Contract Options at Binckbank N.V. Contents
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
On the Optionality and Fairness of Atomic Swaps
On the optionality and fairness of Atomic Swaps Runchao Han Haoyu Lin Jiangshan Yu Monash University and CSIRO-Data61 [email protected] Monash University [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT happened on centralised exchanges. To date, the DEX market volume Atomic Swap enables two parties to atomically exchange their own has reached approximately 50,000 ETH [2]. More specifically, there cryptocurrencies without trusted third parties. This paper provides are more than 250 DEXes [3], more than 30 DEX protocols [4], and the first quantitative analysis on the fairness of the Atomic Swap more than 4,000 active traders in all DEXes [2]. protocol, and proposes the first fair Atomic Swap protocol with However, being atomic does not indicate the Atomic Swap is fair. implementations. In an Atomic Swap, the swap initiator can decide whether to proceed In particular, we model the Atomic Swap as the American Call or abort the swap, and the default maximum time for him to decide is Option, and prove that an Atomic Swap is equivalent to an Amer- 24 hours [5]. This enables the the swap initiator to speculate without ican Call Option without the premium. Thus, the Atomic Swap is any penalty. More specifically, the swap initiator can keep waiting unfair to the swap participant. Then, we quantify the fairness of before the timelock expires. If the price of the swap participant’s the Atomic Swap and compare it with that of conventional financial asset rises, the swap initiator will proceed the swap so that he will assets (stocks and fiat currencies). -
Margin Requirements Across Equity-Related Instruments: How Level Is the Playing Field?
Fortune pgs 31-50 1/6/04 8:21 PM Page 31 Margin Requirements Across Equity-Related Instruments: How Level Is the Playing Field? hen interest rates rose sharply in 1994, a number of derivatives- related failures occurred, prominent among them the bankrupt- cy of Orange County, California, which had invested heavily in W 1 structured notes called “inverse floaters.” These events led to vigorous public discussion about the links between derivative securities and finan- cial stability, as well as about the potential role of new regulation. In an effort to clarify the issues, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston sponsored an educational forum in which the risks and risk management of deriva- tive securities were discussed by a range of interested parties: academics; lawmakers and regulators; experts from nonfinancial corporations, investment and commercial banks, and pension funds; and issuers of securities. The Bank published a summary of the presentations in Minehan and Simons (1995). In the keynote address, Harvard Business School Professor Jay Light noted that there are at least 11 ways that investors can participate in the returns on the Standard and Poor’s 500 composite index (see Box 1). Professor Light pointed out that these alternatives exist because they dif- Peter Fortune fer in a variety of important respects: Some carry higher transaction costs; others might have higher margin requirements; still others might differ in tax treatment or in regulatory restraints. The author is Senior Economist and The purpose of the present study is to assess one dimension of those Advisor to the Director of Research at differences—margin requirements. -
Black-Scholes Equations
Chapter 8 Black-Scholes Equations 1 The Black-Scholes Model Up to now, we only consider hedgings that are done upfront. For example, if we write a naked call (see Example 5.2), we are exposed to unlimited risk if the stock price rises steeply. We can hedge it by buying a share of the underlying asset. This is done at the initial time when the call is sold. We are then protected against any steep rise in the asset price. However, if we hold the asset until expiry, we are not protected against any steep dive in the asset price. So is there a hedging that is really riskless? The answer was given by Black and Scholes, and also by Merton in their seminal papers on the theory of option pricing published in 1973. The idea is that a writer of a naked call can protect his short position of the option by buying a certain amount of the stock so that the loss in the short call can be exactly offset by the long position in the stock. This is standard in hedging. The question is how many stocks should he buy to minimize the risk? By adjusting the proportion of the stock and option continuously in the portfolio during the life of the option, Black and Scholes demonstrated that investors can create a riskless hedging portfolio where all market risks are eliminated. In an efficient market with no riskless arbitrage opportunity, any portfolio with a zero market risk must have an expected rate of return equal to the riskless interest rate. -
OPTION-BASED EQUITY STRATEGIES Roberto Obregon
MEKETA INVESTMENT GROUP BOSTON MA CHICAGO IL MIAMI FL PORTLAND OR SAN DIEGO CA LONDON UK OPTION-BASED EQUITY STRATEGIES Roberto Obregon MEKETA INVESTMENT GROUP 100 Lowder Brook Drive, Suite 1100 Westwood, MA 02090 meketagroup.com February 2018 MEKETA INVESTMENT GROUP 100 LOWDER BROOK DRIVE SUITE 1100 WESTWOOD MA 02090 781 471 3500 fax 781 471 3411 www.meketagroup.com MEKETA INVESTMENT GROUP OPTION-BASED EQUITY STRATEGIES ABSTRACT Options are derivatives contracts that provide investors the flexibility of constructing expected payoffs for their investment strategies. Option-based equity strategies incorporate the use of options with long positions in equities to achieve objectives such as drawdown protection and higher income. While the range of strategies available is wide, most strategies can be classified as insurance buying (net long options/volatility) or insurance selling (net short options/volatility). The existence of the Volatility Risk Premium, a market anomaly that causes put options to be overpriced relative to what an efficient pricing model expects, has led to an empirical outperformance of insurance selling strategies relative to insurance buying strategies. This paper explores whether, and to what extent, option-based equity strategies should be considered within the long-only equity investing toolkit, given that equity risk is still the main driver of returns for most of these strategies. It is important to note that while option-based strategies seek to design favorable payoffs, all such strategies involve trade-offs between expected payoffs and cost. BACKGROUND Options are derivatives1 contracts that give the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset at a given point in time and at a pre-determined price. -
Global Energy Markets & Pricing
11-FEB-20 GLOBAL ENERGY MARKETS & PRICING www.energytraining.ae 21 - 25 Sep 2020, London GLOBAL ENERGY MARKETS & PRICING INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES This 5-day accelerated Global Energy Markets & Pricing training By the end of this training course, the participants will be course is designed to give delegates a comprehensive picture able to: of the global energy obtained through fossil fuels and renewal sources. The overall dynamics of global energy industry are • Gain broad perspective of global oil and refined explained with the supply-demand dynamics of fossil fuels, products sales business, supply, transportation, refining, their price volatility, and the associated geopolitics. marketing & trading • Boost their understanding on the fundamentals of oil The energy sources include crude oil, natural gas, LNG, refined business: quality, blending & valuation of crude oil for products, and renewables – solar, wind, hydro, and nuclear trade, freight and netback calculations, refinery margins energy. The focus on the issues to be considered on the calculations, & vessel chartering sales, marketing, trading and special focus on the price risk • Master the Total barrel economics, Oil market futures, management. hedging and futures, and price risk management • Evaluate the technical, commercial, legal and trading In this training course, the participants will gain the aspects of oil business with the International, US, UK, technical knowledge and business acumen on the key and Singapore regulations subjects: • Confidently discuss the technical, -
Options Strategy Guide for Metals Products As the World’S Largest and Most Diverse Derivatives Marketplace, CME Group Is Where the World Comes to Manage Risk
metals products Options Strategy Guide for Metals Products As the world’s largest and most diverse derivatives marketplace, CME Group is where the world comes to manage risk. CME Group exchanges – CME, CBOT, NYMEX and COMEX – offer the widest range of global benchmark products across all major asset classes, including futures and options based on interest rates, equity indexes, foreign exchange, energy, agricultural commodities, metals, weather and real estate. CME Group brings buyers and sellers together through its CME Globex electronic trading platform and its trading facilities in New York and Chicago. CME Group also operates CME Clearing, one of the largest central counterparty clearing services in the world, which provides clearing and settlement services for exchange-traded contracts, as well as for over-the-counter derivatives transactions through CME ClearPort. These products and services ensure that businesses everywhere can substantially mitigate counterparty credit risk in both listed and over-the-counter derivatives markets. Options Strategy Guide for Metals Products The Metals Risk Management Marketplace Because metals markets are highly responsive to overarching global economic The hypothetical trades that follow look at market position, market objective, and geopolitical influences, they present a unique risk management tool profit/loss potential, deltas and other information associated with the 12 for commercial and institutional firms as well as a unique, exciting and strategies. The trading examples use our Gold, Silver -
Oil and Gas Futures and Options Market UDC: 550.8:552.1 DOI: 10.17794/Rgn.2017.4.5
45 The Mining-Geology-Petroleum Engineering Bulletin Oil and Gas Futures and Options Market UDC: 550.8:552.1 DOI: 10.17794/rgn.2017.4.5 Review scientiƤ c paper Ante Nosi©1; Daria Karasalihovi© Sedlar2; Lucija Juki©3 1 INA Industrija nafte d.d., V.Holjevca 10, 10 000 Zagreb, Master of Pet. Eng. 2 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, 10 000 Zagreb, DSc, Associate Professor 3 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Master of Pet. Eng, Assistant Abstract Energy mineral resource markets are represented by complex supply and demand ratios which are depending on diơ er- ent factors such as technical (transport) and geopolitical. The main characteristicof energy markets is represented by an uneven geographic distribution of hydrocarbon reserves and production on one hand, and energy consumption on the other. World oil markets, although geographically localized, because of speciƤ c market trade, represent a unique global market with a decreasing price diơ erence. Price diơ erences are the result of the development of transport possibilities of oil supply. The development of transport routes of natural gas and an increasing number of liqueƤ ed natural gas termi- nals in the world give pressure to the natural gas market and its integration into the global gas market. The integration of regional gas markets into a common European gas market is the main energy policy of EU concerning natural gas. On the other hand, there are still signiƤ cant price diơ erences on some markets (e.g. -
“Hedging with a Stock Option”
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 17, Issue 9.Ver. I (Sep. 2015), PP 06-11 www.iosrjournals.org “Hedging With a Stock Option” Afzal Ahmad Assistant Professor of Accounting International Islamic University Chittagong Chittagong Abstract: The aim of this paper is to provide a discussion of the use of stock options in risk management and how they can be used for hedging purposes. This aim is achieved by reviewing the literature and analysing practical hedging examples in the context of an investment company. The results of the discussion show that stock options can be employed by companies as a protection against the downside risk when volatility in the market is high. They can also be used during the periods of low volatility to achieve a specific expected payoff within a band of stock prices. The case study reviewed the strategies that involved naked put and calls as well as more complex hedging procedures, namely the butterfly strategy and the bear spread strategy. By purchasing a put option or selling a call option, the company anticipates a decrease in stock prices as in this case there would be a positive payoff. However, when higher prices are anticipated, the company is interested in purchasing a call option or selling a put option. The butterfly strategy allows the firm to cut potential losses and profits to a specific range whereas the bear spread protects against an increase in volatility. The latter strategy implies entering positions in options with different strike prices. -
Analysis of the Trading Book Hypothetical Portfolio Exercise
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Analysis of the trading book hypothetical portfolio exercise September 2014 This publication is available on the BIS website (www.bis.org). Grey underlined text in this publication shows where hyperlinks are available in the electronic version. © Bank for International Settlements 2014. All rights reserved. Brief excerpts may be reproduced or translated provided the source is stated. ISBN 978-92-9131-662-5 (print) ISBN 978-92-9131-668-7 (online) Contents Executive summary ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Hypothetical portfolio exercise description ......................................................................................................... 4 2. Coverage statistics .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 3. Key findings ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5 4. Technical background ................................................................................................................................................... 6 4.1 Data quality ............................................................................................................................................................. -
Put Selling Strategy Rules
Put selling strategy rules Theme This strategy is not my own original strategy. Over time I have seen a few traders teaching this strategy. I practiced this strategy a few years ago and turned my initial $2,000 account into $21,000 in about a year and a half. It is a very profitable strategy if done well and correctly. If wrong, you can ruin your own account. Later, when I considered myself a king of the world, I switched into trading SPX spreads in hoping to make even more money. I lost them all. The strategy is as follows: 1) Sell puts against a dividend stock as long as you get assigned and buy the stock 2) Buy the stock, keep it, collect dividends 3) Sell covered calls against the stock as long as you get assigned and sell the stock 4) Sell the stock 5) Rinse and repeat This strategy offers a lot of variations and with a great dose of imagination you will be able to use it even beyond these simple steps. Over time you will see, that this strategy can help you make money even when you end up in a disastrous, loosing trade. Creating a stock list Create a list of at least 30 stocks to choose from. I select dividend stocks because if I get assigned I am OK to buy the stock. The worst thing you want to do ever is trying to defend your ITM position because you do not want the stock. Although, primarily I choose dividend stocks, it is OK to have a few good quality non-dividend stocks, so don’t limit yourself. -
Volatility Uncertainty and the Cross-Section of Option Returns*
Volatility Uncertainty and * the Cross-Section of Option Returns [December 24, 2019] Jie Cao The Chinese University of Hong Kong E-mail: [email protected] Aurelio Vasquez ITAM E-mail: [email protected] Xiao Xiao Erasmus University Rotterdam E-mail: [email protected] Xintong Zhan The Chinese University of Hong Kong E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper studies the relation between the uncertainty of volatility, measured as the volatility of volatility, and future delta-hedged equity option returns. We find that delta-hedged option returns consistently decrease in uncertainty of volatility. Our results hold for different measures of volatility such as implied volatility, EGARCH volatility from daily returns, and realized volatility from high-frequency data. The results are robust to firm characteristics, stock and option liquidity, volatility characteristics, and jump risks, and are not explained by common risk factors. Our findings suggest that option dealers charge a higher premium for single-name options with high uncertainty of volatility, because these stock options are more difficult to hedge. * We thank Peter Christoffersen, Christian Dorion, Bjorn Eraker, Stephen Figlewski, Amit Goyal, Bing Han, Jianfeng Hu, Kris Jacobs, Inmoo Lee, Lei Jiang, Neil Pearson, and seminar participants at The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, HEC Montréal, Wilfrid Laurier University, and University of Hong Kong. We have benefited from the comments of participants at the 2018 Canadian Derivatives Institute (CDI) Annual Conference, the 2018 China International Conference in Finance, the 2018 Northern Finance Association Annual Conference, and the 2018 SFS Cavalcade Asia-Pacific. -
Basic Financial Derivatives
An Introduction to Lecture 3 Mathematical Finance UiO-STK-MAT3700 Autumn 2018 Professor: S. Ortiz-Latorre Basic Financial Derivatives The valuation of financial derivatives will be based on the principle of no arbitrage. Definition 1. Arbitrage means making of a guaranteed risk free profit with a trade or a series of trades in the market. Definition 2. An arbitrage free market is a market which has no opportunities for risk free profit. Definition 3. An arbitrage free price for a security is a price that ensure that no arbitrage opportunity can be designed with that security. The principle of no arbitrage states that the markets must be arbitrage free. Some financial jargon will be used in what follows. One says that has/takes a long position on an asset if one owns/is going to own a positive amount of that asset. One says that has/takes a short position on an asset if one has/is going to have a negative amount of that asset. Being short on money means borrowing. You can take a short position on many financial assets by short selling. Example 4 (Short selling). To implement some trading strategy you need to sell some amount of shares (to get money and invest in other assets). The problem is that you do not have any shares right now. Then, you can borrow the shares from another investor for a time period (paying interest) and sell the borrowed shares in the market to get the money you need for your strategy. To close this position, at the end of the borrowing period you must buy again the shares in the market and give them back to the lender.