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Conceptual Design and Flight Simulation of Space Station Missions Beyond Low Earth Orbit

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Conceptual Design and Flight Simulation of Space Station Missions Beyond Low Earth Orbit Kian Yazdi Conceptual Design and Flight Simulation of Space Station Missions beyond Low Earth Orbit Dissertation A thesis accepted by the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Geodesy of the Universität Stuttgart as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Engineering Sciences (Dr.-Ing.) by Kian Yazdi born in Teheran/Iran Main referee: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. E. Messerschmid Co-referee: apl. Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. I. Grieger Date of defence: 10 January 2006 Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme Universität Stuttgart 2006 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN 3-89963-441-1 D93 © Verlag Dr. Hut, München 2006 Sternstr. 18, 80538 München Tel.: 089/66060798 www.dr.hut-verlag.de Die Informationen in diesem Buch wurden mit großer Sorgfalt erarbeitet. Dennoch können Fehler, insbesondere bei der Beschreibung des Gefahrenpotentials von Ver- suchen, nicht vollständig ausgeschlossen werden. Verlag, Autoren und ggf. Über- setzer übernehmen keine juristische Verantwortung oder irgendeine Haftung für eventuell verbliebene fehlerhafte Angaben und deren Folgen. Alle Rechte, auch die des auszugsweisen Nachdrucks, der Vervielfältigung und Verbreitung in besonderen Verfahren wie fotomechanischer Nachdruck, Fotokopie, Mikrokopie, elektronische Datenaufzeichnung einschließlich Speicherung und Übertragung auf weitere Datenträger sowie Übersetzung in andere Sprachen, behält sich der Autor vor. 1. Auflage 2006 Druck und Bindung: printy, München (www.printy.de) i Abstract Conceptual Design and Flight Simulation of Space Station Missions beyond Low Earth Orbit Humans will live and work in space for the exploration and development of the solar system. A wide range of space infrastructure elements will be required in low Earth orbit and beyond. Besides new transfer and re-entry vehicles as well as planetary surface installations, space stations in the Earth-Moon system can be a crucial element of forthcoming exploration missions. This dissertation documents an investigation on conceptual design and flight simulation of such space station missions beyond low Earth orbit, namely in the Earth-Moon system. The goal is to develop and extend the methodology and software tools of the conceptual design process (Space Station Design Workshop, SSDW) in order to enable spaceflight systems engineering of space stations in the context of future mission scenarios and architectures. The methodological approach for human spaceflight mission design is discussed with taking into account the special characteristics and requirements of interdisciplinary teamwork and software tool support. The results reveal that mission aspects such as the transfer problem are much more relevant than before. The emphasis lies then on the software engineering approach and major characteristics of the computer programmes developed for space systems modelling and dynamic simulation. A design example demonstrates the application of the methodology and tools on a conceptual design problem targeting at a space station mission at the lunar Lagrange point one (LL1), upon which near-term lunar surface exploration missions can build on. Challenged by the constraint of using existing and tailored European/Russian technology and infrastructure elements, the results manifest the feasibility of such a space station that offers various utilization possibilities. The results documented include the station configuration and modules, the transfer vehicles for crew and cargo transport, the station’s life support system and a logistics concept. The concept outlines enhancements of the current transportation and station infrastructure and shows that the International Space Station (ISS) as a transportation node can beneficially support lunar scenarios. Keywords: space systems engineering, modelling, lunar exploration architecture, transfer vehicle, Lagrange point, human spaceflight ii iii Zusammenfassung Vorentwurf und Flugsimulation von Raumstationsmissionen außerhalb des erdnahen Weltraums Menschen werden zur Erforschung und Erschließung des Sonnensystems in den Weltraum reisen, dort leben und arbeiten. Eine Vielzahl von Weltrauminfrastrukturelementen werden dazu notwendig sein, sowohl im erdnahen Raum als auch außerhalb. Neben neuen Transfer- und Rückkehrfahrzeugen und planetaren Oberflächeninstallationen können Raumstationen eine tragende Rolle bei den kommenden Explorations-Missionen übernehmen. Dieser Bericht dokumentiert eine Arbeit zu Vorentwurf und Flugsimulation von Raumstationen für Missionen außerhalb des erdnahen Weltraums, speziell im Erde-Mond-System. Das dabei verfolgte Ziel war die Weiterentwicklung und Verbesserung der Methodik und der Softwarewerk- zeuge für den Vorentwurfsprozess erdnaher Raumstationen (Space Station Design Workshop, SSDW) damit der Missions- und Systementwurf im Kontext zukünftiger Missionsszenarien und -architekturen gelingt. Zunächst wird der methodische Ansatz für den Entwurf bemannter Raumfahrtmissionen diskutiert, wobei die spezifischen Charakteristika und die Organisation der interdisziplinären Entwurfsarbeit und ihre Unterstützung durch Softwarewerkzeuge besondere Berücksichtigung finden. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass im Vorentwurf nun auch Missionsaspekten, wie der Transferaufgabe, verstärkte Relevanz zukommt. Daran anschließend werden auf die entwickelten Computer- programme zur Systemmodellierung und dynamischen Simulation eingegangen und die einge- setzten Modelle und Methoden zusammengefasst. Schließlich demonstriert ein Entwurfsbeispiel die Anwendung des Ansatzes und der Werkzeuge auf ein Entwurfsproblem für eine Raumstationsmission der näheren Zukunft. Hierbei wurde eine Missionsarchitektur mit einer Raumstation im lunaren Lagrange-Punkt eins (LL1) entwickelt, die besonders vorteilhaft für Explorations-Missionen zur Mondoberfläche genutzt werden kann. Die gewählte Randbedingung, dass existierende europäische bzw. russische Technologien und Infrastrukturelemente Verwendung finden sollen, zeigte, dass eine solche Raumstation machbar ist und vielfältige Nutzungsmöglichkeiten bietet. Der dokumentierte Entwurf beinhaltet die Stationskonfiguration und -module, die Transferfahrzeuge für Besatzungen und Fracht, das Lebenserhaltungssystem der Station und ein Logistikkonzept. Dadurch werden einige Weiterent- wicklungsmöglichkeiten der heutigen Infrastrukturen skizziert und aufgezeigt, wie die Internationale Raumstation lunare Szenarien sinnvoll als Transportknoten unterstützen kann. Stichworte: Systementwurf, Modellierung, Mondexplorationsarchitektur, Transferfahrzeuge, Lagrange-Punkt, Astronautik iv v Danksagung Nach Abschluss meiner Doktorarbeit möchte ich an dieser Stelle allen Personen danken, die mir auf diesem Weg fachlich und persönlich zur Seite gestanden haben. Allen voran danke ich meinem Doktorvater Prof. Ernst Messerschmid für sein stetes Vertrauen und die vielfältigen Anregungen. Trotz seiner Verpflichtungen als Direktor des europäischen Astronautenzentrums gab er mir fortwährend und immer zu richtigen Zeitpunkten die Unterstützung, die grundlegend für die erfolgreiche Durchführung der Arbeit war. Herrn Prof. Ingolf Grieger danke ich herzlich für die Übernahme des Mitberichts. Ganz besonders danke ich dem ESA ATV-Team in Les Mureaux, namentlich Herrn Robert Lainé und Herrn Jean-François Clervoy für ihre freundliche und großzügige Unterstützung. Herzlicher Dank geht auch an Herrn Prof. Hans-Ulrich Keller vom Planetarium Stuttgart für seine Anregungen zur Verifikation des Sonnensystem-Modells. Ebenfalls möchte ich Herrn Dr. David Hoffman vom JSC in Houston für den fachlichen Austausch und die Hinweise bezüglich Librationspunkte-Orbits danken. Meinen Kollegen am Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme gebührt mein besonderer Dank, vor allem meinem früheren SSDW-Team Kollegen Herrn Dr. Jan Osburg für die Unterstützung beim Einstieg in die der Universität eigenen Welt und als Mitstreiter bei der Ausrichtung der gemeinsamen Space Station Design Workshops, sowie Frau Ilse Müllner-Korell, die sich erfolgreich um mein kulinarisches Wohlergehen am Institut kümmerte. Frau Jennifer Baer-Engel bin ich für die engagierte Sprachkorrektur des englischen Manuskriptes sehr dankbar. Besonders danke ich auch „meinen“ Studenten, speziell Herrn Daniel Bindel, Herrn Thomas Drodzek, Herrn Rémi Demenet und Frau Britta Ganzer. Durch ihr Mitwirken im Rahmen von Studien-/Diplomarbeiten und als studentische Hilfskräfte haben Sie Anteil am Erfolg dieser Arbeit. Mein herzlichster Dank gilt meiner Frau Eva Yazdi, die nicht nur meine zuweilen späten Arbeits- stunden entschuldigte, sondern mir in den richtigen Augenblicken vergegenwärtigte, dass neben der fachlichen Berufung weiteres Lebenswertes existiert. Stuttgart, April 2005 Kian Yazdi vi vii Table of Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms .............................................................................................ix 1 Introduction...............................................................................................................1 2 Designing Human Space Missions ...............................................................................3 2.1 The Conceptual Design Problem........................................................................... 3 2.2 Conceptual Design in Practice ............................................................................ 10 2.2.1 The Challenge of Implementation............................................................
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