Index

A Brown University, 47 A line of Shakespeare, 39 Busch, 120 A. B. Pippard, 30 ABO3, 108 C Abrikosov lattice, 18 C. N. Yang and T. D. Lee, 32 Academy of Science of the Soviet Union, 11 Cambridge, 68 Adlai Stevenson, 75 Canadian General Electric, 57 Alex Malozemoff, 115, 121 Cardiff, 67 Alex Müller, 106 Casimir, 24 Aluminium oxide, 60, 63 Cellular machinery, 38 Amazing science, 134 Centennial of superconductivity, vi Anderson, 36 Ceramic materials, 117 Anderson and Rowell, 70 Charlie Bean, 60 Anderson localisation, 74 Charlie Slichter, 36 Anderson murder mystery theorem, 85 Childhood experiences, 133 Anderson-Higgs mechanism, 129 Children’s dreams, 19 Atom bomb semester, 119 Coherence factors, 47 Autobiography, 16 Coherence length, 10 Coherent state, 33 B Condensate field Ψ , 131 BaLaCuO, 108 Consciousness, 39 Bardeen, 33, 42, 45, 69 Cooling devices, 2 Battelle Memorial Institute, 118 Cooper pair tunnelling, 67 BCM-theory, 37 Cooper-pairs, 5 BCS team, 46, 78 Crick and Watson, 48 BCS theory, 5, 68 Critical current, 23 BCS-paper, 42 Critical field, 23 Bernd Matthias, 73, 77 Crystallography, 103 Bessemer, 19 Bill Huntington, 59 D Bill Little, 13, 99 d-wave and p-wave superfluid, 73 Biographical notes, vii d-wave in He3, 80 Bohr and Mottelson, 49 Dave Bohm, 78 Boundary between living and unliving, 38 David Pines, 78 Brian Josephson, 81 de Gennes, 70 Brian Pippard, 69, 81 de Haas, 24 Bronx High School of Science, 31 Debye frequency, 35

K. Fossheim, Superconductivity: Discoveries and Discoverers, 137 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-36059-6, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 138 Index

Debye temperature, 48 Grand Écoles, 100 Decoration experiments, 27 Grandes Écoles, 91 Democratic Party, 75 Granular matter, 90 Dimitri Abrikosov, 28 Gravitational red-shift, 68 Dirty superconductor, 74 Green’s functions, 26 Dzyaloshinskii, 18 Gregory Wannier, 77 Gutzwiller projection, 84 E Guy Deutscher, 97, 121 ECG, 116 École Normale, 92 H Edison, 19 H , 25 Electrical engineering, 44 c2 Ham radio, 43 Electron transport through a barrier, 54 Hans Bueckner, 58 Electronics physics, 76 Hans Jörg Scheel, 105 Elias Burstein, 61 Harry Thomas, 104, 122 Eliashberg theory, 80 Endure hardship, 133 Harvard, 74 Energy gap, 60 Harwell, 68 Eric Courtens, 122 Hebel and Slichter, 47 Essmann and Träuble, 27 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, v, 1 Étienne Guyon, 95 Heini Gränicher, 106 Heini Rohrer, 104 F Helium, 2 Fascination, 134 Higgs boson, 5, 129 Fermi sea, 33 Higgs mechanism, vi, 43, 129 Ferroelectricity, 77 Higgs-generated mass, 131 Feynman, 5, 17, 26, 46 High Temperature Superconductivity, 13 Flux-quantization, 69 High-Tc, 51 Forerunners, v Holy grail, 36 Francis Low, 45 Hubbard model, 85 Francis Wheeler Loomis, 74 Hydrogen bomb, 133 Fritz and Heinz London, 4 Fusion bomb, 27 I Fusion process, 28 IBM Thomas J. Watson Lab, 121 IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, 105 G Idea of the order parameter, 14 G. Busch, 118 Illinois, 36 Galileo, 38 Ilya Frank, 27 Gauge invariance, 48, 73 Inspiration, 133 Gauge invariant, 35 Institute for Power Engineering, 20 Gauge symmetry breaking, 43 General Electric, 54 Institute of Advanced Study at Princeton, 29 General Electric course, 58 Ivar Giaever, 6, 71 Gerd Binnig, 106 Giaever tunnelling, 6 J Gilles Holst, 1 Jahn-Teller, 99 Ginzburg, 27, 123 Jahn-Teller polaron, 108, 120 Ginzburg-Landau, 97 Jim Phillips, 98 Ginzburg-Landau equation, 25 John Atkins, 71 Ginzburg-Landau theory, 5, 12, 22, 23 John Bardeen, 29 Global phase-stiffness, 129 John Fisher, 59 God Particles, 135 John Rowell, 82 Goldstone mode, 130 Josephson, 37 Goldstone theorem, 87 Josephson effects, 6, 67 Gorkov, 18 Josephson equations, 49 Index 139

K Non-perturbed interaction, 48 Kapitza, 10, 20, 28 Normal state correlations, 51 kappa, 23 Norwegian Institute of Technology, 53 Karl Megerle, 61, 63 Norwegian University of Science and Kazan, 11 Technology, 53 KGB, 24, 28 Nuclear bombs, 20 Khalatnikov, 18, 22 Nuclear group, 21 Kondo effect, 45 Kondo problem, 84 O Korean wartime, 44 On the subway, 47 One-dimensional system, 13 L Oppenheimer, 32, 77 LaBaCuO, 111 Order parameter, 9 lambda point, 15 Orsay, 97 Landau, 21, 26 Oxford, 68 Landau expansion, 10 P Landau group, 4 Pair correlations, 94 Landau theory, 14 Pairing approximation, 46 Lars Onsager, 46 Pairing condensate, 51 Leggett, 16 Pairing idea, 36 Lenin, 19 Pandora’s box, 2 Leo Esaki, 59 Parameter kappa, 15 LHC facility, 115 Paul Chu, 112, 124 Liquid crystals, 90, 96 Paul Lauterburg, 60 Liquid helium, 15 Penicillin, 31 λ London penetration depth , 4, 34 Perfect diamagnetism, 3 Los Alamos, 75 Perovskite materials, 104 Perovskites, 118 M Persistent phenomenon, 4 Mafia, 76 Phase coherence, 85 Manufacturing engineer, 56 Phase difference, 69 March meeting, 35, 49 Phase transitions, 118 Masaaki Takashige, 110 Phil Anderson, 68 Mathematics, 19 Philippe Nozières, 79 Matthew effect, 82 Phonon mechanism, 48 McMillan, 96 Phonons in lead, 83 Meissner effect, 3 Physics of a Lifetime, 16 Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect, 4 Physics Today, 70 Mendelssohn’s sponge, 24 Pierre Aigrain, 92 Michael Faraday, 19 Pierre Morel, 79 Michael Tinkham, 122 Pinning, 25 MIT, 43 Polaron model, 107 Mössbauer effect, 68 Popular lecturing, 100 MRI, 126 Postwar Norway, 54, 57 Princeton, 78 N Pseudospins, 68 Nambu, 87 psi-function, 9 National High Magnetic Field Laboratory psi-theory of superconductors, 13 (NHMFL), 42, 51 Naval Research Lab, 75, 76 R Neutron diffraction, 27 Radio engineer, 119 Neutron stars, 134 Random phase approximation, 78 Niels Bohr Institute, 42 Raufoss Ammunitions Factory, 56 NMR, 48 Raveau, 104, 108 140 Index

Recognition, 35 Tamm, 11 Rennsselear Polytechnic Institute, 59 Tanaka, 104, 124 Renormalization group, 83 TCNQ, 99 Resonance Valence Bond, 84 Ted Geballe, 77 Risk, 107 Theoretical minimum, 17, 21 Robert Ochsenfeld, 3 Thinking big, 45 Robert Serber, 32 Tinkham and Glover, 47 Rockets, 43 Tom Lehrer, 74, 76 Rosetta stone, 19 Tomonaga, 47 Royal Society, 19 Tomonaga approach, 42 RVB-theory, 74 Transformers, 126 Transistor, 36, 133 S Trinity College, 82 Santa Barbara, 51 Trondheim, 56 Scaling, 90 Truman, 75 Schafroth, 15 Tsarist Russia, 10 Schenectady, 58 Tunable Higgs-condensate, 130 Scherrer, 120 Tunnelling, 6, 61 Schrieffer, 33 Tunnelling microscope, 65 Schwinger, 74, 76 Type II superconductor, 5, 18 Second World War, 46 Self-made man, 58 U Semiconductor surface physics, 44 U(1)-symmetry, 130 Shubnikov, 24 University of Illinois, 42, 44 Siemens, 126 University of Oslo, 55 Singularities, 25 University of Pennsylvania, 49 Smolukovskii, 93 Unsuccessful experiments, 71 Soviet H-bomb, 9 Spin glass, 74 V SQUID, 6 Very high Tc, 51 SQUID magnetometer, 110 Vision, 64 SrTiO3, 104, 109, 120 Vitaly Ginzburg, 4 Stalin era, 9 Vortex lattice, 6 Stalin Prize, 19 Vortex liquids, 27 Standard Model, 130 Vortex matter, 27 Stripe domains, 119 Strong magnetic fields, 14 W Success, 46 Wabash College, 74 Superconducting transition temperature, Tc, 2 Walter Kohn, 77 Superconductivity, 59 Walther Meissner, 3 Superconductors of the second kind, 18 Weak coupling approximation, 35 Superexchange, 79 Weak link, 83 Superfluid, 129 Westinghouse Science Talent, 31 Superfluid helium, 94 Woodstock of physics, 7 Superfluidity, 12 Surface energy, 14, 23 Y Symmetry breaking, 134 Yorktown Heights, 115 “Symmetry-restoration” in extreme type-II, 131 Z Zavaritsky, 22 T Zeitschrift für Physik, 123 Takashige, 124 Ziman, 68 Tallahassee, 51 Zlatko Tesanovic, 135