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American Presbyterian Worship and the Organ Jonathan Jakob Hehn Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2013 American Presbyterian Worship and the Organ Jonathan Jakob Hehn Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MUSIC AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN WORSHIP AND THE ORGAN By JONATHAN JAKOB HEHN A Treatise submitted to the College of Music in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Music Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2013 Jonathan Hehn defended this treatise on June 28, 2013. The members of the supervisory committee were: Charles Brewer Professor Co-Directing Treatise Michael Corzine Professor Co-Directing Treatise James Mathes University Representative Matthew Shaftel Committee Member Seth Beckman Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge all those who have offered their help and support throughout the process of researching and writing this treatise. Special thanks to Kelly Hehn for her support, encouragement, and patience over the past eleven years. Special thanks also to Michael Corzine for being a truly wonderful teacher and mentor. Thank you to Charles Brewer; Jonathan Bowen of the Church of Saint Luke and the Epiphany in Philadelphia; Frans Vandergrijn, Rudy Hehn; Susan Hehn; Barbara Rhodes for her help documenting the history of First Presbyterian of Tallahassee; Will Scarboro for his help documenting the history of First Presbyterian of Tallahassee; Steven Schnurr for his help documenting the history of First Presbyterian of Chicago; and the staffs of the Robert Manning Strozier Library, Warren Dwight Allen Music Library, the Presbyterian Historical Society, First Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia, First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, and First Presbyterian Church of Tallahassee. Finally, thank you to the library committee of Trinity United Methodist Church for generous use of the McKenzie Library throughout the process of research and writing, iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... vi Abstract .................................................................................................................................. viii 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Background and Significance of the Project ….............................................. 1 1.2. Purpose of the Project 3 1.3. Survey of Literature 4 1.4. Procedures Used 8 1.5. Understanding American Presbyterian Worship in the United States 10 2. FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF PHILADELPHIA........................................... 16 2.1. Before 1704: The Barbados Warehouse 16 2.2. 1704 to 1820: The Old Buttonwood Church 19 2.3. 1820-1847: The Introduction of the Organ 26 2.4. 1848-1898: The Effects of the Early Liturgical Movement 37 2.5. 1898-1906 49 3. FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF CHICAGO...................................................... 60 3.1. 1833 to 1847: The Wooden Church 60 3.2. 1847-1856: The Brick Church 64 3.3. 1857-1871: The Marble Church 67 3.4. 1872-1906: The 21st Street Building 78 4. FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF TALLAHASSEE............................................ 100 4.1. 1832-1851: The Original Sanctuary 100 4.2. 1864-1906: After the Civil War 106 5. CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................... 118 5.1. Theological Currents 118 5.2. Organ Building, Architecture, and Liturgy 119 iv 5.3. Worship Orders 121 5.4. Use of the Organ 123 5.5. Controversy 124 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................ 128 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ….............................................................................................. 152 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The Barbadoes Store 17 Figure 2: Worship Thick Description, FPC Philadelphia ca. 1700 (Fictional) 20 Figure 3: High Street Building Exterior, FPC Philadelphia 21 Figure 4: The Broadway Tabernacle 26 Figure 5: Robert Cocks & Co. Reed Organ, ca. 1865 31 Figure 6: Advertisement Page for George Prince Melodeons, ca. 1865 32 Figure 7: High Street Church Building Interior, FPC Philadelphia 36 Figure 8: Worship Thick Description, FPC Philadelphia, ca. 1847 (Fictional) 39 Figure 9: Worship Thick Description, FPC Philadelphia, ca. 1905 59 (Fictional utilizing actual worship order) Figure 10: Brick Church Exterior, FPC Chicago 64 Figure 11: Worship Thick Description, FPC Chicago, ca. 1850 65 Figure 12: Marble Church Exterior 1, FPC Chicago 70 Figure 13: Marble Church Exterior 2, FPC Chicago 72 Figure 14: Worship Thick Description, FPC Chicago, ca. 1860 (Fictional) 79 Figure 15: Eight-Stop Mason & Hamlin Cabinet Organ 81 Figure 16: Pedal Bass Mason & Hamlin Cabinet Organ 82 Figure 17: 21st Street Church Building Interior, FPC Chicago 87 Figure 18: 21st Street Church Building Exterior 1, FPC Chicago 88 Figure 19: 21st Street Church Building Exterior 2, FPC Chicago 89 vi Figure 20: Clarence Eddy at Hook Opus 649 Console 92 Figure 21: Charles David Irwin at Hook Opus 649 Console 93 Figure 22: Francis Silvey Moore at Hook Opus 649 Console 94 Figure 23: Choir in 1896, FPC Chicago 96 Figure 24: Worship Thick Description, FPC Chicago, ca. 1903 99 Figure 25: Worship Thick Description, FPC Tallahassee, ca. 1847 (Fictional) 107 Figure 26: First Presbyterian Tallahassee Interior, ca. 1891 111 Figure 27: First Presbyterian Tallahassee Exterior, Showing 1891 Renovations 112 vii ABSTRACT The use of the organ in worship was a late development for Presbyterians when compared with many other denominations in the United States. With a some notable exceptions, most churches did not introduce organs into their sanctuaries until the latter part of the nineteenth century or later, and even then often after much debate. The Puritan and Calvinist theologies that undergirded early American Presbyterianism produced an environment which was often hostile toward the instrument. There have been many studies documenting the history and theologies of American Presbyterian parishes and denominations, and some general studies on the worship of those traditions. There have also been studies documenting the organ building industry in America and studies surveying the organ literature of the colonial and post-colonial eras. However, until now there has been no attempt to document how the organ was actually used within the context of American Presbyterian worship. The references addressing this question in the existing literature are anecdotal at best. The purpose of this document is to examine the use of the organ in American Presbyterian worship from the colonial period to the beginning of the twentieth century through a series of case studies. For background knowledge it draws upon sources discussing the nature of worship, music, and the church, especially from colonial Puritan, Enlightenment, and evangelical Presbyterian thinkers. The bulk of each chapter is devoted to outlining the documentable worship history of a particular parish, but each chapter has also been fitted (to the extent possible), with reconstructed orders of worship and either documented or fabricated thick descriptions of that parish as well as pictorial evidence. By examining the history of the organ in Presbyterian worship, this document will also shed light on the historical controversy over the organ in worship and the nature of current controversies over instruments in worship. viii INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background And Significance Of The Project This project represents a confluence of my two main research interests: the organ literature and Presbyterian liturgical history. The organ literature is a vast body of music, much of which was written for use in worship services of one type or another. As an organist, I am always seeking to understand the context of this literature -- how it was used in worship and the processes by which its composers sought to designate various organ works as “sacred” or “secular,” “liturgical” or “non-liturgical.” I am also intensely interested in the liturgical traditions of American Presbyterianism, of which I am both product and now a steward. In contrast with the Catholic liturgical traditions and early European Protestant traditions -- Lutheran, Calvinist, Zwinglian, Anglican, and Hussite -- American Protestant worship1 (which includes American Presbyterian worship) has been sparsely researched. It has been my abiding interest in these two fields, along with the realization that the latter has not been sufficiently addressed, which has led me to this study. The research will be significant because it will synthesize what we know from the fields of organ building, organ literature, and liturgical studies about American Presbyterian worship. 1 “American Protestant worship,” here means to specify the Sunday corporate worship of those Western church communities not in communion with the See of Rome since the time of the so-called “Protestant Reformation(s),” communities which are thus broadly called “Protestant.” The author fully recognizes the difficulty of that designation, but has not yet encountered a more appropriate taxonomy. The term does not
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