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Thematic Study on Policy Measures Concerning Disadvantaged Youth

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Thematic Study on Policy Measures Concerning Disadvantaged Youth Thematic Study on Policy Measures concerning Disadvantaged Youth Study commissioned by the European Commission, DG Employment and Social Affairs in the framework of the Community Action Programme to Combat Social Exclusion 2002 – 2006 Contract No. VC/2004/0139 Coordinated by the Institute for Regional Innovation and Social Research (IRIS), Tübingen Final Report Volume 2 – Annexes II-VI (National Reports, Compendium of Good Practice, Validation) Andreas Walther & Axel Pohl With contributions by Andy Biggart, Luis Capucha, Torben Bechmann Jensen, Ilse Julkunen, Bohdan Jung, Yuri Kazepov, Siyka Kovacheva, Andreu López Blasco, Ladislav Machacek, Octav Marcovici, Penelope Stathakopoulos, Mario Steiner, Mirjana Ule et al. Tübingen, October 2005 Thematic Study on Policy Measures concerning Disadvantaged Youth. Final Report. Volume 2 Contents Annex II: National Reports 3 Annex III: Guidelines for National Data Collection 235 Annex IV: Compendium of Good Practice 252 Annex V: Guidelines for Documenting Good Practice 421 Annex VI: Evaluation of the Validation Process 425 Disclaimer: This report has been prepared under a service contract with the Commission of the European Union. The views expressed herein are those of the Consortium producing this report, and do not necessarily represent any official view of the Commission and in particular the Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, which commissioned the work Annex II National Reports Content Austria ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Bulgaria ........................................................................................................................................ 24 Denmark....................................................................................................................................... 40 Finland.......................................................................................................................................... 53 Greece........................................................................................................................................... 70 Italy............................................................................................................................................... 84 Poland......................................................................................................................................... 110 Portugal ...................................................................................................................................... 128 Romania ..................................................................................................................................... 150 Slovakia...................................................................................................................................... 173 Slovenia...................................................................................................................................... 188 Spain........................................................................................................................................... 201 UK .............................................................................................................................................. 225 Thematic Study on Policy Measures concerning Disadvantaged Youth. Final Report, Volume 2, Annex II Austria Mario Steiner, IHS, Vienna Disadvantaged youth in Austria This brief report is concerned with the problems of disadvantaged youth and the strategies and interventions applied in Austria. At first key indicators associated with constellations of disadvantage will be analysed and consequently an attempt of an explanation why Austria is in a comparatively privileged situation will be made. Nevertheless there are also specific challenges for Austria. There are diverse intervention strategies and measures targeted towards this challenges, which are stated and discussed on the focus of their success at last. The results presented here on the one hand are built upon empirical and on structural analyses. Therefore in the context of this study a broad range of policy papers and evaluation studies available was analysed and calculations were made using the Eurostat Labour Force Survey (LFS) as well as national labour market and educational statistics. On the other hand side an expert discussion with representatives of relevant institutions in the context of disadvantaged youth forms an integral part in the methodological design of this study. Whenever the text refers to the ‘actor’s perspective’ the results of a discussion among representatives from institutions relevant in the context of disadvantaged youth are meant. Therefore a workshop at the Institute for Advanced Studies with experts was organised out to discuss the national and cross-national research findings as well as the specific situation in Austria concerning disadvantaged youth from their point of view. 1. Problem situation in a macro perspective Concerning disadvantaged youth there are two EU key indicators, which demonstrate the extent of the problem, namely the ratio of early dropouts and the youth unemployment rate. Regarding the EU key indicator of early school leaving Austria has a ratio of 9,2% in the year 2004, which equals half of the European wide average (EU-15: 18%, EU25: 15,9%). Regarding the periodic change of this ratio there has been an immense decrease in the mid 1990s and nearly a stagnation of the ratio at the end of the 1990s. Even though, since that time the ratio of early school leavers has been on a rather constant level, 9.000 young people leave the educational system without any adequate qualification every year. The development of this indicator over time is demonstrated in the following chart: 5 Thematic Study on Policy Measures concerning Disadvantaged Youth. Final Report, Volume 2, Annex II Ratio of 18-24 years old not in Education and without Graduation above ISCED 2 (Early School Leavers) (Source: EUROSTAT, Graphics: IHS) 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 AUT EU-15 EU-25 Immigrant youth are much more likely to drop out the school-system than Austrian pupils are. According to a study finished just recently (Steiner, 2005) the proportion of immigrant youth among early school leavers is three times higher than their proportion within the population of the same age. The youth unemployment rate, which is the second indicator for analysing the scale of the problem concerning disadvantaged youth, implies the assumption that Austria is confronted with a lower level of problems. In 2004 the youth unemployment rate in Austria showed a value of 9,7% (youth unemployment ratio: 5,6%), while the value of the European mean amounted the double (EU-15: 16,6%, EU-25: 18,7%). The following chart clarifies that even in Austria the youth is indeed more affected by unemployment than the whole labour force, but the gap to the average is considerably lower than it is typical for Europe. Looking at the periodic change there has been a more intensive increase of youth unemployment in Austria than in the European average, therefore the gap closes and the specific situation in Austria is minimised. One reason for that can be found in the under average weak economic development in Austria. The strong rise of youth unemployment in Austria from 2003 to 2004 compared to a rather moderate rise in EU-average can hardly be interpreted because the 1 concept of the LFS data collection in Austria was changed in the meantime. 1 Kytir J., Stadler B. (2004): Die kontinuierliche Arbeitskräfteerhebung im Rahmen des neuen Mikrozensus. Vom ‘alten’ zum ‘neuen’ Mikrozensus, in: Statistische Nachrichten Nr. 6/2004, Wien. 6 Thematic Study on Policy Measures concerning Disadvantaged Youth. Final Report, Volume 2, Annex II Youth Unemployment Rate in Comparison (ILO-Definitions, Source: EUROSTAT, Graphics: IHS) 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 AUT-Youth EU-15-Youth EU-25-Youth AUT-all EU-15-all EU-25-all There is empirical evidence that immigrant youth are most effected by youth unemployment but there is no reliable specific data available. However, as the overall unemployment rate of immigrants in Austria is more than double (13%) the average rate (5,6%)2 it can be concluded that the situation for migrant youth is not significant different. Despite of some indications of increasing problems concerning disadvantaged youth even in Austria, the extent of the problems is on a low level compared to Europe. Therefore Austria can be seen as a comparatively successful country in Europe. The following section is concerned with finding an explanation for this positioning of Austria. 2. Explanation approach for Austria’s position Structural aspects Basic condition for a generally smooth transition from education to employment is doubtlessly a positive economic development in connection with an appropriate need for qualified labour force. Due to the fact that economic development in Austria is not that different to the European one the explanation for Austria’s comparatively privileged position concerning disadvantaged youth has to be found in other domains. Compared to the international level two aspects of the Austrian educational system seem to be relevant for the low ratio of early school leaving and the low youth unemployment rate. This 2 Statistik Austria
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