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Home , Book of Jeremiah, Georg Karl Mayer, Yohanan

Forschungen zum Alten Testament

Edited by Konrad Schmid (Zürich) ∙ Mark S. Smith (Princeton) Hermann Spieckermann (Göttingen) ∙ Andrew Teeter (Harvard)

139

Georg Fischer

Jeremiah Studies

From Text and Contexts to Theology

Mohr Siebeck Georg Fischer SJ, born 1954; studies of Philosophy and Theology in Munich and Innsbruck, 1988 S.S.D. Pontifical Biblical Institute Rome, 1993 Habilitation Graz, since 1995 chair for Studies and Oriental Languages at the Theological Faculty of the Leopold-Franzens University in Innsbruck. orcid.org/0000-0003-3281-9849

ISBN 978-3-16-158918-8 / eISBN 978-3-16-158919-5 DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-158919-5 ISSN 0940-4155 / eISSN 2568-8359 (Forschungen zum Alten Testament) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available at http://dnb.dnb.de.

© 2020 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen. www.mohrsiebeck.com This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to repro- ductions, translations and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was typeset by epline in Böblingen using Minion typeface, printed on non-aging paper by Gulde Druck in Tübingen, and bound by Buchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in Germany. Foreword

“I put my words in your mouth” (Jer 1:9) – thus speaks God to when he calls him to become his prophet. These words mark the beginning of a uni- que mission and an extraordinary biography. The divine statement gives highest authorization to Jeremiah and his proclamation which, through the book attri- buted to him, has been a source for inspiration and piety across various commu- nities of believers. In the last four decades, the Book of Jeremiah has become the object of increa- sed interest among researchers. Never before have so many studies on the book appeared as in the period from the mid-eighties until today. These scholarly ef- forts have advanced the understanding of this book, especially in illuminating its background, its literary and theological complexity, and so many of its sophisti- cated details. Different approaches and theories have been brought to bear upon the specific characteristics of the book, breaking new ground. Naturally, these developments have resulted in much discussion and, quite often, in abandoning ‘classical’ positions for how Jeremiah and his book are to be understood. The studies collected here mirror these debates on many levels. They origina- ted as papers at various conferences and as contributions requested for dictiona- ries, monographs and journals. Most of them have been previously published; some of these contributions, while intended for other projects, are published here for the first time. Since nearly all of them were composed within the last ten years, they deal mostly with recent issues of scholarly debate, such as the text(s) of Jeremiah, its particular language, composition, and theology. All of them were originally written in English; Mrs. Felicity Stephens from Edinburgh has revised the language, for which I am very grateful to her. The idea of collecting my English publications on Jeremiah in one volume stems from Dominik Markl SJ, my confrere and friend. I thank the editors Konrad Schmid, Mark S. Smith, Hermann Spieckermann, and Andrew Teeter for accepting my request to publish it in the FAT series. I am also grateful to Dr. Hilde- brandt who corrected the English of the introduction and to the staff of Mohr Siebeck in Tübingen, especially Elena Müller, Tobias Weiß and Tobias Stäbler, for their help in editing this book. The literature listed at the end of this volume covers all contributions with the exception of the two dictionary entries at the beginning. In order to ease the iden- tification of my own work in the bibliography and to document thedevelopment ­ VI Foreword of my thinking about Jeremiah in the past thirty years, I have added the year of publication to each one in parentheses and ordered them accordingly. Apart from unifying the style of quotation for the FAT series, I have modified the con- tent of the studies only rarely and slightly. Several contributions of the same au- thor are listed in chronological sequence and, if from the same year, alphabeti- cally. Abbreviations follow for the most part the 3rd edition of Internationales Abkürzungsverzeichnis für Theologie und Grenzgebiete by S. Schwertner. It is my hope that this volume makes available my research, which up to now was accessible mainly in German, to a broader audience and that the studies in this volume may contribute to a deeper understanding of one of the most fasci- nating books in the .

Innsbruck, November 2019 Georg Fischer SJ Table of Contents

Foreword ...... V Introduction ...... 1

Part 1: Foundations: Text and General Issues Jeremiah (Book and Person) /​Old Testament ...... 31 Jeremiah: ...... 41 A New Understanding of the Book of Jeremiah. A Response to Robert R. Wilson ...... 61 Mysteries of the Book of Jeremiah: Its Text and Formulaic Language. A Response to Hermann-Josef Stipp ...... 79

Part 2: Intertextuality in Jeremiah Section 1: Connections with the Fulfilment and Reversal: The Curses of Deuteronomy 28 as a Foil for the Book of Jeremiah ...... 99 The Relationship of the Book of Jeremiah – ותפשי התורה לא ידעוני to the Torah ...... 111 Foundation and Challenge: Jeremiah’s Manifold Use of dtn/r Phraseology and Ideology ...... 131 The Book of Jeremiah: Realization of Threats of the Torah – and Also of Promises? ...... 147

Section 2: Relationships with the Prophets and Baruch Riddles of Reference: “I” and “We” in the Books of and Jeremiah: The Relation of the Suffering Characters ...... 165 Pro and Contra ? A Comparison of the Temple’s Role in the Books of and Jeremiah ...... 177 VIII Table of Contents Jeremiah’s Relations with the “Minor Prophets”. A Window into the Formation of the Book of the Twelve ...... 185 Baruch, Jeremiah’s ‘Secretary’? The Relationships between the Book of Jeremiah and the ...... 195 Simulated Similarities: The Intricate Relationship between the Books of Baruch and Jeremiah ...... 213

Part 3: Jeremiah’s Roles and Message Section 1: The Figure of the Prophet Jeremiah – “The Prophet Like ?” ...... 231 Jeremiah, God’s Suffering Servant ...... 249 The ‘Truth’ of the Body – Jeremiah’s Authentication as a Prophet by his Suffering ...... 267

Section 2: Keys to Jeremiah’s Proclamation Don’t Forget ’s Destruction! The Perspective of the Book of Jeremiah ...... 279 From Terror to Embrace – Deliberate Blending of Metaphors in –31 ...... 299 :31–34 – the Importance of the New ...... 311

Part 4: The Theology of the Book of Jeremiah “Nobody is Like You!” (Jer 10:6) – The Distinctive Portrayal of the Biblical God in the Book of Jeremiah ...... 315 The Theology of the Book of Jeremiah ...... 331 Contested Theologies in the Book of Jeremiah ...... 339 Early Christian Interests in ...... 357

General Bibliography ...... � 371 List of First Publications ...... 391 Index of Biblical Passages ...... 393 Index of Authors ...... � 407 Index of Subjects ...... � 411

Introduction

1. Biographical Background

The prophet Jeremiah and his book have accompanied my life for the last decades. To mention just some decisive moments: Jer 1:4–10, the call of Jere- miah to become a “prophet for the nations”, was the first reading at my priestly ordination on May 9th, 1981. Two years later, at the Pontifical Biblical Institute (PBI) in Rome, Pietro Bovati SJ gave a course on Jer 1–6 which illuminated its theological message in a rich and fascinating way. In 1988, I chose Jer 30–31, the “Scroll/​Booklet of Consolation”, as the topic for my “Habilitationsschrift”1. Since then, I have not ceased working on Jer and this book has become my main field of research and inspiration. The formation of a Jesuit, the order of which I am a member, includes a novi- tiate2 and studies in philosophy.3 The first of these provides a greater familiarity with and appreciation for alongside with a deeper spiritual under- standing of it. My philosophical training helped to sharpen logical thinking, to distinguish and to clarify the use of terms/concepts and to pay attention to the structure and strength of arguments. This two-fold training serves as a basis for engaging in theological subjects and as a background for discerning positions and developments. In my time as a student, the department of theology at the Leopold-Franzens- Universität in Innsbruck had two foci, namely the systematic field and the bib- lical field.4 Both areas attracted me; I wrote my master’s thesis on the problem of coming to know God in Eberhard Jüngel’s “Gott als Geheimnis der Welt”,

1 A “Habilitation” is a second major research work after a thesis which is requested in Ger- man speaking countries. I wrote it in Innsbruck, beginning at the end of 1988 and finishing it early in 1992. I defended it at the Karl-Franzens-Universität in Graz in 1993 and published it as: Das Trostbüchlein. Text, Komposition und Theologie von Jer 30–31 (1993). 2 This is a two-year training in spiritual and community life, including several kinds of ‘experiments’, like working with people with disabilities, in a factory, in a hospital, in parishes, etc. My novitiate was in Nürnberg (Germany), 1972–1974. 3 In my case at the Philosophische Hochschule (Berchmanskolleg) and the Ludwig Maxi- milians Universität in München, 1974–1976. 4 This reflects the main thrust of traditional Jesuit theological formation. Until a few years ago, the Jesuit order was responsible for the Theological Faculty of the University of Innsbruck and provided nearly all the professors. I studied there from 1978 to 1981. 2 Introduction though I spent more time in courses and seminars with Arnold Gamper SJ, chair for Old Testament and Oriental Studies, who was my predecessor here in Inns- bruck, and with Klemens Stock SJ, for the . Both concentrated on solid philological and textual analyses and avoided speculations about the prehistory of the biblical books. Fr. Gamper was very much interested in their message and favoured theological interpretations. A similar orientation continued at the PBI in Rome where I was sent for special studies. From 1981 onwards, my teachers were excellent exegetes like my confreres Alonso Schökel SJ, Dennis McCarthy SJ, Jean-Louis Ska SJ, Bob Law- ton SJ, Mitch Dahood SJ, Werner Mayer SJ, Richard Caplice SJ, Horacio Simian- Yofre SJ and Norbert Lohfink SJ, and, from other orders, scholars like Charles Conroy MSC and Fabrizio Foresti OCarm.5 The variety of their approaches and the broad horizons they opened with their knowledge and expertise became the foundation for my way of interpreting the Bible. This training and group of teachers is one of the main reasons for the dif- ference between my approach and what was ‘usual’ in the field of in Ger- man-speaking countries. In the seventies and eighties, literary-critical analyses were dominant there and represented across a variety of ‘schools’.6 The Pontifical Biblical Institute, however, was determined to keep a wider focus in addressing the task of biblical interpretation which included literature in various languages as well as early Jewish traditions and Church Fathers.7 I also attended the courses of Luis M. Martínez-Fazio SJ on Early Christian Iconography at the Gregorian University who introduced his students in a fascinating manner to the symbolic language and deeper meaning of artistic expressions. Becoming familiar with such a diversity of methods, interests, and cultural and communal backgrounds allowed me to widen my own perspective and to gain a more ‘international’ dimension in research. Having worked on the Torah for my thesis,8 I felt the necessity to address still another field of research in the Hebrew Bible to get a broader understand- ing of it. This led me to study Jeremiah, especially the chapters 30–31, for the “Habilitation”. Main critical issues to address for the interpretation included the

5 In addition, I was also taught by several women, such as Ruth Geiger, who introduced me to Hebrew in Munich, and Bruna Costacurta, lecturer in Biblical Theology at the Gregorian Pontifical University. Later on, I learned a lot from the works of Barbara Bozak and Irmtraud Fischer, to name but a few female scholars. 6 Influential names are e. g. Martin Noth, Rolf Rendtorff, Wolfgang Richter, and Erich Zenger. 7 Besides English and German, many teachers had Italian, Spanish, or French as their mother tongue and many came from Asia and the Americas. The approximately 30 courses needed for the Licentiate included the History of Interpretation and Hermeneutics as well as Jewish exegesis which was taught by ‘Rabbi’ Reinhard Neudecker SJ. 8 Jahwe unser Gott. Sprache, Aufbau und Erzähltechnik in der Berufung des Mose (Ex 3–4) (1989). 2. Orientations for Research in reliability of the transmitted text forms, the question of the composition, the theological message and the ideological background of Jer 30–31. This became the start of a never-ending journey and occupation with the entire Book of Jeremiah. In 1995, I finished a small commentary in Italian which dealt with selected important passages.9 Already in 1993, Erich Zenger had asked me for the commentary on Jeremiah in the Herder series; this work required nearly all my energy in the following years, until its publication in 2005.10 For the continuation of the series “Erträge der Forschung”, the Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft required a new overview of the research on Jeremiah.11 In order to make accessible recent insights to a broader audience, Rüdiger Lux invited me to present the prophet Jeremiah and his book in the series “Biblische Gestalten.12 Besides these monographs, many requests for articles and papers have reached me and I am glad to be able to present the recent, more important English ones in this volume.

2. Orientations for Research in Jeremiah

The year 1986 represents a kind of ‘turn’ in the exegesis of Jer. The commentaries of Siegfried Hermann, William L. Holladay, William McKane, and Robert P. Carroll13 marked the beginning of a new phase in the understanding of this prophet and his book. Although their approaches were very different, together they changed the way in which we would perceive and study Jeremiah. Up to 1986, nobody had dealt with the texts of Jer so thoroughly as McKane. The philo- logical, contextual, and historical discussions of Herrmann and Holladay evoked the impression of a highly complicated book, full of sophisticated details and tensions. Carroll, finally, undermined the confidence of ‘encountering’ the pro- phet in Jer, showing that many parts of the book are set in later times. After 1986, it is not possible anymore to read Jer ‘naively’; the studies of these four exegetes have opened new avenues. In the decades since, four major areas of debate have developed, concerning (a) the text, (b) the composition, (c) the relations with other biblical scrolls, and (d) the distinctive profile of Jer. After presenting each of these areas, I will deal with the differences between the various approaches more and clarify my position within them (e).

9 Il libro di Geremia (1995), also translated into Spanish: El libro de Jeremías (21997). 10 Jeremia 1–25, and Jeremia 26–52 (both volumes in 2005). 11 The forerunner is by Siegfried Herrmann, Jeremia. Der Prophet und das Buch; the title of my book is: Jeremia. Der Stand (2007). 12 Jeremia. Prophet über Völker und Königreiche (2015). 13 S. Hermann, Jeremia 1,1–19; W. L. Holladay, Jeremiah 1; W. McKane, Jeremiah 1; R. P. Carroll, Jeremiah. 4 Introduction a) The Texts of Jer Already before 1986, the findings of Jeremiah manuscripts in Qumran had begun14 to stimulate the dispute over the text(s) of Jer. Ever since, there is a hot debate about which text form is closer to the supposed ‘original’. A majority follows now the lead of J. G. Janzen, P.‑M. Bogaert, H.‑J. Stipp, and others who favour the LXX, mostly by proposing for it a different Hebrew ‘Vorlage’ than what has later developed in the Masoretic tradition. They regard the latter one as being heavily expanded.15 On the other hand, recent analyses of specific texts and comparisons of both text forms, e. g. in Jer 10 and 25, have yielded different results.16 These studies prompt us to consider that Jer MT is more sophisticated, especially in its com- munication structure, and that the Greek translation has altered it in many in- stances to make it more easily understandable. Following this line of argument, it would be Jer MT that deserves priority. My own position adheres to this latter option at which I have arrived along various steps. First, working on the texts of Jer 30–31 // LXX 37–38 for nearly a whole year (1989), I tried to recognize what was the common basis and which form might have developed out of the other. I discovered inconsistencies in the LXX in the rendition of the same expressions and problems in comprehension,17 and I perceived the difficulty in not having an external point of comparison. This led me, in a second step, to search for such a reference text ‘outside’ Jer which I found in the end of 2 Kings, the parallel text of Jer 52.18 My analysis confirmed the processes of changes and reduction on part of the LXX seen elsewhere in the book. Next, the work on the Herder commentary and the invitation to col- laborate in the project “Septuaginta Deutsch” for Jeremia19 enabled me to check

14 The preliminary publication of Jer manuscripts from Cave 4 by J. Gerald Janzen, Studies in the Text of Jeremiah, 173–184, had a major impact on Jer studies. Janzen followed a sugges- tion of F. M. Cross and interpreted what is now understood as three separate fragments (4Q71; 4Q72a and 4Q72b; he subsumed them as 4QJerb) as being closer to the LXX. 15 Jer LXX is nearly a sixth shorter than Jer MT. Assuming the criterion of lectio brevior, this is taken as a strong argument in favour of the LXX version. 16 On Jer 10, see James Seth Adcock, “Oh God of Battles! Steal My Soldiers’ Hearts!”; on Jer 25, Shimon Gesundheit, The Question of LXX Jeremiah; more generally, the study of Oliver Glanz, Understanding Participant-Reference Shifts in the Book of Jeremiah, raises enormous doubts on the reliability of the LXX textual tradition. 17 The transliterations in Jer LXX 38:21, 40 are examples for that. 18 Published as: Jeremia 52 – ein Schlüssel zum Jeremiabuch (1998), also in an abbrevi- ated form in French: Les deux faces de Jérémie 52, and in an English version with the title: : A Test Case for JerLXX (2001). Recently, Henk de Ward has defended a thesis on Jeremiah 52 in the Context of the Book of Jeremiah at the Theologische Universiteit Apeldoorn, which starts with giving preference to Jer LXX and interpreting the differences; however, an unbiased observation of the discrepancies of all four text forms leads to the opposite result. 19 For the latter one, Andreas Vonach is mainly responsible for the remarks on the details of the text whereas the general parts stem from us both. Our presentation has received heavy criti- 2. Orientations for Research in the entire book for the relationship of both text forms. I came to the conclusion that I could not see a single case where Jer LXX would have preserved the more original form of the text.20 Lastly, in the past years, I could present my view in several articles.21 Since the issue of the texts of Jer remains so disputed, it seems wise to start any study of Jer passages with an investigation of both text forms without precon- ceptions. Clarity about the text and its development is the basis for every further research in Jer and indispensable for a responsible approach to Jer. The present majority position is a very recent one and there are weighty arguments against it from the other side. b) The Composition of Jer On first sight, the Book of Jeremiah seems to be a mess. It appears to be highly irregular, in many aspects, leading one to conclude that any attempt to explain its arrangement and/or its genesis is doomed to failure. At the same time, the very fact of this irregular shape requires explanations that do not only present one perspective, but consider various facets and dimensions. The ‘classical’ solution for such problems is recourse to redactional models. S. Mowinckel, more than 100 years ago,22 proposed a composition of Jer con- sisting of four major sources, yet later abandoned his own theory. Newer ap- proaches reckon with one or several deuteronomistic redactions,23 sometimes even multiple layers within a few chapters.24 A kind of ‘desperate shot’ is the suggestion of William McKane that Jer is in essence a “rolling corpus”,25 having grown over the years in ways that can hardly be determined. The analogy with avalanches makes clear that such processes are beyond any control. Up to now, no convincing redactional proposal for the entire book has been produced. cism from the ‘other position’, especially H.‑J. Stipp, Zur aktuellen Diskussion um das Verhältnis der Textformen des Jeremiabuches (2008), and H. Engel, Erfahrungen mit der Septuaginta-Fas- sung des Jeremiabuches im Rahmen des Projektes “Septuaginta Deutsch” (2007). Some parts of the critique, mainly on specifics, are justified; nevertheless, the fundamental issue of the priority of the Hebrew text form leading to MT is not touched by it. 20 G. Fischer, Jeremia 1–25 (2005), 46, and idem, Jeremia 26–52 (2005), 659 f. 21 For English ones, see in this volume, part 1, especially “Jeremiah Septuagint” and the first section of “Mysteries of the Book of Jeremiah – its Text and Formulaic Language”, alongside many occasional remarks in other contributions. 22 S. Mowinckel, Zur Komposition des Buches Jeremia. 23 See both volumes of W. Thiel, Die deuteronomistische Redaktion von Jeremia 1–25, and Die deuteronomistische Redaktion von Jeremia 26–45, the proposal of three dtr redactions by R. Albertz, Die Exilszeit. 6. Jahrhundert v. Chr., 231–260, H.‑J. Stipp’s four articles subsumed unter the heading “Zur Redaktionsgeschichte des Jeremiabuches” in his Studien zum Jeremia- buch (261–378) and idem, Jeremia 25–52. 24 E. g. Konrad Schmid, Buchgestalten des Jeremiabuches; see his diagrams for Jer 30–31 and 32–33 on pp. 433 f. 25 W. McKane, Jeremiah 1, l–lxxxiii. 6 Introduction

On the other hand, deuteronomic and deuteronomistic influence is undeni- able, and strong.26 Many words, phrases, ideas are close to Deut and the Former Prophets. Yet, this is only one side of the picture, as large parts of Jer are mark- edly different in language and theology. Furthermore, vocabulary and motifs of Jer are much richer and are obviously inspired also by sources other than Deut and the following books.27 This aspect suggests that Jer is incorporating elements from various biblical scrolls, combining them and thus arriving at a kind of synthesis. The mixture of prose and poetry poses another problem. Whereas Jer 1, 7, and 11 are predominantly in prose, most other sections are poetic. In my view, L. Stulman has offered the best explanation.28 He understands both genres as mutual relationship: Prose texts serve as a reference frame, offering the back- ground to relate Jeremiah’s proclamation to concrete, ‘historical’ events, whereas poetry deepens and enriches the divine message with many images and in a large variety of motifs. As a result, Jer forms a kind of “symbolic tapestry”. This procedure pervades the entire book, seeing that the second part, “new begin- nings from a shattered world” (Stulman) also contains poetic sections, esp. in Jer 30–31 and 46–51. The frequent interchange of genres indicates a conscious mixing of different elements, at least in the last stage of forming the book. Its chronology offers another indication for a deliberately ‘inordinate’ arrangement, springing back and forth among the last Judean kings29 and using the phrase “the fourth year of King ” as a structural device.30 Obviously, Jer was composed against ‘normal’ expectations of a regular time sequence, thus suggesting alternative paths of structure and meaning. All of these interrelated dimensions of Jer work together and result in cen- trifugal forces that seem to suggest that the book lacks a plan. Yet, there are a number of unifying factors.31 For instance, Jer contains many repetitions. Dou- blets, like Jer 6:12–15 // 8:10–12; 6:22–24 // 50:41–43; 10:12–16 // 51:15–19, establish strong connections within the book and show special accents in their usage. Important motifs, e. g. the roles of the foreign powers and , pervade nearly the entire book and display reasonable developments. Other lit- erary techniques are the question-answer and the command-fulfilment schemes

26 Besides Thiel (note 23) and H.‑J. Stipp, Jeremia 25–52, many other studies demonstrate this. 27 For this aspect, see below c), the intertextual links. 28 L. Stulman, Order amid Chaos. 29 Jer 34:8 ; 35:1 Jehoiakim; 37:1 Zedekiah, etc., see G. Fischer, Jeremia 1–25 (2005), 80–83, and idem, Die Chronologie des Jeremiabuches (2018). 30 Jer 25:1; 36:1; 45:1; 46:2; the important information about its significance is withheld up to its last occurrence. 31 See the article below, “A New Understanding”, esp. part 1.2 therein. 2. Orientations for Research in which link the first part of Jer with the “Scroll of Consolation”, Jer 30–31.32 These observations indicate, on various levels, a desire of “binding together” the dif- ferent parts of the book. They are a sign that Jer, despite its ‘chaotic’ appearance, has undergone an intentional process of formation. c) Intertextual Relationships From antiquity onwards, Jer’s connections with other biblical scrolls have received attention.33 William Holladay has presented them systematically for the first time at length in the second volume of his commentary.34 He distinguished texts and books prior to Jer, on which its author could draw, and other passages/ scrolls dependent on Jer. The relationship with Deut was especially intriguing for him, working in both directions so that parts of it inspired Jer, whereas others were using Jer. Holladay’s contribution made obvious Jer’s pervasive usage of earlier texts and opened a new area of research in Jer. The application of criteria for dis- cerning literary dependence and the interpretation of the connections are es- sential issues for this task. In working on Jer 30–31, I already noticed regularities and emphases that pointed to consistent literary techniques; the following ex- ploration of the entire book confirmed these observations throughout. Conspicuous results of these analyses are: Jer shows a preference for certain books and key texts, e. g. Lev 26; Deut 28; 32; 2 Kings 17; 24–25. Often it takes up rare expressions, like the “iron furnace” (Deut 4:20; 1 Kings 8:51; Jer 11:4) or ;go after nothing and become nothing” (2 Kings 17:15“ ,הבל the wordplay with Jer 2:5); the latter one forms an “exclusive connection” between both texts – this type of unique linking occurs quite often. The relationships of Jer with other books are widespread. It seems that a large part of the Hebrew Bible, at least half of it, was already extant when Jer was written.35 The intertextual approach to Jer touches on the methodological procedure. Many exegetes up to Carroll have taken the time indications in Jer 1:2–3 as ‘his- torical’, referring to real events in the life of the prophet and giving the setting of the book. Such a position assumes that a large part of Jer stems from the last years before Jerusalem’s fall in 587 BC.36 It is hardly reconcilable with the picture emerging from Jer’s literary links with other books. The latter ones require a much later setting, not before ca. 400 BC, and raise questions about the back-

32 Examples are the question regarding healing in Jer 8:22 with 30:17 and the motif of the covenant in 14:21 with 31:31. 33 See, e. g., the Church Fathers Origen, St. and who are mentioned in the last contribution of this volume, “Early Interests …”. 34 Holladay, , 35–95. 35 For all these indications, see the extended treatment in part 2 of this volume. 36 William L. Holladay and Jack R. Lundbom defend such an interpretation in their com- mentaries. 8 Introduction ground of the book and the reliability of its presentation. For interpreting Jer, one has to decide whether to take its chronological information at face value or to see in it a description of a time long past, reflecting on the largest catas- trophe in ’s history from a distance by incorporating important motifs and significant phrases from other biblical scrolls. d) Some Aspects of the Specific Profile of Jer Jer is markedly different from other prophets and their books. Already Jer 1 styl- izes the figure of Jeremiah as a kind of ‘super-prophet’, the promised successor of Moses,37 albeit with a wider international reach (v. 5 “prophet for the nations”). He receives various roles, even kingly or divine ones.38 “Jeremiah” is a kind of synthesis, being priest (v. 1), commissioned as prophet, appointed authority over nations and kingdoms (v. 10), visionary (vv. 11, 13), replacing the functions of city, temple and walls (v. 18), and he is even God’s privileged speaker.39 In contrast to such excellence, his suffering reaches a dimension up to then unparalleled. Several phrases are very similar to Isaiah’s “”.40 In my view, Jer 1, 15, and 20 portray Jeremiah as the incarnation of Yhwh’s servant as he is depicted in Isa. In any case, the physical pains, with torture, imprison- ment, etc. go far beyond what other prophets had to bear. In addition, passages of and especially the confessions testify to inner torments.41 The prophet and his body become a battlefield in the conflicts between God, resisting people and false prophets. Jer describes these struggles and sufferings at length42 and with great intensity. The prophet’s pain mirrors, to some extent, his message which is full of doom. No other book of the Bible focuses so much on Jerusalem’s destruction in 587 BC and the periods immediately before and after it. Jer reflects on these events and analyses the roots of this greatest catastrophe in ’s history. The choice of this topic is a statement: it is necessary to deal with this past43 and to learn

37 There is debate about the relationship with Deut 18:18 (see the article: Jeremiah – “The Prophet like Moses”? below in 3.3, section 1); the better arguments, however, speak for Jer’s dependence on Deut. 38 See esp. Jer 1:10, with the list of opposing verbs. All other instances in Jer have God as subject. 39 “My mouth”, in Jer 15:19, as a unique sign of honour and distinction. 40 Ulrich Berges, Servant and Suffering in Isaiah and Jeremiah, interprets the respective texts of Isa as being later than Jer, as does Katherine Dell. 41 Job is the only figure comparable to Jeremiah in this respect within the Hebrew Bible, yet his suffering is not due to a divine commissioning as prophet. 42 It starts in Jer 1:18–19 and runs through the book continuously until Jer 44. One of the rare exceptions is the Scroll of Consolation, Jer 30–31. 43 Note in contrast the which ‘jumps’ without further comment from Isa 39:8 to 40:1 over this decisive period. This has received only recently the deserved special attention by Frederik Poulsen, The Black Hole in Isaiah. 2. Orientations for Research in from it, by discovering and acknowledging the roots of the downfall and one’s own share in it. The treatment of the topic is also revealing: Jer concentrates on it from the beginning (1:14–16) until the end (Jer 52), thus confronting its addressees to deal with this issue without a chance to evade it. However, Jer’s scope is not to evoke pessimism or communicate a “negative anthropology”.44 The long dealings with the people’s guilt and the outcome of it aim at providing a better and true basis for the relationship with God. The con- frontation starts in Jer 245 and goes up to Jer 44. God and Jeremiah try to make the community perceive its “treacherous” behaviour46 and “brokenness”47 in order that they convert (Jer 3:1–4:4) and find anew “the eternal paths” leading to well-being (Jer 6:16). Although God has been forsaken and forgotten,48 and Israel and Judah have broken his covenant (Jer 11:10), he graciously offers for- giveness and even a (31:31–34). The discrepancy between God’s and the people’s actions and attitudes reveals their ingratitude and yet more divine generosity and love (Jer 31:3). This portrayal of Yhwh in Jer is fascinating. It is also markedly different from other biblical books, including even some unique features. The articles in the last section49 mention various times divine weeping, restoration of fortunes, inces- sant efforts, universal dominion and deep affection as divine characteristics. God in Jer is constantly struggling to overcome the people’s waywardness and to lead them after the disaster to a new life again. Jer’s spirituality differs from those of other scrolls, too. Traditional forms of piety, as sacrifices, temple visits, pilgrimages, tithe, even the etc. play no or no important role in Jer. Most priests appear as opponents of Jeremiah.50 This undermines their authority and leads the addressees of Jer to a direct, personal relationship with God, promised by him in 31:34: “They all, from the least of them to their greatest, will know me”. Such an orientation runs explicitly contrary to Deuteronomy which had insisted on religious teaching and learning.51 Jer is confident that God himself will guide those listening to him and that this will result in a less problematic way of religious practice and in the true adoration of Yhwh.

44 Passages like Jer 9:1–5; 13:23 seem to suggest such a stance; cf. Helga Weippert, Das Wort vom Neuen Bund, 344. 45 Samuel Hildebrandt, Interpreting Quoted Speech in Prophetic Literature (2017), has presented an excellent analysis of the use of quotations in this dispute. .times from Jer 3:10 onwards 37 ,ׁשקר See the insistence on 46 occurs in Jer 43 times (out of 223 instances in the Hebrew Bible) which is ׁשבר The root 47 far more than in any other book (the next one being Isa with 25 occurrences). 48 Jer 1:16 uses the first time “forsake”, Jer 2:32 is the first instance of “forget” for Israel’s relationship with God. Both verbs occur repeatedly within Jer in this sense. 49 Cf. part 4 in this volume: The Theology of the Book of Jeremiah. 50 E. g. in Jer 20:1–6 and a group of them in 26:8–11; see further the frequent critical remarks, as in 1:18; 2:8; 6:13, etc. 51 Cf. Deut 4:9–10, 14; 6:7; 11:19 … 10 Introduction e) Different Approaches Interpreting Jer goes beyond one’s capacities. You may read and study it 100 and even 1000 times, but questions, problems and riddles will remain. On various levels, its complexity and ‘unevenness’ does not allow easy solutions and will always lead to an ambiguous picture. One may find counter-arguments against any explanation because Jer is so full of contrasts and changes. The book ad- dresses different situations whilst aiming throughout at salvation after just judgment. This characteristic of Jer is at least in part the source for the varying and sometimes disparate interpretations. It requires great sensitivity and sound discernment to weigh the evidence and recognizing which aspects merit prefer- ence over others. But even then, others may oppose a position reached after long consideration and deliberation. Another problem is the start of the research. Most often researchers begin with a certain, limited text; yet, especially in the case of Jer it is necessary to know the entire book in order to perceive the function of this text within it, its links with other passages, and the development of its motifs along the book. Normally this alone requires years; who has the time and the opportunity to spend such an extended period of his life for studying Jer? According to my experience, new aspects emerge even after decades of research. It is a privilege, if one is to be granted so much time for it. A common procedure in studying Jer is to begin with ‘confidence’. Many take the initial remarks in Jer 1:1–3 at face value, assuming a ‘real’, historical proclamation of the prophet Jeremiah in these years leading up to the disaster in 587 BC.52 This is possible; yet the similar remarks in the books of other, earlier prophets, like Amos, Hosea, Micah, make me cautious against such an under- standing. Their scrolls did not come into existence in the 8th century BC, but only much later. I do not deny that a prophet with the name Jeremiah may have lived at the indicated period; I only want to leave open the option that his por- trayal and the messages attributed to him may (also) be literary products. Another frequent approach to Jer is explaining it by deuteronomistic redac- tion(s).53 These exegetes rightly acknowledge a dominant feature of Jer, namely the widespread use of phraseology, motifs and ideas common to Deuteronomy and the following books inspired by it. Thus far I can agree with them. Yet, this is only part of the picture. The full image comes to the fore when the other, distinctive features of the book are considered as well: Jer has many links with other prophets and a specific Jeremian idiolect. This makes Jer’s thought and language more complex through the incorporation and combination of these various sources. Furthermore, Jer also evinces concepts contrary to dtr in some

52 E. g. William L. Holladay, Jack R. Lundbom, Dalit Rom-Shiloni, and others. 53 See above the remarks in b). Index of Biblical Passages (selective)

Genesis 20:18–21 143, 156, 296, 312 1 67 f, 120, 123, 129, 148, 235 f 21:2–11 1:28 264 24:4 117, 245 8:22 153 24:12 121 9:16 324 25–31 126, 242 10 241 25 143 14:18 241 25:10–22 125, 237, 350 16:2 302 27:3 54 18 38, 120, 123, 350 31:18 237 18:14 149, 326 32 38 18:32 153 32:11–13 243, 263, 325 22:18 15, 120, 153 32:12 90 28:14 154 32:33 325 32:32 275 33:18 154 35:11 154 34:1–4 237 37:35 120 34:6 121 48:5, 8–20 304 34:7 125 34:9 121 Exodus 34:10 352 3–4 2 3:11 81 Leviticus 3:14 49, 81 10:20 246 4:1 244 26 15, 24, 67 f, 121, 123, 150 f, 4:16 245 235 f 4:22 74 26:4 155 5:21 236, 244, 265 26:29 102, 200 7:1 245, 247 12 237 Numbers 13:9 124 12 245, 340 14 125, 244, 265 14:21–23 325 15:11 319 16 245 15:14–15 240 14:13–19 243 16:28 115 21 122, 235, 265 19 15, 123 21:28–29 122 19:5 121, 136, 154 21:32–33 67 19:6 244 24:17 67, 122, 235 20 121, 148 25 240 20:5 125 31 240 20:16 136 32–33 122, 235 394 Index of Biblical Passages

Deuteronomy 26:12 142 1:1, 3 295 26:18–19 135, 168 4 133, 159, 236 26:19 138 4:1–9 9 27:1–8 142 4:2 236 27:15 135 4:10 312 28 14, 24, 68, 99–110, 132, 135, 4:20 136 151 f, 201, 236, 292 f 4:25–31 296 f 28:10 157 4:27–30 242 28:11 157 4:29–31 100 28:13 157 4:29 16, 122, 142, 155, 236 28:22 300 4:31 156 28:48 122 4:34 125, 138, 351 28:49 122 f, 132, 138, 197 5 134, 159, 236 28:53 200 5:23–33 74, 134, 143, 296, 351 28:58 11 5:26 319 28:63 142, 294, 296 5:29 16, 122, 156 29:17–30:5 296 5:33 46, 122 29:18 198, 297 6:4–9 124 29:20 144 7:2 143 30 110, 132, 158 f 7:6 136 30:1–10 100 7:9 349 30:3 38, 153, 168, 302, 309, 325, 8:7 156 334 9:18, 25–29 243 31:6 158 10:7 156 31:9–13 143 10:16 24 31:25–26 143 10:17 149 31:27, 29 246 12:5 242 32 24, 67, 99, 123, 132, 135, 149, 12:6 142 236 12:11 141 32:4 35, 137, 149, 349 13 74, 125, 129, 134, 149, 237 f, 32:16–18 197 293–296 32:20 345 13:1 236 32:22 122 13:2–6 247 32:36–41 158 13:13–19 19, 132, 142, 237 33:12 158 13:14, 17 11, 74 34:8 245 15:12–18 134 34:10–12 124 18 24, 136, 143, 148, 157, 159, 34:10 143, 231, 245, 247, 295 231 f, 235, 244 18:15–22 16, 135, 157 Joshua 18:15–18 124, 247 1:7 22 18:18 8, 35, 74, 82, 93, 149, 173, 7:7 81 233 f, 273, 294, 327, 358 7:10–12 325 18:20–22 247 8:22 90 23:4, 8 240 11:10 67, 238 23:6 126 24:1–4 11, 125, 149, 237, 294 Judges 26:8 149 2:14–15 326 Index of Biblical Passages 395

7:22 351 25:24 198 10:14 67, 238 25:27–30 279 19–20 190 Samuel 1:7, 21, 25 285 7:5, 9 243, 263 2:2–4 139, 160, 175 12:19, 23 200 5 174 15:3 91 6:5 81 17:26, 36 319 6:6–7 273, 335, 367 8:3 25 2 Samuel 10:27 160, 301, 309 7:5 340 15–16 174 7:14 67, 74, 238 15:5 47 7:22 318 16:7 322 16:11 160 1 Kings 20:2 269 2:26 36, 245 20:3 259 7 281 22:1–14 285 7:50 54 26:3 161, 259, 272, 351 8:23 318 33:19 106 8:43 201 36–39 160, 175, 255, 286 8:50 90 37–38 77 8:51 133 38:9–20 256, 286 8:53 204 39–40 77, 286, 289 9:7 108, 362 40:1 8, 162, 286 11:3–4, 8 91 41:8 252, 257 41:9 361 2 Kings 42–53 16, 25, 251 17 12, 77, 148, 280 42:6 253, 260 17:13–14 170, 266 42:7, 22 257 17:15 24, 35, 138, 149 43:16–21 237 17:16 204 43:24 324 17:20 294 44 68, 161, 239, 317 18–20 160, 175, 255, 286 44:2 170 18:15–16 149 45:1 169 21:10–16 38 49 167 f, 171 f, 174–176, 254, 21:11 89 259, 285 22 353 49:1, 6 76, 161, 172, 252 f, 255, 361 22:8 36, 147 49:4 257 23:3 142 49:6 253, 256 24:18–25:30 32, 45 f, 63, 66, 85, 160, 175, 50:6 257, 260, 262, 264 f 181, 221, 225, 238, 255, 50:7 275 281–283, 286 51:7 311 24:18–20 280 51:15 160 25 77, 279 f, 285 53 174 f, 254 25:13–17 215 53:1–6 166 25:17 54 53:6–8 161, 172 f, 253–258 25:22–26 23, 67 53 :9 266 396 Index of Biblical Passages

53:10 175, 258 1:15 65, 282, 288 54 161, 267 1:16 72, 115, 344 54:17 167, 251 1:17–19 262, 358 f 55:7 323 1:17 232, 264 56:7 177 1:18 36 f, 82, 180, 290, 326, 338, 57:19 161, 259, 272, 351 360, 366 f 58:8 219 1:19 261, 264, 274, 362 58:11 160, 303 f 2:1–4:4 24 60–62 22 2:2 49, 260, 288 60:1–2 219 2:3 154 60:6 68, 161, 239, 259, 350 2:5 7, 24, 137 f, 149, 344 60:18 68, 161, 239, 259, 350 2:6 65, 169, 344 61:6 167 2:8 14, 23, 87, 111–119, 127–130, 63–64 167 145, 181, 209, 272, 296, 326, 63:3 333, 343 347 64:7 333 2:10–11 320 64:9–10 285 2:11 219, 344 66:6, 20 177 2:13 199, 217, 334, 344 2:14 170 Jeremiah 2:18 65, 241, 290 1 8, 27, 83, 159, 162, 168, 2:20–37 35 174, 231 f, 245 f, 273, 331, 2:20–24 217 357–370 2:20 170, 218, 302, 344 1:1–3 10, 225, 357, 359 2:21 52, 269 1:1–2 63, 81, 295, 358 2:27 105, 344 1:1 49, 80, 223, 260 2:28 135, 345 1:2–3 7, 31, 36, 63, 186, 238, 250, 2:31 54, 344 324, 327 2:32 309, 334, 344 1:2 63, 71, 81, 335 3:1–4:4 9, 142, 237, 292, 335 1:3 34, 63, 71, 221, 281–283, 3:1–12 149 288 3:4 224, 344 1:4–10 1, 358 3:7 224 1:5 24, 76, 161, 171 f, 240, 247, 3:10 335 250, 252 f, 255 f, 260, 267, 3:12 125, 218, 237, 333, 335, 350 275, 320, 327, 333 f, 338, 3:14 182, 237, 350 360–363, 366 3:16–17 38, 125, 129, 143, 180, 237, 1:6 49, 81, 170, 262, 334, 348, 326, 337, 350 364, 367 3:16 183, 296 1:7 157, 173, 232, 294, 362 3:17 198, 210, 338 1:8 261, 264, 274, 362 3:18 190 1:9 V, 63, 74, 76, 129, 135, 149, 3:19 41, 49, 315, 333, 341 173, 220, 231, 233 f, 273, 294, 3:22–25 169, 347 327, 335, 367, 369 3:25 204 1:10 20, 35 f, 75, 220, 327, 336 f, 4:2 50, 120, 123, 153, 269 360, 363, 365, 368 4:4 158 1:11–16 76, 82, 327, 358 4:5–6 353 1:12 336, 368 4:6 141 1:13 15, 141, 353 4:9 272 Index of Biblical Passages 397

[Jeremiah, continued] 7:4 242, 325, 345 4:10 21, 25, 49, 170, 262, 348 7:9 119, 121, 136, 180, 205, 235, 4:14 161, 335 323, 325 4:19–21 171 7:10 169, 180, 201, 222 4 :19–20 267 7:11 221, 345 4:23–26 67, 129, 235, 240 7:12 141 4:23–25 120, 123 7:13 210, 219, 324, 327, 334, 347 4:23 260 7:14 206, 345 4:27–28 75 7:16 38, 89, 220, 243, 258, 263, 4:30 302 290, 325, 348 4:31 182, 267 7:18 346 5:1–5 224, 290 7:21–23 237, 296 5:1–4 38, 153 7:22–23 38, 121, 124 f, 326, 337 5:1 26, 120, 144, 269, 323, 327, 7:22 235 335, 350 7:23–28 217 5:4 25, 49, 120 7:23 15, 47, 121–123, 134, 152, 5:7 144, 323 154, 156, 201 5:9, 29 322, 335 7:24, 26 91, 198, 209 5:12 24, 160, 186, 345 7:25 23, 169 f, 204, 206, 219, 235, 5:14 129, 218, 220, 273 250, 266 5:15 102, 106, 122 f, 138, 152, 201, 7:28 25, 156, 266, 269 292 f, 321 7:33 101, 104, 292 5:22 217, 240, 315, 333 7:34 121, 199 f, 203, 205–207 5:24 67, 121, 155, 199, 240, 345 8:1 199 f, 204, 207 f 5:31 335 8:2, 7 240 6 174 8:4–5 297 6:1 353 8:8 114, 118, 127, 145, 235, 296 6:2 182 8:10–12 239 6:7 161, 239, 259, 350 8:11 161, 259, 272 6:8 121 8:18 275 6:9–15 239 8:19 182 f 6:12–15 6 8:21–23 270 6:13 181, 224, 262, 272, 335, 347, 8:22 66, 267, 309, 327 350 8:23 263, 290 6:14 161, 259, 272, 347 9:1–8 31, 183 6:15 49 9:1–5 9 6:16–17 169 9:1 219 6:19 114, 234 9:2 119, 269 6:20 68, 161, 239, 259, 350 9:4 269 6:22–24 35 9:5 119, 128 6:22–23 106, 321 9:9 26, 38, 50, 184, 210, 219, 322, 6:24 267 327, 333, 340 6:27 246 9:11 73 6:28 103 9:12 114, 116 f, 234 7 22, 65, 141, 180, 202, 208, 9:18 182 227, 236, 331, 353 9:23 119, 354, 361 7:2 179 10 4, 161, 217, 233, 315–320, 7:3 335 342, 347 398 Index of Biblical Passages

[Jeremiah, continued] 14:13–18 239, 268, 272 10:3–4 239 14:13 49, 81, 170, 262, 269, 348 10:3 135 14:14 135, 157, 232, 262, 326, 335 10:4–13 47 14:16 205 10:6 20, 218, 240, 315, 317–319, 14:17 26, 38, 50, 184, 210, 322, 327, 334 333, 340 10:7 24, 199, 317, 319 f, 333, 343 14:19–22 151, 169, 338 10:10 218, 269, 319, 322 f, 326, 334, 14:19 66 f, 121, 182, 235 343 14:21 71, 156, 180, 309, 311 10:11 32 14:22 345 10:12–16 52, 86, 318 15:1 74, 126, 143, 220, 237, 263, 10:12–13 240, 315, 333, 345 348 10:13 25 15:4 38, 89, 108, 283, 290 10:17 289 15:10 37, 253, 270 f 10:19–20 171 15:11, 15 161, 172 f, 253–255, 257 f 10:24 71 15:12 103 11:4 133 15:14 122 11:7–8 217 15:15 172 f, 254, 257 f, 264, 270 11:10 25, 311, 323, 325, 335, 351 15:16 76, 265, 271 11:12 67, 238, 345 15:17 263, 270 11:14 220, 243, 258, 263, 325, 335 15:18 25, 172, 246, 257, 261, 11:15 180, 206 263–265, 326, 333, 341, 11:17 208 348 f 11:18–21 236, 261 15:19 8, 63, 129, 246 f, 273, 326, 11:19 37, 161, 172 f, 253, 255 f, 258, 348 f 359 15:20–21 261, 274 11:21 270 16:2 25, 36, 120, 264, 268, 270, 12:4 50, 263, 345 289 12:5 190 16:4 205 12:7–9 136 16:5 121, 264, 270 12:7 183, 219, 289 16:7 308 12:8 26, 180, 219, 327, 335, 347 16:10–11 115 12:10 51 16:11 234 12:14–16 224, 338 16:13 105, 217 12:15 155, 335 16:14–15 67, 121, 125, 237, 296, 326, 12:16 241, 322 336 f 13:11 135, 168, 267, 344 16:18 183 13:14 155, 294, 335, 348 17:1 117, 180, 311, 336 13:16 260 17:3–4 51 13:18 52 17:11 242 13:22, 26 68, 240 17:13 199, 217, 334 13:25 309 17:15 265, 345 14:7–9 169, 325, 338 17:16 338 14:8 21, 157, 333, 341 17:18 264 14:9 157 f, 160, 186, 293, 341 17:19–27 124, 290 14:10–12 157, 333 17:24 f 154 14:11 220, 243, 258, 263, 325, 348 17:25 224 14:12 75, 205 17:26 154, 179 Index of Biblical Passages 399

[Jeremiah, continued] 23:23 220, 341 18:1–12 137 23:24 217, 315, 321, 333 18:1–6 315 23:28 269 18:6 333 23:29 210, 220, 273, 335 18:7–10 320, 327, 336, 359 23:32 157, 232, 347 18:11 192 24 33, 78, 92, 119, 159, 162, 195, 18:12 291 283 18:15 52 24:1 179, 238 18:18–23 261, 263 24:4–7 326 18:18 115, 127, 145, 234 24:6 327, 336, 359 18:20 263 24:7 119, 158, 210, 336, 354 19:9 200 24:9 108 19:10–11 291 25 4, 27, 33, 87, 225, 233, 322, 19:14 179, 242 352 20:1–6 181, 242, 290 25:1 6, 12, 36, 63, 289 20:1–3 221 25:3 12, 63, 71, 324, 334 20:2 37, 182, 245, 250, 260, 264, 25:4 204 270, 345 25:5 158 20:3–6 338 25:9 34, 49, 143, 241, 321, 333, 20:4 65, 359 340 20:7 172, 246, 257, 264 f, 270, 326, 25:10 199 349 25:11–12 201, 209 20:8 265, 274, 335, 349 25:12–13 52 20:9 157, 171, 220, 232, 261, 265, 25:13 102 f, 292 273 f, 335, 349 25:15–38 12, 333 20:11–13 265, 326 25:15–29 85, 359 20:14–18 265, 270 25:18–26 241, 321 20:14–15 263 25:19–26 24 20:18 263 f 25:30 182, 220, 315, 333, 342 21 33, 71, 321, 351 25:31 158 21:1–10 72 25:37–38 315 21:1–2 263 26 65, 221, 261, 264, 268, 271 f, 21:2 359 290, 345 21:5 125, 134, 138, 315, 326 26:2 274 21:7 155 26:3 291 22:15 87 26:4 116 f, 234 22:24 192 26:6, 9 180 23:3 315, 333 26 (LXX 33):7–16 52 23:5–6 224 26:7–11 37 23:6 158 26:7 242, 345 23:7–8 42, 125, 237, 296 26:8 261, 270, 345 23:8 158 26:12 180, 270 23:9–40 37, 239, 261, 268, 272, 326, 26:15 269 335, 345 26:16 157, 232, 261 23:9–32 129 26:18 68, 76, 139, 160, 175, 180, 23:9 171, 270 186, 192 23:13 347 26:19 91, 261 23:17 272, 346, 348 26:20–23 23 400 Index of Biblical Passages

[Jeremiah, continued] 30:10 170 26:24 270 30:11 71 27–33 196 30:12–17 301 f 27–29 241 30:12 140, 188, 191, 240, 291, 301 27–28 183, 270 f 30:14 301, 309 27:3 105, 267, 321 30:15 342 27:5 333, 345 30:16 326 f, 336, 349 27:6–14 223 30:17 66, 182, 267, 289 27:6 241, 321, 333, 340 30:18–21 74, 125, 129, 132, 134, 142, 27:11–12 198 149, 237, 293 f, 302 27:11 202 30:18 51, 221, 273, 309 27:12–15 52 30:19 154 27:16–28:3 200 30:23–24 53, 302 27:16–22 215 31 236 27:18–22 180 f 31:2–6 48, 50 27:19–22 281 31:2 54, 302 27:19 82 31:3 9, 26, 210, 217, 327, 333, 343, 28 242, 270, 290, 338, 346 347 28:1, 5 179 31:4 302, 305 28:3 181, 215 31:6 182 f 28:9 15, 269 31:7–14 303 f 28:10 267, 272 31:8 74, 305 28:14 102, 105, 122, 152, 292 31:9 51, 67, 74, 156, 238, 303, 307, 28:16 294 315 29–33 243, 297, 311, 337, 346 31:10 315, 333 29 78, 93, 155, 196, 236, 283, 31:12 160, 179, 182, 303 f 309, 337 f 31:13 308 29:1–3 209 31:14 304 f 29:3 211 31:15–22 338 29:7 200, 220, 223, 272, 322 31:15 120, 304, 307 29:10 204, 206 31:18–20 184, 304, 307 29:11–14 93 f 31:20 38, 71, 155 f, 160, 210, 217, 29:11 242 220, 323, 333, 342 f, 347 29:13 122, 133, 155, 236 31:21 51, 304 f 29:14 38, 78, 153, 158, 168, 241, 31:22 126, 130, 300, 305 302, 325, 327, 334 31:23 180, 241, 273, 305 29:16–20 92–94 31:25 305 29:18 201 31:26 306 29:26 261, 272 31:28 26, 201, 306, 308, 327, 336, 359 29:32 294 31:29–30 125, 326, 337 30–31 1, 4, 19 f, 75, 117, 160–162, 31:29 239, 306 188, 299–312, 337 31:31–34 9, 15, 20, 23, 25, 39, 71, 109, 30:2 223 119, 125 f, 128, 184, 237, 296, 30:5–11 301 306, 309, 311–312, 323 f, 326, 30:6 103, 300 336–338, 351 30:8 160, 301 31:32 235, 306, 308 30:9 224, 308 31:33 116–118, 121, 143, 156, 209, 30:10–11 51, 169, 174, 257, 301 235, 295, 307, 336 Index of Biblical Passages 401

[Jeremiah, continued] 35:13 157 31:34 119, 121, 143 f, 149, 237, 323, 35:15 203 327, 354 35:17 91 31:35–37 42, 153, 160, 307, 309 35:18 157, 293 31:35 51, 174, 260, 308 36 34, 191, 196, 208, 213, 225, 31:37 66, 294, 307 261, 353 31:38–40 210, 307 36:3 323 31:40 51 36:4 346 32 24, 337, 349, 354 36:9 179 32:1–15 195 36:26 37, 262, 270 32:1 64 36:30 199, 205, 207 f 32:2 250, 261, 270 37–38 241, 261, 270 f, 290, 321 32:12 17, 198, 208, 213 37:3 200, 263 32:16–25 37, 337 f, 349 37:4, 15, 18 257 32:17–21 149 37:5 286 32:17, 27 20, 326, 337 37:6–10 163 32:21–22 135 37:13–14 262 32:21 134 37:15, 21 245 32:23 116 37:18–20 245 32:26–44 349 37:19 272 f 32:29 134 38:6 245, 261 32:36–41 174 38:7–13 37, 261 32:36 90, 206, 326, 336 f 38:10, 24, 26 359 32:37–44 309 38:17 291 32:39 122, 156, 199, 293 38:22 191 32:40 156, 199, 201, 217, 324 38:25 262 32:41 102, 107, 141 f, 152, 158, 269, 39 65, 72, 132, 181, 210, 225, 292–294 256, 274, 282 f, 289–291 32:42 201 39:14–15 261 32:44 273 39:15–18 321 33:3 38, 244, 263, 349 40–44 23, 64, 210, 225 33:5 135, 349 40:1 262, 274 33:6 66, 221, 267, 269, 327, 349 40:2–3 321 33:8 144, 323 40:4 262 33:9 135, 138 40:5 245 33:11 135, 179, 199 40:6 273 f 33:14–26 41, 238 40:7–43:7 67, 281 33:14 204, 206 40:9 203 33:15–17 224 41–44 36, 324 33:21–22 169, 184 41:1, 5 124 33:25 153 41:17 66, 243 33:26 66, 153, 169, 217 42–44 23, 71, 95, 243, 291 34:8–22 137 42 214, 263, 346 34:8–16 134 42:1–7 220 34:14 143 42:1–6 89, 243 34:16 183 42:1–3 263 34:17 102 42:2 200, 244 35:1 64 42:5 269 402 Index of Biblical Passages

[Jeremiah, continued] 50–51 65, 71, 85, 181, 188, 224, 241, 42:10–18 89 f 321, 341, 351 42:10–12 273 f 50:4–5 183 42:12 93 f, 155, 217, 321 50:5 182 42:13 203 50:7 180 43 213–215, 263, 289, 347 50:17 340 43:2–4 245 50:19 315 43:5–6 25, 36, 173, 208, 261, 271 50:20 323, 327 43:8–44:30 67, 261 50:23 140, 189 43:10 241, 260, 321, 333, 340 50:28 65, 85, 181 44 91 f, 95, 246, 346 f 51:11 65, 85 44:3 119, 217 51:15–19 86, 318 44:4 324 51:34 340 44:10 116 51:41 140, 189 44:15–19 23, 243, 271, 318, 346 51:46 243 44:16 157 51:51 181 44:17 354 51:58 47, 55, 68, 140, 188, 240, 260 44:23 117 51:59–64 72, 189, 346 44:25 67, 71, 342, 346 51:59 209, 211, 214 45 208, 214, 261, 274, 289 f, 51:64 80, 282 346 52 4, 16, 26 f, 32–35, 45 f, 54, 45:1 64 63, 65 f, 72, 82, 85 f, 132, 149, 45:3 214 160 f, 175, 181, 183, 210, 221, 45:4 327, 359 225, 238, 241, 255, 281–283, 46–51 33 f, 84, 321, 327, 333 288–291, 321, 327, 336, 338, 46 241 346, 351, 359 46:2 6, 63 52:1–3 89 46:9 112 52:6 287 46:17 51, 88 52:12–15 34 46:26 65, 224, 241, 322, 340 52:12 63, 71, 243 46:27–28 52, 174 52:13 65, 85, 181, 221, 338, 345 48 67, 122, 174, 235 f 52:17–23 180 f, 215, 221, 256, 338, 345 48:5 47 52:18 54 48:7 92 52:19 54 48:21–24 122 52:21 54 48:31–32 184, 210, 322, 333, 340 52:29 214 48:32 38, 327 52:30 324 48:40 106 f, 136 52:31–34 67, 181, 243, 352 48:45–46 122, 235 48:47 224, 241, 322, 341 Ezekiel 49:6 224, 241, 322, 341 1:2 215 49:7–16 191 2:5, 7 26 49:7 201 2:8–3:3 76, 273, 335 49:9, 14–16 68, 140, 240 3:6 106, 138 49:13–22 192 3:8–9 275 49:22 136 3:14–15 269 49:28 67, 238 4 269 49:39 224, 241, 322, 325, 327 5:11 177 Index of Biblical Passages 403

10:4 179 11, 20 284 13 239 16:53 78 Jonah 16:59–60 323, 351 3 191 f 17:13–21 288 3:6 25 18:2 239, 306 21:7 178 Micah 22:9, 18–21 239 1:9, 12, 16 284 22:30 153 3:11 24, 160, 186 24 287 f, 367 3:12 68, 76, 139, 160, 175, 180, 24:15–18 269 186, 284 24:18 25 4:1–3 139, 160, 175 24:21 178, 287 24:25–27 77 Nahum 33:21–22 77, 287 1:1 187 36:26–29 184, 311 3:5, 19 68, 240 37:26–28 177 f, 201 3:19 140, 188 f, 191, 240, 291, 40–48 22, 77, 177 f, 183, 352 301 43:1–5 179, 183 Habakkuk Hosea 1:6 187, 284 f 1–3 25, 333 2:13 47, 55, 68, 140, 188, 240 1 269 3:16 275 3:1 266 3:5 301, 309 Zephaniah 4:2 136, 147 1:1 187 9:15 219 1:10 141, 284 f 10:11 304 2:15 140, 189 11:8–9 323, 343 14:2–9 352 Haggai 2:23 192 Joel 2:1–11 284 f Zechariah 1:12, 16 284 Amos 2:10 190 2:4 114 8:13 223 3 190 8:14–15 190 7 24, 243, 263, 265, 269, 325 11:3 190 7:2 323 13:7 260 7:7–9 76 14:2 92, 284 f 8:1–3 76, 82 9:1–10 284 f 9:11–15 352 1:2–5 192 3:4 284 Obadiah 1–9 17, 191 1–5 68, 140, 240 1:1–3 25 7 191 16:9 158 404 Index of Biblical Passages

36:9 304 1:11 220, 224 104:27–28 219 1:13 217, 219 119:136 115 1:22 198, 217 135:7 25, 319 2 200 f 145:15–16 219 2:11 225 2:16 209, 223 Job 2:21–26 202–208, 216 28 196 2:21–24 195 34:10 137 2:21 198 2:23 199 Proverbs 2:24 199, 209, 216 26:23 223 2:25 199 28:4 114 2:26 222 f 2:27 217 3:1, 4 218 9 196, 201, 209, 245 3:7 199, 217, 226 13:35, 42 218 3:12 199, 217 3:24 218 Ezra 3:32–35 217 1:1 69, 245 3:32 218 1:7–11 200, 215 3:36 218 5:14–15 200 3:37 210, 217, 226 4:1 199, 209 Nehemiah 4:5–5:9 195, 202, 207, 226 8–11 196 4:7–8 197 10:32–40 177 4:8 219, 221 4:10 210, 218, 221 1 Chronicles 4:15 197 12:19 161, 259 4:25 224 21:12 91 4:29 201, 221 4:30 225 f 2 Chronicles 4:34 225 3:15 54 5:1 219, 221 6:38 142 5:2 210 7:20 108 5:4 210, 219, 222 12:1 114 29:8 108 34:25 91 15:1 112 f 35–36 69, 245 36:11–21 281 Matthew 36:15 220, 324 2:17 363 12:1–12 266 Baruch 16:14 247, 363 1 200 f, 214–216, 221–225 27:9 363 1:1–15 195 f 1:1 198 f, 208 Luke 1:7 221 3:2 361 1:8 222 11:49–51 266 Index of Biblical Passages 405

22:20 39, 143, 311, 324 2 Corinthians 3:6 143 10:8 361 10:36 362 13:10 361

Acts Galatians 3:22 231 1:15–16 360 f 7:37 231 7:41 361 Hebrews 8:34 364 8:8–12 39, 312, 324 18:10 362 10:16–17 312 19:9–10 361 26:17 361 f 10:11 363 1 Corinthians 11:25 143, 311, 324

Index of Authors

Abate, Emma 46, 85 Bozak, Barbara 2, 38, 140, 299–301, Abma, Richtsje 153, 187 303–305 Aejimelaeus, Anneli 342 Brandscheidt, Renate 74, 157, 231, 273, Abrego de Lacy, José María 243 358 Adams, Sean A. 17 f, 213, 216, 218 Braulik, Georg 109, 132 f, 143, 149, 237, Adcock, James Seth 4, 233, 317, 342 296 Albertz, Rainer 5, 33, 71, 99, 185, 238, Brown-Gutoff, Susan E. 120 331 f Bruce, Frederick Fyvie 360 Alonso Schökel, Luis 2, 189, 244 Brueggemann, Walter 20, 34, 65, 142, 316, Althann, Robert 54 331, 354 Amphoux, Christian-B. 83 Budde, Karl 252 Anderson, Gary A. 91 Asurmendi, Jésus María 223, 225 Calduch-Benages, Núria 221, 224 Carroll, Robert P. 3, 7, 13, 33, 38, 61 f, 66, Backhaus, Franz-Josef 139, 357 69, 71–73, 75, 148, 332 Baillet, Milik 44, 83 Cha, Jun-Hee 140, 186 Ballhorn, Egbert 216, 224–227 Christiansen, Duane L. 293 Barbiero, Gianni 62 Cook, Johann 87 Bartelmus, Rüdiger 220, 324 Corley, Jeremy 223, 226 Barton, John 197 Cucca, Mario 267, 274 f Bauer, Angela M. 300 Ben Zvi, Ehud 141, 185 Decorzant, Alain 284 Berardi, Guido 112 Diamond, A.R. Pete 24, 139, 187 Berges, Ulrich 8, 16, 160, 165–167, 170, Döhling, Jan-Dirk 268, 320 174 f, 237, 251, 258, 286 Dohmen, Christoph 350 Bergler, Siegfried 254 Duhm, Bernhard 73, 232, 252 Berlejung, Angelika 68, 161, 174, 239, Duvall, J. Scott 113 317 Beuken, Willem A.M. 285 f Edenburg, Cynthia 131 Beyerlin, Walter 139, 186 Ehrenreich, Ernst 107, 110, 158, 293, 325 Biddle, Mark 73 Engel, Helmut 5 Bilić, Niko 283 f Engelken, Karen 302 Boccaccio, Pietro 112 Even-Shoshan, 112 Böckler, Annette 315 Boda, Mark J. 151 Favale, Antonio 233, 317, 342 Bodner, Keith 243 Feuerstein, Rüdiger 197, 209, 214, 227 Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice 4, 32, 42, 45, 55, Finsterbusch, Karin 83, 343, 357 61, 80, 169, 196, 232 Flury-Schölch, André 120, 153 Bonnard, Pierre E. 319 Foreman, 87 Bourguet, Daniel 305 Fox, Michael V. 114 Bovati, Pietro 1, 249 Friebel, Kelvin G. 105, 268 f 408 Index of Authors

Gerhards, Meik 181 Kabasele Mukenge, André 17, 195–197, Gertz, Jan C. 14 208, 218, 222 Gesundheit, Shimon 4, 87, 233, 342 Kalmanofsky, Amy 267 f Giesebrecht, Friedrich 75, 86 Kannengießer, Charles 366 Glanz, Oliver 4, 32, 48, 84, 233, 343 Karrer, Martin 80 Glaßner, Gottfried 159, 161, 174, 250, Keel, Othmar 279 259, 267 Kessler, Rainer 192 Goldman, Yohanan 49, 55 Kim, Dong-Hyuk 32 Graves, Michael 367 Knobloch, Harald 37, 332 Green, Barbara 72, 359 Knoppers, Gary N. 145 Greenberg, Moshe 77, 178, 287 Knowles, Michael 363 Grohmann, Marianne 299 Köckert, Matthias 148, 231 Grosvenor, Mary 362 Konkel, Michael 178 Grüneberg, Keith N. 153 Kooij, van der Arie 41, 45 Gunneweg, Antonius H.J. 195, 208 Kraus, Wolfgang 80 Kreuzer, Siegfried 134 Haag, Ernst 225, 227 Küchler, Max 279 Habel, Norman 358 Hamilton, Victor P. 241 Laato, Antti 251 Hamman, Adalbert-G. 366 Lalleman-de Winkel, Hetty 187, 239, 327, Hardmeier, Christoph 139 f, 186, 286 332, 361 Harshav, Benjamin 299 Lange, Armin 11, 84, 232, 341, 343 Hartberger, Birgit 140, 191, 240 Leene, Henk 35, 68, 77, 139, 161, 239, Häusl, Maria 221 f, 305 272, 306, 352 Hays, J. Daniel 113 Lella, Alexander A. di 112 Herrmann, Siegfried 3, 61, 70, 357 Lescow, Theodor 140, 191 Hieke, Thomas 236 Leuchter, Mark 141, 353 Hildebrandt, Samuel V, 9 Leuenberger, Martin 192 Hill, John 34, 65, 241, 321 Liwak, Rüdiger 63, 70, 357 Hobbs, T. Raymond 281 Lohfink, Norbert 2, 99 Hoffman, Yair 246 Lundbom, Jack R. 7, 10, 20, 24, 35 f, 45, Holladay, William L. 3, 7, 10 f, 36, 45, 62, 56, 62, 76, 99, 132 f, 135, 137, 148 f, 233, 66 f, 72, 99 f, 104, 109, 122, 132 f, 135, 242, 253, 281, 289, 316 148, 150, 232, 239, 242, 260, 318, 320, 327, 331, 345 Maier, Christl M. 82 f, 111, 113 f, 118, Holtz, Traugott 360 f 234 Hossfeld, Frank-Lothar 136, 267 Maier, Michael P. 34, 65, 126, 235, 241, Hubmann, Franz D. 44, 51 f, 86, 232, 268 244, 321 Hunziker-Rodewald, Regina 303, 315 Manfredi, Silvana 140 f, 186, 239, 327, 332 Hyatt, James Philip 99 Marböck, Johann 113 Margaliot, Meshullam 317, 342 Janzen, J. Gerald 4, 11, 32, 44, 79, 83, Markl, Dominik V, 74, 124, 132, 135, 157, 232 280, 297 Jerome 7, 22, 44, 66, 232, 366 f, 369 f Marttila, Marko 197, 205, 223 f Jindo, Job Y. 299 Mason, Rex A. 190 Joo, Samantha 181 Matties, Gordon H. 239 Joüon, Paul 113 McConville, J. Gordon 109, 139, 143, 187, Jüngling, Hans-Winfried 251 239, 332 Index of Authors 409

McKane, William 3, 5, 33, 45, 61, 71, 232, Roux, Jurie le 15, 62, 147 331 Rudnig, Thilo Alexander 178 Mettinger, Tryggve N.D. 252 Rudolph, Wilhelm 73, 232 Meyer, Ivo 222, 267, 357 Rüttgers, Nicole Katrin 303 Michaelis, Johann 44, 232 Milani, Marcello 227 Sandnes, Karl Olav 361 Movers, Franz Carl 44, 232 Saunders, Marc 80, 86 f Mowinckel, Sigmund 5, 32 f, 64 Scalise, Pamela J. 214 Schadel, E 364–366 Najman, Hindy 13 f, 61, 69, 71 Schaefer, Konrad R. 69, 190, 240 Nestle, Eberhard and Erwin 43, 361 Schart, Aaron 251 Neumann, Peter K.D. 361 Schenker, Adrian 45, 80, 83, 169, 232 Nogalski, James D. 17, 185, 191 f, 251 Schmid, Konrad 5, 13 f, 45, 61, 69, 71, 87, Nurmela, Risto 69, 190, 223, 240 120, 131, 286, 324, 353 Schmidt, Werner H. 281 O’Connor, Kathleen 24, 37, 77, 139, 187, Schneider, Gerhard 362 332 Schneider, Wolfgang 253 Odashima, Taro 300 Schreiner, Josef 223 Origen 7, 22, 44, 66, 364–367, 369 f Schultz, Richard L. 174, 259 Osuji, Anthony Chinedu 128, 247, 267 Schulze, J.L. 368 f Otto, Eckart 74, 126, 132, 134 f, 142, 236, Schulz-Rauch, Martin 139, 187 238, 294, 296, 319 Sedlmeier, Franz 179, 184, 287 Overholt, Thomas W. 250, 267 Seidl, Theodor 116, 136 Seitz, Christopher R. 185 Paganini, Simone 161 Sezine, Seiko 144 Parke-Taylor, Geoffrey H. 65, 170, 174, Shead, Andrew G. 34, 43, 342 259 Sicre Diaz, José 189 Patton, Corrine 242 Siegert, Folker 41 Peels, Eric 340 Simian-Yofre, Horacio 2, 18, 221, 249, Perdue, Leo G. 208, 214 251 f, 266 Person, Raymond F. 46 Ska, Jean Louis 2, 76, 249 Pietersma, Albert 80, 86 f Skehan, Patrick W. 112 Pietsch, Michael 238 Smelik, Klaas A.D. 241, 321, 340 Poulsen, Frederik 8 Smith, J. 46, 52 Pschibille, Judith 114, 139, 186 f Soderlund, Sven 43 Sommer, Benjamin D. 159, 174, 250 Raabe, Paul R. 341 Sonnet, Jean-Pierre 124, 135, 157 Rahlfs, Alfred 43, 49, 81, 341 f Stead, Micheal R. 69 Rayappan, Arasakumar 270 Steck, Odil Hannes 17, 195–198, 202, Redditt, Paul L. 190 208 f, 216, 218, 221 f, 224 f, 251, 287 Reiter, S. 366 f Stiglmair, Arnold 245, 360 Rendtorff, Rolf 2, 154 Stipp, Hermann-Josef 5 f, 13 f, 32, 43–46, Repschinski, Boris 249 48–50, 52 f, 55 f, 65, 78–81, 87–89, Richter, Wolfgang 2, 358 91–95, 99, 121, 141, 169, 197, 201–206, Rofé, Alexander 45 f, 52 209, 214 f, 217, 223, 232, 271, 325, 332, Rom-Shiloni, Dalit 10, 21, 125, 174, 315 341 f Rossi, Benedetta 38, 72, 89, 220, 243, 263, Stulman, Louis 6, 33, 51 f, 64, 66, 75, 225, 325, 340, 348, 351 291, 331, 353 410 Index of Authors

Sturdy, J.V.M. 100, 104, 109 Wahl, Harald Martin 353 Sweeney, Marvin A. 174, 185, 251, 351 Walser, Georg A. 48, 51, 88, 118 Wanke, Gunther 189, 260 Thackeray, Henry St. John 46, 52 Ward, Henk de 4 Theodoret 7, 22, 66, 368–370 Weider, Andreas 139, 187 Thiel, Winfried 5 f, 33, 99, 122, 131, 136, Weimar, Peter 191 238, 318, 331 f Weinfeld, Moshe 38, 69, 125, 143, 237, Tigchelaar, Eibert 83, 190 326, 337, 350 Toorn, Karel van der 71 Weippert, Helga 9, 61, 134, 137 f, 141 f, Tov, Emanuel 31 f, 41 f, 44–47, 51–56, 79, 239 f, 315 83, 232 Weis, Richard D. 13, 83, 232, 339, 342 f Trible, Phyllis 315, 338 Wendel, Ute 114, 159, 250 Trimpe, Birgit 120, 235 Werlitz, Jürgen 251 f Willey, Patricia T. 174, 250 Uehlinger, Christoph 279 Willi-Plein, Ina 185, 325 Unterman, Jeremiah 352 f Wilson, Robert R. 61, 64, 67–71 Utzschneider, Helmut 251 Wöhrle, Jakob 185, 192, 283 Wolff, Hans Walter 100, 302 Vanoni, Gottfried 254 Woods, Julie 340 Variyamattom, Matthew 270 Volgger, David 258 Zenger, Erich 2 f, 251 Vonach, Andreas 4, 12, 41, 43, 48–52, 56, Zerwick, Max 362 80–82, 84, 87 f, 233, 250 Ziegler, Josef 32, 43, 49–51, 56, 81, 83, 341 Vos, Cornelis J. de 227 Ziemer, Benjamin 280 Zmijewski, Josef 362 Index of Subjects (selective) abrogation 74, 126, 132, 134, 142, 149, deceit 19, 26, 35, 93, 111, 114, 128, 136 f, 237, 294 214, 234, 245, 268, 272, 296, 317 f, 333, ambivalence 87, 112 f, 136, 174, 179, 181, 335 211, 227, 244, 254 dependence, direction of 11, 69, 72, 101, anthological, -y 35, 75, 145, 309 109, 123, 133, 148, 160, 173, 186, 189, anthropology 9 191, 209, 223, 250, 254–256, 272, 292 f, anthropomorphic 49, 306 306, 319 Ark of the Covenant 38, 125, 129, 143, destruction 8, 16, 19, 22 f, 42, 65, 76–78, 180, 237, 296, 326, 337, 350 82, 85 f, 89, 92, 103, 109, 127 f, 132, 135, author, -ship 7, 27, 64, 70 f, 73, 89, 123, 139, 141, 152, 159 f, 169, 175, 180–182, 131, 133 f, 136 f, 144 f, 149, 160, 174 f, 188–190, 206, 209, 211, 219, 222, 224 f, 186 f, 192, 205–208, 210 f, 214, 256, 258, 236, 239, 241 f, 279 f, 283–286, 290 f, 263, 266 f, 282 f, 287, 291, 293–295, 301, 305, 308 f, 321, 331–333, 336 f, 345, 352, 308 f, 328, 359 f authority 8 f, 12, 18, 24, 27, 36, 49, 55 f, 64, deuteronomistic (dtr) 5 f, 10, 14 f, 33, 38, 69, 93, 128 f, 144 f, 157, 196, 211, 216, 71, 88–92, 99, 109, 127, 131 f, 136–139, 226, 232, 234, 244 f, 256, 258, 273, 293, 144, 197, 227, 238 f, 292, 318, 331 295, 344, 347 f doublet 6, 35, 51–53, 64, 86, 89, 259, 272, 318 chronological, -y 6, 8, 12, 16, 25, 27, 33, dynasty, Davidic 74, 222, 224, 283, 337 36, 63 f, 72, 85, 95, 123, 132, 181, 268, 280, 282, 291, 346 emotions, divine 26, 38, 50, 151, 210, 220, clarification, -y 33, 106, 109, 123, 138, 235, 304, 308, 322, 338, 340, 343 f, 354 272, 292, 303, 348 expansion 4, 14, 42, 45, 52, 55, 66 f, 70, coherence, cohesion 52, 62, 64–66, 71–73, 77, 82 f, 86, 105, 108 f, 15, 120, 134 f, 78, 84 f, 87 197–199, 206, 227, 240, 243, 247, 256, combination 24, 35, 54, 64, 69, 74 f, 81, 261, 282, 292 f, 319, 326, 337, 353 89, 94, 106, 108, 149, 187, 208, 222, 235, eye-witness 288 f 247, 255, 293, 295, 302, 304–306, 319, 362 f Fortschreibung 70 f, 75 composition 5, 13, 15, 21, 26 f, 32 f, 50, 62, 66, 68–72, 78, 85, 88, 94 f, 148, harmonization 32, 233, 317, 343 186, 192 f, 232, 239 f, 242, 251, 300, healing 7, 66, 119, 128, 151, 158, 161, 169, 303, 327 179, 184, 268, 272, 302, 309, 323, 327, connections, exclusive, see relationships 338 covenant, new 9, 20, 25, 39, 69, 71, 109, Hebraism 48, 51 117, 119, 125 f, 128, 143, 235, 237, 296, Hebrew, late Biblical 32 306, 309, 311 f, 323 f, 337, 351 criteria 7, 18, 45, 85, 99, 109, 174 f, 198, international (horizon) 18, 20, 24, 105, 172, 247, 254 f, 342 f, 348, 361 224, 240 f, 253, 259, 320–322, 333, 360 412 Subject Index intertextual relationships 6 f, 11, 14, 17 f, 133–135, 138, 140, 142, 149, 151 f, 155 f, 35 f, 45, 66, 68–70, 72 f, 75, 79, 100 f, 173, 187, 189–192, 198–200, 202, 205 f, 111, 129, 132–134, 139 f, 148, 150, 174 f, 217, 231, 235, 238–240, 252, 255, 257, 187, 196, 198, 200, 204, 209, 232, 240, 265, 292–294, 362 f 242, 255, 291–295, 300, 319, 327, 332, 350–352, 364 Schriftgelehrsamkeit 35, 149, 187, 196, 208, 216 legitimacy, -ization 94, 129, 145, 157, 192, servant(s), God’s 16, 18, 23, 167–173, 232, 274 f, 294, 360, 368 175, 204–206, 216, 219, 249–252, 254, 258–260, 263, 265 f meta-text 73 sola gratia 31 mosaic 24, 35, 63, 75, 149, 240, 309 spiritual, -ity 9, 25, 38, 237, 275, 297, 300, MT – LXX 4 f, 11, 13 f, 21, 31 f, 41–59, 65, 303 f, 337 f, 351, 365 f, 369 f 70, 80–88, 90, 93, 109, 169, 186, 196 f, stereo-vision 282 205, 232 f, 242, 299, 317, 339–344, 357, suffering 8, 13, 16, 18–20, 25, 37 f, 140, 359 160 f, 165, 168, 170–173, 175, 182, 188, 199, 242, 245, 247, 249, 254, 258–267, optimistic 162, 175, 210, 259, 272, 351 269–272, 274 f, 329, 332, 336 f, 346, 349, 359, 361, 364 paradoxical 297, 326, 336, 349 Symbol-Großfamilie 307 Persian era 13, 17, 27, 69, 73, 76, 78, 129, synthesis 6, 8, 24, 27, 69, 75, 187, 309, 148, 192, 303 332, 353 Plagentrias 202, 205 f prayer 21, 37, 39, 71, 126, 142, 148 f, 151, tapestry 6, 75 200, 209, 226 f, 236, 244, 256, 264, 286, temple 8 f, 16, 18, 22, 27, 31, 34, 36 f, 42, 309, 311, 317–320, 325 f, 328, 332 f, 338, 52, 54, 63, 65, 77 f, 82, 85, 116, 126, 128, 341, 344 141, 169, 175, 177–184, 201, 206, 208, priests 9, 25, 37, 116, 128, 181 f, 184, 204, 213, 219, 221 f, 226, 236, 242, 244–246, 224, 242, 244 f, 259, 261, 270, 272, 290, 258, 260, 270, 272, 280 f, 283, 285, 287, 304, 306, 326, 338, 345–347, 353 f, 366 289, 291, 305, 325 f, 329, 333, 336, 338, prophets (false) 8, 19, 21, 23, 37, 52, 63, 340, 345–347, 352, 359 f 84, 93, 116, 128 f, 135, 140, 157, 161, Torah 2, 11, 14 f, 18 f, 22–24, 35, 67 f, 203, 220, 239, 242, 262, 271–273, 290, 111–116, 118, 120–131, 133 f, 141–145, 294, 297, 326, 335 f, 338, 344–346, 351, 147–150, 152–154, 159, 162, 175, 359 193, 209, 231, 234–238, 241–247, 279, 294–297, 307, 311 f, 324, 327, 332, 336, question-answer scheme 6, 66, 115 350 f Qumran 4, 31, 44, 47 f, 56, 70, 79, 83 f, transliteration 4, 51 143, 232 f, 324, 342 truth 19, 25, 38, 77, 107, 152, 267–269, 271, 273–275, 282, 319, 323, 328, 334, reader 24, 33, 50 f, 54, 63 f, 78, 88, 162, 343 166, 211, 220, 225, 232, 237, 242, 246, 281, 284, 289–291, 306, 350, 357–359, Urrolle 353 369 reception, - history 22, 70, 197, 201, 339, vessels (of the temple) 54, 181, 183, 200, 357 f, 360 f, 364 215 f, 222, 256, 270, 281, 346 relationship(s), exclusive 7, 17, 67 f, 74, Vorlage 4, 11, 32, 45 f, 48, 50, 55 f, 81, 85, 91, 93, 101, 103 f, 108, 120–122, 125, 88, 232 f, 299, 343