diferenciales en Calculo Fraccionario: Aproximacion Pade: tratamiento numerico de ecuaciones funcionales.

Decano de la Facultad Ciencias (Secciones de Quimicas, Biologicas y Matematicas) de la Universidad de La Laguna de 1971 a 1975.

Decano de la Facultad de Matematicas desde su creacion (1978-1987).

INVESTIGACION

Ha dirigido 20 tesis doctorales (6 de ellas con Premio Extraordinario) y unas 55 tesinas de licenciatura. De estos doctores, 13 son hoy catedraticos de universidad (incluidos 3 de Escuela Universitaria). Los demas son actualmente profesores titulares universitarios. Autor de 8 obras: Una introduccion al Analisis Matematico (1988). Ecuaciones diferenciales integrahles mediante funciones de Bessel-Clifford (1989). Transformadas integrales para las funciones de Bessel-Cli(ford (\9^5), "Historia de la Facultad de Matematicas" (tomo III, vol. I. en

Historia de la Universidad de La Laguna, 1998. Litografia Romero). Los origenes de la matemci- tica moderna (1975). Tahlas de las funciones de Bessel-Clifford (1970). Estudio de una ecuacion diferencial relacionada con la de Bessel {\967). Acmalmente pendiente de publicacion una mono- grafia sobre Lasfunciones de Bessel-Clifford: teoriay aplicaciones (aproximadamente 400 paginas). Autor de mas de 100 articulos de in\"estigaci6n publicados en revistas especializadas. Autor de casi 400 trabajos de recension y critica en las revistas de mayor relevancia mun- dial: 191 tn Mathematical Revie\vs {EE.\]\}.) y 173 en Zentralblatt fiir MatJwmatik {AWmania). Miembro del Consejo Editorial de \ arias revistas intemacionales de Matematicas y referee de numerosas publicaciones. Sus trabajos son citados en diversas obras (V. Kiryakova, 1994; S.B. Yakuvovich, 1996;. A. Kilbas, Rodriguez Vidal, etc.); revisiones y articulos de investigacion por autores y/o grupos de varios paises (H.M. Srivastava, Harold Exton, S. Kalla, entre otros) y en muchos articulos recientes se exponen y manejan resultados de varios trabajos suyos. La Universidad de La Laguna edito (1990) una obra homenaje en la que se incluyen apoitaciones de destacados profesores y autores dedicandole articulos de investigacion para rendir tributo a su personalidad cientifica y academica. Director-Editor de la Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias (1989-2012).

Coeditor de algunas obras, entre ellas Extrapolation and Rational Approximation, Inter.

Math Sci., v. 3 (1992), Baltzer, Basel (Switzerland).

OTRAS ACTIVIDADES DOCENTES E INVESTIGADOR.4S

Ha impartido cursos de Doctorado tanto en la Universidad de La Laguna como en la de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Asimismo, desde 1972 hasta 1987 desan-ollo cursos de fomiacion y ac- tualizacion del profesorado (ICES La Laguna y Las Palmas). Ha pronunciado numerosas conferencias y dirigido seminarios de matematicas en diversas universidades espanolas y centros educativos por expresa invitacion. Ha fonnado parte de numerosos tribunales de catedras de universidad, profesores agrega- dos y titulares universitarios, asi como de tesis doctorales, la mayoria de ellos como presidente. Igualmente ha presidido un buen numero de comisiones organizadoras de congresos matematicos. Ha participado y presentado comunicaciones en multiples congresos y simposios naciona- les, asi como en congresos intemacionales de matematicas (Francia, Portugal, Luxemburgo, Rusia,

Cuba, etc.).

- Director responsable de Acciones Integradas (investigacion) con varias universidades extranje-

ras (Lille, Oporto, entre otras).

- Coordinador del C.O.U. de Matematicas del Distrito Universitario de La Laguna (1971-1995).

- Organizador de las Olimpiadas Matematicas en Canarias (1971-1998).

- Vicepresidente de la Real Sociedad Matematica Espaiiola (Distrito de La Laguna) (1970-1998).

- Medalla de Plata de la R.S.M.E., 2002.

- Miembro de varias sociedades intemacionales de matematicas, asi como de diversas sociedades y corporaciones culturales canarias: Instituto de Estudios Canarios, Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais, Liceo Taoro (Socio de Honor), Hidalgos de Nivaria, y otras.

DISTINCIONES Y NOMBRAMIENTOS

- Profesor Emerito de la Universidad de La Laguna ( 1 987-20 1 0).

- Medalla de Oro de la Universidad de La Laguna (1988).

- Premio Canarias de Investigacion e Innovacion (1999).

- Gran Cruz de la Orden "Islas Canarias" (Gobiemo Autonomo Canario, 2002).

- Presidente de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias (1987- 2012).

- Academico Numerario (fundador) de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias (1987-2012).

- Academico Numerario de la Real Academia de Medicina de Canarias (1985-2012).

- Academico Correspondiente de la Real Academia Espaiiola de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Na- turales (2004).

- Academico Correspondiente de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina (1986-2012).

- Academico Correspondiente de la Real Academia Sevillana de Ciencias (1991-2012). - Academico CoiTcspondiente de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Fisico-Quimicas y Na- turales de Zaragoza (1992-2012).

- Miembro de Honor de la Sociedad Espanola de Investigacion Operativa (1978).

VI SECCION

BIOLOGIA

1 Rev. Acad. Canar. Cienc, XXIII (Num. 3), 1-24 (201 1 ) (publicado en abril de 2012)

LEPTOLAIMIDS (NEMATODA, LEPTOLAIMLNA) FROM THE CANARY ISLANDS

R. Riera *, J. Nunez- & >1.C. Brito-

' Centro de Investigaciones Medioambientales del Atlantico (CIMA SL) Arzobispo Elias Yanes. 44. 38206 La Laguna. Tenerife. Canar\ Islands. Spain

- Benthos Lab. Department of .Animal Biology. Faculty of Biology University of La Laguna. 38206 La Laguna. Tenerife. Canan. Islands. Spain *corresponding author: rodrigo(a cimacanarias.com

RESUMEN

Siete especies pertenecientes al suborden Leptolaimina fueron colectadas durante un estudio ecologico de los fondos blandos en la costa sur de la isla de Tenerife (islas Canarias). Dos de estas especies {Dasyuemoides sp. y Metadasynemella sp.) fueron detenninadas a ni\el generico por la falta de material en buenas condiciones. Las especies restantes fueron Cama- colaimus tardus De Man, 1889. Ceramonema yiinfengi Piatt & Zhang, 1982, Diodontolaimus sabulosits Southern. 1914 Tanriia aff. peruvensis Nichols & Musselman. 1979 y Southeruia zosterae AWgQn, 1929. Se realiza una descripcion detallada. figuras y datos meristicos de cada una de las especies, asi como datos autoecologicos de las localidades de muestreo. Palabras clave: Nematoda. Leptolaimina. \ida libre. fondos blandos. Tenerife. islas Canarias.

ABSTR.\CT

Seven species belonging to the suborder Leptolaimina were collected during an ecological study of the soft-bottoms on the south coast of Tenerife. Canar\' Islands. Two of these

species {Dasyuemoides sp. Metadasynemella sp.) were detemiined to genus le\ el due to the lack of material in good conditions. The remaining species were Camacolaimus tardus De Man, 1889, Ceramonema yunfengi Piatt & Zhang. 1982. Diodontolaimus sahulosus Southern. 1914 Tanaia aff. peruvensis Nichols & Musselman. 1979 and Southernia zosterae Allgen, 1929. Descriptions, figures and meristic data of each species are presented, as well as. autoecological data of the sampling stations.

Key words: Nematoda. Leptolaimina. Free-li\ ing. soft-bottoms. Tenerife. Canary Islands.

INTRODUCTION

The suborder Leptolaimina Lorenzen. 1981 comprises a heterogeneous group of gen-

era with rather few characters in common, that are all those taxa of the order Chromadorida

11 which do not belong to the suborders Chromadorida and Desmoscolecina (Lorenzen [9]). Some common features could be cuticle always striated, labial sensilla minute or inconspic- uos, outer labial and cephalic setae in different circles and cephalic ones usually longer than outer labial setae. In addition, amphids are ventrally-spiral or non-spiral, buccal cavity minute and, in most of the cases, tubular. Males have two testes and females two ovaries. During an ecological study of the intertidal and shallow subtidal soft-bottoms from two stations on the south coast of Tenerife, several specimens belonging to the suborder Lep- tolaimina were collected. A more detailed study revealed that those individuals belong to 7 different taxa: Camacolaimus tardus De Man, 1889, Ceramonema yunfengi Piatt & Zhang, 1982,

Dasynemoides sp., Diodontolaimus sabulosus Southern, 1914, Metadasynemella sp., South- ernia zosterae AWgQn, 1929 and Tarvaia aff. peruvensis Nichols & Musselman, 1979.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Samples were collected in soft-bottoms of the intertidal and shallow subtidal (3 m deep), of Los Abrigos (SE Tenerife) and Los Cristianos (SW Tenerife). 4.5 inner diameter PVC cores were taken to a depth of 30 cm in the sediment. These samples were fixed with 10% formaldehyde in seawater for one day and decanted through a sieve of 63 mm mesh size, and posteriorly preserved in 70% ethanol. Specimens were mounted in glycerine gel and drawings of these were done using a camera lucida on a Leica DMLB microscope equipped with No- marski interference contrast. All measurements are in micrometers and curves structures are measured along the arc.

To assess the granulometric composition of the sediment, ca. 1 00 g of sediment from each monthly sample was oven dried at 105°C, passed through a graded series (2 mm, 1 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.125 mm and 0.063 mm) of sieves, and then weighted (Buchanan [5]). The method of Walkley & Black [17] was used to determine the organic matter content (% OM) of the sediment. Total nitrogen (%) was determined following the Kjeldahl method (Bradstreet [4]).

SYSTEMATICS

Subclass CHROMADORIA Pearse, 1 942

Order CHROMADORIDA Chitwood, 1 933 Suborder LEPTOLAIMINA Lorenzen, 1981 Family Leptolaimidae Orley, 1880

Genus Camacolaimus De Man, 1889 Camacolaimus tardus De Man, 1889

(Fig. l,Tab. 1)

Camacolaimus tardus De Man [6] 184, fig. 2 a-e; Wieser [18] 27, fig. 198 a-g; Vitiello [16] 681,fig. 24a-d.

Camacolaimus australis AWgQn [2] 125, fig. 17 a-e.

Meristic data and studied material.- Tenerife, Abrigos intertidal: august 2000, 1 male ((j\) and 1 juvenile (Juvenil 1).

12 Description.- Male. Body slender, tappering towards both ends. Head slightly round and not set off. Cuticle annulated, lacking lateral differentiation. Amphids are 46% of the correspon-

ding body diameter in width, round and unispiral. located at 1 \im from the anterior end. Buc- cal cavity narrow, with a style-like tooth. Inner and outer labial setae absent. 4 cephalic setae

0.9 anal diameters long, located in the anterior part of the head. Subcephalic setae lacking. Pharynx slender and cylindrical.

The reproductive system is diorchic with two anterior testes. Spicules 1.4 anal diameters long, paired, arcuated and without capitulum. Gubemaculum 0.6 anal diameters long, with a dorsoventrally directed apophysis. Precloacal supplements absent. Tail 4.4 anal diam-

eters long, cylindrical with posterior tip consisting of thin cuticle. Caudal setae lacking. Spin- neret developed.

Discussion.- Canarian specimens present a larger gubemaculum and a dorsolaterally directed apophysis, being dorsocaudally directed in individuals from other geographical areas. Cephalic setae are larger (0.9 cephalic diameters) compared to british specimens (0.6 cephalic diameters) (Piatt & Warwick [12]).

1 Juvenile 1

Total body length 1433 1314.3 a 33.4 33.5

b 6.3 5.9

c 12.6 15.3 Cephalic diameter 16 39.3

Outer labial setae — 7.1

Cephalic setae 14.3 8.6

Buccal cavity diameter 2.9 7.1 Amphid diameter 5.7 5.7 Amphid height 5.7 5.7

Amphid from anterior 2.9 4.3 Pharynx length 228.6 221.4 Phar\'nx cbd 39.3 39.3 Maximum body diameter 42.9 39.3

Spicule length 37 Gubemaculum length 17

s' 1.4

Tail length 114 85.7

Anal body diameter 26 32.1

c" 4.4 2.7

Spicule length/Tail length 0.3

Table 1.- Measurements of Camacolaimus tardus in |.im.

Ecology.- This species was collected in medium sands (Qs^ = 0.38). with a ver\' good selec-

tion (Sq = 0.87). The organic matter content was 1.11 % and carbonates percentage was 5. 1 3%.

13 Distribution.- Cosmopolitan (Lorenzen [9]). This species is first recorded from the Canary Islands.

Figure 1.- Camacolaimus tardus. Male. A. Anterior end. B. Posterior end. Scale A = 12 |im, B = 19 fim.

Diodontolaimus sabulosus Southern, 1914

(Fig. 2, Tab. 2)

Diodontolaimus sabulosus Southern [15] 31, fig. 11; Piatt & Warwick [12] 420, fig. 196; Palacin[ll]319.

Meristic data and studied material.- Tenerife, Abrigos intertidal: June 2000, 1 male (c5^1) and 1 juve-

nile (Juvenile 1), april 2001, 1 male {S2).

Description.- Male: Body slender, attenuating on both ends. Head set off Cuticle annulated, without lateral differentiation. Amphids 26% of the corresponding body diameter in width,

unispiral, located at 2 \m\ from the anterior end. Buccal cavity conical, with a noticeable dorsal

tooth. Inner and outer labial setae lacking. 4 cephalic setae 0.9 cephalic diameters long, situated in the median part of the head. Subcephalic setae absent. Ventral gland and nerve ring not seen.

Reproductive system not discernible. Spicules 1 anal diameter long, paired, arcuated with a capitulum. Gubernaculum 0.3 anal diameters long, with a dorsoventrally directed apophysis. 13 precloacal supplements 23 |im long, being the posteriormost located at 29 jam

from the cloaca. Tail 1.8-2.1 anal diameters long, conical with an acuminated tail tip. Caudal setae lacking. Spinneret inconspicuous.

Discussion.- Canarian specimens bear 13 precloacal supplements, being observed 9 or 11

precloacal supplements in this species (Southern [15]; Vitiello [16]). Moreover, a papilla lo-

cated between 4°-5° precloacal supplement (Vitiello [16]) is lacking in the studied material.

Ecology.- This species was collected in medium sands (Q50 = 0.32-0.36), with a very good selection (Sq = 0.79-0.84). The organic matter content ranged from 0.96% to 1.30% and carbonates percentage varied between 4.44% and 6.15%.

Distribution.- Amphiatlantic (Hopper & Myers [7]; Piatt & Warwick [12]). Mediterranean Sea(Palacin[ll]).

14 1 2 Juvenile 1

Total body length 3442.9 2714.3 1600 a 45.9 42.2 26.7

b 11.5 31.1 7.5

c 37.1 47.5 21.3 Cephalic diameter

14 14.3 10

Cephalic setae

13 13.1 17.1

Buccal ca\ ity diameter 5.7 7.1 4.3

Amphid diameter 7.1 7.1 7.1

Amphid height 7.1 5.7 4.3 Amphid from anterior 4.3 4.3 Pharynx length 300 87.1 214.3 Pharynx cbd 64.3 57.1 57.1 Maximum body diameter 75 64.3 60

Spicule length 53 44.3

Gubemaculum length 16.1 12.4

s' 1 1.1

Tail length 92.9 87.1 75 Anal body diameter 51 41.5 53.6

c' 1.8 2.1 1.4

Spicule length Tail length 0.6 0.5

Table 2.- Measurements of Diodontolaimiis sabiilosus in |im.

Distribution.- This species is first recorded from the Canary Islands.

Figure 2.- Diodontolaimiis sahiilosiis. Male. A. Anterior end. B. Posterior end. Scale A = 10 um. B = 15 }.un.

15 Family Tarvaiidae Lorenzen, 1981

Tarvaia 2iii. peruvensis Nichols & Musselman, 1979

(Fig. 3; Tab. 3)

Taj-vaia peruvensis Nichols & Musselman [10]: 125, fig. 1 a-c; Lambshead [8]: 67, fig. 8 a-f.

Meristic data and studied material.- Tenerife, Abrigos subtidal: June 2000, 1 juvenile (Juvenile 1).

Description.- Juvenil: Body slender, tappering towards both ends. Head round, slightly set off with a cephalic capsule. Cuticle ornamented with transversal annulations, lateral differentiation lacking. Amphids are 86% of the corresponding body diameter in width, large, "U-inverted" shape, located at 4 |im from the anterior end. Buccal cavity small and enlarged, without noticeable teeth. Inner and outer labial setae absent. 4 cephalic setae 1 .3 head diameters long, situated in the anterior half of the cephalic capsule. Subcepahlic setae lacking. Pharynx slender and cylindrical. Reproductive system not devel- Juvenile 1 oped. Precloacal supplements absent.

Tail 3.9 anal diameters long, cylindrical, Total body length 1342.9 with posterior tip truncated. Caudal setae a 44.8 lacking. Spinneret developed. b 10.5

Discussion.- The examined specimen c 18.4 closely resembles Tarvaia peruvensis Cephalic diameter 46.4

Nichols & Musselman, 1979 in amphid Inner labial setae 15 shape, the presence of a anterior cuticu- larized shield and having amphids inside Cephalic setae 19 the cephalic capsule. This species was determined as Tan^aia aff. pruvensis due Amphid height 12.9 to the lack of aduh specimens. Amphid from anterior 30

Ecology.- This species was collected in Pharynx cbd 128 medium sands (Q50 = 0.26), with a very Maximum body diameter 35 good selection (Sq = 0.75). The organic Vulva from anterior 35 matter percentage was 1 .54% and 6.84% %V nd of carbonates content. Spicule length nd Gubemaculum length Distribution.- East Pacific (Nichols &

Musselman [10]). This species is first Tail length recorded in the Atlantic Ocean. Anal body diameter 72.9 c' 18.6

Spicule length/Tail length 3.9 Total body length

Table 3.- Measurements of Tarvaia aff. peruvensis in |am; nd= no discernible.

16 Figure 3.- Tonaia aff. peruvensis. Juvenil. A. Anterior end. B. Posterior end. Scale = 15 urn.

Family Aegialoalaimdae Lorenzen, 1981 Soiithernia zosterae Allgen. 1929 (Fig. 4. Tab. 4)

Southenua zosterae W\%Qn [1] 427, fig. 3; Allgen [3] 148. fig. 74 a. b. Soiithernia rubra Schulz [14] 405, fig. 41 a-e.

Meristic data and studied material.- Tenerife. Abrigos siibtidal: October 2000. 1 male (fl)-

Description.- Male: Body slender, slightly tappering towards both ends. Head round and not set otY. Cuticle annulated with trans\ ersal striations. lacking lateral differentiation. Amphids are 63% of the corresponding body diameter in widht. simple, strongly cuticularised (in plaque) and round, located at 5 um from the anterior end. Buccal ca\ity minute and unarmed.

Inner and outer labial setae absent. 4 cephalic setae 0.5 head diameters long, located at the median part of the head. Subcephalic setae absent. Phar\'n.\ short, poorly de\ eloped and without define posterior bulb. Reproducti\ e system not discernible. Spicules 0.4 anal diameters long, paired, arcuated, proximally cephalated. Tail 2.3 anal diameters long, cylindrical \\ ith a rounded posterior tip. Precloacal supplements and caudal setae absent. Spinneret poorly developed.

Discussion.- This species is characterized by ha\ ing an amphid in plaque, gubernacular apophyses dorsocaudally directed and tail cylindrical with a rounded end.

Ecology.- This species was collected in tuie sands (Qso = 0.24). with a \er\' good selection (Sq = 0.73). The organic matter content was 0.51% and 4.61% of carbonates percentage.

Distribution.- East Atlantic Ocean (Piatt & Wanvick [12]). This species is first recorded in the Canary Islands.

17 -n

Total body length 1342.9 a 31.3 b 30.3

c 15.9 Cephalic diameter 20

Cephalic setae 10

Amphid diameter 22.9 Amphid height 21

Amphid from anterior 7.1 Pharynx length 44.3 Pharynx cbd 32.9 Maximum body diameter 42.9

Spicule length Gubemaculum length 47

s' 20

Tail length 1.3

Anal body diameter 84.3

c' 36

Spicule length/Tail length 2.3

Total body length 0.6

Table 4.-. Measurements of Soiithernia zosterae in |im.

Figure 4.- Soiithernia zosterae. A. Anterior end. B. Posterior end. Scale A = 25 |im, B = 32 [im.

18 Family Ceramonematidae Cobb, 1933 Ceramonema yunfengi Piatt & Zhang, 1982 (Fig. 5, Tab. 5)

Ceramonema yunfengi Piatt & Zhang [13]: 236, fig. 5; Piatt & Warwick [12]: 466, fig. 219.

Meristic data and studied material.- Abrigos subtidal: July, 1 female (^ 1), October, 1 female ( ^2).

Description.- Female: Body slender, attenuating on both ends. Head slightly round, not set off and with a cephalic capsule. Cuticle ornamented with transversal ridges, lateral differentiation lacking. Amphids are 30% of the corresponding body diameter in width, "U-inverted" shape, located at 16 |im from the anterior end. Buccal cavity and inner labial setae absent. 6 outer labial setae 0.7 cephalic diameters long and 4 cephalic setae 0.8 cephalic diameters long, situated in the media part of the head capsule. Subcephalic setae lacking. Pharynx slender and cylindrical. Reproductive system not discernible. Vulva located at the level of the 38% of the total body length. Tail 3.8-5.4 anal diameters long, slender and cylindrical, with conical posterior tip. Caudal setae absent. Spinneret poorly developed.

x\ ^2

Total body length 1200 1671.4

a 28 34.9

b 10.2 12.8

c 6.2 12.2 Cephalic diameter 23 35.7

Inner labial setae 17.1 21.4

Cephalic setae 11.9 12.9

Subcephalic setae 14.6 15

Amphid diameter 7.1 10

Amphid height 11.4 10.7

Amphid from anterior 15.7 14.3

Pharynx length - 14.3 Pharynx cbd 117.9 130.7 Maximum body diameter 39.3 28.9 Vulva from anterior 42.9 47.8 %V 457.1 nd Spicule length 38.1 nd

Tail length

Anal body diameter 192.9 137.1

c' 35.7 35.4

Spicule length/Tail length 5.4 3.8

Table 5.- Measurements oi Ceramonema yunfengi in |.im; nd= no discernible.

19 Discussion.- This species is characterized by having amphids "U-inverted" shape, cuticular ornamentation formed by ridges, and by the outer labial and cephalic setae arrangement. Ca- narian specimens have a De Man index (a= 28-35) shorter than british individuls (a=54-78), and females tail length (4-5 anal diameters long) are less developed than british ones (11-12 anal diameters long) (Piatt & Zhang [13]).

Figure 5.- Ceramonema yiinfengi. Male. A. Anterior end. B. Posterior end. Scale = 12 fim.

Ecology.- This species was recorded in median sands (Q50 = 0.24), with a very good seclec- tion (Sq = 0.73-0.75). The organic matter content ranged from 0.51% to 0.78% and carbonates percentage varied between 4.61% and 5.47%.

Distribution.- East Atlantic (Piatt & Zhang [13]). This species is first recorded in the Canary Islands.

Dasynemoides sp.

(Fig. 6, Tab. 6)

Meristic data and studied material.- Tenerife, Cristianos subtidal: October 2000, 1 female ($1).

Description.-

Female: Body slender, tappering towards both ends. Head round, slightly set off, with a cephalic capsule. Cuticle ornamented with transveral striations. Amphids 40% of the corresponding body diameter in width, unispiral and located at 10 fim from the anterior end. Buccal cavity and

inner labial setae lacking. Six outer labial setae, 1 . 1 cephalic diameters long. Four cephalic setae, 1.6 head diameters long, situated in the median part of the cephalic capsule. Subcephalic setae absent. Pharynx slender and cylindrical. Ventral gland and nerve ring not seen.

20 The reproductive system is diorchic 1 with two reflexed ovaries. Vulva located at the level of 56% of the total body length. Tola! body length 1385.7 Tail 5.5 anal diameters long, cylindrical, a 35.3 with round posterior end. Caudal setae ab- b 10.2 sent. Spinneret poorly developed. c 15.7

Cephalic diameter 11

Discussion.- The studied specimen resembles Dasynemoides alhaensis (War- Outer labial setae 12 wick & Piatt, 1973) in total body length Cephalic setae 18 and the arrangement of outer labial and cephalic setae as well as in amphid size Amphid diameter 5.7 and shape. However, females of D. al- Amphid height 10 baensis present a larger and more cuticu- Amphid from anterior 15.7 larized cephalic capsule. Canarian Pharynx length 135.7 Phar>nx cbd 32.1 specimen was determined to genus level Maximum body diameter 39.3 due to former reasons and due to the lack Vuh a from anterior 771.4 of males in good conditions. «/0 V 55.7

Ecology.- This species was collected in Tail length 88 fine sands (Q50 = 0. 1 6), with a very good Anal body diameter 16 selection (Sq = 0.58). The organic matter c" 5.5 percentage was 0.67% and carbonates Spicule lengthTail length content was 24.52%.

Table 6.- Measurements of Dasynemoides sp in fim. Distribution.- This genus is first recorded in the Canarv Islands.

Figure 6.- Dasynemoides sp. Female. A. Anterior end. B. Posterior end. Scale A = 15 \xm. B = 30 ^m.

21 Metadasynemella sp.

(Fig. 7, Tab. 7)

Meristic data and studied material.- Tenerife, Abrigos intertidal: november 2000, 1 female ($1); Cris- tianos subtidal: february 2001, 1 female ($2).

Description.- Female: Body slender, tappering towards posterior end. Head not round, not set off with a developed cephalic capsule. Cuticle ornamented with transversal striations. Amphids are 24% of the corresponding body diameter, round and simple, located at 14 |im from the anterior end. Buccal cavity and inner labial setae absent. Outer labial and cephalic setae situated in the same level. Outer labial setae 0.6 cephalic diameters long and 4 cephalic setae 0.2 cephalic diameters long, located at the anterior part of the head capsule. Subcephalic setae lacking. Pharynx slender and cylindrical. Ventral gland and nerve ring not seen. Reproductive system and vulva not discernible. Tail 4.6 anal diameters long, cylindrical with acuminated posterior tip. Caudal setae absent. Spinneret poorly developed.

$1 $2

Total body length 1757.1 1857.1 a 43.8 43.3 b 12.6 14.9

c 14.9 13.7 Cephalic diameter 22.9 24.6

Cephalic setae 13.8 14.3

Subcephalic setae 6 5.7

Amphid height 10 11.4

Amphid from anterior 11 10 Pharynx length 14 14.5 Pharynx cbd 139.3 125 Maximum body diameter 39.3 35.7 Vulva from anterior 40.1 42.9 %V Spicule length nd nd Gubemaculum length nd nd

Tail length Anal body diameter 117.9 135.7

c' 26.1 28.7

Spicule length/Tail length 4.5 4.7

Table 7.- Measurements of Metadasynemella sp in (im.

Discussion.- The studied specimens are closely related to Metadasynemella picrocephala (Haspeslagh, 1973) in amphid shape and cephalic setae length. However, M. picrocephala

22 has a more cuticularised cephalic capsule and broaden transversal striations. The remaining species of the genus are characterized by having shorter cephalic setae (< 0.5 head diameters long) and amphids ''U-inverted" shape. Canarian specimen has been determined to genus level due to the lack of males.

= Ecology.- This species was recorded in the intertidal of Los Abrigos in medium sands (O5,, 0.38), with a very good selection (Sq = 0.87). The organic matter content was 1.07% and 5.12% of carbonates percentage. In the subtidal of Los Cristianos was recorded in fine sands (Q50 ^ 0.18), with a very good selection (Sq = 0.73). The organic matter content was 0.33% and 23.08% of carbonates percentage.

Distribution.- This senus is first recorded in the Canarv Islands.

Figure 7.- Metadasynemella sp. Female. A. Anterior end. B. Posterior end. Scale A = 20 |.im. B = 25 \xm.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The first author (R.R.) thanks P.J. Somerfield (Plymouth Marine Laboratory. UK) for taxonomical advice during the beginning of his research on free-living marine nematodes. Authors also acknowledge Dr. Catalina Pastor de Ward (Centro Nacional Patagonico, Ar- gentina) for interchange of ideas and encouragement.

REFERENCES

[1] ALLGEN, C. 1929. Neue freilebende marine Nematode von der Westkiiste Schwedens.

Zoo/. J/). 5m., 57:431-496.

[2] ALLGEN, C. 1932. Weitere Beitrage zur kenntnis der marinen Nematodenfauna der Campbell-insel. Nyt. Mag. Naturvid, 70: 97-198.

23 [3] ALLGEN, C. 1935. Die freilebenden Nematoden des Oresunds. Capita. ZooL, 6(3): 1-192.

[4] BRADSTREET, R.B. 1965. The Kjeldahl Method for Organic Nitrogen. AcadQmicPvQss, New York: 121-125

[5] BUCHANAN J.B. 1984. Sediment analysis. In: Holme N.A. & A.D. Mclntyre (eds), Methods for the study of marine benthos, pp. 41-65. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

[6] DE MAN, J.G. 1889. Especes et genres nouveaux de Nematodes libres de la mer du Nord et de la Manche. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., 2: 1-10

[7] HOPPER, B.E. & S.R MYERS. 1 967. Folicolous marine nematodes on turtle grass Tha- lassia testudinum (Konig), in Biscayne Bay, Florida. Bull. Mar Sci., 17(2): 471-517.

[8] LAMBSHEAD , R 1981. A revision of the genus Tai^aia AWgQn 1934 (Nematoda: Tar-

vaiidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 73: 259-272.

[9] LORENZEN, S. 1969. Freilebende Meeresnematoden aus dem Schlickwatt und den

Salzwiesen der Nordseekiiste. Veroff. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerh., 11: 15-238.

[10] NICHOLS, J. A. & M.R. MUSSELMAN. 1979. Free-living marine nematodes from

sandy sediments off the coast of Peru (1). Cah. Biol. Mar., 20: 449-459.

[11] PALACIN, C. 1990. Estudio ecologico de la meiofaima bentonica de la Bahia de ElsAl- facs (Delta del Ebro). Ecologia y sistemdtica de las poblaciones de nematodos. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Barcelona, 406 pp.

[12] PLATT, H.M. & R.M. WARWICK. 1988. Free-living marine nematodes. Part II. British Chromadorids. Kermarck, D.M. & R.S. Barnes (eds.). Cambridge University Press. Lon- don, 501 pp.

[13] PLATT, H.M. & S. ZHANG. 1982. New species of marine nematodes from Loch Ewe, Scotland. Bull Br Miis. Nat. Hist. Zool, 42(4): 227-246.

[14] SCHULZ, E. 1932. Beitrage zur kenntnis mariner Nematoden aus der Kieler Bucht. Zool. Jb.Syst., 62: ^5\-A50.

[15] SOUTHERN, R. 1914. Clare Island survey. Archiannelida and Polychaeta. Proc. R. Acad.,?>\-\60

[16] VITIELLO, P. 1971. Nematodes libres marins des vases profondes du Golfe du Lion.

III. Monhysterida, Araeolaimida, Desmodorida. Tethys, 2: 647-690.

[17] WALKLEY, A. & LA. BLACK. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for de- termining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic and titration method. Soil Science, 37: 29-38.

[18] WIESER, W. 1956. Free-living marine nematodes. III. Axonolaimoidea and Monhys- teridea.^cto. Univ. Lund., 52(13): 1-115.

24 Rev. Acad. Canar. Cienc, XXIII (Num. 3), 25-28 (20 11) (publicado en abril de 2012)

Acanthopharynx affinis Marion, 1870 (NEMATODA: CHROMADORIDA: DESiMODORIDAE), A NEW RECORD OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN

Rodrigo Riera'*, Jorge Xuiiez- & Maria del Carmen Brito-

' Centre de In\estigaciones Medioambientales del Atlantico (CIMA SL) Arzobispo Elias Yanes. 44. 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

- Benthos Lab. Department of Animal Biology. Faculty of Biology University of La Laguna. 38206 La Laguna. Tenerife. Canarv' Islands. Spain *corresponding author: rodrigo(^cimacanarias.com

RESUMEN

Se recolecta por primera vez para el oceano Atlantico la especie de nematode Acau- thoparynx affinis Marion 1870. anteriormente recolectada en el mar Mediterraneo. Se realiza una descripcion de la especie, y se detallan las medidas de los caracteres taxonomicos mas importantes. Ademas, se muestran datos sobre los factores sedimentarios de la localidad de estudio.

Palabras clave: Nematoda. X^QsmodoviddiQ, Acanthophaiynx , \ ida libre. Tenerife, islas Canarias.

ABSTRACT

The nematode species Acanthopaiyux affinis Marion 1870 is collected for the first time in the Atlantic Ocean, fonnerly only recorded in the Mediterranean Sea. A description and measurements of the most important taxonomical characters are presented. Furthennore, abiotic data of the sampling station are reported. Key words: Nematoda, Desmodoridae, Acanthophaiynx, free-living. Tenerife. Canar\' Islands.

1. INTRODUCTION

The genus Acanthophaiynx Marion, 1 870 is characterized by having a set off head and developed cephalic capsule. 4 outer labial setae located at the median region of the head, sometimes at the same level as cephalic ones. Amphids situated in the cephalic capsule. Pre- cloacal supplements tubular. Males with one reflexed testis and females with two reflexed ovaries. This genus resembles Desmodora, however, oesophageal bulb is very long, almost half length of oesophagus in Acanthophaiynx (Piatt & Warwick [3]). The most important tax- •

25 onomic characters of this genus are (i) pre- and postoamphidial setae, (ii) amphid size, (iii) presence or not of supplements and postanal papillae (Wieser [6]). Up to now, the genus Acanthophaiynx Marion, 1870 comprises 12 species: A. affinis Marion, 1870, A. brachycapitata (Allgen, 1947), A. denticulata Wieser, 1954, A. japonica Steiner & HoeppH, \926,A. merostomacha (Steiner, 1921),^. micans (Eberth, 1873),^. mi- cvamphis Stekhoven, 1942, A. mida (Cobb, 1920), A. peravmata Marion, 1870, A. rigida Stekhoven, 1950,^. setosissima Stekhoven, 1943 m\dA. similis (Allgen, 1932).

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Samples were collected in the intertidal and shallow subtidal soft-bottoms of Los Abri- gos (SE Tenerife) and Los Cristianos (SW Tenerife). PVC cores of 4.5 cm of inner diameter were taken to a depth of 30 cm in the sediment. These samples were fixed with 10% formaldehyde in seawater for one day and decanted through a sieve of 63 mm mesh size, and posteriorly preserved in 70% ethanol. Specimens were mounted in jelly glycerine gel and drawings of these were done using a camera lucida on a Leica DMLB microscope equipped with No- marski interference contrast. All measurements are in micrometers and curves structures are measured along the arc.

Abbreviations used in the text are: a, body length divided by maxium body diameter; b, body length divided by pharyngeal length; c, body length divided by tail length; c', tail length divided by anal body diameter; cbd, corresponding body diameter; m, male; s', spicule length divided by anal body diameter; %V, position of vulva as a percentage of body length from anterior.

3. SYSTEMATICS

CHROMADORIDA Chitwood, 1933 CHROMADORINA Filipjev, 1928 DESMODORIDAE Filipjev, 1922 Acanthophaiynx Marion, 1870

Acanthophaiynx afflnis Marion, 1870

(Fig. l,Tab. 1)

Acanthopharynx affinis Marion [1]: 36-37, pi. K, fig. 4-4b; Schuumars-Stekhoven [4]: 243, fig. 13a-c; Palacin [2]: 33, fig. 2e-f

Meristic data and studied material.- Abrigos intertidal: november 2000, 1 male (ml); Cristianos intertidal: august 2000. 1 male (m2); Cristianos subtidal: October 2000, 1 male (m3).

Description.- Male: Body slender and tappering towards both ends. Head slightly round, not set off and cephalic capsule evident. Cuticle with fine transversal striations, lateral differentiation absent. Amphids are 25% of the cbd, unispiral, located at 5 \xm from anterior end. Buccal cavity small, with one noticeable dorsal tooth. Inner labial setae absent. Outer labial and cephalic setae equal, 0.3 cephalic diameters long, very numerous (20-30). These setae are situated at

26 the same level and located in the ml m2 m3 median part of the head capsule. Subcephalic setae 4-7 |im long, situ- Total body length 1442.9 2028.6 1800

ated at 6-12 |im from the body a 23.9 31.6 25.2

anterior end. Pharynx slender and b 6.3 7.1 7.5

cylindrical. Oesophageal bulb very c 22.9 21.8 20.3 long. Ventral gland and nerve ring Cephalic diameter 25.9 35.7 30

not seen. Inner labial setae 31 35.7 40

The reproductive system is Outer labial setae - - -

monorchic with one retlexed testis. Cephalic setae 7.1 7.1 7.1

Spicules are 1 anal diameter long, Subcephalic setae 7 8.6 10

paired and arcuated, with a capitu- Buccal ca\ it\' diameter 4 6.4 7.1 lum. Gubemaculum 0.4 anal diame- Amphid diameter 5.7 12.9 10 ters long, small and without apoph- Amphid height 8.6 8 8

ysis. 9-14 tubular precloacal Amphid from anterior 4.3 3 4

supplements. Tail 1.5 anal diameters Phar\ n\ length 5.7 7 8

long, short and conical with trun- Phar> n.\ cbd 228.6 285.7 239.3

cated posterior tip. Caudal setae lack- Maximum body diameter 57.1 60.7 60.7 ing. Spinneret inconspicuous. VuK a from anterior 60.3 64.3 71.4 %V Discussion. The different species Spicule length 43 58.2 50.2 belonging to the genus Acan- Gubemaculum length 24.3 18.6 35.7

thophannx can only be distin- s" 1 1.4 1.1 guished after subtile taxonomic Tail length 63 92.9 88.6 characters, since they resemble each Anal body diameter 41 60.7 53.6 other very much (Schuurmas- c' 1.5 1.5 1.6 0.- Stekhoven [5]). Howe\er. canarian Spicule length Tail length 0.7 0.9

specimens fit well with mediter- Table Measurements of Acanthoplniiyn.x affinis Marion. 1870 ranean individuals (Palacin [2]) in [xm. though several differences can be discerned between them. The spicules in canarian specimens are less developed than mediterranean indi\ iduals, as well as, the development of the capitulum (anterior end of the spicules). Gubemaculum is slender in canarian specimens and almost triangular in mediteiTanean individuals. However, the fomier differences could be partially due to a bad fixation of individuals in gelly glycerine. Moreover, mediterranean specimens are larger than canarian (2.45-2.93 V5 1.44-2.03 mm), thus, there are differences in De Man indexes betw een both groups.

Ecology.- In Los Abrigos intertidal this species was collected in well sorted medium grained

sands with an organic matter content of 0.88% and 4.44° o of carbonates. In Los Cristianos intertidal this species was collected in well sorted fine grained sands with an organic matter content of 0.39% and 25.13% of carbonates. In the subtidal of this location, this species was

recorded in well sorted fine grained sands with an organic matter content of 0.64° o and 25.30% of carbonates.

Distribution.- Mediterranean Sea (Marion [1], Schuumars-Stekho\en [4], Palacin [2]). This

species is first recorded in the Atlantic Ocean.

27 Figure 1.- Acanthophaiynx affinis Marion, 1870. Male. A. Anterior end. B. Posterior end. Scale = 30 |im.

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The first author (R.R.) thanks P.J. Somerfield (Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK) for taxonomic advice during the beginning of his research on free-living marine nematodes. Au- thors also acknowledge Dr. Catalina Pastor de Ward (Centro Nacional Patagonico, Argentina) for interchange of ideas.

5. REFERENCES

[1] MARION, A.F: 1870. Addition aux recherches sur les nematoides libres du golf de Mar-

seille. ^/7/2. Sci. Nat. 14(1): 1-16.

[2] PALACIN, C. 1985. Nematodos marinos de las algas fotofilas del litoral de Menorca II. Chromadorida y Monhysterida. Misc. ZooL, 9: 31-48.

[3] PLATT, H.M. & R.M. WARWICK. 1 988. Free-living marine nematodes. Part II. British Chromadorids. Synopses of the British Fauna n°38: 1-502.

[4] SCHUUMARS-STEKHOVEN, J.H. 1942. The free-living marine nematodes of the

Mediterranean. II. The Balearic Islands. Zoologische Mededelingen, 23: 229-262.

[5] SCHUUMARS-STEKHOVEN, J.H. 1 950. The free-living marine nemas of the Mediter-

ranean. I. The Bay of Villefranche. Mem. Inst. R. Sci. Nat. Belg. 2 Ser(17): 1-220.

[6] WIESER, W. 1954. Free-living marine nematodes. II. Chromadoroidea. Acta. Univ. Limd.,50{\6y. 1-148.

28 Rev. Acad. Canar. Cienc, XXIII (Num. 3), 29-38 (201 1 ) (publicado en abril de 2012)

THREE NEW RECORDS OF THE GENUS Sahatieria Rouville, 1903 (NEMATODA, CHROMADORIDA, COMESOMATIDAE) FROM THE CANARY ISLANDS

Rodrigo Riera'*, Jorge Nunez- & Maria del Carmen Brito-

' Centre de Investigaciones Medioambientales del Atlantico (CIMA SL) Arzobispo Elias Yanes. 44, 38206 La Laguna. Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

- Benthos Lab. Department of Animal Biology. Faculty of Biology Uni\ersity of La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna. Tenerife. Canar\ Islands. Spain *corresponding author: rodrigo(acimacanarias.com

RESUMEN

Se citan, por primera vez para el archipielago canario. tres especies de nematodos pertenecientes al genero Sabatieha: S. celtica Southern, 1914, 5. lougisetosa (Kreis. 1929) y 5c/- batieria sp., recolectadas en sedimentos intemiareales y submareales someros de dos playas de la isla de Tenerife. Se muestran las descripciones, figuras e infomiacion meristica de cada una de las especies, asi como datos autoecologicos. Palabras clave: Nematoda, Comesomatidae. Sahatieria, fondos blandos, Tenerife. islas Canarias.

ABSTRACT

Three species of the genus Sabatievia: S. celtica Southern .1914, 5. lougisetosa (Kreis,

1929) and Sabatieha sp., are recorded for the first time from Canary Islands, collected from intertidal and shallow subtidal soft-bottoms of the island of Tenerife. Descriptions, figures and meristic data are reported as well as autoecological data. Key words: Nematoda, Comesomatidae. Sabatieha. soft-bottoms, Tenerife. Canary Islands.

INTRODUCTION

The genus Sabatieha Rouville, 1903 is characterized by having a cuticle ornamented with transversely punctations, lacking longitudinal rows of dots, andbuccal cavity cup-shaped.

Cephalic setae is larger than outer labial setae. Spicules are short. Testes (in males) and o\ aries

(in females) are two, opposed and outstretched. Piatt [4] divided this genus in 5 groups:

29 - Armata group. Cephalic setae long (< 1 ,7 cephalic diameter). Subcephalic setae present. Tubular precloacal supplement.

- Celtica group. Amphids multispiral (3 rounds). Precloacal supplements conspicuous. Gubernacular apophysis bent.

- Ornata group. Posterior group of more closely spaced precloacal supplements sepa-

rated from the rest.

- Praedatvix group. Tubular of pore-like precloacal supplements. - Pulchra group. Relatively few (5-9) usually conspicuous precloacal supplements. Paired and short subcephalic setae.

This genus comprises so far 51 species:

-Armata group, 6 species: S. arcuata Wieser, 1954, S. armata Gerlach, 1952, S. elon-

gata Jayasree & Warwick, 1977, S. longispinosa Lorenzen, 1972, S. migrans Jensen & Gerlach, 1977 and S. supplicans Gerlach, 1956.

- Celtica group, 4 species: S. celtica Southern, 1914, S. furcillata Wieser, 1954, S. kel-

letti Piatt, 1983, S. pisinna Vitiello, 1970, and S. strigosa Lorenzen, 1972.

- Ornata group, 4 species: S. abyssalis (Filipjev, 1918), S. longisetosa (Kreis, 1929),

S. macramphis Lorenzen, 1972 and S. ornata (Ditlevsen, 1918).

- Praedatrix group, 30 especies." S. alata Warwick, 1973, S. ancudiana Wieser, 1954,

S. bitumen Botelho, Da Silva, Morgado-Esteves & Fonseca-Genevois, 2007, S. con- icauda Vitiello, 1970, S. coomansi Chen & Vincx, 1999, S. demani Bresslau & Stekhoven, 1935, S. dodecaspapillata (Kreis, 1929), S. exilis Botelho, Da Silva,

Tosta-Sobral & Fonseca Genevois, 2009, S. falcifera Wieser, 1954, S.flecha Pastor

de Ward, 2003, S. fidelis Botelho, Da Silva, Tosta-Sobral & Fonseca-Genevois, 2009,

S. granifer Wieser, 1954, S. heipi Chen & Vincx, 2000, S. intermissa Wieser, 1954, S. lawsi Piatt, 1983, S. lepida (Vitiello, 1976), S. lucia Muthumbi, Soetaert & Vincx, 1997, S. lyonessa Warwick, 1977, S. maboyae Gourbault & Vincx, 1990, S. parabyssalis Wieser, 1954, S. paracupida Wieser & Hopper, 1967, S. paradoxa

Wieser & Hopper, 1967, S. paraspiculata Botelho, Da Silva, Morgado-Esteves &

Fonseca-Genevois, 2007, S. praedatrix De Man, 1907, S. sanjosensis Pastor de Ward,

2003, S. spiculata Botelho, Da Silva, Morgado-Esteves & Fonseca-Genevois, 2007,

S. stekhoveni WiXiqWo, 1970, S. subrotundicauda Botelho, Da Silva, Morgado-Esteves

& Fonseca-Genevois, 2007, S. triplex Wieser, 1954 and S. vasicola Vitiello, 1970. -Pulchra group, 7 species: S. breviseta Stekhoven, 1935, S. maboyae Gourbault &

Vincx, 1990, S. mortenseni (Ditlevsen, 1921), S. propisinna Vitiello, 1976, -S". pul-

chra (Schneider, 1906) and S. punctata (Kreis, 1924).

- Sabatieria aspera Sergeeva, 1972, S. effilata Stekhoven, 1950, S. possjetiva

Platonova, 1971, 5*. praebosporica Sergeeva, 1972, S. quadripapillata Filipjev, 1922,

S. rota Gerlach, 1957 and S. sarcina (Vitiello, 1976) are considered species in- quirenda {Plan, 1985).

During an ecological study of the soft-bottoms from two localities on the south coast of Tenerife, several specimens that belong to the genus Sabateria were collected. Three species were identified, Sabatieria celtica Southern, 1914, Sabatieria longisetosa (Kreis, 1929) and

Sabatieria sp.

30 1

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Samples were collected in the intertidal and shallow subtidal. at 3 m deep, soft-bottoms of Los Abrigos (SE Tenerife) and Los Cristianos (SW Tenerife). PVC cores of 4.5 cm of inner diameter were taken to a depth of 30 cm in the sediment. These samples were fixed with \0% formaldehyde in seawater for one day and decanted through a sie\e of 63 mm mesh size, and posteriorly preser\ ed in 70% ethanol. All specimens w ere mounted in glycerine gel and drawings of these were done using a camera lucida on a Leica DMLB microscope equipped with Nomarski interference contrast. All measurements are in micrometers and cur\ e structures are measured along the arc.

Abbreviations used in the text are: a. body length divided by maximum body diameter: b, body length di\ ided by phar\^ngeal length: c. body length di\ ided by tail length; c". tail length divided by anal body diameter: cbd. corresponding bod\ diameter: s\ spicule length di\ ided by anal body diameter; %V. position of \ul\a as a percentage of bod\ length from anterior.

SYSTE\LATICS

CHROMADORIDA Chitwood. 1933 CHROMADORINA Filipjev. 1928 COMESOMATIDAE Filipjev. 1918 Sabcitieria Rou\ille. 1903

Sabatieria celtica Southern. 1914

(Figs 1 &2:Tab. 1)

Sabatieria celtica Southern [6]: 25. fig. 8 a-d: Plan [4]: 57. figs. 6 e. 16. 18 e-g. tab. 5: Piatt

& Warwick [5]: 210. fig. 93: Hua & Zhang [2]: 30. fig. 4.

Sabatieria longiseta Steiner [7]: 593. fig. 22 a-d.

Meristic data and studied material.- Abrigos subtidal: June 2000. 2 males ( : 1 and 5) and 1 female

(91). October 2000. 2 females (12 and 24). november 2000. 1 male (f 2). april 2001. 1 female (^5):

Cristianos subtidal: may 2000. 2 males ( : 3 and 4). march 2001. 1 female (^3).

Description.-

Male: Body slender, tappering towards both ends. Head slightly round and not set off. Cuti- cle annulated and ornamented with trans\ erse rows of dots; fewer rows or large dots laterally. Amphids are 55% of the corresponding body diameter in width, multispiral. 2.5 rounds, located at 7 |im from the anterior end. Buccal cavity conical and small. 6 inner labial setae inconspicuous. 6 outer labial setae 3 ).im long, sometimes not discernible. 4 cephalic setae 1.8-2 cephalic diameters long, situated at the anterior half of the head. Subcephalic setae 0.7-0.9 cephalic diameters long, located at 18 |im from the anterior body end. Phar\nx slender and cylindrical. Ventral gland and ner\ e ring not seen.

The reproducti\e system is diorchic with two extended testis, difficult to discern.

Spicules 1 .3 anal diameters long, paired and arcuate, w ith a short central projection at the proximal end. Gubemaculum de\ eloped w ith a straight and narrow dorsal apophysis. 1 8-2 small tubular precloacal supplements, which can be easily o\erlooked. Tail 2.7-3.6 anal di-

31 ameters long, slender and cylindrical with a slightly expanded distal end. 2 caudal setae 1 7 jim long. Spinneret developed.

Female: Total body length slightly larger than in males (2. 1-2.9 mm), with a longer tail (4.7-

4.8 anal diameters). Cephalic setae less developed (20-21 |j,m). Outer labial and subcephalic setae lacking. The reproductive system is didelphic, with two outstretched ovaries, difficult to discern. Vulva located at 49.2-50.1% of the total body length.

Discussion.- This species presents important intraspecific variations, especially in cephalic and subcephalic setae length. Sabatieria celtica Southern, 1914 is characterized by having spicules proximally expanded, although Chen & Vincx [1] noticed some individuals lacking this character. Gubemacular apohysis is straight in canarian specimens, being curved gubernacular apophyses a typical character of the celtica group (Piatt [4]).

Ecology.- In the subtidal of Los Abrigos was recorded in fine sands (Q50 = 0.24), with a very good selection (Sq = 0.73). The organic matter content was 0.51% and 4.61% of carbonates percentage. In the subtidal of Los Cristianos was collected in fine sands (Q50 = 0.16), with a very good selection (Sq = 0.58). The organic matter content was 0.73% and 24.96% of carbonates percentage.

Distribution.- Cosmopolitan (Piatt [4]).

Sabatieria longisetosa (Kreis, 1929)

(Fig. 3; Tab. 2)

Sabatieria longisetosa.- Piatt [4]: 61, fig. 17, tab. 16; Piatt & Warwick [5]: 212, fig. 94 f-g.

Parasabatieria longisetosa Kreis [3]: 89, fig. 40 a-d.

Meristic data and studied material.- Abrigos subtidal: may 2000, 4 males (6^1, c5^2, (5^3 and S^)\ Cris- tianos subtidal: february 2001, 1 male (o5).

Description.- Male: Body slender, attenuating on both anterior and posterior ends. Head round and slightly set off. Cuticle annulated and ornamented with homogeneous punctations, lateral differend- ation not seen. Amphids 93% of the corresponding body diameter in width, mulfispiral, 3 rounds, located at 6 ^im from the anterior end. Buccal cavity conical and small, without noticeable teeth. Inner labial setae lacking. 6 outer labial setae 2 jim long and 4 cephalic setae 1.4 cephalic diameters long, situated in the anterior half of the head. Subcephalic setae 9 |im long, located at 35 \im from the anterior body end. Short scattered somatic setae fairly numerous pharyngeal region but scarce in the rest of the body. Pharynx slender and cylindrical.

The reproductive system is diorchic with two opposed testes. Spicules 1 .6 anal diameters long, paired and arcuate, without capitulum. Gubemaculum 0.6 anal diameters long, with a distally curve aphopysis. 14 small tubular precloacal supplements, divided in two groups (5 + 9) broaden the posteriormost. Precloacal setae 3 |im long, located at 3 ^im from the cloaca. Tail 3.7-4.5 anal diameters long, cylindrical and slender with slightly swollen tail tip. 2 caudal setae 7 |im long. Spinneret developed. Females not found.

32 Discussion.- This species belongs to onuita group, characterized by having posteriormost precloacal supplements more closely situated than the remaining ones. Sabatieha longisetosa (Kreis, 1929) is defined by having 14 precloacal supplements and its tail length (4.1 anal diameters). Canarian indi\ iduals are larger ( 1 .6-2. 1 mm) compared to those collected in other atlantic regions (1.3-1.6 mm) and have spicules less developed in width (Piatt [4]).

Ecology.- In the intertidal of Los Abrigos this species was recorded in medium sands (Qsq =

0.36), with a very good selection (Sq = 0.86). The organic matter content was 1 .68% and 3.8% = of carbonates percentage. In the subtidal of Los Cristianos was collected in fine sands (O5,, 0.18), with a \ery good selection (Sq = 0.73). The organic matter content was 0.33% and 23.08% of carbonates percentage.

Distribution.- East Atlantic (Piatt [4]).

Sabatieria sp.

(Fig. 4; Tab. 3)

Meristic data and studied material.- Abrigos intertidal: may 2000, 1 female (^ 1); Abrigos subtidal: december 2000. 2 females (^2 and 23).

Description.- Males not found.

Female: Body slender, tappering towards both ends. Head round and slightly set off. Cuticle ornamented with homogeneous punctations, lateral differentiation difficult to discern. Am- phids 43% of the cbd in diameter, mulfispiral (2.5 rounds), located at 6 \im from the anterior body end. Buccal cavity conical and small, without de\ eloped teeth. Inner labial setae lacking. Outer labial setae 3 |im long and 4 cephalic setae 1 .5 cephalic diameters long, situated in the median part of the head. Subcephalic setae absent. Pharynx cylindrical and slender.

Reproductive system not discemable. Vulva located at 46.5-60% of the total body length. Tail 4.6 anal diameters long, cylindrical and filifonn in its posterior part, with swollen tail tip. 2 caudal setae 10 ^m long. Spinneret developed.

Discussion.- Sabatieha sp. can be differenciated from the remaining species of the genus in its tail length (4.5-5.4 anal diameters), amphid size (43% cbd in diameter) and outer labial setae ( 1 .5 anal diameters long). This species has been determined to genus le\ el due to the ab- sence of males.

Ecology.- In the intertidal of Los Abrigos this species was colected in medium sands (Q^q =

0.34-0.42), with a very good selection (Sq = 0.83-0.97). The organic matter content was 1 .33% and carbonates percentage ranged from 5.30% to 5.47%. In the subtidal of the same locality was recorded in medium sands (Q50 = 0.28), with a very good selection (S^ = 0.75). The organic matter content was 0.78% and carbonates percentage was 5.47%.

33 ACNOWKLEDGMENTS

Authors are grateful to Dr. M. Vincx and Tom Gheskiere (University of Ghent, Belgium) for providing laboratory and bibliography facilities. We also acknowledge Dr. Catalina Pastor de Ward (Centro Nacional Patagonico, Argentina) for her insightful comments and suggestions. To Alessandra Prates Botelho (University of Recife, Brazil) for encouragement and interchange of ideas relating to the genus Sabatieha.

REFERENCES

[1] CHEN, G. & M. VINCX. 1999. Nematodes from the Strait of Magellan and the Beagle Channel (Chile): the genus Sabatieria (Comesomatidae: Nematoda) with the description of Sabatieria coomansi n. sp. Hydrobiologia, 405: 95-1 16.

[2] HUA, E. & Z. ZHANG, 2007. Four newly recorded free-living marine nematodes (Comesomatidae) from the East China Sea. Journal ofOcean University of China, 6(1): 26-32.

[3] KREIS, H. 1929. Freilebende marine Nematoden von der Nordwestkuste Frankreichs (Trebeurden Cotes du Nord). Capita Zoology, 7(2): 1-98.

[4] PLATT, H.M. 1985. The free-living marine nematode genus Sabatieria (Nematoda, Comesomatidae). Taxonomic revision and pictorial keys. ZoologicalJournal ofthe Lin- nean Society, 82: 27-78.

[5] PLATT, H.M. & R.M. WARWICK. 1983. Free-living marine nematodes. Parti: British Enoplids. Kemiarck, D.M. & R.S. Barnes (eds.). Cambridge University Press. London, 307 pp.

[6] SOUTHERN, R. 1914. Clare Island survey. Archiannelida and Polychaeta. Proceedings

of the Royal Academy, 3 1 - 1 60

[7] STEINER, G. 1916. Freilebende Nematoden aus der Barentsee. Zoology^ Jb Systematics, 39:511-676.

34 i

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~~36 Figure 1.- Sahatieria celtica. Male. A. Anterior end. B. Pharynx, oesophageal bulb and cardias. Scale A = 15 jim. B~~

~~= 30 fim.~~

~~Figure 2.- Sahatieria celtica. Male .A. Spicule and gubemaculum. B. Posterior end. Scale = 20 um.~~

~~37 Figure 3.- Sabatieria longisetosa. Male. A. Anterior end. B. Posterior end. Scale A = 20 fim, B = 26 |im.~~

~~Figure 4.- Sahatieha sp. Female. A. Anterior end. B. Posterior end. Scale A = 20 |im, B = 26 \xm.~~

~~38 1~~

~~Rev. Acad. Canar. Cienc, XXIII (Num. 3), 39-44 (201 1) (pubiicado en abril de 201:~~

~~NOTAS EN OPISTOBR.\NCHIA (MOLLLSCA, GASTROPODA) I. SOBRE LA \ ALIDEZ DE LA ESPECIE Posterobranchiis orbignyamis ROCHEBRUNE, 1881 (CEPHALASPIDEA, AGLAJIDAE)~~

~~Ortea, J.', M. Caballer-, L. Moro^ & J. Espinosa^~~

~~' Departamento BOS, Universidad de Oviedo. 0\ iedo. Asturias. Espana Departamento de Oceanologia y Ciencias Costeras. IVIC. Ctra. Panamericana Km 11. Miranda, \enezuela~~

' Sen icio de Biodi\ ersidad. Gobiemo de Canarias, Avda. Anaga n° 35. Pi. 1 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Canarias. Espafia * Institute de Oceanologia. Avda. 1" xf 18406. E. 184 y 186. Playa. La Habana. Cuba

~~RESUMEN~~

El nombre Navauax aeuigmaticiis (Bergh. 1894) aplicado a poblaciones de babosas marinas con un diseno cromatico similar en 3 regiones biogeograficas distintas. ha sido re- cientemente di\idido, en tres nombres. uno por region: Navauax gemmatus (Morch 1863)

(Region Caribeiia). .V. aeuigmaticiis (Bergh. 1894) (Region Panamica) y Navauax uyauya- uiis (Edmunds 1968) (Region Atlantica Tropical Oriental). Se propone la revalidacion del nombre Navauax orbiguyauiis (Rochebrune, 1881) para la especie africana al tener prioridad sobre P. uyauyauus y ser perfectamente reconocible con los datos aportados en la descripcion original. Se designa un neotipo para darle estabilidad. Palabras clave: Moluscos, sistematica, Aglajidae, Navauax. Posterohrauchus orbiguyauiis. neotipo. islas de Cabo Verde.

~~ABSTRACT~~

The name Navauax aeuigmaticiis (Bergh. 1894) has been applied to populations of marine slugs with a common color design inhabiting 3 biogeographic regions. Recently it has been elucidated that for each region a different name should be applied: Navauax gemmatus (Morch 1863) (Caribbean Region). N. aeuigmaticus (Panamic Region) and Navauax uyauyauus (Edmunds 1968) (Tropical East Atlantic Region). We propose the reinstatement of the name Navauax orbiguyauus (Rochebnme, 1881) for the african species due to its pri- ority over P. uyauyauus. N. orbiguyauus is easily recognizable with the data pro\ ided in the original description. A neotype is designated to give stability to the name. Key >vords: Mollusca. systematics. Aglajidae. Navauax. Posterobrauchus orbiguyauus. neotype. Cape Verde island.

~~39 )~~

~~1. INTRODUCCION~~

El presente trabajo es el primero de una serie de notas sistematicas cuyo contenido creemos que debe de ser destacado al margen de una simple discusion parcial, dentro de un articulo, cuya amplitud podria enmascarar su importancia; la especie que se pretende validar, Poste- vobranchiis orbignyanus Rochebrune. 1881 es una de las primeras babosas marinas descritas en las islas de Cabo Verde en cuya zona de mareas es abundante, segun nuestra experiencia.

Reconocida por autores contemporaneos de Rochebrune [16], fue luego ignorada sis- tematicamente por autores posteriores. entre ellos Gosliner [7] [8] y Valdes [17] que llaman a la especie de Ghana y Cabo Verde. Navanax aenigmaticus (Bergh, 1894), cuya localidad tipo se encuentra en la Bahia de Panama (Oceano Pacifico), y cuya distribucion comprenderia segun estos autores el Pacifico tropical americano. desde Panama a Peru, las islas Galapagos, el mar Caribe y las costas africanas de Ghana y Cabo Verde. Tambien fue ignorada por Ed- munds [6] que describio Chelidonwa ivyalna Edmunds, 1968, de Ghana, una especie sinonima de la descrita por Rochebrune [14] en Cabo Verde.

Omelas-Gatdula, Camacho-Garcia, Schrodl, Padula, Hooker, Gosliner y Valdes [10], mediante un estudio genetico, contradicen la tesis de Gosliner [7] y Valdes [17] y establecen que en cada region biogeografica hay una especie diferente pero proponen conservar el nombre de

Edmunds [6] para los animales africanos. estimando que es el primer nombre reconocible de esta especie en ese litoral. en detrimento de Posterobnmchiis orbignyanus Rochebrune, 1881, especie cuya propuesta de validacion constituye el objetivo de la presente nota sistematica.

~~2. SISTEMATICA~~

~~Orden CEPHALASPIDEA Fischer, 1883 Familia AGLAJIDAE Pilsbry, 1895~~

~~Genero A^flvfl/ifljc Pilsbry, 1895~~

~~Navanax orbignyanus (Rochebrune, 1881)~~

~~(Lamina 1~~

Material examinado: Cabo Verde: isia de Boavista. Sal Rei (16°1 ri5,18"N 22°55'6,42"0), charcos de la zona de mareas, 3 ejemplares de 17-22 mm y 1 ejemplar de 35 mm. Isla de Brava, Cala Margarita (14°52"12.06"N 24°43'58.86"'0), un ejemplar de 20 mm. Isla de San Vicente, Salamanca (16°54'22.56"N 24°56'31.9r'0). un ejemplar de 10 mm. Isla de Maio, un ejemplar en 18 mm en un charco de marea. Isla de Santa Lucia. 6 ejemplares de 15 a 28mm en charcos de marea.

~~Isla de Santiago, Praia, llheu de Santa Maria, (14°5431,07"N 23°30'26,47"O). intennareal, dos ejemplares de 1 8 mm en un fondo lleno de conchas vacias de Twritella spp.~~

~~Ghana: Takoradi (4°52'29,57"N l°45'58,6r'0). en grandes charcos de marea junto a la desemboca- dura del rio, 3 ejemplares de 18 a 20 mm.~~

Al no estar disponible el tipo de Rochebrune (Valdes y Heros [18]) y para dar estabilidad al nombre se designa como neotipo un ejemplar de 1 8 mm colectado en la localidad tipo de la especie, llheu de Santa Maria. Praia. Isla de Santiago (Islas de Cabo Verde), que se deposita en las colecciones de moluscos del Museo Nacional de Historia Namral de Paris (MNHN), Francia.

~~40 Descripcion: Ver [6] (como Chelidonura nyanyana Edmunds, 1968).~~

~~Discusion: La descripcion original de N. orbiguyamis publicada en 1881 [14: p. 265. pi. 18, f. 5), dice literalmente:~~

~~P. - Corpore crasso, siibrotundo; pede ciirto, subbipartito, nigrescente, striatidato: lobis~~

~~postehoribiis leviter elevatis, nigro violdceo, longitudinaliter lineis flavescentibus, irregidah- bus, interniptis picto; pallium ad marginen denticulato, griseo viridescente.~~

~~Long. 0,0014; -Lat.0'00 11~~

~~Hab. - Rade de Santiago, M. de Cessac. - Mus. Paris.~~

~~Corps epais, ovoide; pied court, a peine divise en dessous, noirdtre, strie, a stries rayon-~~

~~nantes ; lobes posterieures legerement eleves : d 'un noir violet, orne longitudinalement de lig-~~

nes irregulieres, interrompues, jaundtres ; bords du manteau ondules, assez epais, d'un gris verddtres. Cette espece ne presente aucune analogic avec les autres especes du meme genre, et se dis- tingue par sa forme et sa coloration.

Ademas, Rochebrune [15] repite la publicacion del texto de la descripcion en latin al aiio siguiente, en la pagina 28, apartado VI, especie 15 del Bulletin Societe Philomanthiqiie, Paris. Sesion del 29 de octubre.

Posteriormente, Tryon y Pilsbry [16: p. 239, PL. 54. Fig. 3] reconocen la especie de Ro- chebrune [14], que incluyen en el genero Aglaja Renier, 1804 como A. orbiguyaua Roche- brune, publicando la siguiente descripci6n de la especie en ingles:

Body thick, ovoid; foot short, sub-bipartite below, blackish striated with radiating striae; posterior lobes visibly elevated, ofa black violet, ornamented longitudinally with irregular interrupted yellowish lines; margins ofmantle undulated, quite thick, greenish gray. Length 14, width 11 mill. Road ofSantiago, Cape Verde Archipelago (Cessac).

Con esta publicacion Tryon y Pilsbry [16] ademas de reconocer la especie de P. orbiguyamis, traducen su descripcion al ingles para que pueda ser reconocida por los autores de la epoca que no dominan idiomas cultos como el latin o el frances, pero la incluyen en el genero Aglaja sin justificacion y sin discutir la sinonimia de Posterobranchus con Aglaja. dejando libre la propuesta de Pilsbry [13: p. 131] para introducir el genero Navanax. especie tipo Strategus inermis Cooper, 1862, localidad tipo Bahia de San Diego, USA.

Previamente, James G. Cooper [2: p. 202] crea el genero Strategus Cooper, 1862, especie tipo Strategus inermis Cooper, 1862, a partir de ejemplares de la Bahia de San Diego, pero un aiio mas tarde, en la sesion anual de la Academia de Ciencias de California de 1 863

[3: 58], al estar preocupado el nombre por Strategus Kirby, 1828, un escarabeido, propone el genero Navarchus sin dar caracteristicas y le asigna la especie Navarehus inermis, citando ademas un ejemplar de Catalina Island, para el que no encuentra diferencias con los de San

Diego. La aportacion de Pilsbry [13], en el curso de la elaboraci6n del Vol XVI del Manual of Conchology, es darse cuenta de que Navarchus Cooper, 1863 estaba a su vez preocupado por Navarchus Filippi & Verany, 1 859, un genero no valido de pez Actinopterigio, y propone sustituirlo i^ox Navanax Pilsbry, 1895, sin explicaciones. La introduccion de Navanax se hace en la seccion Notes and news, p. 131, sin firma por lo que se atribuye a Pilsbry [13] al ser el editor de The Nautilus, el texto dice lo siguiente:

Navarchus- In working upon the Tectibranchs for Vol. Xll ofthe Manual ofConchology. I find that the name Navarchus. applied to a group ofDoridiidce, is preoccupied. I propose, therefore, to substitute Navanax, the t\pe being N. inermis Cooper

41 Es oportuno senalar que apenas un ano antes, Bergh [1] consideraba valido Navarchus y estudiaba en detalle Navarchus inermis (Cooper, 1862) antes de describir Navarchus aenigmaticus Bergh, 1894, en el Pacifico americano.

~~Posterobranchaea maculata d'Orbigny, 1837 [4, p. 201], ademas de ser la especie tipo de Posterobranchia {=Posterobranchus) es la primera referenda escrita a la especie de Bergh~~

[1] (TV. enigmaticus) pero d'Orbigny [4] propuso un genero inutil, ya que interpreto el animal al reves, situando el pie en el dorso y la branquia y los organos reproductores a la izquierda, llegando incluso a proponer la familia Sinistrobranchidae para este genero dentro de Orden

Tectibranchiata, [5: pp. 43 y 57]. Ortea, Moro y Espinosa [12] propusieron mantener el genero Navanax, como el mas usado, por la confusion que habian generado las distintas grafias del genero Posterobran- chaea/ Posterobranchia!Posterobranchus, aunque ninguna de las especies americanas, ni africanas haya sido descrita originalmente en el; a la luz de los datos publicados por Tryon y Pilsbry [16] y despues de haber realizado un revision historica de la literatura, creemos debe de ser respetada la opinion de dichos autores y mantener el genero Navanax. Segun Tryon y Pilsbry [16: p. 57] las caracteristicas del genero Navanax Pilsbiy, 1895 son: Body elongated, similar in general characters to Aglaja, but anterior angles of head shield produced to form short involute rhinophores . Shell as in Aglaja. Type N. inermis Co- oper Y las diferencias entre uno y otro [16: p. 43]:

~~Genus Aglaja Renier, 1807: Head-shield without rhinophores orfrontal processes Genus Navanax Pilsbiy, 1895. Head-shield with the frontal lateral angles produced into rhi-~~

~~nophores, as in Pleurobranchus.~~

~~La especie caribeiia, descrita como Doridium (Posterobrachaea) gemmatum Morch,~~

1863 [9: p. 25], localidad tipo Saint Thomas, fue considerada tambien una especie de Aglaja por Tryon y Pilsbry [16: 56]. Ortea y Espinosa [1 1] y Ortea, Moro y Espinosa [12] conside- ran que su nombre correcto seria Navanax gemmatus (Morch, 1863) coincidiendo con Ome- las-Gatdula et al. [10] y su distribucion iria desde la Florida al sur del Brasil, este nombre tendria a su vez prioridad sobre Posterobranchus punctilucens Bergh. 1893, cuya localidad tipo esta tambien en Saint Thomas. De acuerdo con lo anterior y teniendo en cuenta que:

1. La especie de Rochebrune [14] fue considerada valida por sus contemporaneos ya que Tryon y Pilsbry [16] publicaron su descripcion en ingles en el Manual ofCon- chology, aunque lo hicieron como una especie de Aglaja, no de Navanax. 2. Solo hay una especie de Navanax {=Posterobrachus) en las costas de Ghana y Cabo Verde, (no hay error de colecta), la cual es comun en la zona de mareas y alcanza los 35 mm de longitud, siendo 20-22 mm la talla mas frecuente segun nuestras ob- servaciones, por lo que el animal de Rochebrune [14] de 14 mm fijado es necesa- riamente esa especie y no otra. 3. Que Omelas-Gatdula et al. [10] no tienen en cuenta la opinion de Tryon y Pilsbry

~~[16: p. 232] validando la especie de Rochebrune [14], a la hora de establecer los nombres de las especies de Navanax que estudian.~~

~~Entendemos que la especie de las costas africanas de Ghana y Cabo Verde debe 11a- marse Navanax orbignyanus (Rochebrune, 1 88 1) en lugar de Navanax nyanyanus (Edmunds,~~

~~1968) como proponen Omelas-Gatdula et al. [10], que pasaria a la sinonimia segun la ley de prioridad.~~

~~42 .~~

~~En la lamina 1, se ilustra esta especie a partir de ejemplares de Ghana y de la localidad tipo de la especie: Santiago, Cabo Verde, de donde se designa el neotipo.~~

~~BIBLIOGRAFIA~~

~~[ 1 ] BERGH, R. 1 894. Die Gruppe der Doridiiden. Mittheihmgen aiis der Zoologischen Sta-~~

~~tion zu Neapel, Ziigleich ein Rcpertoriwn fur Mittelmeerkiinde, 6: 107-135, lamina 8.~~

~~[2] COOPER, J.G. 1862. On some new genera and species of California, Mollusca. Proce-~~

~~edings of the California Academy ofSciences, ser. 1, vol II: 202-207.~~

~~[3] COOPER, J.G. 1868. On new and rare mollusca inhabiting the coast of California - No.~~

~~II. Proceedings of the California Academy ofSciences, ser. 1, vol. Ill: 8, 56-60.~~

~~[4] D'ORBIGNY. A. 1837. Voyage dans I'Amerique Meridionale, 5(3): Mollusqiies. Li- braire Artus Bertrand. Paris, pp. 185-376.~~

~~[5] D'ORBIGNY. A. 1 845. Moluscos. Tomo V. En: Historiafisica, politica y natural de la isla de Cuba. Ramon de la Sagra (Ed). Libraire Artus Bertrand. Paris, 376 pp.~~

~~[6] EDMUNDS, M. 1968. Opisthobranchiate Mollusca from Ghana. Proceedings ofthe Ma- lacological Society ofLondon, 38, 83-100.~~

~~[7] GOSLINER, T.M. 1980. Systematic and phylogeny of the Aglajidae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 68: 325-360.~~

~~[8] GOSLINER, T.M. 1991. The opisthobranch gastropod fauna of the Galapagos Islands.~~

~~En: Topics in Geobiology, Vol. 8. Galapagos marine invertebrates: taxonomy, biogeo-~~

~~graphy and evolution in Danvin s islands. James, M.J. (Ed.). Plenum Press, Nuexa York.~~

~~Londres, 474 pp.~~

~~[9] MORCH, O.A.L. 1863. Contributions a la faune malacologique des Antilles danoises. Journal de Conchyliologie, 11:21 -43~~

[10] ORNELAS-GATDULA, E., Y CAMACHO GARCIA, M. SCHRODL, V. PADULA, Y HOOKER, T.M. GOSLINER & A. VALDES. 2012. Molecular systematic of the 'Na- vanax aenigmaticus' species complex (Mollusca: Cephalaspidea): coming full cicle. Zo-

~~ologica Scripta (Vista previa en linea).~~

~~[11] ORTEA, J. & J. ESPINOSA. 2001. Moluscos del Mar Caribe de Costa Rica: Desde Ca- huita hasta Gandoca. Avicennia, suplemento 4: 1-77.~~

[12] ORTEA, J., L. MORO & J. ESPINOSA. 2007. Descripcion de dos nuevas especies de Philinopsis Pease, 1890 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia: Cephalaspidea) de Cuba y Baha- mas con comentarios sobre las especies Atlanticas del genero. Revista de la Academia

~~Canaria de Ciencias, 18, 33-52.~~

~~[13] PILSBRY, H.A. 1895. Notes and news. The Nautilus, WW: 130-131.~~

~~[14] ROCHEBRUNE, A.T. 1881. Materiaux pour la faune de LArchipel du Cap Vert. Nou-~~

~~velle Archives du Museum National d 'Histoire Naturelle, (2) 4: 2 1 5-340.~~

[15] ROCHEBRUNE, A.T. 1882. Diagnoses d'especes nouvelles pour la faune de TArchipel du Cap Vert. Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique de Paris, (7)6: 24-32. [16] TRYON, G.W. & H.A. PILSBRY. 1896. Classification and Phylogeny of Tectibranchia. Manual of Conchology, Vol. XVI: 1-262, 74 laminas.

~~[17] VALDES, A. 2005. Subclass Opisthobranchia s.l. En: Malacological Faunafrom the Cape Verde Archipelago. Rolan, E. (Ed). ConchBooks, Hackenheim, Alemania. pp. 201-248.~~

~~43 Lamina 1.- Navanax orbignyamis (Rochebrune, 1881): A. Ejemplar de Santiago, Cabo Verde; B. Ejemplar de Ghana.~~

~~44 1~~

~~Rev. Acad. Canar. Cienc, XXIIl (Num. 3). 45-4cS (201 1 ) (publicado en abril de 2012)~~

NOTA SOBRE LA SUPUESTA PRESENCIA EN LAS ISLAS CANARIAS DE Marginella marocaiia LOCARD, 1897 BAJO EL NOMBRE Marginella giistavoi PEREZ-DIONIS, ORTEA Y ESPINOSA, 2009 (MOLLUSCA: PROSOBRANCHL\: NEOGASTROPODA)

~~Perez-Dionis, GJ, Ortea J.-, Espinosa J.\ Moro L.\ Caballer, M.^ & J. Martin^~~

~~' Calle Capitan Gomez Landero. 9. 38006 Santa Cruz de Tenerife. islas Canarias. Espana~~

~~- Departamento BOS. Universidad de 0\ iedo. Oviedo. Asturias. Espana~~

~~' Institute de Oceanologia. Avda. V n" 18406. E. 184 y 186. Playa. La Habana. Cuba~~

~~^ Sen icio de Biodiversidad. Gobiemo de Canarias, Avda. 35 (Edif. Usos Multiples I). PI. 1 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Canarias. Espana~~

~~' Departamento de Oceanologia y Ciencias Costeras. ctra. Panamericana km 1 1. Miranda. Venezuela~~

~~"^ Calle Caracas n'' 3. La Laguna. Tenerife. Canarias. Espafia~~

~~RESUMEN~~

Se ilustran y estudian comparativamente los tipos de dos marginelas del ambito canario-sahariano, Marginella marocana Locard, 1897 y Marginella giistavoi Perez-Dionis. Ortea y Espinosa. 2009. estableciendo las diferencias entre las dos especies. Palabras clave. Moluscos, Gasteropodos, Marginella, sistematica, Oeste de Africa.

~~ABSTR.\CT~~

The types of two marginellids from the Canarian-Saharan region: Marginella marocana Locard, 1897 and Marginella giistavoi Perez-Dionis. Ortea y Espinosa. 2009. are illustrated and comparatively studied, establishing the differences between the two species. Key words: Molliisca, Gastropoda, Marginella, systematics. West Africa.

~~1. INTRODUCCION~~

Una especie de marginela de descripcion reciente, distintiva y de singular belleza, Mar- ginella giistavoi Perez-Dionis, Ortea y Espinosa. 2009, descrita a partir de un ejemplar de 14 mm de alto colectado a 605 m de profundidad en la vertical de Punta Quemada, Lanzarote

~~(28°52'N, 13"42'W), aparece bajo el nombre Marginella marocana Locard. 1897, (loc. Tipo 23°33-37'N, 13° 2-19'W) en el libro Moluscos y conchas marinas de Canarias (HERNAN-~~

~~DEZ et al. [3]), argumentando sus autores que las dos especies son identicas porque: en la descripcion original "el taxon M. giistavoi no se compara con M. marocana, con la que en~~

45 principio no se ven diferencias'\ y para ello ilustran el tipo de M. marocana (fig. 61 P-Q), depositado en el Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Paris (MNHN) y evitan figurar el de M. gustavoi. ilustrado en la pagina 102 del n° 37 de la revista Vieraea (PEREZ-DIONIS,

ORTEA & ESPINOSA [4]). El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar comparativamente los tipos de las dos especies para demostrar la validez del nombre M. gustavoi y discutir la presencia de M. marocana en la fauna de moluscos del archipielago canario.

~~2. SISTEMATICA~~

~~Orden NEOGASTROPODA Wenz, 1938 Familia MARGINELLIDAE Fleming, 1828~~

~~Genero Marginella Pilsbry, 1 895~~

~~Marginella marocana Locard, 1897~~

~~(Lamina 1 A-B, Tabla 1)~~

~~Material examinado: Lectotipo designado e ilustrado por BOUCHET & WAREN [1] y depositado en el MNHN. Ilustrado en la Lamina 1.~~

~~Marginella gustavoi Perez-Dionis, Ortea y Espinosa, 2009~~

~~(Lamina 1 C-E, Tabla 1)~~

~~Material examinado: Holotipo de Marginela gustavoi, depositado en la coleccion malacologica de~~

~~Gustavo Perez Dionis en Tenerife (PEREZ-DIONIS, ORTEA & ESPINOSA [4]).~~

~~Distribucion geografica y batimetrica de las dos especies: Marginella marocana: 28°33'-28^37'N 13°02-13°19W, 865-946m; 29°52N 11M7W, 2083 m;~~

29°08N 12°26W, 1235 m (BOUCHET & WAREN [1]); Marruecos, W de Cabo Yubi (28°02'N 13°26W), 1010m;islasCanarias,SEdeLanzarote,28°45'N-28°50N 13''19W-13°37W, 1134- 1352 m; E de Lanzarote, 29°08'N 13°19W, 1290 m; SW de La Palma, 28''39N 17°59W, 200-

~~250 m. (GOUD & NEEFS [2]). Marginella gustavoi: conocida solo de la localidad tipo: 28°52'N, 13^26' W, 605 m.~~

Discusion: De acuerdo con las ilustraciones del material tipo de ambas especies (Lamina 1), su morfologia y el analisis de la tabla comparativa, no hay entre M. gustavoi y M. marocana ningun caracter coincidente que permita suponer que son la misma especie y tampoco en-

~~M. marocana. Lectotipo M. gustavoi. Holotipo~~

~~Dimensiones 19'3 X 9'65mm 14'1 X 6'5 mm~~

~~Relacion ancho/largo 0'5 0'46~~

~~Ultima vuelta 74'4% de la concha 80'5 % de la concha~~

~~Pliegues columelares gruesos e iguales poco engrosados y desiguales~~

~~Pliegue mas intemo similar al resto delgado y muy diferente del resto Labrum engrosado no engrosado~~

~~Tabla 1.- Comparacion de los tipos de las dos especies.~~

~~46 contramos una explicacion razonable para la propuesta de sinonimia de HERNANDEZ et al.~~

[3], mas aun si tenemos en cuenta que el coordinador de la obra, en su amplia produccion cientifica, no duda en separar los nuevos taxones que describe de sus congeneres mas afmes cuando presentan solo un caractcr diferencial. En cualquier caso, las dos espccics tratadas aqui solo tienen en comun el ser marginelas de aguas profundas, de tamafio mediano y coloracion blanquecina. Otros congeneres del Atlantico africano como Marginella hesperici Sykes,

1905 (7-8 mm), Marginella siihtiirrita P. Fischer, 1883 (34 mm), Marginella inipi'uliea P. Fis- cher, 1883 (31-32 mm) y Marginella aronnax Bouchet y Waren, 1985 (28-29 mm), bien ilus- tradas en BOUCHET & WAREN [1] son claramente diferentes de M. gustavoi y sus localidades tipo y areas de distribucion, salvo la de M. siihtiirrita, estan aun mas alejadas de las islas Canarias que las de M. marocana. M. siibtiirrita es muy distintiva, supera los 30 mm de largo y tiene las vueltas de espira escalonadas; HERNANDEZ et al. [3] tambien situan esta especie en el archipielago canario al compartir localidades con M. marocana entre 28"33'-

28°37'N 13"02-13"19W (865-946m) (segun BOUCHET & WAREN [1]) y otras coordenadas recogidas por GOUD & NEEFS [2], autores que ilustran un ejemplar de M. marocana (PI. 4. figs. 31-32) (4053, 28"45'N, 13"19'W, 1334-1352 m) de 19^6 x 9'7 mm, con una relacion ancho/largo 0'49 y cuyos dientes columelares y otros caracteres de la concha como el desarrollo de la ultima vuelta o el labio extemo engrosado coinciden con los que presenta M marocana y difieren de los de M. gustavoi. Otras especies de Marginelidae y Cystiscidae incluidas en el libro de HERNANDEZ et al. [3] como Volvarina monilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (figura 65 0-P). podrian no estar estable- cidas realmente en las islas Canarias, y su presencia en la coleccion del autor principal del libro (D. Jose Maria Hernandez Otero) se deba, probablemente, a los muestreos que este autor hacia en el interior de las nasas y en las fracciones no comerciales de la pesca de los barcos con base en Gran Canaria, que tambien faenaban en las costas de Africa.

~~3. AGRADECIMIENTOS~~

Nuestro mas sincero agradecimiento a Virginie Heros y a Philippe Bouchet del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Paris, por su colaboracion y por facilitamos las imagenes del lectotipo de M. marocana.

~~4. BIBLIOGRAFIA~~

~~[1] BOUCHET, R & WAREN, A. 1985. Revision of the Northeast Atlantic Bathyal and Abyssal Neogastropoda excluding Turridae (Mollusca, Gastropoda) Bolletino Malaco-~~

~~logico Suplemento, 1 : 296 pp.~~

[2] GOUD, J. & NEEFS, J. 1996. The larger Marginelliform Gastropods (Cystiscidae and Marginellidae) collected during the CANCAP and MAURITANIA expeditios in the south-eastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean. Vita Marina, vol. 43(3-4):45-50.

~~[3] HERNANDEZ, J.M., E. ROLAN (Coord.), F. SWINNEN. R. GOMEZ & J.M. PEREZ. 2011. Moliiscos y conchas marinas de Canarias. ConchBooks, Hackenheim & Emilio Rolan, Vigo. 716 pp.~~

~~[4] PEREZ, DIONIS, G., ORTEA, J. & ESPINOSA, J. 2009. Descripcion de tres nuevas especies de la familia Marginellidae Fleming, 1828 (Mollusca: Prosobranchia: Neogastro-~~

~~poda) de las islas Canarias. Vieraea, 37: 99-104.~~

47 Lamina 1.- Lectotipo (A-B) de Marginella marocana Locard, 1897, tornado de BOUCHET & WAREN [1], y holotipo (C-E) de Marginella gustavoi Perez-Dionis, Ortea y Espinosa, 2009; ambos representados a la misma escala.

~~48 Rev. Acad. Canar. Cienc, XXIII (Num. 3), 49-57 (201 1) (publicado en abril de 2012)~~

~~DESIGNACION DEL NEOTIPO DE Dentimargo rediictus (BAVAY, 1922) (MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA: MARGINELLIDAE), CON LA DESCRIPCION DE NUEVAS ESPECIES DEL GENERO DE CUBA Y LAS BAHAMAS~~

~~Espinosa', J., Ortea, J.- & L. Moro^~~

~~' Institute de Oceanologia, Avda. l"" n" 18406. E. 184 y 186, Playa. La Habana. Cuba~~

~~- Departamento BOS. Universidad de Oviedo. Espana~~

~~Senicio de Biodi\ersidad, Gobiemo de Canarias. Avda. 35 (Edif. Usos Multiples 1). PI. 11. 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Canarias, Espaiia~~

~~RESUMEN~~

Se designa y describe un neotipo para Dentimargo rediictus (Bavay, 1922), a la vez que se proponen otras cuatro nuevas especies del genero para la ciencia, tres de las costas cubanas y una de la isla Abaco, en Las Bahamas occidentales. Palabras claves: Mollusca, Gastropoda. Marginellidae. Dentimargo. nue\ as especies. Cuba, Bahamas.

~~ABSTRACT~~

A neotype for Dentimargo rediictus (Bavay. 1922) is designated and described, and others four new species of the genus are described, three of the Cuban coast and one of the Abaco island, the Western Bahamas Key words: Mollusca. Gastropoda. Marginellidae, Dentimargo, new species. Cuba. Bahamas.

~~L INTRODUCCION~~

Segun ESPINOSA, ORTEA & MORO [3]. las especies del genero Dentimargo Coss- mann, 1899 sefialadas para Cuba hasta el presente son cinco: D. rediictus Bavay (1922), D. claroi Espinosa & Ortea. 2003. D. vitoria Espinosa & Ortea. 2004, D. bavayi Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010 y D. galindoensis Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010. De todas ellas, Marginella

(Glabella) reducta Bavay, 1 822 (= D. reductus) es la mas antigua. y aunque esta relativamente bien descrita y figurada, su ejemplar tipo, que deberia estar depositado en el Museo Na- cional de Historia Natural de Paris, se encuentra perdido (ROTH & CLOVER [8]) y tampoco existe una localidad tipo corroborada para esta especie. sefialandose solamente en su descripcion original "arenas de Cuba" (BAVAY [2]). En el presente trabajo, y con el objetivo de

~~49 darle estabilidad al nombre propuesto por BAVAY [2], se designa un neotipo para D. reduc-~~

~~tiis, se establece su localidad tipo y se describen otras tres nuevas especies cubanas del genero y una de la isla Abaco, Las Bahamas.~~

~~2. SISTEMATICA~~

~~Familia MARGINELLIDAE Fleming, 1 828 Genero Dentimargo Cossmann, 1899~~

~~Dentimargo reductus Bavay (1922) (Lamina 1-A)~~

~~Marginella (Glabella) reducta Bavay, 1922, Bulletin Museum National Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 28(6):~~

~~426-427, fig. 3.~~

Descripcion original: "Testa parva, alba, biconica, anfractus 5, ultimus ingens, spira siibe- levata, apice rotundato; apertura dimidiam parten testae aequans, ad imum sinuata; margo dextra extus incrassata marginataque, sub sinulum crassiuscula, dentata, dentibus quinque ad basin decrescentibus; margo columellaris quadriplicata, plicis aequalibus ".

~~Dim.: alt. 3 mm; Iat. 1 mm. 6. Habitat littora Cubana in arenis.~~

~~"Coquille petite, blanche biconique, 5 tours de spire, le dernier grand, spire assez elevee a~~

~~sommet arrondi ; averture aussi longue que la moite de la hauteur de la coquille, ayant un~~

~~sinus marque a la partie superieure, le labre reborde exterieurement se renfle immediatement~~

~~au-dessous de ce sinus et porte cinq dents qui von en decroissant vers la base; quatre plis su- begaux au bord columellare".~~

Neotipo: (3,2 mm de largo y 1,7 mm de ancho) depositado en el Museo Nacional de Histo- ria Natural de Paris. Localidad tipo: Playa El Salado, municipio Bauta, provincia Artemisa, Cuba, recolectado en sedimentos depositados entre arrecifes coralinos entre 8 y 12 m de profundidad.

Descripcion: Concha lisa y brillante, de forma biconica y tamaiio pequeiio a mediano comparado con otras especies antillanas del genero. Vueltas en niimero de tres, de perfil convexo redondeado en ambos lados. La espira es saliente y algo extendida, formada por unas dos vueltas, de las cuales la primera, grande, redondeada y con un nucleo relativamente notable, es de protoconcha; la tercera y ultima vuelta es marcadamente ancha en su porcion posterior y estrecha en la anterior, y ocupa aproximadamente el 63,2 % del largo total de la concha (en vista dorsal). La abertura es alargada y estrecha, reforzada por la varice del labio palatal, la cual es ancha y engrosada, reforzada en su borde intemo por cinco denticulos palatales bien desarrollados, sobre todo el mas posterior que es el mayor; decreciendo hacia la base los demas. Columela con cuatro pliegues desiguales, los dos posteriores gruesos y algo transver- sales al eje columelar de la concha, y los dos anteriores mas estrechos que ellos, alargados y

~~casi paralelos entre si. Color casi uniforme, bianco leche algo hialino.~~

50 Discusion: La designacion de un neotipo para D. rcdiictus es un paso necesario para dar con- tinuidad a los estudios del genero en Cuba, ya que en nuestras colecciones aun peimanccen varias especies sin nombrar y resulta imprescindible dar estabilidad al nombre propuesto por Bavay en 1922 antes de describirlas. La seleccion del neotipo se realizo ajustando. lo mas posible, la morfologia de la concha con la descripcion y la figura original de esta especie: tamano, forma y proporciones de la concha, labio extemo engrosado, con cinco denticulos palatales intemos, de dcsarrollo decreciente hacia la base, y un seno posterior marcado. La descripcion original se ajusta casi perfectamente con el neotipo seleccionado aqui, excepto en el numero de vueltas, que en lugar de las 5 de la descripcion original, son solamente 3. lo que a su vez coin- cide con el numero de vueltas que se aprecian en la figura original (iconotipo). Se debe afiadir que el nucleo es relativamente grande y que el segundo diente palatal posterior, que es ancho, parece estar formado por la fusion de dos denticulos pequefios que estan muy unidos entre si.

Otro aspecto importante es designar la localidad tipo de D. reductus. ya que los datos originales son muy ambiguos (^'arenas de Cuba recolectadas y enviadas por M. Serre"). La localidad tipo aqui seleccionada se encuentra muy proxima a La Habana, a unos escasos diez kilometros de su actual limite oeste, en direccion al puerto de Mariel.

Se debe aclarar que la extraccion comercial de arenas de mar para la construccion fue una actividad realizada en varios puntos del litoral norte de La Habana, durante gran parte del pasado siglo, sedimentos que los barcos areneros descargaban en la Puntilla y La Chorrera, en la margen oeste de la boca del rio Almendares (vease AGUAYO & PEREZ-FARFANTE

[1]). Muchos malacologos cubanos tenian por costumbre "muestrear" en estas arenas, por lo que La Chorrera fue erroneamente citada como localidad tipo de algunas especies de moluscos marinos cubanos, como Acteou finlayi McGinty (1955), actualmente sinonimo de

~~Mysouffa cumingii (A. Adams, 1855), vease MCGINTY [6] y MARCUS [5].~~

~~Dentimargo redferni especie nueva (Lamina 1-B)~~

~~Dentimargo reductiis Redfem. 2001 : 104 -105. lamina 47, figura 438a y lamina 111. figura 438c {non D. reductiis Bavay, 1922).~~

~~Material tipo: Holotipo (4.0 mm de largo y 1.77 mm de ancho) depositado en la coleccion dc Colin Red- fem, recolectado en la isla Abaco (localidad tipo). Las Bahamas.~~

Descripcion: Concha lisa y brillante, de fonna biconica y tamano mediano a grande comparado con otras especies antillanas del genero. Vueltas en numero de tres y media, de perfil convexo redondeado en ambos lados. La espira es saliente y extendida, fomiada por unas dos y media vueltas, de las cuales la primera, grande, redondeada y con un nucleo notable, es de protoconcha; la tercera y ultima vuelta es marcadamente ancha en su porcion posterior y estrecha en la anterior, y ocupa aproximadamente el 74 % del largo total de la concha (en vista dorsal). La abertura es alargada y estrecha, delimitada por la varice del labio palatal, la cual es relativamente poco ancha y engrosada. reforzada en su borde intemo por seis a siete denticulos palatales, con el posterior mas desanollado que los demas. que son mas debiles, casi sub-iguales y unidos entre si. Columela con cuatro pliegues desiguales, los dos posteriores mas desarroUados que los anteriores, y sobre todo que el primero anterior que es el menos marcado de los cuatro. Color casi unifomie, bianco leche algo hialino.

51 Animal de coloracion distintiva, muy cubierto en su porcion dorsal por grandes man- chas de color bianco nieve, con algunas manchitas y pequenos puntitos naranja muy disper- sos que aparecen tambien sobre el sifon; los tentaculos orales son blancos hialinos.

~~Etimologia: Nombrada en honor de nuestro colega Colin Redfem, autor que dio a conocer esta nueva especie en su importante obra sobre los moluscos de la isla Abaco, Las Bahamas.~~

Discusion: Aunque REDFERN [7] por afmidad nombra. a. Dentimargo redferni, especie nueva, como D. reductus, es evidente que se trata de una especie diferente, de mayor tamaiio, comparativamente mas alargada y estrecha, y con diferente desarroUo y disposicion de sus denticulos palatales y pliegues columelares. D. vitoria (lamina 2-A), del Parque Nacional Caguanes, en la costa norte central de Cuba, aunque es de tamaiio (3,5 X 1,8 mm) y forma algo seme- jante, se diferencia tambien por sus pliegues columelares y denticulos palatales y por la coloracion del animal (vease ESPINOSA & ORTEA [3]).

~~Dentimargo habanensis especie nueva Lamina 2-B~~

Material examinado: Numerosas conchas recolectadas en sedimentos arenosos provenientes de La Ha- bana (localidad tipo), Cuba, depositados en arrecifes coralinos, entre 20 y 30 m de profundidad. Holo- tipo (3,68 mm de largo y 1,84 mm de ancho) depositado en el Institute de Ecologia y Sistematica, La Habana, Cuba.

Descripcion: Concha lisa y brillante, de forma biconica y tamano pequeiio a mediano comparado con otras especies antillanas del genero. Vueltas en niimero de tres y media, de perfil convexo redondeado en ambos lados. La espira es saliente y extendida, formada por unas dos y media vueltas, de las cuales la primera, grande, redondeada y con un nucleo notable, es de protoconcha; la tercera y ultima vuelta es marcadamente ancha en su porcion posterior y estrecha en la anterior, y ocupa aproximadamente el 57% del largo total de la concha (en vista dorsal). La abertura es alargada y estrecha, delimitada por la varice del labio palatal, relativamente ancha y engrosada, y reforzada en su borde intemo por seis a siete denticulos bien desarroUados, sobre todo el mas posterior que es el mayor de todos, siendo los demas mas debiles, casi sub-iguales y con cierta tendencia de agruparse por pares. Columela con cuatro pliegues desiguales muy notables, los dos centrales mas desarroUados que el primero y el cuarto. Color casi uniforme, bianco leche algo hialino. Animal desconocido.

~~Etimologia: Gentilicio alusivo a la ciudad de La Habana, su localidad tipo, notable por la cantidad de especies de moluscos marinos que se han descrito por primera vez para la ciencia de sus costas.~~

Discusion: De las especies del genero Dentimargo presentes en las costas de La Habana, sin duda la localidad cubana mas visitada y muestreada durante la primera mitad del pasado siglo, pudiera pensarse que D. habanensis, especie nueva, por ser la mas comiin en las arenas de esta localidad, tendria mayor probabilidad de corresponder con el nombre propuesto por Bavay en 1922. Sin embargo, D. reductus es una especie proporcionalmente mas pequeiia y ancha, de espira menos extendida y presenta un desarroUo y distribucion de sus di.':^ntes palatales y plie-

52 gues columelares distintos, al igual que ocurre si se compara con D. havavi (lamina 2-C). Estas ultimas diferencias tambien separan a D. habanensis. especie nueva, de otros denti- margos cubanos de forma y tamaiios semej antes, como D. claroi, D. galindoensis y D. vitoria (veanse laminas 2-D, 3-A y 2-A, respectivamente).

~~Dentimargo basareoi especie nueva (Lamina 3-B)~~

Material examinado: Dos conchas recolectadas en sedimentos arenosos provenientes La Habana (localidad tipo), Cuba, depositados en arrecifes coralinos, entre 15 y 20 m de profundidad. Holotipo (3.41 mm de largo y 1 ,9 mm de ancho) depositado en el Instiuito de Ecologia y Sistematica. La Habana. Cuba.

Descripcion: Concha lisa y brillante, de forma biconica, mas bien corta y ancha, y tamano pequefio comparado con otras especies antillanas del genero. Vueltas en numero de tres y media a casi cuatro, de perfil con\ exo. marcadamente redondeado en ambos lados. La espira es saliente y extendida, formada por algo mas de dos y media vueltas, de las cuales la primera. grande. redondeada y con un nucleo notable, es de protoconcha; la tercera y ultima Mielta es acentuada- mente ancha en su porcion posterior y estrecha en la anterior, y ocupa aproximadamente el 59% del largo total de la concha (en vista dorsal). La abertura es relativamente alargada y estrecha. delimitada por la marcada \ arice del labio palatal, la cual es notablemente ancha y engrosada, y esta reforzada en su borde intemo con siete u ocho denticulos bien desarrollados. sobre todo el mas posterior que es el mayor; los demas son mas debiles y notablemente desiguales. Co- lumela con cuatro pliegues desiguales. los dos posteriores mas gruesos y sefialados que los anteriores. Color casi uniforme, bianco leche algo hialino. Animal desconocido.

~~Etimologia: Nombrada en honor de Basareo. sobre nombre de Baco. hijo de Jupiter y Se- mele. dios del vino y de la embriaguez.~~

Discusion: Por su tamano y forma general, Dentimargo basareoi, especie nueva, puede ser comparada con D. bavayi (lamina 2-C) y D. rediictiis (lamina 1-A). de las cuales difiere por ser notablemente ancha. tener la varice postlabral muy ancha y engrosada. con un mayor numero de denticulos palatales intemos que difieren en su disposicion y desarrollo con los de las especies comparadas, al igual que sus pliegues columelares.

~~Dentimargo nauticus especie nueva (Lamina 3-C)~~

Material examinado: Tres conchas recolectadas en sedimentos arenosos provenientes del Reparto Nau- tico (localidad tipo). Playa. La Habana. Cuba, depositados en arrecifes coralinos. entre 15 y 20 m de profundidad. Holotipo (3.09 mm de largo y 1.5 mm de ancho) depositado en el Instituto de Ecologia y Sistematica. La Habana. Cuba.

Descripcion: Concha lisa y brillante, de forma biconica alargada y algo estrecha, y tamano pequefio coinparado con otras especies antillanas del genero. Vueltas en numero de tres y media a casi cuatro, de pertll convexo, marcadamente redondeado en ambos lados. La espira

53 es saliente y extendida, formada por algo mas de dos y media vueltas, de las cuales la primera, grande, redondeada y con un nucleo notable, es de protoconcha; la ultima vuelta ocupa aproximadamente el 62,2% del largo total de la concha (en vista dorsal). La abertura es relativamente alargada y estrecha, delimitada por la varice del labio palatal, la cual es moderadamente ancha y algo engrosada, reforzada en su borde intemo por cinco a seis denticulos sub-iguales algo separados entre si; el mas espaciado es el mas posterior que es el mayor; los demas son mas debiles y decrecen en tamaiio hacia el extremo anterior de la concha. Columela con cuatro pliegues desiguales, los dos posteriores mas gruesos y seiialados que los anteriores. Color casi uniforme, bianco leche algo hialino. Animal desconocido.

~~Etimologia: Nauticus: nautico, naval, de marinos, nombre que lleva el reparto frente a cuyas costas se encontro esta nueva especie.~~

Discusion: Por la forma general y el tamano de la concha, Dentimargo nauticus, especie nueva, puede ser comparada con D. galindoensis (2,6 X 1,4 mm; Fig. 7), de la cual difiere por su espira comparativamente mas alargada y estrecha, sus denticulos palatales mas pequenos y menos engrosados, y sus pliegues columelares mas gruesos y mas senalados, entre otros caracteres.

~~3. AGRADECIMIENTOS~~

Los autores expresan su reconocimiento a todas las instituciones, buzos aseguradores y personal de apoyo que posibilitaron la realizacion de los muestreos submarinos, especialmente a Jose Alejandro Espinosa Serra, inseparable compafiero en nuestras colectas subma- rinas y a los buzos del Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana y del Instituto de Oceanologia, por su desinteresada colaboracion en la facilitacion o el llenado de las botellas de buceo.

~~4. BIBLIOGRAFIA~~

~~[1] AGUAYO, C. G. & PEREZ-FARFANTE, L 1947. Una nueva especie antillana del genero Conus. Rev. Soc. Ma lac. "Carlos de la Torre", 5(1): 11-12.~~

~~[2] BAVAY, A. 1922. Sables littoraux de la Mer des Antilles provenant des abords de Colon et de Cuba. Bull. Mus. Nation. Hist. Nat. Paris, 28(6): 423-428.~~

~~[3] ESPINOSA, J., & ORTEA, J. 2004. Una nueva especie del genero Dentimargo Coos- mann, 1899 (Mollusca: Neogastropoda) del Parque Nacional Caguanes, Sancti Spiritus,~~

~~Cuba. Rev. Acad. Canar Cienc, 16 (4): 121-129.~~

~~[4] ESPE^OSA, J., ORTEA, J. & MORO, L. 2010. Nuevos datos sobre la familia Margine- Uidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda) en Cuba, con la descripcion de nuevas especies. Rev.~~

~~Acad Canar Cienc, 22 (4): 161-188.~~

~~[5] MARCUS, E. D. B. R. 1977. An annotated cheklist of the Western Atlantic warm water opisthobranchs. Journal ofMolluscan Studies, Supplement 4: 1-22.~~

~~[6] MCGINTY, T. L. 1955. New marine mollusks from Florida. Proceedings of the Acade- mic ofNatural Sciences ofPhiladelphia, 107: 75-85.~~

~~54 [7] REDFERN, C. 2001. Bahamian Seashells. A thousand species from Ahaco, Bahamas, 261 pp.~~

~~[8] ROTH, B. & CLOVER, R 1977. A review of the Marginellidae Described by Bavay, 1903 - 1922. The Veliger, 16(2): 207-215.~~

~~Lamina 1.- A. Neotipo de Dentimargo reductiis Bavay (1922); B. Holotipo de Dentimargo redfenu especie nueva. tornado de REDFERN [7]. Ambos ejemplares representados a la misma escala.~~

55 Lamina 2.- A. Holotipo de Dentimargo victoria Espinosa & Ortea, 2005; B. Holotipo de Dentimargo habanensis especie nueva; C. Holotipo de Dentimargo bavayi Espinosa. Ortea & Moro, 201 1; D. Holotipo de Dentimargo claroi

~~Espinosa & Ortea, 2004. Todos los ejemplares representados a la misma escala.~~

56 Lamina 3.- A. Holotipo de Dentimai-go galindoensis Espinosa. Ortea & Moro. 2010: B. Holotipo de Dentimivgo basareoi especie nue\ a; C. Holotipo de Dentimai-go nauticiis especie nueva. Todos los ejemplares representados a la misma escala.

~~Rev. Acad. Canar. Cienc, XXIII (Num. 3), 59-92 (201 1 ) (publicado en abril de 2012)~~

~~CATALOGO DEL MATERIAL TIPO DE LOS NUE\ OS TAXONES DESCRITOS EN AVICESMA, REVISTA DE BIODIVERSIDAD TROPICAL (1993-2008)~~

~~M. Caballer', J. Ortea-, J. Espinosa\ L. .Moro^ & J.J. Bacallado'~~

~~Departamenio de Oceanologia y Ciencias Costeras. IVIC. Ctra. Panamericana Km 11. Miranda, \enezuela~~

~~- Departamenio BOS. Universidad de Oviedo. 0\ iedo. Asturias. Espana ' Institute de Oceanologia. Avda. V n" 18406. E. 184 y 186. Playa. La Habana. Cuba~~

~~"• Ser\ icio de Biodix ersidad. Gobiemo de Canarias. Jose Zarate y Penichet. 5 38001 Santa Cmz de Tenerife. Canarias. Espafia~~

~~-' Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Tenerife. C Fuente Morales, s n. Apdo. 853 Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Canarias. Espafia~~

~~RESUMEN~~

Se recopilan los 322 niie\os taxa descritos QnAvicennia. Revista de Biodiversidad Tro- pical, en SLis 15 anos de existencia. los cuales incluyen 1 familia. 2 subfamilias. 17 generos. 2 subgeneros y 298 especies nuevas para la Ciencia. procedentes de 20 paises diferentes. en su mayoria del area caribena, Iberoamerica e islas macaronesicas.

~~Palabras clave: Nuevos taxa, tropical biodiversity. Caribe, descripcion. re\ista .-lv/c't^///?/V/.~~

~~ABSTR.\CT~~

The 322 new taxa described in Avicenina, Journal of Tropical Biodiversin: in 1 5 years of existence are compiled. The results are: 1 family, 2 subfamilies, 17 genus, 2 subgenus and 298 new species for Science from 20 different countries, mostly Caribbean area. Iberoamer- ica and macaronesic islands. Key words: New taxa, tropical biodiversity, Caribbean, description, journal Avicennia.

~~INTRODLCCION~~

En el marco del II Congreso de Ciencias del Mar, MARCUBA"93, se presento a la comunidad cientitlca el numero de la revista Avicennia, publicada dentro del con\ enio entre la Universidad de Oviedo y la entonces Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, que participaba en su edicion con el apoyo de dos de sus institutos de investigacion mas reconocidos: el Instituto de Oceanologia (IDO) y el Instituto de Ecologia y Sistcmatica (IBS). En ese momento historico, marcado por la desintegracion de la Union Sovietica, el sistema cubano de ciencia y tec- nologia redujo de fonna drastica la edicion de publicaciones y su comunidad cientitlca \ io paralizada la via natural que tenia para dar a conocer los resultados de sus in\ estigaciones. Avi-

59 cennia nacio como un medio para que los especialistas de dichos institutes, principalmente los taxonomos expertos, tuvieran una via rapida para dar a conocer sus resultados, evitando asi que la demora en la publicacion pudiera anular el exito de los mismos, ante algo tan simple como aplicar la ley de prioridad para los nuevos taxones. Un segundo objetivo de la revista fue continuar y ampliar el nivel de intercambio cientifico de publicaciones con el exterior que mantenian los institutes de Oceanologia y de Ecologia y Sistematica, nivel que se sostuvo mientras las revistas impresas en papel eran la unica via de intercambio y que fue disminu- yendo a medida que otras, como Poeyana del lES, recuperaron su vitalidad editorial o se fue avanzando en la edicion digital y el intercambio de publicaciones realizadas con las nuevas tecnologias de la comunicacion. En paralelo con ese mismo proceso de recuperacion editorial, Avicennia fue variando tambien sus contenidos; en los diez primeros anos (1993-2003) publico trabajos de ecologia, oceanologia y biodiversidad tropical y a partir del ano 2004 se convirtio en una revista de biodiversidad tropical, acorde con el peso que esa tematica habia ganado a lo largo del tiempo (Tabla 1).

Otro activo digno de destacar en el devenir historico de la revista que nos ocupa es el hecho de haber servido de estimulo para que especialistas jovenes publicaran sus primeros trabajos, siempre bajo la tutela de sus maestros y de los propios editores, iniciandose asi en el proceso de la publicacion cientifica de resultados y en las revisiones de evaluadores extemos especializados, uno de los cimientos de Avicennia. Interrumpida su publicacion en 2009 y a la espera de su orientacion futura, en esta puesta al dia se hace un repaso de la tematica de sus articulos, en los que destaca la aportacion al estudio de la biodiversidad tropical y al inventario de los nuevos taxones. Con un total de 2583 paginas impresas, Avicennia ha publicado entre 1993 y 2009, 223 articulos y 16 notas breves, en 19 numeros ordinaries y 5 suplementos, cuyo contenido abarca mayoritariamente el estudio de la biodiversidad en Iberoamerica, el area caribeiia (13 paises), en especial de Cuba, Costa Rica, Republica Dominicana y Mexico y tambien de las islas de la Macaronesia, destacando Canarias y Cabo Verde (Tabla 2).

~~temAtica de las contribuciones numero~~

~~Biodiversidad marina 172~~

~~Biodiversidad terrestre 42~~

~~Bioactivos marines 9~~

~~Microbiologia marina 8~~

~~Ecologia teorica 3~~

~~Fauna dulceacuicola 2~~

~~Sistematica 2~~

~~Centaminacion marina 1~~

~~Tabla 1.- Contribuciones agrupadas por temas.~~

~~60 MATERIALES V METODOS~~

~~Para le realizacion de este trabajo se consultaron todos los numeros y suplementos de la revista Avicennia. Revisui de Biocliversidad Tropical, listando la tematica de cada articulo.~~

En aquellos en los que se describian nuevos taxa, resenamos el nombre, autor. ano, \ olumen y pagina de la revista en el que fue publicado. pais donde se ubica la localidad tipo. lugar original de deposito del holotipo y nue\ a ubicacion si esta hubiera cambiado.

~~Abreviaturas:~~

~~ANC = Coleccion del Instituto de Oceanologia. Departamento de colecciones mari-~~

~~nas del Acuario Nacional de Cuba. 3ra y 62 Miramar, Playa, CP 1 1 300. La Ha- bana. Cuba.~~

~~BIK = Coleccion del Grupo Biokarst de la Sociedad Espeleologica de Cuba, deposi-~~

tada en el Museo Nacional de Historia Natural. La Habana. Cuba. CCM = Coleccion nacional de crustaceos. Instituto de Biologia. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Mexico. CCR = Coleccion Colin Redfem, 7475 Estrella Circle. Boca Raton. Fl 33433. EEUU. CIM = Colecciones del Centro de Investigaciones Marinas de la Universidad de La Habana, Cuba. CME = Colecciones de Malcon Edmuns. Uni\ersir\' of Central Lancashire. School of Built and Natural Em ironment. Kirkliam Building. Km 124. Inglaten"a. CMS = Coleccion Michael Small. Alto Comisionado de Canada en Australia. D = Lugar original de deposito del holotipo. acompafiado del numero de referen-

~~cia en la coleccion cuando lo hay. FSC = Coleccion estatal de artropodos de Florida. Gainesville. EEUU.~~

HPPR = Coleccion de la Hacienda Paraiso. Km. 10. Real Anon. Ponce. Puerto Rico. IDO = Instituto de Oceanologia. Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. La Habana. Cuba. lES = Instituto de Ecologia y Sistematica. CITMA. La Habana. Cuba. INBio = Instituto Nacional de Biodi\ ersidad. Santo Domingo. Heredia. Costa Rica.

~~MHNH = Museo de Historia Namral "Carlos de la Tone > Huerta"". Calle Maceo No. 129~~

entre Marti > Luz y Caballero. Holguin. Cuba. MNCN = Coleccion de invertebrados del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. Ma- drid. Espafia. MNC = Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Cuba. La Habana. Cuba. MNHN = Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. 55 rue ButYon. 75005 Paris. Francia. MNHN-SD = Museo Nacional de Historia Natural. Santo Domingo. Republica Dominicana. MPK = Colecciones entomologicas del Instituto de medicina tropical "Pedro Kouri". La Habana, Cuba. MZUCR = Museo de Zoologia. Escuela de Biologia. Universidad de Costa Rica. Apdo. 2060. San Pedro. San Jose. Costa Rica.

~~ND = Nue\ a ubicacion del Holotipo con su referencia cuando la ha\.~~

P = Pagina de la revista en que fue publicado el nue\ o taxa. R = Referencia. RUOS = Coleccion Ramsden, Universidad de Oriente. Santiago de Cuba. Cuba. TFMC = Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Tenerife. islas Canarias. Espafia.

~~V = Volumen de la revista en que fue publicado.~~

~~61 PAIS DEL ESTUDIO NUEVOS TAXA~~

~~Cuba 206~~

~~Costa Rica 48~~

~~Republica Dominicana 17~~

~~Mexico 9~~

~~Canarias (Espafia) 8~~

~~Cabo Verde 7~~

~~Angola 6~~

~~Panama 4~~

~~Azores 2~~

~~Bahamas 2~~

~~Sao Thome y Principe 2~~

~~Navassa 2~~

~~Colombia 1~~

~~Italia 1~~

~~Venezuela 1~~

~~Virgin Islands (EEUU) 1~~

~~Argentina 1~~

~~EEUU 1~~

~~Nicaragua 1~~

~~Ghana 1~~

~~Galapagos (Ecuador) 1~~

~~Tabia 2.- Paises de las localidades tipo de los nuevos taxa descritos.~~

~~RESULTADOS Y DISCUSION~~

~~De las 239 contribuciones publicadas, 2 1 6 versan sobre biodiversidad tropical ( 1 72 de biodiversidad marina y 44 de biodiversidad terrestre y dulceacuicola).~~

~~En sus paginas se han descrito 322 taxones nuevos para la Ciencia que incluyen 1 familia, 2 subfamilias, 17 generos, 2 subgeneros, 300 especies nuevas, de 20 paises diferentes~~

(Tabla 2), entre los que destacan Cuba, Costa Rica, Mexico y Espaiia (Canarias). Los taxones descritos han sido ordenados cronologicamente dentro de cada grupo zo- ologico, indicando autor, afio, pais, volumen y pagina en los que fueron publicados, asi como el lugar original de deposito del holotipo y su nueva ubicacion o numero de tipo. Los grupos estan ordenados alfabeticamente.

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~~79 DISCUSION~~

~~En la descripcion original de Prunum holandae Espinosa y Ortea, 1999, se establece que el conjunto del material tipo esta compuesto por 3 conchas; 2 procedentes de los Cayos~~

~~Limon, Islas San Bias, Panama (localidad tipo) y 1 procedente de Punta Uvita, Costa Rica.~~

El holotipo fue depositado en las colecciones del Instituto de Oceanologia de Cuba [21], que posterionnente fueron trasladadas al Acuario Nacional de Cuba, donde se le asigno el iden- tificador ANC86. De los dos paratipos el procedente de Panama permanece en las colecciones de Raul Femandez-Garces (Cuba) y el otro fue depositado en las colecciones del INBio, Costa Rica. Villalobos, Guzman y Camacho-Garcia [126], afirman sin motivo aparente que pese a lo que se dice en la descripcion original, el holotipo de P. holandae nunca fue depositado en el IDO, sino en el INBio, cuyas colecciones pasaron al Museo de Zoologia de la Universidad de Costa Rica anos despues, y por ello le asignan el numero de colecciones MZUCR - 5750. Dado que el holotipo se encuentra en el sitio originalmente designado por los autores recha- zamos el nuevo tipo de Villalobos, Guzman y Camacho-Garcia [126]. Es posible que su ejemplar sea uno de los colectados en Costa Rica en campaiias posteriores a la descripcion de P. holandae, que fueron depositados en las colecciones del INBio.

Algunos de los holotipos depositados originalmente en el INBio, aparentemente no fueron trasladados al Museo de Zoologia de la Universidad de Costa Rica y en este momento aun se encuentran en las colecciones generales del INBio, donde no se los ha podido localizar.

El holotipo de Elysia pratensis Ortea y Espinosa, 1 996 aparece en la descripcion original como depositado en el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Tenerife [79], una errata, dado que se refiere al Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Tenerife, donde aun se encuentra depositado.

~~AGRADECIMIENTOS~~

A todas aquellas personas que desinteresadamente han aportado su tiempo o su esfuerzo para contribuir a la publicacion de Avicennia. A Nayla Garcia, Marta Hidalgo-Gato y Elba Reyes del Instituto de Ecologia y Sistematica, a Yusimi Alfonso del Acuario Nacional de Cuba y a Ale- jandro de Vera del Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Tenerife, por su amabilidad y cooperacion al facilitamos los numeros de coleccion de las especies depositadas en sus instituciones.

~~BIBLIOGRAFIA~~

~~[1] BRETON, G. & F. MONNIOT. 2007. A new species of the genus Eudistoma (Ascidia- cea, Polycitoridae) from Cape Verde. Avicennia, 19: 57-62.~~

~~[2] CABALLER, M. & J. ORTEA. 2007. Nueva especie del genero Hermaea Loven, 1844 (Mollusca: Sacoglossa), de la costa norte de La Habana, Cuba. Avicennia 19: 127-132.~~

~~[3] CABALLER, M., J. ORTEA & J. ESPINOSA. 2001. Descripcion de una nueva especie de Eubranchus Forbes, 1834. En: Moluscos del mar Caribe de Costa Rica: desde Ca-~~

~~huita hasta Gandoca. Espinosa, J. & J. Ortea (Eds.). Avicennia suplemento 4: 55-56.~~

~~[4] CABALLER, M., J. ORTEA & J. ESPINOSA. 2006. Descripcion de una nueva especie de Alderiopsis, Baba, 1968. En: Moluscos marinos de la Peninsula de Guanahacabi-~~

~~80 hes, Pinar del Rio. Cuba, con la dcscripcion dc niievos tcixones. Espinosa, J.. J. Ortea, M. Caballer & L. Moro (Eds.). Avicennia 18: 57-59.~~

~~[5] COY OTERO, A., N. GARCIA & L. VENTOSA. 1 997. Helmintos de peces cubanos del~~

~~genero Liicifuga Poey, 1858 (Ophidiiformes ; Bythitidae). Avicennia. 6-7: 1-5.~~

~~[6] DIAZ, L.M., N. NAVARRO & O.H. GARRIDO. 1998. Nueva especie de Chamaeleolis (Sauria: Iguanidae) de la Meseta de Cabo Cruz, Granma, Cuba. Avicennia, 8-9: 27-34.~~

~~[7] DIAZ, J.M., J.ORTEA& J. ESPINOSA. 1996. Una nueva especie del genero Volvahna (Mollusca: Neogastropoda) del mar Caribe colombiano. Avicennia, 4-5: 111-114.~~

~~[8] DE ARMAS, L.F. 1994. Descripcion de un genero y una especie nuevos de Ammotre-~~

~~chidae (Arachnida: Solpugida) de la Republica Dominicana. Avicennia. 1: 1-5.~~

~~[9] DE ARMAS, L.F. 1999. Quince nuevos alacranes de La Espanola y Navassa, Antillas Mayores (Arachnida: ^covp'\ox\Qs). Avicennia. 10-11: 101-136.~~

~~[10] DE ARMAS. L.F. & A. JUARRERO DE VARONA. 1999. Sistematica de la familia De- latorreidae (Isopoda: Oniscidea) en Cuba. Avicennia. 10-11: 1-42.~~

~~[1 1] DE ARMAS, L.F. & A. PEREZ. 1994. Description of the first troglobitic species of the~~

~~genus Pluyniis (Amblypygi: Prynidae) from Cuba. Avicennia. 1: 7-11. [12] DE ARMAS, L.F. & R. TERUEL OCHOA. 1997. A new Chahnus (Amblypygi: Cha-~~

rontidae) from St. John. U.S. Virgin Islands. Avicennia. 67: 43-46. [13] EDMUNDS, M. 1981. Opisthobranchiate mollusca from Ghana: Chromodorididae. Zo- ological Journal of the Linnean Society-. 72: 175-201.

~~[14] ESPINOSA, J. 2001. Descripcion de una nueva especie de Triphora (s.l.) Blainville. 1828. En: Moliiscos del mar Caribe de Costa Rica: desde Cahuita hasta Gandoca. Es-~~

~~pinosa, J. & J. Ortea (Eds.). Avicennia suplemento 4: 21-22.~~

~~[15] ESPINOSA. J. & R. FERNAnDEZ-GARCES. 1990. Una nue\a especie antillana del genero Sansonia (Mollusca: Archaeogastropoda). Poeyana, 408: 1-3.~~

~~[16] ESPFNOSA, J & J. ORTEA. 1995. Nueva especie del genero Pruniim (Mollusca: Neo- gastropoda) de la cayeria norte de Cuba. Avicennia. 3: 1-4.~~

~~[17] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA. 1997. Tres nuevas especies del genero Volvarina Hinds. 1844 (Mollusca: Neogastropoda: Marginellidae) de las costas de Cuba. Avicennia, 6-7: 111-116.~~

~~[18] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA. 1997. Oswaldoginella gomezi (Mollusca: Neogastropoda: Marginellidae) nuevo genero y nueva especie del Atlantico occidental tropical. Avicen- nia, 6-1: 141-145.~~

~~[19] ESPINOSA. J & J. ORTEA. 1998. Nuevo genero y nueva especie de molusco gastero- podo margineliforme (Mollusca: Gastropoda) con radula taenioglossa. Avicennia. 8-9: 113-116.^~~

~~[20] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA. 1998. Nuevas especies de la familia Marginellidae (Mo-~~

~~llusca: Neogastropoda) de Cuba y los Cayos de la Florida. Avicennia. 8-9: 1 17-134.~~

~~[21] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA. 1999. Descripcion de nuevas margmelas (Mollusca: Neo- gastropoda: Marginellidae) de Cuba y del Caribe de Costa Rica y Panama. Avicennia. 10- 11: 165-176.~~

~~[22] ESPINOSA. J & J. ORTEA. 1999. Dos nuevas especies del genero Hvalina Schuma-~~

~~cher, 1817 (Mollusca: Neogastropoda: Marginellidae) del mar Caribe de Costa Rica \~~

~~costas de Cuba. .4\7<:'f/?///V/, 10-11: 177-183.~~

~~[23] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA. 2000. Descripcion de un genero y once especies nuevas de Cysticidae y Marginellidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda) del Caribe de Costa Rica. Avi- cennia. 12-13:95-114.~~

~~81 [24] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA. 2001. Una nueva especie del genero Cerithiopsis sensus latus (Mollusca: Prosobranchia: Ptenoglossa) de la costa norte de Cuba. Avicennia 14: 118-119.~~

~~[25] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA. 2002. Nuevas especies de margineliformes de Cuba, Baha- mas y el mar Caribe de Costa Rica. Avicennia 15: 101-128.~~

~~[26] ESPINOSA, J. & J. ORTEA. 2002. Descripcion de cuatro nuevas especies de la familia Rissoinidae (Mollusca: GdiSixo^o&di). Avicennia 15: 141-146.~~

~~[27] ESPINOSA, J. & J. ORTEA. 2003. Nuevas especies de moluscos marinos (Molllusca: Gastropoda) del Parque Nacional Guanahacabibes, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Avicennia 16: 143-156.~~

~~[28] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA. 2006. Descripcion de un nuevo genero de la Familia Pic- worthiidae. En: Moluscos marinos de la Peninsula de Guanahacabibes, Pinar del Rio,~~

~~Cuba, con la descripcion de nuevos taxones. Espinosa, J., J. Ortea, M. Caballer & L. Moro (Eds.). Avicennia 18: 27.~~

~~[29] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA. 2006. Descripcion de una nueva especie de Costoanachis~~

~~Sacco, 1 890. En: Moluscos marinos de la Peninsula de Guanahacabibes, Pinar del Rio,~~

~~Cuba, con la descripcion de nuevos taxones. Espinosa, J., J. Ortea, M. Caballer & L. Moro (Eds.). Avicennia 18: 31-32.~~

~~[30] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA. 2006. Siete nuevas especies de la Familia Cystiscidae Stimp- son, 1865. En: Moluscos marinos de la Peninsula de Guanahacabibes, Pinar del Rio,~~

~~Cuba, con la descripcion de nuevos taxones. Espinosa, J., J. Ortea, M. Caballer & L. Moro (Eds.). Avicennia 18: 36-42.~~

~~[31] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA. 2006. Tres nuevas especies del genero Volvarina Hinds, 1844. En: Moluscos marinos de la Peninsula de Guanahacabibes, Pinar del Rio, Cuba,~~

~~con la descripcion de nuevos taxones. Espinosa, J., J. Ortea, M. Caballer & L. Moro {Eds.). Avicennia 18:45-51.~~

~~[32] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA. 2007. El genero Gibberula Swainson, 1840 (Mollusca: Ne- ogastropoda: Cystiscidae) en Cuba, con la descripcion de nuevas especies. Avicennia 19: 99-120.~~

~~[33] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA & R. FERNANDEZ-GARCES. 2001 . Una nueva especie del genero Diaphama Brown, 1827 (Mollusca: Cephalaspidea) de la costa sur de Cuba. Avi- cennia 14: 115-117.~~

~~[34] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA & R. FERNAnDEZ-GARCES. 2004. Descripcion de dos nuevas especies del genero ZeidoraA. Adams, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) de las costas de Cuba. Avicennia 17: 67-70.~~

~~[35] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA & R. FERNANDEZ-GARCES. 2004. Descripcion de tres nuevas especies del genero Haplocochlias Carpenter, 1864 (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Avi- cennia 17: 71-76.~~

[36] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA & R. FERNANDEZ-GARCES. 2006. Descripcion de un nuevo genero de la Familia Picworthiidae. En: Moluscos marinos de la Peninsula de Guanahacabibes, Pinar del Rio, Cuba, con la descripcion de nuevos taxones. Espinosa,

~~J., J. Ortea, M. Caballer & L. Moro (Eds.). Avicennia 18: 20.~~

~~[37] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA & R. FERNAnDEZ-GARCES. 2007. Nuevos prosobranquios marinos (Mollusca: Gastropoda) del Golfo de Batabano, plataforma suroccidental de Cuba. Avicennia 19: 89-98.~~

[38] ESPINOSA, J & J. ORTEA & R. FERNAnDEZ-GARCES & L. MORO. 2007. Adicio- nes a la fauna de moluscos marinos de la peninsula de Guanahacabibes (I), con la descripcion de nuevas especies. Avicennia 19: 63-88.

82 [39] ESPINOSA, J., J. ORTEA & J. MAGANA. 2001. Descripcion de una nueva especie de Melanella Bowdich, 1822 y redescripcion de Melanella arciiata (C.B. Adams, 1850). En: Moluscos del mar Carihe de Costa Rica: desde Cahiiita luista Gandoca. Espinosa,

~~J. & J. Ortea (Eds.). Avicennia suplemento 4: 24-27.~~

[40] ESPINOSA, J., J. ORTEA & J. MAGANA. 2001 . Descripcion de nuevas especies del genero Melanella Browdich, 1822 (Mollusca: Prosobranchia: Eulimidae) del Caribe de Costa Rica y costas de Cuba. Avicennia 14: 120-124.

~~[41] ESPINOSA, J. & E. ROLAN. 1995. Una nueva especie de genero Drillia (Mollusca: Neogastropoda) del Caribe mexicano. Avicennia, 3: 29-33.~~

~~[42] FERNANDEZ-GARCIA, I. & A. LOZANA PIN A. 1998. Descripcion de dos nuevas especies de Ignelater (Coleoptera: Elateridae: Pyrophorinae) de Cuba. Avicennia 8-9: 57-60.~~

~~[43] FERNANDEZ-GARCIA, I. & A. LOZANA PINA. 2002. Descripcion de una nueva especie de Ignelater (Coleoptera: Elateridae: Pyrophorinae) de Republica Dominicana. Avicennia 15: 73-76.~~

~~[44] FONTENLA, J.L. 1995. Nueva especie de Atta (Hymenoptera: Fomiicidae) del archipielago cubano. Avicennia, 3: 77-86.~~

~~[45] FONTENLA RIZO, J.L. 1997. Nuevas especies de Camponotus (Hymenoptera: Formi- cidae) de Cuba. Avicennia, 6-7: 54-60.~~

~~[46] FONTENLA RIZO, J.L. 1998. New species of Leptothorax (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Cuba. Avicennia, 8-9: 61-68.~~

[47] GARCIA, N. 1997. Nuevas especies de nematodos (Nematoda: Rhigonematida) parasites de Rhinocricus suprenans (Diplopoda: Spirobolida) en Cuba. Avicennia, 6-7: 6-14. [48] GARCIA, N. & A. COY OTERO. 1994. Description de dos nuevas especies y registro de nuevos hospederos nematodes (Nematoda) de la region oriental de Cuba. Avicennia, 1:13-17.

[49] GARCIA, N. & A. COY OTERO. 1995. Nuevas especies de nematodos (Nematoda) parasitos de artropodos cubanos. Avicennia, 3: 87-96. [50] GARCIA, N. & A. COY OTERO. 1996. Nematodos de artropodos de la Sierra deAnafe, Cuba. Avicennia, 4-5: 89-94. [51] GARCIA, N. & A. COY OTERO. 1998. Nuevo genero, nueva especie y nuevos registros de thelastomatidos (Oxyurida; Thelastomatidae) parasites de Byrsotria sp. (Dict-

yoptera; Blaberidae). ^v7ce/7/2/<7, 8-9: 41-49. [52] GARCIA, N. & A. COY OTERO & L. VENTOSA. 1998. Primer registro de nematodos (Nematoda, Oxyurida, Rliigonematida) parasitos de Amphelictogon sp. (Diplopoda. Poly- desmida), para Cuba. Avicennia, 8-9: 50-56. [53] GARCIA, N. & A. COY OTERO & L. VENTOSA. 2001. Nematodos (Nematoda. Ox- yurida) parasitos de Ewycotis opaca (Dictyoptera. Blattidae), descripcion de dos nuevas

especies. ^v/c^/?/?/V/, 14: 101-106. [54] GARCIA-PARRADO, P & PM. ALGOLADO. 1996. Nueva especie de Eunicea La- mouroux, 1816 (Cnidaria, Gorgoniacea) encontrada en Cuba. Avicennia 4-5: 46-50. [55] GARRIDO. O.H. 2005. Especie nueva de Sellio (Coleoptera: Terebrionidae: Pedinini)

~~para la Republica Dominicana. .4v/ct^;;/?/V? 17: 119-122. [56] GARRIDO. O.H. 2007. Nueva especie de Diastolinus (Coleoptera: Terebrionidae: Pe-~~

dinini) para la Republica Dominicana. Avicennia 19: 45-48. [57] GARRIDO, O.H. & L.V. MORENO. 1998. Nueva especie de Anolis (Lacertilia: Iguani- dae) del Pico Turquino, Sierra Maestra, Cuba. Avicennia, 8-9: 35-40.

~~83 [58] GENARO, J. 2001. Especie nueva de Melissoptila para Cuba y La Espanola (Hyme- noptera: Apidae). .4v/ce««/fl, 14: 61-64.~~

[59] GONZALEZ BROCHE, R. & J. RODRIGUEZ RODRIGUEZ. 2001. Nuevo subgenero de Culex, descripcion de la pupa y de la larva y redescripcion de la hembra de Cule.x ni- cawensis Duret (Diptera: Culicidae). Avicennia, 14: 65-74. [60] HERNANDEZ, L.M. 1994. Una nueva especie del genero Incisitermes y dos nuevos re-

gistros de termitas (Isoptera) para Cuba. Avicennia, 1 : 87-99. [61] HIDALGO-GATO, M. 2000. Dos nuevas especies de cicadelidos (Homoptera: Cicade- Uidae) y registro del genero Neocrassana Linnavuori, 1959, para Cuba. Avicennia, 12- 13: 127-131.

~~[62] HIDALGO-GATO, M. & R. RODRIGUEZ-LEON. 1999. Nuevo saltahojas del genero Agalliopsis Kirkaldy, 1907 (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Agalliinae) para Cuba. Avicennia, 10-11:97-100.~~

~~[63] JUARRERO, A. 1994. Nueva especie de camaron cavernicola (Decapoda: Atydae:~~

Typhlatya) de Cuba. Avicennia, 1: 57-66. [64] JUARRERO DE VARONA, A. & L.F. DE ARMAS. 1996. Nuevo genero de isopodos terrestres (Isopoda: Annadillidae) de Cuba. Avicennia, 4/5: 95-102. [65] JUARRERO DE VARONA, A. & L.F. DE ARMAS. 2003. A new species of terrestrial isopod (Oniscidea: Delatorreidae) from Cuba. Avicennia, 16: 97-102. [66] JUARRERO, A., GARCIA, A. & J. MARTINEZ-IGLESIAS. 1997. Un nuevo genero y especie de laomediidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea) de Cuba. Avicennia, 6-7: 36-42.

~~[67] JUARRERO, A. & M. ORTIZ. 2000. El genero Typhlatya (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyi- dae) en Cuba, con la descripcion de una nueva especie. Avicennia, 12-13: 45-54.~~

[68] MAGANA, J., J. ESPINOSA & J. ORTEA. 2003. Descripcion de dos nuevas especies del genero Priinum Herrmannsen, 1852 (MoUusca: Gastropoda: Marginellidae) del Ca- ribe y el Pacifico de Costa Rica. Avicennia 16: 121-128.

~~[69] MUNIAIN, C. & J. ORTEA. 1999. First records of the genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877 (Opisthobranchia: Aeolidiidae) from Argentina, with description of a new species. Avi- cennia, 10-11: 143-150.~~

~~[70] ORTEA, J. 1995. Estudio de las especies atlanticas de Paradoris Bergh, 1884 (Mollusca:~~

~~Nudibranchia: Discodorididae) recolectadas en las Islas Canarias. Avicennia, 3: 5-27.~~

~~[71] ORTEA, J. 2001. El genero Doto Oken, 1815 (Mollusca: Neogastropoda) en el Caribe: Historia natural y descripcion de nuevas especies. Avicennia, suplemento 3: 1-46.~~

~~[72] ORTEA, J. & M. CABALLER. 2002. Nuevos datos sobre el genero Eubranchus For- bes, 1838 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) en aguas templadas del Atlantico oeste. Avicennia 15:77-90.~~

~~[73] ORTEA, J. & M. CABALLER. 2007. Nueva especie del genero Doto Oken, 1815 (Mo- llusca: Cladobranchia), nombrada en honor de Torrelavega, ciudad hermanada con La Wabandi. Avicennia 19: 121-126.~~

~~[74] ORTEA, J., M. CABALLER & J.J. BACALLADO. 2003. Una nueva especie de Eu- branchus Forbes, 1838 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) de las Islas Galapagos. Avicennia 16: 103-106.~~

~~[75] ORTEA, J., M. CABALLER & J. ESPINOSA. 2003. Nuevos aeolidaceos (Mollusca. Gastropoda) de Costa Rica. Avicennia 16: 129-142.~~

[76] ORTEA, J., M. CABALLER & L. MORO. 2001 . Una nueva especie del genero Noumea Risbec, 1928 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) del Caribe arrecifal de Costa Rica, descrita con motivo del Quinto Centenario de su descubrimiento. Avicennia 14: 1-6.

~~84 [77] ORTEA. J.. M. CABALLER. L. MORO & J.J. BACALLADO. 2002. Descripcion de dos~~

~~nuevas especies del genero Euhranchus Forbes. 1838 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) en la~~

~~- Macaronesia. Avicennia 1 5 : 9 1 1 00.~~

~~[78] ORTEA, J. & J. ESPINOSA. 1996. Dos especies y un subgenero de prosobranquios (Mo- llusca: Gastropoda) marinos nuevos del Golfo de Mexico. Avicennia, 4-5: 103-1 10.~~

~~[79] ORTEA, J. & J. ESPINOSA. 1996. Descripcion de una nueva especie del genero Elysia Risso, 1818 (Opisthobranchia: Sacoglossa) recolectada en Puerto Morelos. Mexico. Avi- cennia. 4-5: 115-119.~~

[80] ORTEA, J. & J. ESPINOSA. 1998. Dos nuevas especies de moluscos marinos (Mo- llusca: Gastropoda) recolectados en los subarchipielagos Jardines del Rev y Jardines de la Reina, descritas en honor de los Reyes de Espana por su primera visita a Cuba. .-Iw- cennia 8-9: 1-5.

[81] ORTEA, J. & J. ESPINOSA. 1998. Estudio de nueve especies del genero Flahellina Voight, 1834 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) colectadas en Angola, Cabo Verde, Costa Rica. Cuba y Portugal, con la descripcion de tres especies nuevas. Avicennia. 8-9: 135-148.

~~[82] ORTEA. J. & J. ESPINOSA. 2000. Nueva especie del ^^nQxo Janoliis Bergh. 1884 (Mo- llusca: Nudibranchia) de Cuba y Costa Rica. Avicennia. 12-13: 79-83.~~

~~[83] ORTEA. J. & J. ESPINOSA. 2000. Nueva especie del genero Okenia Menke. 1830 (Mo- llusca: Nudibranchia) de Cuba. Avicennia. 12-13: 84-86.~~

~~[84] ORTEA. J. & J. ESPINOSA. 2000. Nue\a especie del genero Thuhdilla Bergh, 1872 (Mollusca: Sacoglossa) de Cuba y Costa Rica. Avicennia. 12-13: 87-90.~~

~~[85] ORTEA. J. & J. ESPINOSA. 2001. Descripcion de una nueva especie de Rissoella Gray. 1847. En: Moluscos del mar Caribe de Costa Rica: desde Cahuita hasta Gandoca. Es-~~

~~pinosa. J. & J. Ortea (Eds.). Avicennia suplemento 4: 36.~~

~~[86] ORTEA. J. & J. ESPINOSA. 2001. Descripcion de una nueva especie de Philinopsis Pease. 1860. En: Moluscos del mar Caribe de Costa Rica: desde Cahuita hasta Gandoca.~~

~~Espinosa. J. & J. Ortea (Eds.). Avicennia suplemento 4: 41.~~

~~[87] ORTEA. J. & J. ESPINOSA. 2001. Descripcion de una nueva especie de Ercolania Trin-~~

~~chese. 1 872. En: Moluscos del mar Caribe de Costa Rica: desde Cahuita hasta Gandoca.~~

~~Espinosa. J. & J. Ortea (Eds.). Avicennia suplemento 4: 45-47.~~

~~[88] ORTEA, J. & J. ESPINOSA. 200 1 . Descripcion de una nue\ a especie de Ancula Loven, 1846. En: Moluscos del mar Caribe de Costa Rica: desde Cahuita hasta Gandoca. Es-~~

~~pinosa, J. & J. Ortea (Eds.). Avicennia suplemento 4: 49.~~

~~[89] ORTEA, J. & J. ESPINOSA. 2001. Descripcion de una nueva especie de Dendrodoris Ehrenberg, 1831. En: Moluscos del mar Caribe de Costa Rica: desde Cahuita hasta~~

Gandoca. Espinosa. J. & J. Ortea (Eds.). Avicennia suplemento 4: 52-53. [90] ORTEA, J. & J. ESPINOSA. 2001. Descripcion de una nueva especie de Adrana H. y A. Adams, 1858. En: Moluscos del mar Caribe de Costa Rica: desde Cahuita hasta

~~Gandoca. Espinosa, J. & J. Ortea (Eds.). Avicennia suplemento 4: 55-56.~~

~~[91] ORTEA, J. & J. ESPINOSA. 2001. Intelcvstiscus e Inbiocystiscus (Mollusca: Neogas- tropoda: Cystiscidae) dos nuevos generos del Atlantico occidental tropical. Avicennia 14: 107-114.~~

~~[92] ORTEA, J. & J. ESPINOSA. 2002. Nuevas especies del genero Elysa Risso. 1818 (Mo- llusca: Sacoglossa) con caracteres singulares. Avicennia 15: 129-140.~~

~~[93] ORTEA. J. & J. ESPINOSA. 2004. Una combinacion de Ciencia, Arte y Naturaleza: es-~~

~~pecies nue\as del genero Rissoella J. E. Gray. 1847. (Gastropoda. Heterobranchia) des-~~

~~critas en homenaje a las artistas de la plastica cubana. Avicennia 17: 77-94.~~

~~85 [94] ORTEA, J. & J. ESPINOSA. 2006. Una nueva especie de Inbiocystiscus Ortea y Espi- nosa, 2001. En: Moluscos marinos de la Peninsula de Guanahacabibes, Pinar del Rio,~~

~~Cuba, con la descripcion de nuevos taxones. Espinosa, J., J. Ortea, M. Caballer & L. Moro (Eds.). Avicennia 18: 43-44.~~

~~[95] ORTEA, J. & J. ESPINOSA. 2006. Nueva familia y nuevo genero de doridos porosto- mados. En: Moluscos marinos de la Peninsula de Guanahacabibes, Pinar del Rio, Cuba,~~

~~con la descripcion de nuevos taxones. Espinosa, J., J. Ortea, M. Caballer & L. Moro {Eds.). Avicennia 18: 64-66.~~

~~[96] ORTEA, J., J. ESPINOSA & M. CABALLER. 2004. Nuevos taxones y registros de la familia Polyceridae (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) en las costas de Cuba. Avicennia 17: 101-106.~~

[97] ORTEA, J., J. ESPINOSA & Y. CAMACHO. 1999. Especies del genero Polycera Cu- vier, 1816 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) recolectadas en la epifauna de algas rojas del Ca- ribe de Costa Rica y Cuba. Avicennia 10-11: 157-164.

~~[98] ORTEA, J., J. ESPINOSA & J. MAGANA. 2004. Descripcion de una especie del genero~~

~~Rissoella J. E. Gray, 1847. (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) del Pacifico de Costa Rica. Avicennia 17: 95-100.~~

~~[99] ORTEA, J.. J. ESPINOSA & L. MORO. 200 1 . Descripcion de una nueva especie de Phi- line Ascanius, 1772. En: Moluscos del mar Caribe de Costa Rica: desde Cahuita hasta~~

~~Gandoca. Espinosa, J. & J. Ortea (Eds.). Avicennia suplemento 4: 38-40.~~

~~[100] ORTEA. J.. S. GOFAS & A. VALDES. 1997. Two new Chromodorididae (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) from Angola. Avicennia, 6-7: 117-124.~~

~~[101] ORTEA, J., & E. MARTINEZ. 1997. Una nueva especie de Chelidonura A. Adams, 1850 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia: Cephalaspidea) de las costas de Cuba. Avicennia, 6-~~

~~7: 137-140.~~

~~[102] ORTEA, J. & L. MORO. 1998. Descripcion de tres moluscos opistobranquios nuevos de las islas de Cabo Verde. Avicennia, 8-9: 149-154.~~

~~[103] ORTEA, J. & L. MORO. 1998. Una nueva especie del genero Olivella (Mollusca: Ne- ogastropoda) del mar Caribe cubano. Avicennia, 8-9: 155-158.~~

~~[104] ORTEA, J., L. MORO & J. ESPINOSA. 1997. El genero DoroOken, 1815 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) en las islas Canarias y de Cabo Verde. Avicennia, 6-7: 125-136.~~

~~[105] ORTEA, J., L. MORO & J. ESPINOSA. 1999. Dos moluscos opistobranquios nuevos de las Islas Canarias. Avicennia, 10-11: 151 -156.~~

~~[106] ORTEA, J. & A. VALDES. 1995. Una nueva especie de Thordisa Bergh, 1877 (Mo- llusca: Nudibranchia: Discodorididae) de las costas de Angola. Avicennia, 3: 35-41.~~

~~[107] ORTEA, J., A. VALDES & J.C. GARCIA-GOMEZ. 1996. Revision de las especies atlanticas de las familias Chromodorididae (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) del grupo cro-~~

~~matico ajAxX. Avicennia, suplemento 1: 1-165.~~

~~[108] ORTIZ, M., S. CHAZARO-OLVERA & R. LALANA. 2001 . A new amphipod crustacean of the genus Haustorius (Gammaridea, Haustoriidae). from the East Coast of Me-~~

~~xico. y4v/ce/7«/a, 14: 53-59.~~

[109] ORTIZ, M. & J. DARWIN THOMAS. 2007. Cerapus orteai (Corophioidea: Coro- phiidae) a new amphipod crustacean from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Avicen- nia, 19: 17-24. [110] ORTIZ, M., A. GARCIA-DEBRAS & R. LALANA. 2002. Una nueva especie de anfipodo anquialino del genero Melita (Gammaridea: Melitidae). de la isla de Cuba. Avi- cennia, 15: 43-52.

~~86 .~~

~~Ill] ORTIZ, M., A. GARCIA-DEBRAS & R. LALANA. 2003. Una nueva especie de an-~~

fipodo anquialino del genero Socarnopsis ( Amphipoda, Lysianassidae) del sistema ca- vemario de Playa Giron. Cuba. Avicennia, 16: 1\-11 112] ORTIZ, M., A. GARCIA-DEBRAS & A. PEREZ. 1997. Nuevo genero y nueva especie de misidaceo ca\ emicola (Crustacea. Peracarida, Mysidacea) de Cuba. Avicennia, 6-7:21-28.

~~113] ORTIZ, M. & R. LALANA. 2002. Los anfipodos (Crustacea. Amphipoda) de la Isla~~

~~Coiba. en el Pacifico de Panama. Avicennia. 15: 9-22.~~

1 14] ORTIZ, M. & R. LALANA. 2002. Una nueva especie de cumaceo del genero Cyclas- pis (Cumacea, Bodotriidae), de aguas cubanas. Avicennia. 15: 23-30. 115] ORTIZ, M. & R. LALANA. 2002. Una nueva especie de anfipodo del genero Spa- thiopus (Gammaridea, Melitidae). de la platafonna noroccidental de Cuba. Avicennia. 15:31-36. 116] ORTIZ, M. & R. LALANA. 2002. Primer registro para el Mar Caribe y el archipielago cubano del genero Neoischyrocerus (Amphipoda. Ischyroceridae). con la descripcion de una especie nueva de Cuba. Avicennia. 15: 37-51. 117] ORTIZ, M.. R. LALANA & V. LIO. 1999. Un nuevo genero y una nueva especies de anfipodo marino (Amphipoda: Aristiidae). de Cuba. Avicennia. 10 11: 137-142. 118] ORTIZ, M., R. LALANA & A. SANCHEZ-DIAZ. 2000. Una nueva especie de misidaceo marino del genero A?7iathimysis Brattegard, 1969 (Mysidacea, Mysidae), de aguas

cubanas. ^v7c^/7;7/(7 12-13: 55-62. 119] ORTIZ, M., R. LALANA & A. SANCHEZ-DIAZ. 2000. Una nueva especie de anfipodo espongicola del genero Hoplophenoides Shoemaker, 1956 (Gammaridea; Cyproi- deidae), de Cuba. Avicennia. 12/13: 63-68. 120] ORTIZ, M., R. LALANA & E. SUAREZ. 2003. Nuevos copepodos e isopodos (Crus- tacea), parasitos de peces del archipielago cubano. con la descripcion de una nueva especie de copepodo. Avicennia. 16: 78-82. 121] ORTIZ, M., R. LALANA & C. VARELA. 2004. Una nueva especie de anfipodo anquialino del genero Elasmopus (Amphipoda, Melitidae) del archipielago cubano. Avi-

~~cennia, 17: 35-40. 122] ORTIZ, M., R. LALANA & C. VARELA. 2007. Una nueva especie de camaron del genero Spongiocaris (Pleocyemata, Stenopodidea) asociado a una esponja (Hexactine-~~

llida) colectada por la expedicion del BT "Atlantis", en las aguas profundas del sur de Cuba, en 1939. Avicennia. 19: 25-30. 123] ORTIZ, M., R. LALANA & C. VARELA. 2007. Una nueva especie de isopodo espongicola (Isopoda, Flabellifera, Cirolanidae) de las aguas profundas del sur de Cuba. Avicennia. 19: 37-44.

~~124] ORTIZ, M., I. WINFIELD & R. LALANA. 2001. Una nueva especie de anfipodo del~~

~~genero Bogidiella (Gammaridea, Bogiellidae), de la Isla de Coiba. en el Pacifico de Panama. Avicennia. 14: 47-52. 125] VARELA, C, M. ORTIZ & R. LALANA. 2003. Una nueva especie de copepodo del~~

~~genero Asterocheres Boeck, 1 860 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida), de aguas cubanas. Avicennia. 19: 31-36.~~

~~126] VILLALOBOS, P., A.G. GUZMAN & Y. CAMACHO-GARCIA. 2008. Catalogue of the type material deposited at the Zoology Museum. Unixersity of Costa Rica. The Nau-~~

~~tilus. 122(3): 155-165.~~

87 Lamina 1.- A. Elysia pratensis Ortea y Espinosa, 1996; B. Doto moravesa Ortea, 1997; C. Doto escatllari Ortea, Moro y Espinosa, 1997; D. Doto sotilloi Ortea, Moro y Espinosa, 1997; E. Chelidonum cubana Ortea y Martinez, 1997; F. Osvaldoginella gomezi Espinosa y Ortea, 1997.

88 Lamina 2.- A. Flabcllina ancloi Ortea y Espinosa. 1^98; B. Cratena scintilla Ortea \ Moro. Is*'^^; C. Oxynoc hen- chijigua Ortea. Moro y Espinosa. 1999; D. Cuthona fidenciae (Ortea. Moro y Espinosa, 1999); E. I'olvarina flore- sensis Espinosa y Ortea. 1 999; F. Priimim holandae Espinosa y Ortea. 1 999.

89 Lamina 3.- A. Hyalina chicoi Espinosa y Oitea, 1999; B. Hyalina cubemis Espinosa y Ortea, 1999; C. Janolus cos- tacubensis Ortea y Espinosa, 2000; D. Thwidilla mazda Ortea y Espinosa, 2000; E. Ticofurcilla tica (Espinosa y Ortea, 2000); F. Doto duao Ortea, 2001.

90 4.- Lamina A. Philine cahalleh Ortea. Espinosa y Moro. 2UU1 : B. EnoUmia sclva Ortea y Hspinosa. 2001 ; C. Den- drodorls magagnai Ortea y Espinosa. 2001 ; D. Euhninchus vascoi Ortea, Caballer y Moro. 2002; E. Elysia zuleicac Ortea y Espinosa. 2002; F. Elysia eiigeniae Ortea y Espinosa. 2002.

91 Lamina 5.- A. Intelcystiscus yemayae Espinosa y Ortea, 2003; B. Pnmuin camachoi Espinosa y Ortea, 2003; C. Granulina molinai Espinosa y Ortea, 2006; D. Volvarina mores Espinosa y Ortea, 2006; E. Eulimostraca dalmata Espinosa y Ortea, 2007; F. Gibberula cavernicola Espinosa y Ortea, 2007.

~~92 Rev. Acad. Canar. Cienc, XXIII (Num. 3), 93-106 (201 1 ) (publicado en abril de 2012)~~

~~DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF HYPSELODORIS (GASTROPODA: NUDIBRANCHIA: CHROMODORIDIDAE) FROM VENEZUELA~~

~~M. Caballer' ' & J. Ortea-~~

~~' Department of Oceanology and Coastal Sciences, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research~~

~~Ctra. Panamericana km 1 1, Miranda, Venezuela. Corresponding author: manuelcaballergutierrez@^hotmail.com~~

~~- Department BOS. University of Oviedo. Calle Catedratico Valentin Andres Alvarez s n 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain~~

~~^ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue de Buflbn. 75005 Paris, France~~

~~ABSTR.\CT~~

~~Anew species of the gastropod genus Hypselodoris Stimpson. 1855 is described from~~

the continental coasts of Venezuela. Hypselodoris samiieli sp. no\ . is characterized by the uniform dark blue colouration of the rhinophores, the rhinophoral sheath outlined by yellow pigment, not forming a ring on juveniles, the lack of mantle glands after the rhinophores, the jaws with two triangular smooth areas and small pin-shaped denticles on its ventral central re-

~~gion and by the e\olve of mantle colour pattern with the size.~~

~~Key words: MoUusca, Gastropoda, Hypselodoris samueli sp. no\'., species complex. Caribbean.~~

~~RESUMEN~~

~~Se describe una especie nueva del genero Hypselodoris de las costas continentales de~~

~~Venezuela. Hypselodoris samueli especie nueva se caracteriza por la coloracion azul oscuro~~

~~uniforme de los rinoforos, las vainas rinoforicas perfiladas con pigmento amarillo aunque sin~~

formar un anillo en los juveniles, la ausencia de glandulas del manto despues en la zona posterior a los rinoforos, las mandibulas con dos areas triangulares lisas y con denticulos en fomia de chincheta en el centro de su region ventral y por la evolucion del patron de coloracion en relacion a la talla. Palabras clave: Moluscos, Gasteropodos, Hypselodoris samueli especie nueva, com- plejos de especies, Caribe.

~~93 1. INTRODUCTION~~

The genus Hypselodoris Stimpson, 1855 consists of small to medium size unshelled gastropods with brightful colours on their bodies and chemical defenses on their mantle glands, predating on sponges, which have both, metamorphic and ametamorphic development. It is one of the most diverse genus in the Family Chromodorididae Bergh, 1891 (Ortea,

~~Valdes & Garcia-Gomez [12]) and comprises approximately 76 species (Johnson [8]; Ca- baller, Bouchet & Gofas [3]), of them, only 1 1 live in the Western Atlantic.~~

The first synthesis of the Family in the Atlantic is due to Ortea et al. [12], who con- sider 7 valid species of Hypselodoris in the Western side; 5 endemic to the Caribbean and 2 with a wider distribution that includes Brazil; Hypselodoris picta (Schultz, 1836) and

~~Hypselodoris marci Marcus, 1971 . These authors also established the characters useful to distinguish species.~~

Afterwards, Valdes et al. [14] recognize a total of 8 valid species in the Caribbean, plus 6 unnamed or doubtful. From 1996 to the present, 3 species have been described in Western Atlantic: 2 in the Caribbean; Hypselodoris lilyeveae A\Q]2indx'mo & Valdes, 2006 and Hypselodoris olgae Ortea & Bacallado, 2007 (in the species complex of H. marci) and one endemic to Brazil; Hypselodoris juliae Dacosta, Padula & Schrodl, 2010. The intricate taxonomic history of the genus in Western Atlantic (summarized in Table

1) may be explained by the difficulties in distinguishing species and by the existence of several species complexes that share similar colour patterns (Alejandrino & Valdes [1]). Thus, the assumption that similar specimens from different localities are conspecific based only on external morphology may lead to misidentifications and taxonomic confusion (Dacosta,

~~Padula & Schrodl [4]).~~

There is a group of species who share mantle edge with a wide white band with black spots, blue-green background and yellow-orange markings or lines in the dorsum. This group includes: Hypselodoris bayeri (Marcus & Marcus, 1967), H. marci and H. olgae. In the present work a big sized new species oi Hypselodoris from Venezuela, close related to H. bayeri, is described.

~~2. MATERIALS AND METHODS~~

The specimens were collected by snorkeling in the National Park Morrocoy, Venezuela (march 2010). A Carl Zeiss stereomicroscope was used to take data on external anatomy and color patterns. The animals were photographed alive and then preserved in ethanol 96 %. To compare with other species of the genus, diagrams were made of the general internal anatomy, jaws, radula and genital apparatus using an Olympus SZ16 stereomicroscope. SEM images were taken at the Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN). The specimens are deposited in MNHN and in the Marine Organisms Section of the Biological Collections of the Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (Register number 028), Miranda, Venezuela (SOM-IVIC).

~~94 3. SYSTEMATICS~~

~~Family CHROMODORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891 Genus HypselodoHs Stimpson, 1855 Type species: Hypselodoris ohsciira (Stimpson, 1855), by monotypy.~~

~~Hypselodoris samueli sp. nov. (Figures 1-4)~~

Type material: Holotypc: adult. cS5 mm long alive, dissected, jaw and radula mounted for SEM. rest preserved in 96 % ethanol. (type locality: Mouth of El Ocho lagoon. Morrocoy. State Falcon, west coast of Venezuela [OLV]. coordinates: 10°52'05-N 68°13'27"W; water depth: 1.5 m) [MNHN]; coll. M. Ca- baller. 23 march 2010. Paratype 1: adult, 50 mm long alive, dissected, jaw and radula mounted for op- tical microscopy, rest preserved in 96 % ethanol. (OLV: coordinates: 10°52'05"N 68°13'27"W: water depth: 2 m) [SOM-IVIC-IVICCMTOIO]: coll. S. Narciso. 23 march 2010. Paratype 2: juvenile. 10 mm long alive, dissected, jaw and radula mounted for SEM. rest preserved in 96 % ethanol. (OLV: coordinates: 10°52'05"N68°13'27"W: water depth: 1 m) [SOM-IVIC-IVICCMTOU]: coll. M. Malaquias. 23 march 2010.

Diagnosis: Rhinophores uniform dark blue. Rhinophoral sheaths outlined by yellow pigment in the outer side, not fomiing a ring in juveniles. Mantle edge with a wide white-green to white band, with black spots only on the sides. Longitudinal yellow lines in the mantle reach the gill opening. Their number proportional to the size: central one continuous, plus 2 to 5 discontinuous laterals. Mantle glands all around the mantle edge, except on a portion after the rhinophores. Gill leaves bifurcated or trifurcated in the upper half in adults. Jaw s with two triangular smooth areas flanking the dorsal anterior middle zone. Small pin-shaped denticles with one to four cusps present in the central region. Lateral teeth of the radula bicuspid. Both cusps equal or similar size. Up to 6 denticles at the base of the lower cusp, the first of them always towards the half of its length.

~~Description:~~

External anatomy and colouration (Figure I): body elongate, wider than high, blue- green, which becomes clear and turns to green-gray in bigger specimens. On these, a big bluish-black blotch, as wide as the body, is present in the center of the mantle. Foot bright blue in juveniles. Anterior foot margin bilabiate, upper lip with yellow spots. Oral tentacles digi- tiform with some yellow spots. Mantle edge wide and rippled in big specimens, always bounded by a narrow reddish orange band except in the back. This band broken longitudinally by a thin white line. Toward inwards another white-green band with 9 parallel black spots each side in juvenile. Wider and gray to bright white in Holotype and Paratype 1, with dou- ble number of black spots distributed in two alternate bands. Black spots same size as in juvenile, not bigger.

Several longitudinal yellow lines in the mantle. The design \ aries with the size: Paratype 2(10 mm long): 3 yellow lines, the central one continuous, interrupted only by the gill opening, not reaching the edge of the mantle. Lateral lines discontinuous, skirting the rhinophoral opening on its outer side, not forming a ring. Reaching to the gill opening on the back.

~~Paratype 1 (50 mm long): 2 additional external lateral lines, reaching further than the branchial opening. Yellow spots between the lines.~~

~~95 Holotype (85 mm long): a total of 10 yellow lines, the central line continuous, the remaining fragmented or composed by aligned spots.~~

Rhinophores uniform dark blue, with 15 to more than 30 lamellae ( 1 and 85 mm specimens respectively). Rhinophoral sheaths in juvenile outlined by yellow pigment in the outer side, not forming a ring. They join to form a yellow bridge in the holotype (Figure ID). Gill grayish-blue, composed of 10 unipinnate branchial leaves (even in juvenile specimen), base translucent blue. Gill rachis black, with orange to orange-red border. Inner rachis red at the base and white in the rest in the holotype. Gill leaves bifurcate and ramify in the upper half in adults. Gill sheath not outlined in yellow. Hiponotum green-blue to gray, with one continuous yellow line on each side, joining in the tail (Figure 1 A); one to six fragmented lines below, up to two above. Discontinuous lines do not merge with the continuous one in the tail. Posterior end of the foot lacking black spots. Mantle glands: 7-8 regular ones anteriorly, from the nose to the rhinophores; 10 along the posterior edge of the mantle, the last three very bulky. Mantle glands absent in a portion after the rhinophores. Gonopore lack distinct colouration, yellow lines thickened around it.

Internal anatomy (Figure 2A-C, 3 & 4): blood gland very big, compressed in front, pointed behind. Salivary glands white, long and tubular. Oesophagus long, with a fold. In- testine two and a half times the length of the oesophagus. Jaws (Figure 3E-F) composed of both: conic, unicuspic rodlets, tightly and regularly arranged (Figure 3G), and, small pin- shaped rodlets with one to four cusps in the ventral central region (Figure 3H). Dorsal anterior middle zone ofjaw flanked by two triangular smooth areas, without denticles, one each side (Figure 3E-F). Radular formula 49 x 51.0.51. (Paratype 2), 80 x 145.0.145 (Paratype 1) and 98 x 170.0. 170 (Holotype). Teeth bicuspid, both cusps equal or similar in size. Innermost lateral teeth with a single denticle at the base of the lower cusp, up to 6 in the middle laterals, the first always towards the half of the cusp (Figure 3A-D). Middle lateral teeth with a thick denticle at the base of the lower cusp (Figure 4C). Size of the teeth increases in the row, from the innermost teeth, to the last middle laterals, which are more blunt and irregular, then de- creases. Outermost teeth short and pectinate (Figure 4D), cusps reduced, with 3-5 denticles under the lower one, sometimes fused. Reproductive system (Figure 2D): ampulla long, oval and narrow. Prostate very long, organized in two areas of tight folds; one attached to the back and the other to the inner side of the bursa copulatrix, which is covered almost completely. Bursa copulatrix globose, fairly large and tinged of a characteristic pale orange. Vagina dark blue. Seminal receptacle saccu- lar, elongated, white, with same diameter as the vagina and inserted on its base, at the same point that the vagina duct. Hermaphroditic gland cream-orange, similar diameter than the seminal receptacle, equal length than the bursa. Vestibular gland very apparent. Holotype and paratype 1 fully mature.

Biology: The holotype was collected in the chanels caused by turistic boats on the bottom of the entrance of El Ocho lagoon. The bottom there is sandy-muddy with Thalassia testudinum and Halimeda spp. (Figure IB).

~~When disturbed, the animal retracts the gills and secretes a white substance around the edge of the mantle which also seems to spring from the edge of the foot in the tail (Figure IE).~~

~~Afterwards, it swells and shows areas that seem to be full of water throughout the body.~~

~~Geographical and bathymetrical distribution: Known only to the type locality, up to 2 m deep.~~

~~96 Etymology: Hypsclodoris samucli sp. no\. is named in honor of our friend and colleague Samuel Narciso who collected one of the paratypes and gave logistical support in Morrocoy.~~

~~4. DISCUSSION~~

Several similarly coloured species occur in the Caribbean. The colouration pattern of the adult specimens of Hypselodoris samueli sp. nov., is similar to that present in three other species listed in the Caribbean: Hypselodoris bayeri. Hypselodoris marci and Hypselodoris olgae, however, H. samueli sp. nov. has uniform navy-blue rhinophores, character that clearly distinguishes it from H. marci and H olgae. On the other hand this character is shared by a large group of western Atlantic Hypselodoris: Hypselodoris picta wehbi (d'Orbigny, 1839), Hypselodoris picta lajensis, H. bayeri, Hypselodoris zebra and Hypselodoris Jidiae, although the juveniles of these five species/subspecies are quite different, so as the adults (except H. bayeri).

~~Within the set of distinctive characters of H. samueli, there are two that distinguish it from the rest of Hypsclodoris in the Caribbean with whom it could be compared:~~

- The triangular smooth areas flanking the dorsal anterior middle zone of the jaw. This character is only present in other two species, both from east Atlantic, both w ith a reduced geographical distribution; Hypselodoris bilineata (Pru\ot-Fol, 1953) (south of Spain to Senegal and Canary islands) and Hypselodoris malacitana Luque. 1986 (from the south of Spain).

- The small pin-shaped denticles in the \entral central region of the jaw. This character is only present in Hypselodoris ruthae Marcus & Hughes, 1974 from the Caribbean, quite different from H. samueli sp. nov.. and in Hypselodoris pinna Oitea. 1988. from Cape Verde.

~~Other typical characters of H. samueli sp. nov. are:~~

~~- The bridge between the rhinophoral sheaths seen in the holotype (Figure 1 D). quite similar to that present in the Indo-Pacific species Glossodoris atromarginata (Cuvier. 1804).~~

~~This character hasn't been observed in any Atlantic species before.~~

~~- The thick denticle below second cusp of the middle lateral teeth similar to that illustrated by Garcia et al. [7: figure C, p. 129] for H. marci without comments on its significance.~~

~~Hypselodoris bayeri is the closest species to H. samueli sp. nov. in the colour pattern.~~

It was described as the type of the genus Felimare Marcus & Marcus. 1967, due to the presence in the holotype of a rachidian teeth, character that hasn't been observ ed ever again in any other specimen attributed to the species, not even in the paratype. Thus, the holotype has been considered anomalous and Felimare synonymous with Hypselodoris (Ortea et al. [12]). Some of the posterior records to this species doesn't fit in the original description very well (Rud- man [13]) or do not give much data on the anatomy (Meyer [10]) and there seem to be a complex of species with similar colour pattern under the name H. bayeri, so, the taxonomy should be revised. Hypselodoris samueli sp. nov. is one of this species misidentified with H. bayeri in Venezuela. A synthesis of the characters to distinguish both species can be seen in Table 2.

~~Despite what Ortea et al. [12] established about the colouration of the rhinophores in H. bayeri, as it can be seen in the illustrations given by Marcus and Marcus [9: plate 1, figure 2],~~

~~OnQdi etal. [12: p. 15, figure 1 1 B] and Valdes~~

~~The specimens illustrated by Ardila & Rachello [2] could be conspecific with H. samueli sp. nov.~~

~~97 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS~~

We are in debt to our friends and colleagues Manuel Malaquias (Bergen Museum, Nor- way), for his help in the field in the campaign in Venezuela, and Samuel Narciso (FUDENA, Venezuela), for the logistical support in Morrocoy. To the fishermen and boaters of

Chichiriviche, for their assistance in the field. To Philippe Bouchet, V. Heros, P. Maestrati and B. Buge (Biodiversity Exploration Unit, MNHN), for their help while the first author was working in Paris. To Jose Espinosa (Oceanology Institute, Cuba), for the specimen of H. sycilla. This work was supported by the IVIC project 915 (M.C.) - Marine biodiversity in

~~Venezuela and its relationship with coastal dynamics. Molluscs as focal group and source of new molecules and by the MNHN (M.C, Visiting Researcher contract).~~

~~6. REFERENCES~~

[I] ALEJANDRINO A. & A. VALDES. 2006. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Hypselodoris Stimpson, 1855 (Nudibranchia, Chromodorididae) with the description of a new species from the Caribbean Sea. Journal ofMolluscan Studies, 72: 189-198.

~~[2] ARDILA N.E. & R RACHELLO. 2004. Opisthobranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) col-~~

~~lected by the cruises Invemar-Macrofauna II in the Colombian Caribbean (20-150 m).~~

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~~[3] CABALLER M., R BOUCHET & S. GOFAS. 2011. Hypselodoris Stimpson, 1855. Ac- cessed through: World Register of Marine Species at~~

~~http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id= 1 3 7784 on 20 1 2-0 1-15.~~

[4] DACOSTA S., V. PADULA & M. SCHRODL. 2010. A new species of Hypselodoris and a redescription of Hypselodoris picta lajensis (Nudibranchia: Chromodorididae) from Brazil. The Veliger, 51(1): 15-25.

[5] DOMINGUEZ M., RJ. GARCIA & J. TRONCOSO. 2006. Some aspects of the family Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with description of a new species. Scientia Marina 70(4): 621-634.

[6] GARCIA, R & H. BERTSCH. 2009. Diversity and distribution of the Gastropoda Opisthobranchia from the Atlantic Ocean: a global biogeographic approach. Scientia Ma- rina, 13: 153-160. Appendix l,p. S1-S18.

~~[7] GARCIA RJ., DOMINGUEZ M. & J. TRONCOSO. 2008. Opistobranquios de Brasil. Vigo, Spain. Troncoso and Garcia Editors, 215 pp.~~

~~[8] JOHNSON R.F. 20 1 0. Breaking family ties: taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Zoologica Scripta, 40(2): 137-157.~~

~~[9] MARCUS, EV & ER. MARCUS. 1 967. American opisthobranch mollusks. Part 1 , Trop- ical American opisthobranchs. Studies Tropical Oceanography, 6(1-2).- 1-137.~~

~~[10] MEYER, K. 1977. Dorid nudibranchs of the Caribbean coast of the Panama Canal Zone. Bulletin ofMarine Science, 27(2): 299-307.~~

[II] ORTEA, J. & J.J. BACALLADO. 2007. Descripcion de una nueva especie de Hypselo- doris Stimpson, 1855 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia: Chromodorididae) nombrada en homenaje a Olga Ucelay Sabina. Revista Academia Canaria de las Ciencias, 18: 53-60.

~~98 [12] ORTEA J., A. VALDES & J.C. GARCfA-GOMEZ. 1996. Revision de las especies atlanticas de la familia Chromodorididae (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) del grupo cromatico azul.~~

~~Avicennia, supplement 1: 1-165.~~

~~[13] RUDMAN W.B. 2005. Hypselodohs bayeh (Marcus & Marcus. 1967). Accessed through: Sea Slug Forum, Australian Museum, Sydney at~~

~~http://\v\v\v.seashigforum.net/factsheet/hypsbaye on 20 1 2-0 1-15.~~

[14] VALDES A., J. HAMANN, D.W. BEHRENS & A. DUPONT. 2006. Caribbean Sea Slugs, A field guide to the opisthobranch mollusks from the tropical Northwestern At- lantic. Washington, USA: Sea Challengers Natural History Books, 289 pp.

99 Figure 1.- Hypselodoris samueli sp. nov. (A-B, D-E) Holotype (85 mm alive); (A) lateral view; (B) underwater pho- tograph of the living animal; (C) Paratype 1 (50 mm alive), dorso-frontal view; (D) detail of the rhinophoral sheath; (E) detail of the tail and the mantle edge secreting a white substance; (F-G), Paratype 2(10 mm alive); (F) dorso-lateral view; (G) dorsal view.

100 Figure 2.- Hypselodoris samueli sp. nov. Parat\pe 1 (50 mm alive). (A-C) Successive schemes for the general or- ganization of internal organs; (A) outermost; (B) medium; (C) innermost; (D) scheme of the reproducti\e s\stem.

Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: aa, anterior aorta; am. ampulla; ao, anus opening; be. bursa copulatri.x; bgl. blood gland; dg. diges- tive gland; fgm. female gland mass; g. gills, hd. hermaphrodite duct; in. intestine; no, nidamental duct opening; oe. esophagus; ot. oral tube; ov, oviduct; ph. pharynx; pr. prostate; ps. penial duct; rs. seminal receptacle; sg. sali\ ar> gland; st, stomach; ud, uterine duct; v, vestibulum; va, vagina; ve. ventricle; vd, vas deferens, vg. vestibular gland.

101 Figure 3.- Hypselodoris samiieli sp. nov. Schemes ofjaw and radula. (A-C, F) Paratype 2; (D-E) Paratype 1 ; (A) innermost lateral teeth (number 1 and 18 of row 50); (B) mid-lateral teeth (25, 43 and 51 of row 50); (C) outennost lateral teeth (row 50); (D) external side of mid-lateral teeth, detail of the thick lateral denticle at the base of the lower = cusp; (E) Jaw, scale bar = 1 mm; (F) Jaw, scale bar = 0,5 mm; (G) jaw rodlets; (H) pin-shaped rodlets. Scale bar 10 ^m.

~~--1~~

102 Figure 4.- Hypselodoris samueli sp. no\. Scanning electron micrographs of radula and jaws. (A-C) Holot\'pe; (A) jaw rodlets; (B) innennost lateral teeth: (C) mid-lateral teeth, detail of the thick lateral denticle; (D-E) Paratype 2; (D) outermost lateral teeth; (E) mid-lateral teeth. Scale bar = 10 jam.

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~~106 Rev. Acad. Canar. Cienc, XXIII (Num. 3), 107-109 (201 1 ) (publicado en abril de 2012)~~

~~Anonyx sarsi (STEELE & BRLNEL, 1968), UN NUEVO ANFiPODO (CRUSTACEA: AMPHIPODA) MARINO PARA EL ARCHIPIE- LAGO CANARIO~~

~~Riera, R.* & E. Ramos~~

~~Centro de Inxestigaciones Medioambientales del Atlantico (CIM.A SL)~~

~~Arzobispo Elias Yanes. 44. 38206 La Laguna. Tenerife. islas Canaries *email; rodri20(a cimacanarias.com~~

El lisianasido Anonyx sarsi (Steele & Brlnel. 1968) es un anfipodo comun en aguas someras de las costas atlanticas europeas, fundamentalmente en fondos submareales someros e intermareales (Steele [8]). Ingolfsson & Agnarsson [2] obsen aron que esta especie se caracteriza por presentar una estacionalidad muy marcada. con abundancias maximas en in- viemo (Noviembre-Febrero) \ muy bajas durante los meses de verano (Junio-Agosto). Se trata de una especie fundamentalmente carronera (Saint-Marie [7]). incluso sobre cuerpos de cetaceos varados (Oli\er etal. [6]). aunque tambien se ha obsen ado depredando sobre copepodos calanoides y poliquetos (Saint-Marie & Lamarche [8]). En el intennareal. esta especie presenta una gran movilidad desplazandose hacia la franja supralitoral durante los periodos de marea alta pero desaparece durante la marea baja (Ingolfsson & Agnarsson [3]). Los tres ejemplares examinados de Anonyx sarsi fueron recolectados en un fondo do- minado por las arenas tlnas (59%) a 30 m de profundidad. enfrente de Palm-mar ( Arona. Te- nerife) (28^03 *59"N/16°7r39"0). La longitud media flie de 0.9 mm (Lamina 1 ). inferior a la de ejemplares del mar Artico (15.9 mm) (Legezynska [4]). En el punto de muestreo. las especies que dominaron la estructura de la comunidad macrofaunal fueron el poliqueto Ditrupa arietina, el antlpodo Ampelisca brevicornis y el tanaidaceo Apseudes talpa.

La distribucion de esta especie es anfiatlantica (Mark etal. [5]. Steele [8]) y tambien ha sido citada en el mar Mediterraneo (GLERR-vGARCiAfr .^z.. [1]), siendo mas abundante en latitudes polares (Legezynsi;.\ [4]).

~~BIBLIOGRAFIA~~

~~[1] GUERRA-GARCIA. J.M.. E. BAEZA-ROJANO. M.R CABEZAS & J.C. G.^RCJA-~~

~~GOMEZ. 201 1 . X'ertical distribution and seasonality of peracarid crustaceans associated with intertidai macroalgae. Journal ofSea Research. 65: 256-264.~~

[2] INGOLFSSON, A. & I. AGNARSSON. 1 999. Anonyx sarsi: a major unrecognized scav- enger and predator in the intertidai zone. Journal of Marine Biological Association of United ofKingdom. 19: 1127-1128.

~~[3] INGOLFSSON. A. & I. AGNARSSON. 2003. Amphipods and isopods in the rocky intertidai: dispersal and movements during high tide. Marine Biology-. 143: 859-866.~~

~~107 .~~

~~[4] LEGEZYNSKA, J. 2008. Food resource partitioning among Artie sublittoral lysianassoid~~

~~amphipods in summer. Polar Biology, 3 1 : 663-670.~~

~~[5] MARK, S., L. PROVENCHER, E. ALBERT & C. NOZERES. 2010. Cadre de suivi ecologique de la zone de protection marine Manicouagan (Quebec): bilan des connais-~~

~~sances et identification des composantes ecologiques a suivre. Rapp. Tech. Can. Sci.~~

~~Halieut. Aquat. 2914: xi + 121 p.~~

[6] OLIVER, J.S., RN. SLATTERY, M.A. SILBERSTEIN & E.F. O'CONNOR. 1984. Gray whale feeding on dense ampeliscid amphipod communities near Barmfield, British Co- lumbia. Canadian Journal ofZoology, 62: 41-49.

[7] SAINT-MARIE, B. 1986. Effects of bait size and sampling time on the attraction of the lysianassid amphipods Anonyx sarsi Steele & Brunei and Orchomenella pinguis (Boeck). Journal ofExperimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 99: 6'})-ll

~~[8] STEELE, D.H. 1 982. The genus Anonyx (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the North Pacific and Arctic oceans: Anonyx nugax group. Canadian Journal ofZoology, 60: 1754-1775.~~

~~108 Lamina 1.- Anomx sarsi A. \'ista general de. B. Detalle de la zona anterior.~~

~~109~~

~~FILOSOFIA E HISTORIA DE LAS CIENCIAS~~

~~Rev. Acad. Canar. Cicnc, XXIII (Num. 3), 1 13-143 (201 1) (publicado en abril de 2012)~~

~~EARLY CULTIVATION OF MACARONESIAN PLANTS IN THREE EUROPEAN BOTANIC GARDENS~~

- J. Francisco-Ortega' -, A. Santos-Guerra\ L. Sanchez-Pinto\ & M. Maunder' Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL 33199, U.S.A. e-mail: ortegajrafiu.edu (correspondence)

~~^Center for Tropical Plant Conservation, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden~~

~~1 1935 Old Cutler Road. Coral Gables (Miami), FL 33 156, U.S.A.~~

~~^ Unidad de Botanica, Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias~~

~~Calle Retama, num. 2, Puerto de la Cruz, 38400 Tenerife. Spain~~

* Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre, Calle Fuente Morales, num. 2 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38003 Tenerife, Spain

~~ABSTRACT~~

The Chelsea Physic Garden (London) (established in 1673), the Botanic Garden of Amsterdam (established in 1682), and the Clifford's Hartekamp Gardens (the Netherlands, established in 1 709 by George Clifford II) were among the most important pre-Linnaean botanic gardens in Europe and were famous because of their living collections of exotic plants. There is relatively extensive documentation of what plant material was grown in these botanic gardens prior to Linnaeus establishing the now generally accepted binomial system for naming plants. A study of these documents pertinent to species originally from the Macaronesian Is- lands is presented as a contribution to the history of European plant collections and the introduction of new exotics to European horticulture. A total of 29 taxa from the region w ere cultivated in at least one of these gardens between 1689 and 1751. Two of them are non-native species from the New World including one weed and the common chili pepper. Three native Macaronesian species also occur on the mainland. The rest of the taxa are endemics in at least one of the Macaronesian islands. It is likely that most of this material was introduced into European gardens by merchants and occasional travelers who visited the islands rather than professional plant collectors or botanists. Our study highlights the role of these early botanic gardens in the introduction of plants in Europe. Key words: History of botany, Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores, Cape Verde, plant exploration.

~~RESUMEN~~

El "Chelsea Physic Garden" de Londres (fundado en 1673), el Jardin Botanico de Ams- terdam (fundado en 1682), y el Jardin de Clifford de Hartekamp (localizado en Holanda y fundado en 1709 por Geoge Clifford II) se encuentran entre los principales jardines pre-linneanos de Europa. Los mismos fueron famosos por sus colecciones de plantas foraneas. Para

113 estos jardines existe relativamente amplia documentacion sobre el material que se cultiva en los mismos con anterioridad al establecimiento del sistema de clasificacion binomial de Lin- neo. Se presenta un estudio de esta documentacion referente a especies de las islas macaronesicas. Estas colecciones nos ayudan a entender la historia de las colecciones de los jardines europeos y de la introduccion de especies aloctonas en el desarrollo de la horticultura del continente. Un total de 29 taxa de esta region se cultivaron en al menos uno de estos jardines botanicos entre 1689 y 1751. Dos de estas especies son del Nuevo Mundo, incluyendo una mala hierba y el pimiento comun. Tres de estas especies son nativas en la Macaronesia, pero tambien se encuentran en el continente. El resto de las especies son endemismos de al menos una de las islas macaronesicas. Es probable que la mayor parte de este material se introduce en estos jardines por comerciantes y visitantes que de forma ocasional visitan las islas y no por colectores de plantas o botanicos profesionales. El estudio destaca el papel jugado por los jardines botanicos mas antiguos en las introducciones tempranas de plantas en la sociedad europea. Palabras claves: Historia de la botanica, Canarias, Madeira, Azores, Cabo Verde, exploracion vegetal.

~~"Cada uno avanzaba embargado en aquella soledad sin margenes, en~~

~~aquel silencio verde y bianco, los arboles, las grandes enredaderas, el humus depositado por centenares de anos, los troncos semi-derribados~~

~~que de pronto eran una barrera mas en nuestra marcha. Todo era a la vez una naturaleza deslumbradora y secreta y a la vez una creciente ame-~~

~~naza de frio, nieve, persecucion. Todo se mezclaba: la soledad, el peli-~~

~~gro, el silencio y la urgencia de mi mision."~~

~~Pablo Neruda, Hacia la Ciudad Esplendida, 1971.~~

~~"Each of us made his way forward filled with this limitless solitude, with the green and white silence of trees and huge trailing plants and~~

~~layers of soil laid down over centuries, among half-fallen tree trunks which suddenly appeared as fresh obstacles to bar our progress. We were~~

in a dazzling and secret world of nature which at the same time was a growing menace of cold, snow and persecution. Everything became one: the solitude, the danger, the silence, and the urgency of my mission."

~~Pablo Neruda, Towards the Splendid City, 1971.~~

~~1. INTRODUCTION~~

~~The publication of Species Plantarum by Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) in 1753 (LIN-~~

NAEUS [42]) represented a major turning point in the history of plant systematics. This work provided a widely accepted system to classify organisms based on binomial nomenclature. Prior to 1753 botanical studies were important in Europe, mostly because of the increasing rel- evance of science and plant exploration during the "Age of Enlightenment" (GROVE [29]).

~~By the middle of the 1 8* century there were several botanic gardens in Italy, France, Ger- many, the Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom (PLUCKNETT et al. [61]; PUERTO~~

~~SARMIENTO [63]). Some of these botanic gardens were affiliated to governmental or aca- demic organizations but others were owned by wealthy individuals with a primary interest in~~

~~114 growing exotic plants. Indeed, between 1735 and 1737 Carolus Linnaeus himself worked as the botanical curator of the private gardens of George Clifford III (1685-1780) located at~~

~~Hartekamp, in Heemstede (the Netherlands) (JARVIS [40]; Figure 1 ). The gardens were for- mally established in 1709 when the state was purchased by George ClitTord II (WIJNANDS~~

& HENIGER [93]). Linnaeus took up this appointment by Clifford shortly after obtaining his Degree in Medicine from the University of Hardewijk (also in the Netherlands). ClitTord was a Direc- tor of the Dutch East Indian Company (JARVIS [40]) and therefore had access to many plants and animals from South Africa. Asia and elsewhere thanks to the powerful Dutch trade routes

~~Dc Hor~~

~~; )~~

~~IVli.~~

~~i^tsamii~~

~~Figure 1. Map of Clifford's Hartekamp Gardens as it appears between 1 735 and 1 760. This is a copy made by L.A.~~

Springer from the original map that was made by George Lodewich Uhl (WIJNANDS & HENIGER [93]). The original map is in poor conditions and it is located at the .A.rchi\ es of the Pro\ ince of Noord-HoUand (http: www.beeld- bank.noord-hollandsarchiefnLbeeldbank). By courtesy of the library of Wageningen University.

115 Figure 2.- Copperplate engraving of Linnaeus as the frontispiece of Hortus Cliffortiamis (LINNAEUS [41 ]). The illustration shows Linnaeus as the young Apollo (bearing a flamed torch on his left hand), bringing knowledge against ignorance (see CALLMER & GERTZ [7] for an interpretation of this illustration). By courtesy of the library of Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden.

~~116 Campanv l a foliis haftatis dentatis, caule determinate foliofb. Hort.CUff.Csfp.lo. Rnmulu! cum F.vrt. hoha of^Jlta fun:.~~

~~n. D. Lmbsi ^«: J. Wamcelaak ffCjt,~~

Figure 3.- Copperplate engraving of Canarina [as Campanula] canahensis made by Georg Dionysius Ehret and engraved by Jan Wandelaar. Depicted in Hortus Cliffortiamis (LINNAEUS [41]). By courtesy of the librar\- of Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden.

in the tropics. These gardens were part of the state symboHsm, a statement of increasing international power, and a focal point for the developing sciences of natural history and taxonomy (SCHAMA [75]; SCOTT & HEWETT [77]). Many of the species tlrst given binomial names by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum (including 2 1 Macaronesian plants) were based on the living collections that he studied while at the Hartekamp. As a result of his near three-year tenure (1735-1737) in this botanic garden, LINNAEUS [41] produced a remarkable 502 page catalogue with descriptions and engravings of its living collections which has been considered as one his masterpieces (Figure 2) (STEARN [82]). This work feamred a plate of the Canarian

~~Island endemic Canarina [as Campanula] canahensis made by Georg Dionysius Ehret ( 1 707-~~

~~1770) and engraved by Jan Wandelaar (1690-1759) (Figure 3).~~

~~117 ^:^. "z^-~~

Figure 4.- Map of the Chelsea Physic Garden made by John Haynes (ca. 1706-ca. 1770) in 1751. Notice the statue of Sir Hans Sloane located in the center of the garden (see Figure 5). By courtesy of the Royal Society.

~~In previous studies we have shown that, besides Clifford's Hartekamp Gardens, several other European gardens grew plants from the Macaronesian Islands before 1753 (SAN-~~

~~TOS-GUERRA [72]; FRANCISCO-ORTEGA et al [27-28]). Among them there were the Chelsea Physic Garden (located in London) and the Botanic Garden of Amsterdam (also cur-~~

118 Figure 5.- Statue of Sir Hans Sloane located on the central courtyard of Chelsea Physic Garden. This is replicate of the original statue as it was made by John Michael Rysbrack (1694-1770) in 1737 and placed on this site. The original statue has been located at the British Museum since 1983 (MINTER [45]). Photo credit: Charlie Hopkinson.

8'*" rently known as the Hortiis Botanicus Amsterdam, but known in the 1 century as Hortus Medicus Amstelodamensis). The Chelsea Physic Garden was founded in 1673 by the Worshipful Society ofApothe- caries of London as the "Aphotecaries' Garden" on the banks of the River Thames (MINTER

~~[45]) (Figure 4). It is the second oldest botanic garden of Britain, and it was established only 40 years after the foundation of the University of Oxford Botanic Garden (year 1621, HILL~~

[36]). However, it was not until 1712 that the Chelsea Physic Garden was consolidated as an institution thanks to a generous gift by Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753) that allowed for the purchase of the land where the garden is still located (Figure 5) (MINTER [45]). As part of the arrangements made by Sloane to buy this property, every year the Chelsea Physic Garden was required to send 50 herbarium specimens of different species prepared from its living collections to the Royal Society. In accordance with Sloane's stipulation, 1,600 herbarium specimens

~~119 /~~

~~MJ^.u//:( fSf yiz.~~

~~WEK OF COW-EYAWE lO Tllfc AHOTHtf AKIf.S" COTIPANV; 1721*,~~

Figure 6.- Specimen of Jasminum azohcum (Madeiran endemic) from the living collections of Chelsea Physic Gar- den that was sent from this botanic garden to the Royal Society in 1733 (RAND [65]). By courtesy of the Natural History Museum of London.

were received by the Royal Society between 1722 and 1753 (STUNGO [83]). These specimens now form part of the herbarium of the Natural History Museum in London (BM) (Fig- ure 6). The ''Philosophical Transactions'" of the Royal Society regularly published articles listing the specimens that were received annually from Chelsea Physic Garden. In eight of these articles (MILLER [46-47]; RAND [65-67]; SLOANE & RAND [79]; WILMER [95- 96]) Macaronesian specimens are listed.

120 Early records for material cultivated in this garden are found in a manuscript located in the Sloane's Collection of the British Library (reference: MS 3370 ft'. 14-19). This docu- ment was signed by James Petiver (see below), Simons Andrews, Thomas Wycks, and an unknown fourth author with an illegible signature. This manuscript has a list of plants that were grown in Chelsea Physic Garden by November 1706. Additional records for the early 18'^ century

were pro\ ided in seven accounts published by the famous naturalist James Petiver (ca. 1658-1718) (PETIVER [54-60]). In addition, between 1730 and 1739 three catalogues listing the material grown in this botanic garden were published by MILLER [48] and RAND [64, 68]. Most of the references for Mac- aronesian plants cultivated at this botanic garden were provided by Isaac Rand (1674-1743) (Figure

~~7) who was the first official Director of the Chelsea~~

~~Physic Garden (HUNTING [37]). The Hortiis Medicus Amstelodamensis was~~

~~founded in its present location in 1682 (in the Plan-~~

tage District) (Figure 8). However, several "med- Figure 7.- Portrait of Isaac Rand, attributed to ., , „ -^i-a .j r i^-)o. icalsardcns existed in Amsterdam from 1638 at ,r r-,1 .,-7n, ,-7c-7x/r c. u a y John Ellys ( 1 70 1 - 1 757) (for further details see different Sites (WIJNANDS [91-92]; WIJNANDS HUNTING [36]). By courtesy of the Workship- ful Society of Apothecaries of London. et al. [94]). This is the fourth oldest botanic garden

~~Figure 8.- Map of the Amsterdam Botanic Garden by 1685 as published by C. COMMELIN [9]. By courtesy of the University of Amsterdam Library Special Collections.~~

~~121 Figure 9.- Portrait of Jan Commelin made by Gerard Hoet (1648-1733). Unknown date between 1675 and 1700. By courtesy of Amsterdam Museum.~~

in the Netherlands. The botanic gardens of the universities of Leiden, Utrecht, and Groningen were founded in 1590, 1639, and 1642 respectively (VEENDORP & BAAS BECKING [88]; WIJNANDS [91-92]). Between 1646 and 1724, nine catalogues listing material found in the living collections of the Hortus Medicus Amstelodamensis were published, mostly by Jan Commelin (1629- 1692) and his nephew Caspar Commelin (7-1731) (Figures 9-10) (C. COMMELIN [10-11];

~~J. COMMELIN [14-18]; CORNELII [19]; SNIPPENDAEL [80]). The three catalogues published in 1697, 1701, and 1706 depicted plants cultivated in this garden (C. COMMELIN~~

~~[11]; J. COMMELIN [15-16]) and the two catalogues published in 1703 and 1706 were re-~~

~~122 Figure 10.- Painting made by Comelis Troost ( 1697-1 750) in 1 724 ponraying the "Impeaor of Coiiegiiim Medicum".~~

Caspar Commelin (the second from right) is shown with his right hand on a copy of the third edition of his catalogue of plants grown at Hortus Medicus Amstelodamemis. By courtesy of Amsterdam Museum.

issued in 1715 (C. COMMELIN [12. 13]). In addition. 420 watercolors of plants growing in this garden were produced during this time (WIJNANDS [91]). They fomi what is known as the Moninckx Atlas (located at University of Amsterdam Library Special Collections), in reference to Jan Moninckx (7-1714) and Maria Moninckx (7-1757). who were the main artists producing these paintings (WIJNANDS [91]). These watercolors are available online at the website of the University of Amsterdam Library (http://www.uba.uva.nl digital_produc- tioncentre home.cfm). In a previous study (FRANCISCO-ORTEGA et al. [28]). we repro- duced two of the watercolors from the Moninckx Atlas (for the Canarian endemics Aeoniiim canariense and Isoplexis canatiensis). In this study we present three additional watercolors of Canar\' Island endemics {Conrolviilus canariensis. Jiisticia hvssopifolia, and Teline canariensis: Figures 11-13) from this "botanical atlas.'* In this paper our research concerning early culti\ation of Macaronesian plants in Eu-

rope focuses on these three botanic gardens because: ( 1 ) there are se\ eral archi\ al documents and published works catalogues with details of material found in their living collections. (2) there are herbarium specimens for many of the species that were cultivated in Chelsea Physic

Garden and Clifford's Hartekamp Gardens, and (3) several of the published catalogues of the Botanic Garden of Amsterdam and of the Moninckx Atlas have extraordinar\ illustrations of the species that were grow n in this botanic garden.

123 Figure 11.- Watercolor of Convolvulus canariensis located at the Moninckx Atlas (vol. 3, t. 49) made Jan Moninckx. Unknown date between 1686 and 1700. By courtesy of the University of Amsterdam Library Special Collections.

124 Figure 12.- W'atercolor of Tcline canariensis located at the Moninckx Atlas (\ol. 3. t. 50) made b> Maria Moninckx. Unknown date between 1686 and 1699. B\ courtes\ of the University of Amsterdam Librar> Special Collections.

125 Figure 13.- Watercolor ofJusticia hyssopifolia located at the Moninckx Atlas (vol. 8, t. 38) made Maria Moninckx. Unknown date between 1686 and 1706. By courtesy of the University of Amsterdam Library Special Collections.

~~126 2. RECORDS OF LIVING COLLECTIONS OF MACARONESIAN PLANTS~~

In this section Macaronesian species grown in at least one of the three gardens are listed alphabetically (taxonomy and nomenclature follow ACEBES GINOVES et al. [1]. JARDIM & MENEZES DE SEQUEIRA [39], SANCHEZ-PINTO et al. [71]. SILVA et al.

~~[78], THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP [84], and UPSON & ANDREWS [86]).~~

The taxonomic identity is followed by details of the distribution and status of the taxon in question [AZO, endemic to Azores, CAN, endemic to the Canary Islands; CAP, endemic to Cape Verde; CUL, cultivated; INT, human-introduced to the Macaronesian islands (archipelagos are listed inside parenthesis); MAC, endemic to Macaronesia (archipelagos are listed inside parenthesis); MAD, endemic to Madeira; NAT, native to Macaronesia (archipelagos are listed inside parenthesis)]. For each taxon and botanic garden (coded as "Amsterdam" for the Botanic Garden of Amsterdam, "Chelsea" for the Chelsea Physic Garden, and "Clif- ford" for the Clifford's Hartekamp Gardens) we provide at least the first three words of the polynomial description as it is stated in the appropriated work. We also pro\ide the page numbers of the works where the polynomial and or the illustrations are located. For those specimens sent from the Chelsea Physic Garden to the Royal Society we pro\ ide their \oucher number as recorded at BM. The "Notes" entry gives additional infomiation particularly pertinent to cultivation of these species in other gardens as referred in the relevant catalogues of these botanic gardens and other works (i.e., AITON [2-4]; HALLIWELL [3 1 ]; HARVEY [32];

LINNAEUS [41-44], MILLER [51]; PLUKENET [62]). We were unable to locate herbarium specimens or illustrations referring to these additional records for other gardens (except for those provided by PLUKENET [62]); therefore further research is needed to validate this in- formation.

Taxonomic identifications for the material cultiv ated in the three botanic gardens were based on available herbarium specimens and illustrations. When these sources were not a\ ailable our identifications relied on the polynomial descriptions. Se\ eral of these polynomials descriptions refer to illustrations of Macaronesian plants made by Leonard Plukenet

(1 642- 1 706), who was superintendent of the Royal Gardens of Hampton Court (England). Taxonomic identifications for Macaronesian taxa found in the w orks of this pre-Linnaean botanist were reviewed by FRANCISCO-ORTEGA et al. [25]

~~It is noteworthy that among the plants cultivated at Clifford's Hartekamp Gardens~~

(LINNAEUS [41]) several of them were reported as occurring both in the Macaronesian archipelagos and other regions [e.g.. Cassia fistula L. (Fabaceae), Foeniculiim viilgare L. (Api- aceae), Saccharum officinariim L (Poaceae)]; however, we are not certain if the material grow n at this garden came from Macaronesia or not. We have therefore excluded these plants from our list, and we have included only those taxa that LINNAEUS [41] reported as exclusively from the Macaronesian archipelagos or those that are endemic to these islands.

~~Aeonium canariense (L.) Webb & Berth. (Crassulaceae), CAN~~

~~Amsterda.nl Sediim canarinum foliis [...] (J. COMMELIN [16]: 189. t. 95; Moninckx~~

~~Atlas 4, t. 45, 46 [unknown artist (1686-1700)]).- Chelsea: 15. Sedum Canarinum: foliis~~

~~[...] (RAND [68]: 182).- Clifford: 2. Semperyivum caule infra [...] (LINNAEUS [41]: 179).- Notes: LINNAEUS [43] (based on VAN ROYEN [87]) reported this species for~~

the Botanic Garden of Leiden by 1 740. AITON [3] (based on manuscripts located in the Sloane's collection of the British Library [reference: MS 525 and MS 3349]) reported the species for the gardens of the Duchess of Beaufort by 1699.

~~127 Aizoon canariense L. (Aizoaceae), NAT~~

~~Chelsea: 2. Ficoidea Canariensis, procumbens [...] (RAND [68]: 77).- Clifford: 1.~~

~~Aizoon foliis obverse [...] (LINNAEUS [41]: 215).- Notes: LINNAEUS [41] believed that the accession cultivated at the Clifford's Hartekamp Gardens came from the Canary~~

~~Islands. LINNAEUS [41-42] (based on DILLENIUS [22], VOLCKAMERUS [89], and VAN ROYEN [87]) reported this species for the Botanic Garden of Leiden by 1740 and~~

~~for gardens of Nuremberg and Giessen (Germany) by 1700 and 1719. AITON [3] (based on MILLER [49]) reported the species being cultivated by Philip Miller (1691-1771) by~~

~~1731, it is likely that this material was part of the living collections of the Chelsea Physic Garden. Argyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch. Bip. suhsi^. friitescens (Asteraceae), CAN~~

~~Chelsea: 65 Canary Dasie Pellitory [...] (PETIVER [55]: 417); 788. Pyrethrum~~

~~frutescens Canariense [...] (RAND [67]: 4, BM000810173); 32. Aster Canariensis,~~

~~frutescens [...] (RAND [68]: 26).- Clifford: 5. Chrysanthemum fruticosum, foliis [...] (LINNAEUS [41]: 417, BM000647217).- Notes: LINNAEUS [41-42] (based on MORI-~~

~~SON [52], WALTHERUS [90] and VAN ROYEN [87]) listed this taxon for the Oxford Botanic Garden by 1699, for the gardens of A. F. Waltherus in Leipzig by 1735 and at the~~

~~Botanic Garden of Leiden by 1740. AITON [4] (also based on MORISON [52]) reported this species for the Oxford Botanic Garden by 1699. Bosea yervamora L. (Amaranthaceae), CAN~~

~~Chelsea: 21. Yerva-mora Hispanorum [...] (RAND [68]: 214).- Clifford: X.Bosia. [/]~~

Tilia sorte [...] (LINNAEUS [41]: 84).- Notes: LINNAEUS [41] reported the material cultivated at the Clifford's Hartekamp Gardens from ''Americae insulis'' without referring to any particular island of the New World. LINNAEUS [41-42] (based on WALTHERUS [90] and VAN ROYEN [87]) listed this taxon for the gardens of A. F. Waltherus in Leipzig

~~by 1735 and for the Botanic Garden of Leiden by 1740. AITON [2] (based on MILLER~~

[51]) listed the species as cultivated "before 1728" by Philip Miller, it is likely that this material was part of the living collections of the Chelsea Physic Garden. Bystropogon canariensis (L.) L. Her. var. canariensis (Lamiaceae), CAN

~~Amsterdam: Heliotropium canariense arborescens [...] (J. COMMELIN [16]: 129, t.~~

~~65; Moninckx Atlas 4, t. 13 [Jan Moninckx (1686-1699)]).- Chelsea: 5. Heliotropium~~

~~Canariense arborescens [...] (RAND [68]: 94).- Clifford: 8. Mentha floribus capitatis~~

[...] (LINNAEUS [41]: 307, BM000646014; BM000646015).- Notes: J. COMMELE^ [16] stated that this species was known in the Dutch gardens and that the plants cultivated in the Botanic Garden ofAmsterdam were received (no date reported) from Gerbrand Pan-

~~eras. LINNAEUS [41] (based on BOERHAAVE [6]) listed this species for the Botanic~~

Garden of Leiden by 1720. AITON [3] (based on material located the Sloane's Herbarium at BM [reference: HS 142, f 26]) reported this species for the gardens of the Duchess of Beaufort by 1714. Canarina canariensis (L.) Vatke (Campanulaceae), CAN

~~Chelsea: 711. Campanula Canariensis; Atriplicis [...] (RAND [66]: 144,~~

~~BM000810169); 16. Campanula canariensis; Atriplicis [...] (RAND [68]: 40).- Clif-~~

ford: 10. Campanula foliis hastatis [...] (LINNAEUS [41]: 65, t. 8).- Notes: PLUKENET [62] appeared to base his description for this taxon on material grown the Royal Gardens of Hampton Court. LINNAEUS [42] (based on VAN ROYEN [87]) re-

~~ported this taxon for the Botanic Garden of Leiden by 1740. AITON [2] (based on PLUKENET [62]) reported this species for the Royal Gardens of Hampton Court by 1696.~~

~~128 HARVEY [32] indicated that this species was cultivated in the nursery of Henry Wise by 1696. Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae), CUL~~

Clifford: 6. SoUmum caulc inenui [...] (LINNAEUS [41]: 61, BM000558033).- Notes: LINNAEUS [40] believed that the material grown at the Clifford's Hartekamp Gardens came from Madeira. Cedronella canariensis (L.) Webb & Berth. (Lamiaceae), MAC (Azores, Canaries, Madeira)

~~Amsterdam: Cedronella canariensis viscosa [...] (J. COMMELIN [16]: 81. t. 41; C.~~

~~COMMELIN [10]: 8; Moninckx Atlas 3, t. 39 [Jan Moninckx (1686-1700)]).- Chelsea:~~

~~66 Trifoliate Canary Mint [...] (PETIVER [55]: 418); 2. Dracocephalon Canariense tri-~~

~~phvllon [...] (RAND [68]: 70); 1366 Dracocephalon Canariense triphyllon [...] (WILMER [95]: 404. BM000810167).- Clifford: 5. Dracocephalum floribus spicatis~~

~~[...] (LINNAEUS [41]: 308. BM000646035).- Notes: J. COMMELIN [16] stated that this species had been in culti\ ation for some years at the Botanic Garden of Amsterdam.~~

~~LINNAEUS [41-42] (based on BOERHAAVE [6]. MORISON [52]. and VOLCK- AMERUS [89]) reported this species for the Oxford Botanic Garden by 1699. for gardens~~

of Nuremberg by 1 700. and for the Botanic Garden of Leiden by 1 720. AITON [3] (based on a manuscript located in the Sloane's collection of the British Librarv' [reference: MS 3343]) reported this species for the gardens of the Duchess of Beaufort by 1697. HALLI- WELL [31] suggested that this species was already in cultivation in England by 1578. Convolvulus canariensis L. (Convoh ulaceae), CAN

~~Amsterdam: Convolvulus canariensis sempenirens [...] (J. COMMELIN [16]: 101. t. 51:~~

~~Moninckx Atlas 3. t. 49 [Jan Moninckx (1686-1700)]).- Chelsea: 67 Evergreen Canar\~~

~~Bindweed [...] (PETIVER [55]: 418); 363. Convolvulus Canariensis; longioribus [...] (SLOANE & RAND [79]: 2. BM000810168); 9. Convolvulus Canariensis, sempenivens~~

~~[...] (RAND [68]: 57).- Clifford: 4. Convolvulus foliis cordatis [...] (LINNAEUS [41]: 67).- Notes: LINNAEUS [42] (based on VAN ROYEN [87]) listed this taxon for the~~

~~Botanic Garden of Leiden by 1740. AITON [2] (based on material located the Sloane's~~

Herbarium at BM [reference: HS 139. f. 63]) reported the species for the gardens of the Duchess of Beaufort by 1690. Dracaena draco (L.) L. subsp. draco (Asparagaceae), MAC (Azores, Canaries, Cape Verde, and Madeira)

~~Amsterdam: Palmaprunifera foliis [...] (J. COMMELIN [14]: 260; J. COMMELIN [17]:~~

~~260); 361. Sanguis draconis Officin. [...] (J. COMMELIN [18]: 86).- Chelsea: 177.~~

~~Draco Arbor [...] (RAND [64]: 32); 148. Sanguis draconis: officin. [...] (MILLER [48]:~~

~~148); 8. Palma. Yuccae foliis [...] (RAND [68]: 150).- Notes: As early as 1494. a specimen of the dragon-tree, a species then known only from the Macaronesian islands, was cul-~~

~~tivated in the monastery of the Holy Trinity in Lisbon (DE PAZ-SANCHEZ [21]). with another one reported in the grounds of the Convent of Our Lady of Grace, in the same~~

city (CLUSIUS [8]). LINNAEUS [43] (based on BOERHAAVE [6] and VAN ROYEN [87]) listed this taxon for the Botanic Garden of Leiden by 1720 and 1740. Euphorbia balsamifera Aiton subsp. balsamifera (Euphorbiaceae), NAT

~~Amsterdam: Tithymalus canariensis frutescens [...] (J. COMMELIN [16]: 209. t. 105;~~

~~C. COMMELIN [10]: 24; Moninckx Atlas 5, t. 32 [Maria Moninckx (1699-1700)]).-~~

~~NoTES: J. COMMELIN [16] stated that this species was introduced to the Botanic Garden of Amsterdam by Francois de Vroede in 1699.~~

~~129 Euphorbia canariensis L., CAN~~

~~Amsterdam: Tithymalus aizoides fruticosus [...] (J. COMMELIN [16]: 207, t. 204; C.~~

~~COMMELIN [10]: 11, 20; Moninckx Atlas 5, t. 31 [Maria Moninckx (1686-1700)]).-~~

~~Chelsea: 170. Euphorbium; officin Euphorbium; [...] (MILLER [48]: 42); 5. Eiiphor-~~

~~bium tetragonum, & pentagonum [...] (RAND [68]: 75).- Clifford: 2. Euphorbia ac-~~

~~uleata quadrangularis [...] (LINNAEUS [41]: 196).- Notes: LINNAEUS [41-42] (based~~

~~on BOERHAAVE [6] and VAN ROYEN [87]) listed this taxon for the Botanic Garden of~~

Leiden by 1720 and 1740. AITON [3] (based on a manuscript located in the Sloane's collection of the British Library [reference: MS 3357, f 21]) reported the species for the gardens of the Duchess of Beaufort by 1697. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae), NAT (Azores, Canaries, Madeira, Cape Verde)

~~Chelsea: 5. Foeniculum Azoricum. Pluk. Aim. (RAND [68]: 77). Hypericum canariense L. (Hypericaceae), MAC (Canaries and Madeira)~~

~~Amsterdam: Hypericum frutescens canariense [...] (J. COMMELIN [16]: 135, t. 68;~~

~~Moninckx Atlas 4, t. 16 [unknown artist (1686-1700)]).- Clifford: 9. Hypericum floribus~~

~~trigynis [...] (LINNAEUS [41]: 381, BM000646815).- Notes: LINNAEUS [41-42]~~

~~(based on BOERHAAVE [6] and VAN ROYEN [87]) listed this taxon for the Botanic~~

Garden of Leiden by 1720 and 1740. AITON [4] (based on manuscripts located in the Sloane's collection of the British Library [reference: MS 525, and MS 3343]) reported this species for the gardens of the Duchess of Beaufort by 1699. Isoplexis canariensis (L.) J.W. Loudon (Scrophulariaceae), CAN

~~Amsterdam: Digitalis acanthoides canariensis [...] (J. COMMELIN [16]: 105, t. 53;~~

~~Moninckx Atlas 3, t. 51 [Jan Moninckx (1686-1700)]).- Chelsea: 7. Digitalis, Ca-~~

~~nariensis; acanthoides [...] (RAND [68]: 69).- Clifford: 2. Gesneria foliis lanceolatis~~

~~[...] (LINNAEUS [41]: 318, BM000646182).- Notes: MILLER [51] indicated (without~~

~~giving a particular date) that this species was first grown in England at the gardens of the~~

~~Bishop of London at Fulham and also at the gardens of Hampton Court. LINNAEUS [41]~~

~~(based on BOERHAAVE [6]) listed this taxon for the Botanic Garden of Leiden by 1720.~~

AITON [3] (based on a manuscript located in the Sloane's collection of the British Li- brary [reference: MS 3358, f 20]) reported this species for the gardens of the Duchess of Beaufort by 1698. Jasminum azoricum L. (Oleaceae), MAD

~~Amsterdam: yfl5w//7i/w ^zom/m trifoliatum [...] (J. COMMELIN [15]: 159, t. 82; Mon-~~

~~inckx Atlas 2, t. 18 [Jan Moninckx ( 1 686- 1 690)]); Jasminum Azoricum flore [. . .] (J. COM-~~

~~MELIN [17]: 172).- Chelsea: 564. Jasminum Azoricum, trifolium [...] (RAND [65]: 2,~~

~~BM000810172); 6. Jasminum Azoricum, trifoliatum [...] (RAND [68]: 103).- Clifford:~~

~~2. Jasminum foliis oppositis [...] (LINNAEUS [41]: 5, BM000557520; BM000557520).-~~

~~Notes: J. COMMELIN [15] reported the species from the Azores Islands; however, this~~

taxon is not known to occur on these islands. In addition, he stated that the species was cultivated in the Hortus Beaumontianus (Holland) by 1693. LINNAEUS [41] listed this species for Azores, Madeira, Sri Lanka, and India. LINNAEUS [41-42] (based on BOER-

~~HAAVE [6], HERMANNUS [34], and VAN ROYEN [87]) listed this taxon for the Botanic~~

Garden of Leiden by 1687, 1720 and 1740. AITON [2] (based on MILLER [49]) reported this species for the Royal Gardens of Hampton Court by 1731. Jasminum odoratissimum L., MAC (Canaries and Madeira)

~~Clifford: 4. Jasminum foliis alternis [. . .] (LINNAEUS [41]: 5, BM000557523).- Notes:~~

~~LINNAEUS [41] (based on BOERHAAVE [6]) listed this taxon for the Botanic Garden~~

130 of Leiden by 1 720. AITON [2] (based on MILLER [49]) reported this species for the Royal Gardens of Hampton Court by 1730. HARVEY [32] indicated that this species was cultivated in the nurser\' of George Rickets by 1688. Justicia hyssopifolia L. (.Acanthaceae), CAN

~~Amsterdam: Moninckx Atlas 8, t. 38 [Maria Moninck.x (1686-1706)].- Clifford: 2. Jus-~~

~~ticia foliis liueah-lcmceolatis [...] (LINNAEUS [41]: 10, BM000557558).- Notes: PLUKENET [62] based his polynomial description for this taxon on material grown by~~

~~George London at the Royal Gardens under William III. LINNAEUS [41-42] (based on~~

~~BOERHAAVE [6], MORISON [52], and VAN ROYEN [87]) listed this ta.xon for the Ox- ford Botanic Garden by 1699 and for the Botanic Garden of Leiden by 1720 and 1740.~~

~~AITON [2] (based on MILLER [50]) reported this species for the Royal Gardens of Hamp- ton Court by 1690. Kleinia neriifolia Haw. (Asteraceae), CAN~~

Clifford: 1 . Kleinia foliis lanceolatis [. . .] (LINNAEUS [41]: 395).- Notes: LINNAEUS [41] listed this species for the Canaries and the East Indies, and based on DILLENIUS [23] he reported this species for the James Sherard's garden at Eltham (London) by 1732.

~~AITON [4] (also based on DILLENIUS [23]) reported this species for the gardens of James Sherardby 1732. Lavandula canariensis Mill, subsp. canariensis (Lamiaceae), CAN~~

~~Amsterd.am: Lavandula folio longiore [...] (C. COMMELIN [11]: 27, t. 27; Moninckx~~

~~Atlas 6. t. 43 [Jan Moninckx (1703-1705)]).- Chelsea: 6. Lavendula Canariensis: spica~~

[...] (RAND [68]: 111); 1475 Lavendula Canariensis, spica [...] (WILMER [96]: 397, specimen not found).- Notes: According to WILMER [96] a specimen of "Lavandula Ca- nariensis" from material cultivated at the Chelsea Physic Garden was sent from this garden to the Royal Society under number "397"'; however, we were unable to locate this specimen at BM. UPSON & ANDREWS [86] claimed that one of the specimens found in the Sloane herbarium was the material sent to the Royal Society; howe\"er. based on the BM records none of the specimens received by this society from Chelsea Physic Garden was filed in the Sloane herbarium. We believe that the polynomial descriptions pro\ ided by RAND [68] and WILNER [95] refer to this taxon as according to MILLER [51] and UPSON & ANDREWS [86] L. canariensis was already in cultivation in the garden of Bishop Compton (1632-1713) who was Bishop of London in Fulham by 1675. Lotus jacobaeus L. (Fabaceae), CAP

~~Amsterdam: Lotus angustifolia flore [...] (J. COMMELIN [16]: 165, t. 83; Moninckx~~

~~Atlas 4, t. 33 [Jan Moninckx (1699)]).- Clifford: 7. Lotus caule herbaceo [...] (LIN-~~

~~NAEUS [41]: 372. BM000646728).- Notes: J. COMMELIN [16] indicated that seeds of this species were sent in 1699 by W. A. der Stel (1664-1733) when he visited the island of~~

~~Santiago (Cape Verde Archipelago) during his trip to South Africa, w here he was appointed~~

~~Governor of the Cape Colony. LINNAEUS [42] (based on VAN ROYEN [87]) list this~~

taxon for the Botanic Garden of Leiden by 1740. AITON [4] (based on material located the Sloane's Herbarium at BM [reference: HS 134, f 41]) reported this species in the gardens of the Duchess of Beaufort by 1714. Persea iitdica (L.) Spreng. (Lauraceae), MAC (Azores, Canaries, and Madeira)

~~Clifford: 4. Laurus foliis lanceolatis [. . .] (LINNAEUS [41]: 154. BM000558698).- Notes: LINNAEUS [41] reported this species only for the New World. LINNAEUS [41] (based on~~

~~BOERHAAVE [6]) reported this species for the Botanic Garden of Leiden by 1720. Ac-~~

~~cording to AITON [3] (based on REA [69]), the species was cultivated in England by 1665.~~

~~131 Phyllis nobla L. (Rubiaceae), MAC (Canaries, and Madeira)~~

~~Chelsea: Canary Simpla-nobla (PETIVER [57]: 215); 4. Bupleuroides ; quae Simpla-~~

~~Nobla [...] (RAND [68]: 37).- Clifford: 1. Phyllis. Bupleuroides, quae Simpla nobla~~

~~[...] (LINNAEUS [41]: 87, BM000558215).- Notes: LINNAEUS [40-41] (based on~~

~~BOERHAAVE [6], DILLENIUS [23], VAN ROYEN [87], and WALTHERUS [90]) listed~~

~~this taxon for the Botanic Garden of Leiden by 1720 and 1740, for the gardens of A. F. Waltherus in Leipzig by 1735, and for the James Sherard's garden at Eltham by 1732.~~

AITON [2] (based on a manuscript located in the Sloane's collection of the British Li- brary [reference: MS 3343]) reported this species for the gardens of the Duchess of Beau- fort by 1699. Rumex lunaria L. (Polygonaceae), CAN

~~Chelsea: 10 Canary Tree Sorrel [...] (PETIVER [57]: 180); \2. Acetosa Arborescens, ex~~

~~Insulis [...] (RAND [68]: 5); 1102. Acetosa arborescens, ex Insulis [...] (MILLER [47]:~~

~~213, BM000810170);.- Clifford: 8. Rumex floribus hermaphroditis [...] (LINNAEUS~~

~~[41]: 139, BM000558578).- Notes: LINNAEUS [41-42] (based on BOERHAAVE [6] and VAN ROYEN [87]) listed this taxon for the Botanic Garden of Leiden by 1720 and~~

1740. AITON [2] (based on a manuscript located in the Sloane's collection of the British Library [reference: MS 3358]) reported this species for the gardens of the Duchess of Beaufort by 1698. Salvia canariensis L. var. canariensis (Lamiaceae), CAN

~~Chelsea: 110. Canary Clary. Ray [. . .] (PETIVER [60]: 358).- Clifford: 12. Salvia foliis~~

~~hastato-triangularibus [. . .] (LINNAEUS [41]: 13, BM000557604).- Notes: LINNAEUS~~

~~[41-42] (based on BOERHAAVE [6], MORISON [52], and VAN ROYEN [87]) listed this~~

~~taxon for for the Oxford Botanic Garden by 1 699 and for the Botanic Garden of Leiden~~

~~by 1720 and 1740. AITON [2] (based on a manuscript located in the Sloane's collection~~

of the British Library [reference: MS 3357, f. 62]) reported this species for the gardens of the Duchess of Beaufort by 1697. Semele androgyna (L.) Kunth (Asparagaceae), MAC (Canaries, and Madeira)

~~Chelsea: Palma Horse-tongue [...] (PETIVER [57]: 199).- Clifford: 4. Ruscus foliis~~

~~margine [...] (LINNAEUS [41]: 466, BM000647527).- Notes: LINNAEUS [41-42] (based on DILLENIUS [23]) listed this taxon for the James Sherard's garden at Eltham by~~

~~1732. AITON [4] (based on PETIVER [57]) reported this species for the Royal Gardens of Hampton Court by 1713. Sideritis canariensis L. (Lamiaceae), CAN~~

~~t. Amsterdam: Stachys canariensis, frutescens [. . .] (J. COMMELIN [16]: 197, 99; Mon-~~

~~inckx Atlas 4, t. 50 [Jan Moninckx (1686-1700)]).- Chelsea: 111. White Canary Hore-~~

~~hound [. . .] (PETIVER, [60]: 358); 1 1 . Stachys Canariensis, frutescens [. . .] (RAND [68]:~~

~~190); 1092 Stachys Canariensis frutescens [...] (MILLER [46]: 423, BM000810165).-~~

~~Clifford: 5. Stachys fruticosa foliis [...] (LINNAEUS [41]: 310, BM000646052).-~~

~~NOTES: LINNAEUS [41] (based on BOERHAAVE [6] and MORISON [52]) listed this taxon for the Oxford Botanic Garden by 1699 and for the Botanic Garden of Leiden by~~

~~1720. AITON [3] (based on a manuscript located in the Sloane's collection of the British~~

Library [reference: MS 3357, f. 67]) reported the species for the gardens of the Duchess of Beaufort by 1697. HALLIWELL [31] indicated that this species was already in cuhi- vation in the Botanic Garden of Oxford by 1658. Solanum pseudocapsicum L. (Solanaceae), INT

~~Chelsea: 54. Cherry Nightshade Ray [...] (PETIVER [59]: 272).~~

~~132 Teline canariensis (L.) Webb & Berth. (Fabaceae), CAN~~

~~Amsterdam: Cytisus canariensis sempervirens [...] (J. COMMELIN [16]: 103, t. 52;~~

~~Moninckx Atlas 3, t. 50 [Maria Moninckx (1686-1699)]).- Chelsea: Yellow Canary~~

~~Cytisus [...] (PETIVER [55]: 419); 6. Cytisus Canariensis, microplnilos [...] (RAND~~

[68]: 67); 1465 Cytisus Canariens. microphyllos [...] (WILMER [96]: 397. BM000810164).- Clifford: 6. Genista foliis ternatis. (LINNAEUS [41]: 355. BM000646557).- Notes: LINNAEUS [44] (based on VAN ROYEN [87]) listed this taxon

~~for the Botanic Garden of Leiden by 1 740. AITON [4] (based on TRADESCANT [85]) reported this species for the gardens of John Tradescant by 1656.~~

~~3. DISCUSSION~~

~~3.1. Macaronesian plants grown in the botanic gardens~~

A total of 29 taxa from the Macaronesian islands were cultivated in at least one of these three gardens. Two of them are non-native species from the New World including one weed {Solanum pseudocapsicum) and the cultivated pepper {Capsicum annuum). There are three native taxa that also occur in the mainland. One of them, Foeniculum vulgare has a widespread cosmopolitan distribution, although it is originally from the Old World. The second one, Aizoon canariense. also occurs through the Mediterranean Basin. Africa, and the Middle East reaching India and Australia. The third taxon. Euphorbia balsam ifera subsp. balsamifera is also found in Morocco, Mauritania, and Senegal. The rest of the taxa are endemics in at least one of the Macaronesian archipelago. There is a single endemic from Madeira {i.Q.^Jasminum azoricum) and Cape Verde {Lotus jacobaeus). Fifteen of the species are Canary Island endemics and the rest of the taxa (i.e.. Cedrouella canariensis. Dracaena draco subsp. draco. Hypericum canariense, Jasminum odoratissimum. Persea indica, Phyllis nobla, and Semele androgyna) are endemic to more than one Macaronesian archipelago.

~~Only two catalogues from the Botanic Garden on Amsterdam (i.e.. CORNELIl [19]; SNIPPENDAEL [80]) and three of the relevant publications listing material grown at Chelsea~~

Physic Garden [i.e., PETIVER [54, 56, 58] did not include any plants from the Macarone- sian Islands. Likewise the unpublished British Library manuscript that records those plants found at Chelsea Physic Garden by 1 706 does not have any reference for Macaronesian material either.

Among the 29 taxa. recorded in our study only seven were cultivated in a single botanic garden, 13 of them were grown in two of these gardens, and the remaining nine were listed for all three gardens. With 24 taxa, the Clifford's Hartekamp Gardens had the highest number of taxa from Macaronesia whereas the Botanic Garden of Amsterdam reported the lowest number (i.e., 1 5 taxa) of collections from this region. The publications from the Chelsea Physic

~~Garden listed 21 taxa as collected in the Macaronesian Islands.~~

It is noteworthy that the vast majority of the native/endemic taxa grown in these three gardens were also reported in cultivation in other gardens from England. Germany, and the Netherlands. Interestingly, we did not fmd reports for these taxa in any botanical collections from the rest of Europe. Euphorbia balsamifera subsp. balsamifera (listed for the Botanic

~~Garden of Amsterdam) was the only taxon that was not reported for any in other European gardens.~~

133 All available records show Dracaena draco as the earliest cultivated Macaronesian species in Europe. This species and its East African relatives (primarily D. cinnabari Balf. f.) produce a sap that is the source of "Dragon's Blood" an ancient medicine with ample utiliza- tion in the Western culture and that also has been used as coloring and varnishing material (reviewed by GUPTA et al. [30] and SAnCHEZ-PINTO & ZARATE [70]). Species of this group also have a strong mythological meaning as they were considered to be the "Dragon Trees" that resulted from the red blood of the dragon Landon after it was killed by Hercules. Landon was the hundred-headed dragon that guarded the Garden of Hesperides (GUPTA et al. [30]). In addition, this species was a common element in several paintings depicting the Garden of

~~Eden between the 15"^ and 17^'^ centuries (reviewed by SANTOS-GUERRA [73]).~~

~~3.2. Sources for Macaronesian plants growing in the botanic gardens~~

In a previous study, FRANCISCO-ORTEGA & SANTOS-GUERRA [24] reported a three folio manuscript from the Sloane's collection of the British Library listing a shipment of seeds and trees from the Canary Islands made to Samuel Doody in 1694. It is known that Samuel Doody (1656-1706) was apothecary and curator of the Chelsea Physic Garden of Lon- don from 1693 until his death in 1706 (JACKSON [38]), although DESMOND [20] indicated that he began his connection with the gardens in 1692. Therefore it is likely that this material (68 accessions for 47 species, 23 of the taxa endemic to the Macaronesian region) was sent to Doody in order to enlarge the living collections of Chelsea Physic Garden. However, only seven of these species {i.e., ArgyTanthemum frutesceiis, Cedronella canariensis. Convolvulus canariensis, Phyllis nobla, Rumex lunaria. Salvia canaiiensis, and Sideritis canariensis) were reported as cultivated in the earliest available lists of living material for Chelsea, published by PETIVER [55, 57, 60] between 1710 and 1714. We are aware that there is a 16 year gap between Petiver's publications and the time when this shipment was sent; therefore, we can- not rule out that some of these earliest introductions did not survive the severe climatic conditions of London. In this previous study, FRANCISCO-ORTEGA & SANTOS-GUERRA [24] also indicated that during the 16^*" and 17^^ centuries there were extensive commercial links between England and the Canary Islands that involved trading companies such as the "Canary Com- pany". It was suggested that some of the merchants engaged with these enterprises might have facilitated the introduction of Macaronesian plants into the earliest gardens of England and the rest of Europe (FRANCISCO-ORTEGA & SANTOS-GUERRA [24]). For instance, the earliest reference for the potatoes in the New World is found in two shipments from the Canary Islands to Belgium and France in 1567 and 1674, respectively (HAWKES & FRANCISCO-

ORTEGA [33]). During these centuries the Macaronesian archipelagos were also a major hub for ves- sels travelling from Europe to Asia, Africa and to the New World. Our study also shows that occasional travelers who visited the islands during their journeys to other countries also played a role in the early introduction of Macaronesian plants in European gardens. The best exam- ple is provided by the Cape Verde endemic Lotusjacobaeus, reported by J. COMMELIN [16] as introduced in the Netherlands by W. A. der Stel after his trip to South Africa. Our study shows that the vast majority of the species grown in these three gardens were also widely cultivated in other gardens by the late \T^ century and the middle of the 18'^ century supporting that there was extensive exchange of plant material between several European gardens. We know that Linnaeus travelled to England in 1736 and that during this trip he visited the Chelsea

134 Physic Gardens where he met the garden's chief botanist Phillip Miller (1691-1771) and ac- quired material for the Clifford's Hartekamp Gardens (JARVIS [40]). We also know that he was a close friend of the Prefect of the Botanic Garden of Leiden, the great Herman Boerhaave

(1668-1738) (VEENDORP & BAAS BECKING [88]). As highlighted by STEARN [82] and WIJNANDS & HENIGER [93] there was an early network of botanists working in several botanic gardens who clearly facilitated the exchange of plant material between these institutions.

~~3.3. The legacy of plant hunters~~

~~Because of a legendary history tied to ancient Roman and Greek accounts~~

~~(BLAZQUEZ MARTINEZ [5]) and their proximity to the European mainland the Mac- aronesian Islands have been highly attractive for European naturalists and travelers (FRAN-~~

CISCO-ORTEGA et al. [27]). Therefore they were a focus for early plant hunters and explorers. These plant collectors paved the way for contemporary botanists who visited the islands after 1753. Among them there was the first official field botanist of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Francis Masson (1751-1805) who stayed in the Azores, the Canaries and Madeira between 1776 and 1779 and who sent plant material both to Linnaeus and his son

(FRANCISCO-ORTEGA et at. [26]). Masson's expedition is the first one focusing only on the Macaronesian Islands with the aim of obtaining both herbarium specimens and material to be cultivated at Kew. Indeed the three volumes of Hortus Kewensis listed over 98 species from these archipelagos that were collected by Francis Masson (AITON [2-4]). In addition. Mas- son's collections led to the description of over 118 Macaronesian endemics by distinguished taxonomists such as William Aiton (1731-1793), Nicolaus J. Jacquin (1727-1817), Charles-

Louis L'Heritier (1746-1800), Johann H. F. Link (1767-1851), Linnaeus filius (1741-1783). and Leopold von Buch (1774-1853) (FRANCISCO-ORTEGA et at. [26]). Prior to Francis Masson there were three other documented expeditions that resulted in plant hunting; however, these expeditions did not have Macaronesia as their final destina- tion. They stopped in the islands during their journeys to Jamaica (Sloane in Madeira in 1687). China [James Cuninghame (16657-1709) in La Palma in 1698], and around the world [Sir

~~Joseph Banks ( 1 743- 1 820) and Daniel Solander (1733-1 782) with James Cook ( 1 728- 1 779) in Madeira in 1 768] (FRANCISCO-ORTEGA et al. [26], SANTOS-GUERRA et al. [74], SE-~~

QUEIRA et al. [76]). Furthermore, these expeditions did not have as a primary focus to col- lect plant material to be cultivated in botanic gardens. We argue that the initial history of plant exploration in the Macaronesian Islands can be divided into three main sequential stages or phases: (1) the Merchant Phase in which we believe most of the collections were made by those directly involved with trading between the archipelagos and Europe, (2) the Early Sci- entific Phase in which a few pre-Linnaean botanists collected in the islands to enrich the early

European gardens, museum, and botanical institutions, and (3) the Linnaean-Masson Phase in which Linnaeus established the foundations for modem plant systematics and Masson visited the Azores, Canaries, and Madeira. Indeed Linnaeus passed away during the journeys of Masson to Macaronesia, and a condolence letter from Madeira (dated 12 December 1778) was sent to Linnaeus filius by Masson (FRANCISCO-ORTEGA et at. [26]). This third phase resulted in many valid taxonomic descriptions for Macaronesian endemics (see above). Following Masson's steps many other famous European naturalists visited the islands and collected plant material to enrich the collections of the most important European natural history museums and botanical gardens and to provide the basis for floristic accounts and the description of new taxa (HERRERA PIQUE [35]). Distinguished post-Masson botanists who

~~135 conducted extensive field studies in Macaronesia during tlie 18"" and 19"' centuries included~~

~~- Auguste Broussonet ( 1 76 1 1 807), Andre Pierre Ledru ( 1 76 1 - 1 825), Alexander Von Humboldt~~

~~( 1 769- 1 859), Aime Bonpland ( 1 773- 1 858), Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent ( 1 778- 1 846),~~

Christen Smith (1785-1816), Philip-Barker Webb ( 1 793- 1 854), Jean-Marie Despreaux ( 1 794- 1843), Richard T. Lowe (1802-1874), Eugene Bourgeau (1813-1877), Otto Kuntze (1843- 1907), and Hermann Christ (1833-1933). The impact made by these expeditions in collecting herbarium specimens is well known; however, there are still historical gaps concerning how these expeditions enriched the living collections of the European botanic gardens and became part of the horticulture trade. Through his journeys along Latin America, Europe, and Asia the great Chilean poet Pablo Neruda (1904-1973) found inspiration to write five extraordinary essays on the value of poetry, the mysterious beauty of nature, and the dreams of those living in these regions

(NERUDA [53]). These works were compiled in a single book entitled ""Viajes'' (translated as '^Journeys'') that was published in 1955. Later in 1971, when he received the Nobel Prize in Literature, Neruda delivered a lecture in which he highlighted how these long journeys were essential components for his writings. This Nobel lecture was entitled ''Hacia la Ciudad Es- plendida" (translated as ''Towards the Splendid City") and a few lines of this text are found in the preface of this paper.

8"" 9'*' Like Neruda, many plant explorers from the 1 and 1 centuries where deeply in- spired by the remote regions that they visited. They found plants with striking beauty and im- mense landscapes harboring a mysterious flora. They witnessed the great value of plants for different human societies, providing food and medicines (STEARN [81]). Many of these early plant hunters (including seven of the 17 Linnaeus' Apostles) died during these journeys. The most immediate legacy of these plant hunters was to bring herbarium specimens for their botanical institutions; however, in many cases they also collected material that was eventu- ally grown in private and public gardens. These gardens and their living collections perhaps provide the strongest evidence of the lasting inspiration derived from these early expeditions.

~~4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS~~

We dedicate this study to Antonio Concepcion Perez for his continuous support to the activities of the Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre of Tenerife and in recognition for his con- tagious enthusiasm for the natural history of Macaronesia. Our searches for documents, images, and literature were possible thanks to the help of Anita Dijkstra, Joyce Edwards, Monique Fasel, Ludmila Frankova, Reinout Havinga, Nancy Korber, Piet Kostense, Alice Lemaire, Felix Lohmeier; Pia Ostlund, Eric Smets, Dicky van Donselaar, and Nadia Zouaq. We are particularly grateful to Liz Thornton for her insights concerning relevant documents pertinent to the early collections and history of Chelsea Physic Garden. Our gratitude to Paul Simmons for sharing with us a reproduction of the portrait of Isaac Rand located at the Wor- shipful Society of Apothecaries of London. Charlie Jarvis provided useful comments to an early version of the manuscript and arranged for us to have bar-coding accession numbers for specimens from Chelsea Physic Garden plants housed at the Natural History Museum of Lon- don (BM). Mark Carine helped to locate herbarium specimens found in BM and relevant literature. This is contribution number 228 from the tropical biology program of Florida International University. This study was supported by research funds from Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden.

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~~Batavus J 587-1 937 [Reprint of the tlrst edition from 1938. with and Introduction by C.~~

~~Kalman]. Rijksherbarium - Hortus Botanicus, Leiden.~~

~~[89] VOLCKAMERUS. J.C. 1700. Flora Noribergensis. Michaellianis. Nuremberg.~~

~~[90] WALTHERUS. A.F. 1735. Designatio Plantarum. quas Hortus August. Frideroci Waltheri. Joh. Frid. Gleditschii B. Filium. Leipzig.~~

~~141 .~~

~~[91] WIJNANDS, D.O. 1983. The Botany of the Commelins. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam. j [92] WIJNANDS, D.O. 1983. The Hortus Medicus Amstelodamensis - its role in shaping j~~

~~taxonomy and horticulture. Curtis s Botanical Magazine, 4: 78-9 1 i~~

~~[93] WIJNANDS, D.O. & HENIGER, J. 1991. The origins of Clifford's herbarium. Botani- \ cal Journal of the Linnean Society^ 106: 129-146. j~~

~~[94] WIJNANDS, D.O., ZEVENHUIZEN, E.J. A. & HENIGER, J. 1994. Een Sieraad voor < de Stad. De Amsterdamse Hortus Botanicus. Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam.~~

[95] WILMER, J. 1 749. A catalogue of the fifty plants from Chelsea Garden, presented to the Society, the worshipful of Apothecaries for the year pursuant Royal by Company 1749, j to the direction of Sir Hans Sloane, Bar^ Med. Reg. et Societat. Reg. nuper Praef Philo- | sophical Transactions, 46: 403-405.

[96] WILMER, J. 1 75 1 . A catalogue of the fifty plants from Chelsea Garden, presented to the i Society, the worshipful of Apothecaries for the year pursuant Royal by Company 1751, ! to the direction of Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Med. Reg. & Soc. Reg. nuper Praeses. Philo- sophical Transactions, 47: 396-398.

142 Table 1.- The 29 taxa from the Macaronesian Islands that were grown at the Botanic Garden of Amsterdam (coded as Amsterdam), the Chelsea Physic Garden (coded as Chelsea), and the Clifford's Hartekamp Gardens (coded as Clifford). Years when the taxa were reported are indicated.

~~Taxon Amsterdam Chelsea Clifford~~

~~Aeonlum canariense (L.) Webb & Berth. 1701 1739 1738~~

~~Aizoon canariense L. 1739 1738~~

~~Argyranthemunfi frutescens (L.) Sch. Bip. 1710,1739 1738 subsp. frutescens~~

~~Bosea yervamora L. 1739 1738~~

~~Bystropogon canariensis (L.) L. Her. var. 1701 1739 1738 canarlensis~~

~~Canarina canarlensis (L.) Vatke 1737,1739 1738~~

~~Capsicum annuum L. 1738~~

~~Cedronella canarlensis (L.) Webb & Berth. 1701,1703 1710,1739,1749 1738~~

~~Convolvulus canarlensis L. 1701 1710,1731,1739 1738~~

~~Dracaena draco (L.) L. subsp. draco 1689,1702,1724 1730,1739~~

~~Euphorbia balsamlfera Aiton subsp. balsannlfera 1701, 1703~~

~~Euphorbia canarlensis L. 1701,1703 1730,1739 1738~~

~~Foenlculum vulgare Mill. 1739~~

~~Hypericum canariense L. 1701 1738~~

~~Isoplexis canarlensis (L.) J.W. Loudon 1701 1739 1738~~

~~Jasmlnum azorlcum L. 1697,1702 1735,1739 1738~~

~~Jasmlnum odoratlsslmum L. 1738~~

~~Justlcia hyssop Ifolla L. Between 1687 1738 and 1706~~

~~Klelnia nerllfolla Haw. 1738~~

~~Lavandula canarlensis Mill. cf. subsp. canarlensis 1706 1739,1751~~

~~Lotus jacobaeus L. 1701 1738~~

~~Persea Indica (L.) Spreng. 1738~~

~~Phyllis nobia L. 1713 1738~~

~~Humex lunarla L. 1713,1746 1738~~

~~Salvia canarlensis L. var. canarlensis 1714 1738~~

~~Semele androgyna (L.) Kunth 1713 1738~~

~~SIderltIs canarlensis L. 1701 1714,1739 1738~~

~~Solanum pseudocapslcum L. 1714~~

~~Tellne canarlensis (L.) Webb & Berth. 1701 1710,1739, 1751 1738~~

~~143~~

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~~147~~

~~REVISTA DE LA ACADEMIA CANARIA DE CIENCIAS~~

~~Folia Canariensis Academiae Scientiarum~~

~~Volumen XXIII - Num. 3 (2011)~~

~~INDICE~~

~~Pags.~~

~~PRESENTACION 7~~

~~ILTMO. SR. D. NACERE HAYEK CALIL. /// memoriam I~~

~~SECCIOS BIOLOGiA~~

~~R. RIERA, J. NUNEZ & M.C. BRITO Leptolaimids (Nematoda. Leptolaimina) from the Canan Islands 11~~

~~RODRIGO RIERA. JORGE NUNEZ & MARIA DEL CARMEN BRITO~~

~~Accmthophaiynx atJinis Marion, 1870 (Nematoda: Chromadorida: Desmodoridae). a new record of the Atlantic Ocean 25~~

~~RODRIGO RIER.\. JORGE NUNEZ & MARIA DEL CARMEN BRITO Three new records of the genus Sabatieria Romille. 1903 (Nematoda, Chromadorida, Comesomatidae) from the Canar> Islands 29~~

~~J. ORTEA, M. CABALLER, L. MORO & J. ESPINOSA~~

~~Notas en Opistobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) I. Sobre la \ alidez de la especie Posterobranchiis orbignvanus Rochebrune. 1881 (Cephalaspidea. Aglajidae) 39~~

~~G. PEREZ-DIONIS. J. ORTEA, J. ESPINOSA, L. MORO, M. CABALLER & J. MARTIN~~

Nota sobre la supuesta presencia en las islas Canarias de Marginella marocana Locard. 1897 bajo el nombre Marginella gustavoi Perez-Dionis, Ortea y Espinosa. 2009 (Mollusca: Prosobranchia: Neogastropoda) 45

~~J. ESPINOSA. J. ORTEA & L. MORO Designacion del neotipo de Deutimargo reductus (Bavay. 1922) (Mollusca: Gastropoda:~~

~~Marginellidae). con la descripcion de nuevas especies del genero de Cuba \ Las Bahamas 49~~

~~M. CABALLER, J. ORTEA, J. ESPINOSA. L. MORO & J.J. BACALLADO Catalogo del material tipo de los nue\ os taxones descritos en Avicennia.~~

~~Revista de Biodiversidad Tropical ( 1 993-2008) 59~~

~~M. CABALLER & J. ORTEA Description of a new species of Hvpselodoris (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia: Chromodorididae) from Venezuela 93~~

~~R. RIERA & E.RAMOS Anonyx sarsi (Steele & Brunei, 1968), un nuevo anfipodo (Crustacea: Amphipoda) marino para el archipielago canario 107~~

~~149 FILOSOFIA E HISTORIA DE LAS CIENCIAS~~

~~J. FRANCISCO-ORTEGA, A. SANTOS-GUERRA, \~~

~~L. SAnCHEZ-PINTO & M. MAUNDER •~~

~~Early cultivation of macaronesian plants in three european botanic gardens 113 '.~~

~~INSTRUCCIONES PARA LOS AUTORES 147~~

~~INSTRUCTIONS TO 149 AUTHORS \~~

~~150 Esta publicacion de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias se termino de imprimir~~

~~en el mes de abril de dos mil doce~~

~~REVISTA DE LA ACADEMIA CANARIA DE CIENCIAS~~

~~Folia Canariensis Academiae Scientiarum - Volumen XXIII - Num. 3 (2011)~~

~~INDICE~~

~~Pags.~~

~~PRESENTACION 7~~

~~ILTMO. SR. D. NACERE HAYEK CALIL. In memoriam I~~

~~SECCION BIOLOGIa~~

~~R. RIERA, J. NUNEZ & M.C. BRITO Leptolaimids (Nematoda, Leptolaimina) from the Canary Islands 11~~

~~RODRIGO RIERA, JORGE NUNEZ & MARIA DEL CARMEN BRITO Acanthophanmx affmisMarion, 1870 (Nematoda: Chromadorida: Desmodoridae), a new record of the Atlantic Ocean 25~~

~~RODRIGO RIERA, JORGE NUNEZ & MARIA DEL CARMEN BRITO Three new records of the genus Sabatieria Rouville, 1903 (Nematoda. Chromadorida, Comesomatidae) from the Canary Islands 29~~

~~J. ORTEA, M. CABALLER, L. MORO & J. ESPINOSA~~

~~Notas en Opistobranchia (Mollusca. Gastropoda) I. Sobre la validez de la especie Posterobranchus orbignyanus Rochebrune, 1881 (Cephalaspidea, Aglajidae) 39~~

~~G PEREZ-DIONIS, J. ORTEA, J. ESPINOSA, L. MORO, M. CABALLER «& J. MARTIN~~

Nota sobre la supuesta presencia en las islas Canarias de Marginella marocanaLocard, 1 897 bajo el nombre Marginella gustavoiPerez-Dionis, Ortea y Espinosa, 2009 (Mollusca: Prosobranchia: Neogastropoda) 45

~~J. ESPINOSA, J. ORTEA & L. MORO Designacion del neotipo de Dentimargo reductus{^avay, 1922) (Mollusca: Gastropoda:~~

~~Marginellidae), con la descripcion de nuevas especies del genero de Cuba y Las Bahamas 49~~

~~M. CABALLER, J. ORTEA, J. ESPINOSA, L. MORO & J.J. BACALLADO Catalogo del material tipo de los nuevos taxones descritos en Avicennia, Revista de Biodiversidad Tropical (1993-2008) 59~~

~~M. CABALLER & J. ORTEA Description of a new species of Hypselodoris (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia: Chromodorididae) from Venezuela 93~~

~~R. RIERA & E. RAMOS Anonyx sarsi (Steele & Brunei, 1968), un nuevo anfipodo (Crustacea: Amphipoda) marine para el archipielago canario 1 07~~

~~FILOSOFIA E HISTORIA DE LAS CIENCIAS~~

~~J. FRANCISCO-ORTEGA, A. SANTOS-GUERRA, L. SANCHEZ-PINTO & M. MAUNDER~~

~~Early cultivation of macaronesian plants in three european botanic gardens 113~~

~~INSTRUCCIONES PARA LOS AUTORES 147~~

~~INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS 149~~